Figures List

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the biomass CHP system (Configuration 1)

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the biomass CHP system (Configuration 2)

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the biomass CHP system (Configuration 3)

Figure 4: Feedstock cost versus payback period in configurations with/without pre-

treatment and labour (Europe Case)

Figure 5: Feedstock cost versus payback period in configurations with/without pre-

treatment and labour (Malaysia Case)

Figure 6: Different Scenarios versus Accumulated Profit in configurations with/without

pre-treatment, without labour for (a) EU (b) MY Cases

Figure 7: Sankey diagram of sago biomasses and products.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the biomass CHP system (Configuration 1)

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the biomass CHP system (Configuration 2)

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the biomass CHP system (Configuration 3)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 4: Feedstock cost versus payback period in configurations with/without pre-treatment and labour (Europe Case)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 5: Feedstock cost versus payback period in configurations with/without pre-treatment and labour (Malaysia Case)

(a)

(b)

Figure 6: Different Scenarios versus Accumulated Profit in configurations with/without pre-treatment, without labour for (a) EU (b) MY Cases

Figure 7: Sankey diagram of sago biomasses and products.

Tables List

Table 1: Ultimate Analysis, Proximate Analysis and Calorific Value of Sago Biomass

Table 2: Economic Parameters for Profitability Analysis of Europe and Malaysia Cases

Table 3: Comparison of Energy Performance between Configuration 1, Configuration 2

and Configuration 3 with Sago Bark and Fibre Feed

Table 4: Results of Profitability Analysis of Configuration 1, Configuration 2 and

Configuration 3 for Europe and Malaysia Cases

Table 1: Ultimate Analysis, Proximate Analysis and Calorific Value of Sago Biomass.

Sago Bark Sago Fibre (Fresh)Ultimate Analysis (wt%)Carbon (C) 43.23 41.82Hydrogen (H) 5.71 6.06Oxygen (O) 50.65 51.97Nitrogen (N) 0.42 0.14Sulfur (S) 0 0

Proximate Analysis (wt%)Moisture 2.76 4.19Volatile Matter 54.12 77.14Fixed C 4.30 2.76Ash 38.82 15.91

Calorific Value (kJ/g) 19.2720 14.2479

Available Amount of biomass (Wet basis) (tonne/day)

20.80 16.90

Available Amount of biomass (Dry basis) (tonne/day)

10.20 6.40

Table 2: Economic Parameters for Profitability Analysis of Europe and Malaysia Cases

Equipments Design Capacity Total Capital Investment (million $)EU Case MY Case

Pre-Treatment

Conveyers 0.87 Wet tonne/hr 0.0510 0.0019Grinding 0.87 Wet tonne/hr 0.1240 0.0047Storage 0.87 Wet tonne/hr 0.2519 0.0096Dryer 0.87 Wet tonne/hr 1.1065 0.0423

Iron Removal 0.87 Wet tonne/hr 0.0776 0.0030Feeding System 0.87 Wet tonne/hr 0.0287 0.0011

CHP System (Configuration 1)

Biomass Boiler* 0.62 kg/s 0.4323 0.4323Steam Turbine* 317 kW 0.2721 0.2721

Condensate Turbine* 329 kW 0.2773 0.2773

CHP System (Configuration 2)

Biomass Boiler* 0.62 kg/s 0.4323 0.4323Air Compressors 256 kW 1.1177 0.2032

Gas Turbine 156 kW 1.4133 1.2564Steam Turbine* 317 kW 0.2721 0.2721

Condensate Turbine* 329 kW 0.2773 0.2773

CHP System (Configuration 3)

Gasifier 0.43 Dry tonne/hr 2.7024 2.7024Air Compressor 37 kW 0.2006 0.0940

Air Cooler 0.06 kg/s 0.3919 0.3919Gas Turbine 798 kW 4.4352 1.6390

Air Compressor 689 kW 2.2591 0.1879Steam Turbine* 150 kW 0.1968 0.1968

Condensate Turbine* 156 kW 0.2012 0.2012

Feedstock Transportation Cost (USD/GJ) Feedstock Cost (USD/tonne) Electricity Cost (USD/kWh)EU Case MY Case EU Case MY Case

Dry Biomass 0.60 80 – 120 50 – 110 0.1375 0.095Wet Biomass 0.60 40 – 80 10 – 50 0.1375 0.095

*Capital cost of equipments are estimated based on the design capacity using correlations presented by Peter et al. (2002)

Table 3: Comparison of Energy Performance between Configuration 1, Configuration 2 and Configuration 3 with Sago Bark and Fibre Feed.

Configuration 1 Configuration 2 Configuration 3Barks Fibre Barks Fibre Barks Fibre

Energy Generation (kW)

Biomass Boiler 1820 852 Biomass Boiler 1820 Gas Cooler 183

Gas Turbine 156 HRSG 681Compressors -255 Gas Turbine 798

Compressors -726Efficiency of Energy Production 0.80 0.80 0.77 0.41Steam Generation (kg/s) 0.6178 0.2891 0.6178 0.2933Total Generated Power (kW) 646 302 802 1105Total Consumed Power (kW) 0 0 -255 -726Net Power (kW) 646 302 547 379Efficiency of Power Production 0.28 0.28 0.24 0.17

Table 4: Results of Profitability Analysis of Configuration 1, Configuration 2 and Configuration 3 for Europe and Malaysia Cases

EU case (Excluded Labour Cost) CHP System without Pre-Treatment CHP System Completed with Pre-TreatmentConfiguration 1 2 3 1 2 3Total Capital Investment (million $) 0.9817 3.5127 10.387 2.6215 5.1524 12.027Annualised capital cost (million $/yr) 0.1329 0.4754 1.4058 0.3548 0.6973 1.6277Fixed Operating Cost (million $/yr) 0.0072 0.0256 0.0757 0.01911 0.0376 0.0877Variable Operating Cost (million $/yr) 0.2209 0.2230 0.2909 0.1148 0.1169 0.1550Direct Production Cost (million $/yr) 0.2281 0.2486 0.3666 0.1339 0.1545 0.2426Total Operating Cost (million $/yr) 0.2851 0.3108 0.4661 0.1674 0.1931 0.3033Revenue (million $/yr) 0.7095 0.6005 0.4582 0.7095 0.6005 0.4165Profit (million $/yr) 0.4244 0.2897 (0.0417) 0.5421 0.4074 0.1132Payback Period (yr) 2.31 12.12 > 25 4.84 12.65 > 25Economic Potential (EP) (million $/yr) 0.2916 (0.1857) (1.4476) 0.1873 (0.2899) (1.5146)Netback (million $/yr) 0.5038 0.02655 (1.1758) 0.2934 (0.1838) (1.3787)

MY case (Excluded Labour Cost) CHP System without Pre-Treatment CHP System Completed with Pre-TreatmentConfiguration 1 2 3 1 2 3Total Capital Investment (million $) 0.9817 2.4413 5.4133 1.0444 2.5040 5.4759Annualised capital cost (million $/yr) 0.1329 0.3304 0.7326 0.1413 0.3389 0.7411Fixed Operating Cost (million $/yr) 0.0072 0.0178 0.0395 0.0076 0.0183 0.0399Variable Operating Cost (million $/yr) 0.1413 0.1434 0.1889 0.0352 0.0373 0.0530Direct Production Cost (million $/yr) 0.1485 0.1612 0.2284 0.0428 0.0556 0.0930Total Operating Cost (million $/yr) 0.1856 0.2015 0.2855 0.0536 0.0695 0.1162Revenue (million $/yr) 0.4902 0.4149 0.2877 0.4902 0.4149 0.2877Profit (million $/yr) 0.3046 0.2134 0.0022 0.4367 0.3454 0.1715Payback Period (yr) 3.22 11.44 > 25 2.39 7.25 > 25Economic Potential (EP) (million $/yr) 0.1717 (0.1170) (0.7303) 0.2953 0.0065 (0.5696)Netback (million $/yr) 0.3044 0.0156 (0.5605) 0.3218 0.0331 (0.5356)