Equity in Practice

(Re)framing Bilingual Education

for Excellence and Agency

Mario Palma

Vice President of Multilingual Teaching and Learning

Amaya Noguera

Local Account Manager, Northern California

Yolo County Office of Education

February 21st and 22nd 2019

#ARCEquity2019

Partners in Anti-Bias, Access and Equity in Education

Jeffrey Wilhelm, Ph.D.

Pedro NogueraPh.D.

Alma Flor Ada, Ph.D.

Robert Probst, Ph.D.

Anne McGill-Franzen, Ph.D.

F. Isabel Campoy, Lic.

Kylene Beers, Ed.D.

Ron Walker Irvin Scott, Ph.D.

Richard Allington, Ph.D.

Jim Cummins, Ph.D.

Jeff Duncan-Andrade, Ph.D.

Kathy Escamilla, Ph.D.

Alicia Grunow

Manuel Escamilla, Ph.D.

Ofelia GarcíaPh.D.

American Reading Academic Advisory Board

Sociometry: The Social Measurement of Similarities and Differences

➢ 8.1% ELL (3.8 million)

➢ Immigration to US

from:

➢ Latin America

➢ Africa

➢ Middle East

➢ Southeast Asia

➢ 10.5% ELL (5.1 million)

➢ 20-25% speak a language other than English

(LOTE); varies by states

➢ California is home to a third of the language

learner population in this country

➢ 85% of K-5th Grade Emergent Bilinguals are

US citizens

➢ Latinx have surpassed AAs as a language

minoritized group

➢ 80% of teacher workforce are white women

2000 20191960

➢ 25% of students

will speak a LOTE

at home

➢ 50% of students in

grades K-12 will be

racially and

culturally diverse

by 2023

➢ US Census Bureau

(2016)

Cultural and linguistic demographic shifts vs. Teacher DemographicsStudent Demographic Shifts

2001 2020…

The World

✓50% of all people in the world are bilingual/multilingual

✓Worldwide more people speak English as a second language than speak English as a native language

✓Worldwide quest to learn English is a quest for bilingualism/ multilingualism

The United States

✓Only 10% of educated people in the United States are bilingual

✓Only 20% of United States citizens have passports and have traveled outside of the United States

✓Currently no policy for the development of biliteracy in most state and federal policies including the new ESSA

The need for biliteracy: The real achievement gap

2000 20191960

English Only

Initiatives:

(Unz Movements)

▪ CA-Proposition

63 (1994)

▪ CA-Prop 227

(1998)

▪ MA-Question 2

(2001)

▪ CO-Amendment

31 (2002)

▪ AZ-Proposition

203 (2006)

Equity Movements and

Bilingual Ed▪ AAVE: Oakland PS:

Ebonics is a language (1996)

▪ CA-Proposition 58 (2016)

▪ CA-1st Seal of Biliteracy (2011)

▪ NYS-Part 154 (2016)

▪ NYS-ELL Blueprint (2014)

▪ MA-LOOK Act Passed (2017)

▪ AZ Amend. 31 defeated (2002)

▪ CAL, DLENM, WIDA, NABE,

CABE, NYSABE

Education Court Cases

▪ Brown v BOE (1963)

▪ Bilingual Education Act

(1968)

▪ Lau v Nichols

(San Francisco,1974)

▪ Castaneda v Pickard

(Texas, 1978)

▪ NCLB Legislation

(2001)

2023

Proliferation of Dual Language Programs across the United States… Language Education Policy

On our radar:

▪ NYS-ELs high in LD,

Speech & Lang Imp.,

2016

▪ Gentrification of

Bilingual Education

Flores, 2019

▪ 47/50 States have

Seal of Biliteracy

▪ ESSA: ELL

Accountability (2015)

▪ Brown and Lau never

fully realized

Deslenguadas: Those without a language –Glória Anzaldúa

…We are always forced to reduce our humanity to clear-cut little boxes

as African-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, American-Indians, and

worse, as Glória Anzaldúa so painfully reminded us: Deslenguadas.

Somos los del español deficiente, We are your linguistic nightmare, your

linguistic aberration, your linguistic mestisaje, the subject of your burla.

Because we speak with tongues of fire we are culturally crucified.

Racially, culturally and linguistically. Somos húerfanos—we speak an

orphan tongue. (Anzaldúa, 1987) The erasure of one’s cultural dignity in

otherness is best characterized by an existence that is almost culturally

schizophrenic.

–Donaldo Macedo, Language as Racism (2009)

Bilingual Education

Dynamic Bilingualism

Responsive Pedagogy

Brain Power

Bilingualism is mental workout

that fine-tunes thinking.

Bilinguals have better mental

flexibility, higher metalinguistic

awareness, enhanced creativity

in thinking “outside the box” and

are better at problem solving.

Grey Matter

Bilingual brains have denser

grey matter compared to

monolingual brains

Executive Control

Bilinguals have better ability

to multitask and switch

tasks, can hold attention

longer and have better

working memory

Higher Performance

Bilingual students generally

outperform and score

higher on college exams

than monolingual students

Better Literacy Skills

Bilingual students have a

deeper understanding of the

structure of language

critical for literacy

Healthier Brain

Delays in brain diseases like

dementia and Alzheimers

Bilingual Benefits, Patricia Gándara

What benefits does being bilingual afford us?

Pillars of Dual Language Bilingual Education

• Bilingualism and Biliteracy

• Academic Excellence

• Socio-Cultural CompetenceCenter for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.

• Critical Consciousness

Deb Palmer, Professor University of Colorado, Boulder, NYSABE Bilingual Times 2018

Bilingual teachers, caught between the accepted practices they are

required to follow and the sound theories and research that contradict

those practices, are especially vulnerable to attack…In many instances

they themselves have been victims of language oppression and

racism; thus, in order to empower their students to overcome

conditions of domination and oppression, they must first be

empowered themselves.

(Ada, 1986, Bilingual Education

Marcia Moraes p. 386)

https://rethinkingschools.org/books/title/rethinking-bilingual-education

(Re)framing Bilingual Education

Dynamic Bilingualism

Educating Emergent Bilinguals--Dr. Ofelia Garcia

Understanding Linguistic Diversity

Translanguaging

refers to the language practices

of bilingual people;

the flexible use of their linguistic resources to make

meaning of their lives and their complex worlds.-Dr. Ofelia Garcia, Translanguaging Guide, CUNYNYSIEB 2011

One Linguistic Repertoire

cuny-nysieb.org

Dynamic Bilingualism: Translanguaging

Dynamic Bilingualism: Metalinguistic Awareness

Linguistic Domain Spanish English

Phonology

(sounds)

J-ugo (hugo)

--“j” has an “h” sound like in

English

J-uice (lluz)

--“j” has a “ll” like in

Spanish

Morphology

(words parts)

un equipo motiv-ado

--”ado” is a suffix used to

create an adjective

a motiv-ated team

-- “ated” is a suffix used to

create an adjective

Grammar/Syntax

(sentence

structure)

un equipo motivado

--the subject comes before

the adjective

a motivated team

--the subject comes after the

adjective

Pragmatics Hicimos una lluvia de ideas. We brainstormed.

Is anchored in assets based

assessment and instruction

Places students at the center of the

learning

Values students linguistic and cultural backgrounds

Simultaneously challenges and

supports students

Culturally

responsive

pedagogy

-Dianne Staehr Fenner, Unlocking English Learners Potential -Zaretta Hammond, Culturally Responsive Teaching and the Brain

-Sonia Nieto, Language Culture and Teaching -Gloria Ladson Billings, Dream Keepers

A Coherent Biliteracy Instructional System

Accelerated

Achievement

Grade-Level RigorDifferentiated

Support

Standards-Based Instruction

Stages of Reading Acquisition: English

• Mastering Power Words • Syllabification: Two Syllables • Chapter Books Habits• Active Reading Strategies• Genre Expansion and Expertise• Acquire Academic Vocabulary• Syllabification: Three Syllables • I Love Books and Books Love Me• Author’s Craft, Bias, and Agenda • Syllabification: Multisyllabic Words• Word Families/Vowel Patterns • Stamina-High Speed Silent Reading

Stages of Reading Acquisition: English In Order

• I Love Books and Books Love Me• Active Reading Strategies• Mastering Power Words • Word Families/Vowel Patterns • Syllabification: Two Syllables • Syllabification: Three Syllables • Syllabification: Multisyllabic Words• Chapter Books Habits• Acquire Academic Vocabulary• Stamina-High Speed Silent Reading • Genre Expansion and Expertise• Author’s Craft, Bias, and Agenda

Sociocultural Competence as the Lever

N

Responsive Pedagogy as the Lever

Juntos en la lucha