1

EPSS 15: �Blue Planet

Introduction to Oceanography

Four storms in the Pacific, Sept. 2 2015. �http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?

id=86532&eocn=image&eoci=morenh �GOES-15 Satellite, Public Domain

Santa Monica Bay Observatory mooring station�UCLA image

The Big PictureWhy does the Earth have oceans? �What happens in and �around them?

How do the oceans affect our lives? How do we affect the oceans?Photo from Int’l Space Station, Jan. 17 2014�http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=83350 Public Domain

Los Angeles

You are here.

San Francisco

Monterey

Central Valley

Sier

ra N

evad

a

Mou

ntai

ns

Pacific Ocean

Mojave Desert

San Diego

2

The Big Picture•  Oceans affect us,

and we affect the oceans.

Tsunami damage, 2015 Illapel Earthquke, Chile. Photo by Sfs90, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:�

Barcos_varados_en_Coquimbo.JPGCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International

Red tide, photo from NOAA.gov; Public Domain

Monterey sardine processing, 1908. �US Office of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.

Public Domain

Sea turtle entangled in a discarded net.NOAA image. Public Domain http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2429.htm

Introduction to Oceanography•  Earth, Planetary & Space Sciences 15

(EPSS15)Webpages:https://ccle.ucla.edu/course/view/17S-EPSSCI15-1http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~schauble/EPSS15_Oceanography

– This is the primary resource for course info! Instructor: Professor Edwin Schauble3642 Geology Buildingschauble@ucla.eduOffice phone: 206-9292Office Hours: Mon./Tues. 3-4pm (or appt.)

3

Teaching Assistants•  Alex Sedlak asedlak@g.ucla.edu�

1I, 1J, 1M 3685 Geology

•  Ashna Aggarwal aaggarwal01@ucla.edu�1B, 1C, 1G 4665 Geology �

•  Ashley Schoenfeld ashley.schoenfeld@ucla.edu�1F, 1N, 1O

Lecture Format•  Lectures: Tues,Thurs 12:30pm - 1:45pm•  Location: MOORE 100•  Information

– Lecture exams cover lectures AND textbook. – Some material will be covered only in the

textbook or lab.– You are responsible for all material from

lectures, labs & assigned reading.

4

Lecture Format•  Lecture slides will be on put on the course

webpage before class (usually)

Webcastshttp://www2.oid.ucla.edu/webcasts/courses/#E�Video and audio available

Group Work•  Group Work Policy: •  You are encouraged to work and study

together on reading and lab exercises•  Collaboration and copying are prohibited

on all exams and lab quizzes. You must do your own work.

•  Using a cell phone as a calculator is OK for lab exercises, but not for quizzes or exams.

5

Prerequisites•  High school science background

– Math: algebra & geometry, powers of 10, graphs– Metric units

– Geography: maps, Earth’s major features, longitude & latitude

– Chemistry: elements, atoms, molecules, chemical equations

– Physics: matter, density, waves, velocity, energy, gravity

– Biology: classification, metabolism, evolution

Textbook•  Invitation to Oceanography, (Pinet)��7th Edition (2014) – 6th Ed. is good, too

Image by Downtowngal -- Wikimedia, Creative Commons Share-Alike 3.0

6

QUESTIONS?

Black Sea. �http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom�

Public domain

Grading Policy•  Weekly Lab Quiz: 8 checks & quizzes,

worth 30%•  Lab Section Final Exam: 10%•  Two in-class exams: 35% total �

(First exam: 15%, 2nd: 20%)•  Final Exam: 25%

NASA Blue marble image; Public Domain

7

Laboratories•  Room 3820 Geology Bldg.�

•  All students must enroll in a lab section�

•  Lab attendance is required: �You must attend SIX (6) or more labs to complete the course.�All Lab quizzes count towards final grade.

•  Reading for labs available on class website.�Download, print and read before your section.

Laboratories•  Check completion of lab exercise with TA each week.

–  “check” grade given for successful completion•  After first week, labs will begin with a short quiz

–  based primarily on the previous week’s lab and reading material.

–  chief grade for lab.•  Lab checks & quizzes: 30% of your total grade•  Each lab is worth about 4% of your final grade•  Working through the in-lab exercise each week is key to getting

the best possible grade the next week’s quiz!

Attend a laboratory session next week! �TA’s can issue PTE #’s.

Permission to add or switch will be granted if lab section enrollments permit.�

Make sure your TA knows your status!

8

Grading Policy•  Curving: grades on exams are assigned relative

to the class average.– Mean for each exam is adjusted to 77.5 (B–)– Standard deviation adjusted to 10%.– The curve will never lower your grade.– My.ucla.edu will report curved exam scores.

Grade Scale: A+ > 96; A > 92; A– > 88B+ > 85; B > 81; B– > 77C+ > 75; C > 72; C–> 69D+ > 66; D > 62; D– > 59F ≤ 59

Grading PolicyLab scores usually are not curved�(class average ≈ B). Every quiz counts!�

Pass / No Pass:Pass = C and aboveNo Pass = C–

and below

Photo by E. Schauble

9

Extra Credit•  Three movies (more or less) shown during term.•  Oceanography-related seminars are listed on class page.•  Write a brief (1-2 page) summary of either, get 0.5%.•  Email to instructor (schauble@ucla.edu)•  Maximum: 2% total from Seminar/Movie extra credits.•  Bigger projects/honors papers -- see instructor for approval.

QUESTIONS?

E. Schauble photo

10

Ocean world(s?) The Earth & Planets

•  Earth in space •  Gross structure of the Earth

– Crust – Mantle – Core

•  Origins of Earth’s water •  Shapes of the ocean basins

Saturn’s moon Titan, Cassini Spacecraft NASA/JPL/SSI, Public Domain

Our Solar System (not to scale!)

•  The Sun •  Planets

and Moons •  Dwarf Planets,

Minor Planets, Meteoroids, Comets Image by Harman Smith and Laura

Generosa, NASA/JPL, Public Domain

11

How do solar systems form? Large clouds of gas between stars can collapse under their own gravity, especially when disturbed, for instance by a supernova explosion The collapse is a runaway process, leading to high-density clumps that become stars and solar systems

~ 1.2 light years 82,500 times the

Earth-Sun distance 1.1 x 1016 meters

Computer simulation by Matthew Bate, UK Astrophysical Fluids Facility, Non-profit use allowed, http://www.ukaff.ac.uk/starcluster/

Units! Scientific Notation!•  1.1 x 1016 meters! •  What does that mean? �

Today: Meters (our unit of length)•  Units define the meaning of a quantity, in

this case length.How tall are you? Just under 2.2. You’re short! No.

12

Always understand the units.

Always include units

with a quantity.

You’re Kareem Abdul Jabbar.

2.18 meters

Photo by the LA Times, Oct. 19, 1965http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/

hb1s20045j/

UNITS!

•  A common system of units makes discussions much easier to understand!

•  Scientists use METRIC (S.I.) units

Photo by Stilfehler, Wikimedia, Public Domain

Inches

Centimeters

13

SI UnitsLENGTH, meters•  1 meter = 100 centimeters (cm) = 1000

millimeters (mm) •  1000 m = 1 kilometer (km)

Stilfehler, Wikimedia, Public Domain

SI UnitsCompared to British Units:•  2.54 cm = 1 inch �

•  1 meter = 39.4” = 3.3 feet (= 1.1 yards)Stilfehler, Wikimedia, Public Domain

14

SI UnitsCompared to “British” (American) Units:

1 km = 3281 feet�1 km = 0.62 miles �

(about 2/3 of a mile!)10 km = 6.2 milesMean Ocean Depth: ~ 3.7 km = 3700 m

1016 meters is a very large distance10,000,000,000,000,000 m

Birth of a solar system After collapse, each new star may

have an associated disc of leftover material trapped in its

gravity. Some condenses to make planets.

Artists image. ESO/L. Calçada, C.C. A. 3.0 Unported, http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0942a/

15

We can see new solar systems forming today!

Proplyd (protoplanetary disk) around star HL Tau

ALMA Radio Telescope Array image [ALMA (NRAO/ESO/NAOJ); C. Brogan, B. Saxton (NRAO/AUI/NSF)], Creative Commons License CC BY 4.0, �

http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1436a/ http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/large/eso1436a.jpg

Our Solar System at the same scale

More proplyds in the Orion Nebula Hubble Space Telescope image, Public Domain, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap091222.html

Hubble Space Telescope image, Public Domain, �http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/

1994/24/image/b/

16

Other Planetary Bodies with Oceans? •  Probably water oceans on

Europa, Ganymede & Callisto (moons of Jupiter) Enceladus and Titan (moons of Saturn) Subsurface briny oceans with solid icy “crust” -- thin

•  Lakes on Titan (largest moon of Saturn) –  Liquid methane/hydrocarbon pools,

not water! •  Ancient Mars?

–  Flood channels & deep, flat N. hemisphere

•  Definitely Earth

Hubble Telescope image, NASA/ESA/HST/STSCI, Public Domain

“All these worlds are yours, except Europa. Attempt no landings there.” (2010: Odyssey Two, Arthur C. Clarke)

Jupiter’s moon �Europa, Galileo

Spacecraft image, NASA Public Domain

What Planetary Bodies have Oceans? Europa – a moon of Jupiter.

Bright, icy surface lacking craters – evidence of recent resurfacing.

Geophysical and magnetic evidence of salty liquid water at depth.

Salt water is also likely present at depth inside Ganymede, another moon of Jupiter.

17

NASA/JPL-Caltech image and art. Public Domain�http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/figures/

PIA19656_fig1.jpg

What Planetary Bodies have Oceans? Enceladus – a moon of

Saturn. Also has few craters It is spewing water into

space! Geysers may tap deep

ocean.

What Planetary Bodies have Oceans? Titan -- largest moon of Saturn. Persistent radar “dark spots”

near North & South Poles Consistent with liquid methane/

ethane

+South Pole

Images from Cassini Spacecraft (NASA),

Public Domain

18

What Planetary Bodies have Oceans?

•  Early Mars: Northern oceans? •  Water ice found in soil! •  Hydrous salts over “seeps”

NASA Images, Public Domain

MOLA Digital Altimetry

Gusev Crater (Spirit)

Meridiani Planum�(Opportunity)

Gale Crater(Curiosity)

(Phoenix)

Liquid water on Mars today?

Seasonal streaking inside Newton Crater, MarsMcEwen et al. 2011 (Science); Ohja et al. 2015 (Nature Geoscience). Images NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/gallery/gallery-index.html

Chevrier et al. 2009

19

Extrasolar Planets •  Evidence for planets around other stars

–  3607 confirmed, 610 systems with multiple planets, as of April 1, 2017 (+many unconfirmed, mostly from Kepler spacecraft)

Image of HR8799, a solar system� 129 light years away from Earth. �

By Ben Zuckerman, UCLAusing the Keck Observatory telescope

Animation by Daniel Fabrycky, NASA, as of Nov. 5 2013 ( > 3,000 planets) Public Domain See also http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/science/space/keplers-tally-of-planets.html?_r=0 for a

continuously updated animation of planetary systems.

20

Most planets found so far are closer to their stars than Earth is to the Sun, and probably are too hot to have familiar oceans.

Water vapor has �been found in the �atmospheres of �some of these: �including �HD189733b (2007)� HAT-P-11b (2014)

12 “habitable zone”�extrasolar planets �now known(July, 2015) à liquid water may be stable at or near the surface.

Extrasolar Oceans?

Image R. Hurt, NASA Ames/JPL-CalTech. Public Domain.

“habitable zone”

What Planetary Bodies have Oceans?

• Definitely Earth!

NASA Image, Public Domain

21

Where does Earth’s water come from?

1.5×10-5 m

5×10-4 m

Most water probably came from water-bearing minerals in accreted planetesimals and comets. Such minerals are common in meteorites found today.

Green serpentine�~Mg3Si2O5(OH)4

Murchison meteorite�U. Glasgow Earth Science Electron Microscopy lab.

Right-side images: M. Zolensky, NASA/JSC, Public Domain

Monahans meteorite fall fragment, held by Monahans, TX police officer Reggie Bailey. Photo by Mark Sterkel, Odessa American

Where does the ocean’s water come from? •  Outgassing theory:

Earth incorporates meteorites containing water Early volcanism releases H2O vapor to the air

Pu’u O’o gas piston events, Kilauea, Hawaii�

USGS video, �http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/

gallery/kilauea/volcanomovies/� Public Domain