EOCEP Review

USHC-10.1

• Summarize key events in United States foreign policy from the end of the Reagan administration to the present, including changes to Middle East policy, the impact of United States involvement in the Persian Gulf, and the rise of global terrorism.

Ally of Israel

Peace Broker between

• Israel• P.L.O. –

Palestinian Liberation Organization

Main reason for interest in Middle East

Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988

• U. S. sends navy to Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz to protect shipment of Kuwaiti oil

Iran-Contra Affair

• Exec Branch sells weapons to Iran in exchange for release of Am. Hostages (held by Hezbollah)

• Some profits diverted to anti-Sandanista (Contras) of Nicaragua (illegal to directly fund)

• Secretary of Defense Weinberger convicted – pardoned by H.W. Bush

Operation Desert Storm - 1991

• Iraq invades Kuwait 1990

• We go in to protect them and oil – 1991

• Also known as first Persian Gulf War

• Under H.W.

W.M.D.s

• Clinton and U.N. 1998 suspect Iraq of same

• 4 day bombing

Iraq War - 2003

• Excuse to start WMDs

• Get Saddam Hussein out of power

• We are still there

Eastern Europe – Yugoslavia splits up

U.S. Involvement

• N.A.T.O. (North Atlantic Treaty Organizatio)

• Serbians perform “ethnic cleansing” of Bosnian Muslims

• Serbodan Miliosevic – Serbian leader

• Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo – then part of Serbia – also treated very badly

• U.S. sends troops to end ethnic fighting

Terrorism and the U.S.

• Prior to 1970 domestic – Ku Klux Klan, anti-war protestors,

• Changes as we become more involved in Middle East

Some Events

• 1983 – Capitol building bombed – response to U.S. invasion of Grenada

• 1993 – Islamists set off bomb in World Trade Towers

• 9/11/2001 – WTC – attacked – 2 planes– Another strikes Pentagon– Fourth crashes in PA

“War on Terrorism”

• October 2001 – go after al-Qaeda in Afghanistan

• Department of Homeland Security established

Recession

• Drop in economic activity lasting about six months

• Disparity between production and consumption

• Govt will step in to keep from getting too bad

Govt Help

• Tax Cuts

• Interest rate adjustments

National Debt

• Government borrows more for programs than it takes in (taxes)

• Under H.W. – tax cuts, economic downturn, and military spending pushed it to historic levels

• Under Clinton was actually reduced

Organized Labor

• American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

• Decline in membership since 1950s

• Foreign competition = lower wages

• Less strikes – more negotiations – job security

Economic Disparity

• 2007 Fair Labor Standards Act

• Gradually increase minimum wage to $7.25 an hour (July 2009)

Decline of Industry

WHY???

• U.S. companies decide to invest in foreign factories

• Not U.S. factories

• Cost of doing business cheaper = more profit for them

• Growth of service industries during this time

NAFTA

• North American Free Trade Agreeement

• 1992 signed – effective 1994

• Eliminate trade barriers U.S. Can, Mex

• Result? Small effect on economic growth – we have lost jobs

Social and Cultural Changes – 1950s

Consumerism

Domesticity

“baby boom”

• 20% increase in population

• Leave city go to suburbs (possible Levitt builders)

• Inexpensive homes and GI bill

Role of Women

• Stay home focus on family• If went to college – got married – then

family• In college – get married drop out• 40% of women were in workplace –

secretarie – teachers, nurses• Paid less than men• Dissatisfaction with gives rise to women’s

movement of 1960s

Religion

• Rise in religious affiliation (63%)

• Ben Hur – The Robe

• More went to church than did not

• This even though rise in consumerism

National Interstate and Defense Highway Act

Leads to

• More travel

• Suburbanization

• Love affair with cars

• Motels

• Family vacations – in car

• (incidentally decline of national railway system and public transportation)

The American Dream

Not available to all

• 20% in poverty

• Sharecroppers in south – poor

• African Ams continue migration to north

• White flight

• More segregation

Education

• G.I. bill – direct payment to vets to attend college

• Revamp public education – stress reading, math, science

• National Defense Education Act– Result of Sputnik– Feared Soviets would dominate technology

Cold War Policies

• 1945-1991

• Struggle between U.S. & Soviet Union

• Propaganda and support conflicts between democracies and communist govts

Truman Doctrine

• Containment of Communism

• Use finances to build economies

• Thus promote capitalism – not communism

Marshall Plan

• After WWII

• European Recovery Plan

• Technical and economic assistance to rebuild Europe

NATO – 1949fear of communist attack

Warsaw Pact – 1955result W. Germany joins NATO

The Berlin Blockade

• 1948 Western zones of Germany joined

• USSR sees as threat to East

• Response block western entrance to Berlin (deep in communist territory)

Berlin Airlift

Berlin Wall

Remembering E. German refugeekilled by border guards

The Korean War

• Korea divided after WWII

• Soviet and U.S.

• 38th parallel line

• 1950 – North invades South

• 1st conflict of Cold War

• War lasts 3 years

• No peace treaty ever signed

McCarthyism

• Senator Joseph McCarthy – WI

• Campaign against communists

• House UnAmerican Affairs Committee

• Accuse people of communist affiliation

• Blacklists• Jailed, no passports,

ruined careers

The Middle East

• Palestine – after WWI controlled by Brits

• Jews move to area – conflict increases

• By 1936 over 1/3 Jewish

• 1948 – U.N. creates state of Israel

• Holocaust draws U.S. support for same

• Arab countries try to end - lose

Suez Canal Crisis - 1956

• Egypt nationalizes canal

• Britain,France, and Israel not happy

• Orchestrate a conflict – invade Egypt

• U.S. and Soviets broker peace deal

P.L.O.

• Palestinian Liberation Organization

• 1964 –

• Take Palestine back from Israel

• Yasser Arafat

• 1967 – 6 day war – Israel wins gets more land

• Camp David Accords 1977(Jimmy Carter) – return land to Egypt (Begin and Sadat)

Cuba

Bay of Pigs Invasion

• Cuba – Communist 1959 and Fidel Castro

• Cubans in U.S. wanted him out

• Invade with U.S. support in 1961

• Lose – embarrass admin (Kennedy)

Cuban Missile Crisis

• 1962 – Soviets install missiles on Cuba – that can reach the U.S.

• U.S. response blockade of Cuba

Vietnam Conflict (War)

Vietnam – a brief history

• Prior to WWII French colony

• WWII – Japanese controlled

• After – French want it back – but Vietnamese had other plans

• U.S. supports French and Vietnamese in South - Soviets and Chinese support North Communists

• Divided in half

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• 1964

• U.S. alleged naval ships attacked by North Vietnam

• Johnson sends U.S. planes against attackers

• Congress passes resolution that in effect gives pres a blank check to pursue the war

• That the Congress approves and supports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.

• Sec. 3. This resolution shall expire when the President shall determine that the peace and security of the area is reasonably assured by international conditions created by action of the United Nations or otherwise, except that it may be terminated earlier by concurrent resolution of the Congress.

Domino Theory

• If one country in S.E. Asia falls to Communism all will

• So we need to keep Vietnam democratic – at all costs

Tet Offensive

• 1968 all out attack by the North

• Turning point in war

• North loses – but war comes into U.S. living rooms big time

• War protests grow – forcing govt to rethink

• 1975 war ends

ProtestsKent State - 1970

New Frontier

• Kennedy

• Raise minimum wage

• Peace Corps

• Alliance for Progress (South America)

• Pushes space program forward

Great Society

• LBJ (Johnson)

• More money for public education

• Civil rights legislation

• War on poverty

• Medicare and medicaid

Richard Nixon

• EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

• Protect parks and wildlife

• OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

• National speed limit to 55 (1973)

Détente

• Easing of bad feelings between U.S. and Soviets

• Nixon normalizes relations between U.S. and China

• Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

• Carter Doctrine – no foreign power should control Persian Gulf (oil)

• 1981 – Iranian Hostage Crisis

Some Background

• FDR – Fair Employment Practices Commission – forbade discrimination in workplace – during wartime – peacetime went away

• Truman desegregates military after WWII

Civil Rights Movement

• Goal end segregation

• Plessy v Ferguson – 1896 – separate but equal OK

• 1954 Brown v Board of Ed – overturns Plessy decision – its not OK

• So to next level – not OK in ed. not OK anywhere - sit ins, marches, etc. to protest

Central High School, Little Rock, AR

1962 – James MeredithUniversity of Mississippi

Montgomery Bus Boycott

March on Washington 1963

http://www.mlkonline.net/sounds/dream2.ram

• Civil Rights Act of 1964

ended legal discrimination based on race

• Voting Rights Act of 1965

poll taxes out – literacy test out

The Women’s Movement

• Inspired by Civil Rights movement (as was anti-war movement of Vietnam era)

Betty Friedan Feminine Mystique

- define “problem that has no name”

- more to life than marriage and children

Gloria Steinem

• Ms magazine• Awareness of

women’s issues• NOW – National

Organization for Women

• End institutional discrimination in workplace

• Awareness of stereotypes of women

ERA Equal Rights Amendment

• First proposed 1920s

• End discrimination based on gender

• Passed Senate but not ¾ of states

• So no federal law – but some states have

Roe v Wade - 1973

• Supreme Court decision about abortion

• Ruled 14th amendment guaranteed privacy

• Medical decisions are private decisions

Other Movements

• Native American

• Americans with disabilities

• Mexican American farm workers – leader Cesar Chavez

Migration