Environmental Systems

Oxygen Systems

• What are three basic configurations of oxygen systems?

Oxygen Systems• What are three basic

configurations of oxygen systems?–Continuous-flow

–Diluter-demand

–Pressure-demand

Continuous-flow• Name three types of

Continuous-flow oxygen systems?

Continuous-flow• Constant flow

• Adjustable-flow• Altitude-compensated

Oxygen Systems

• What is the most popular system in modern aircraft?

• Altitude-compensated

Oxygen Masks

• Name three types of oxygen masks?

Oxygen Masks

• Name three types of oxygen masks?–Oronasal rebreather

–Cannula oxygen breathing device

–Quick-donning

Oxygen Systems

• With an altitude-compensated regulator and an oronasal rebreather, when will the bag fully inflate?

• Why?

Oxygen Systems

• High Altitudes

• Decreased atmospheric pressure and increased oxygen flow rate

Oxygen Systems

• In a continuous-flow system when the mask connector contains a flow restrictor, what color is the pilots mask?

Oxygen Systems

• In a continuous-flow system when the mask connector contains a flow restrictor, what color is the pilots mask?

• Red

Oxygen Systems• To what altitudes are the

following oxygen systems usable

• Continuous-flow

Oxygen Systems

• Continuous-flow 25,000

• Diluter-demand

Oxygen Systems

• Continuous-flow 25,000

• Diluter-demand 40,000

• Pressure-demand

Oxygen Systems

• Continuous-flow 25,000

• Diluter-demand 40,000

• Pressure-demand above 40,000

Oxygen Systems

• What kind do we have in the King Air?

• Pilots have Diluter demand

• Passengers have Constant flow.

Oxygen Systems

• How can oxygen be stored?

Oxygen Systems

• Cylinders or Chemical Oxygen Generators

Oxygen Systems

• Where do we get oxygen to refill cylinders?

• Look in the Airport Facility Directory. Ensure you use aviation oxygen.

Oxygen Systems

• What color are most high pressure oxygen cylinders painted?

• Green

Oxygen Systems

• What is the lowest pressure to which an oxygen bottle should be depleted?

• Why?

Oxygen Systems• What is the lowest pressure to

which an oxygen bottle should be depleted? 50 psi

• Why?

• To prevent moisture from entering the cylinder

Oxygen Systems

• How long will an 66 cu ft cylinder of oxygen last?

Oxygen Systems

• How long will an 66 cu ft cylinder of oxygen last?

• Depends on the temperature, pressure in the bottle and the number of people using the bottle.

Oxygen Systems

• What are the pilot oxygen requirement for Part 91 flying

Oxygen Systems

• FAR 91.211 From 12,500 to 14,000 feet flight crew up to 30 minutes without.

• Over 14,000 minimum flight crew must be provided and use supplemental oxygen

Oxygen Systems

• Over 15,000 each occupant must be provided supplemental oxygen.

Oxygen Systems

• What are the pilot supplemental oxygen requirement for Part 135 flying?

Oxygen Systems

• FAR 135.89 From 10,000 to 12,000 any part of the flight over 30 minutes in duration.

• Over 12,000 continuously

Cabin Pressurization

• What training must you receive to act as PIC of an pressurized aircraft certified for operations above 25,000 feet.

Cabin Pressurization

• FAR 61.31(g) (1) logged ground training and obtained an endorsement in the person’s logbook or training record.

• FAR 61.31(g) (2) endorsement for flight, simulator or FTD.

Cabin Pressurization• Ground training

–High altitude aerodynamics and meteorology

–Respiration

–Effects, symptoms and causes of hypoxia

Cabin Pressurization

–Duration of consciousness w/o suppl oxygen

–Effects of long usage of suppl oxygen

Cabin Pressurization

–Causes and effects of gas expansion

–Preventive measures for eliminating gas expansion and high altitude sickness

Cabin Pressurization

–Physical phenomena and incidents of decompression

–Any other physiological aspects of high-altitude flight

Cabin Pressurization• Flight, Simulator or FTD Training

– Normal operations above 25,000 feet

– Proper emergency procedures for simulated rapid decompression without actually depressurizing the aircraft

– Emergency descent procedures

Pressurization Components

• What component modulates between open and closed to allow the pressurization air to vent out of the cabin at a controlled rate.

Pressurization Components

• What component modulates between open and closed to allow the pressurization air to vent out of the cabin at a controlled rate.

• Outflow Valve

Pressurization Components

• If the outflow valve fails, will the pressure continue to rise until we have a rapid decompression?

Pressurization Components

• If the outflow valve fails, will the pressure continue to rise until we have a rapid decompression?

• No, you can activate the safety/dump valve

Pressurization Control

• What is meant by differential range?

Pressurization Control

• What is meant by differential range?

• When the pressurization system is working to prevent the cabin differential pressure from exceeding maximum limits.

Cabin Differential Pressure

• What is the typical cabin differential pressure for general aviation aircraft?

• 3.35 to 4.5 P.S.I.D

• For large transport category aircraft

• 9.0 P.S.I.D

Pressurization Control

• What is meant by isobaric range?

Pressurization Control

• What is meant by isobaric range?

• When the system is working to maintain the cabin pressure altitude at the preset level.

Cabin Pressure Controller

• What three items do you normally set in the cabin pressure control system?

Cabin Pressure Controller• What three items do you normally

set in the cabin pressure control system?

• Cruise Altitude

• Cabin Altitude Selected

• Rate control knob

Instrumentation

• Name three instruments used in conjunction with the pressure controller.

Instrumentation• Name three instruments used in

conjunction with the pressure controller.

• Cabin Differential Pressure Gage

• Cabin Altimeter

• Cabin rate-of-climb instrument

Pressurization Control

• When operating in the isobaric range, what will happen if you make a sudden change in the cabin altitude selected?

Pressurization Control

• Extreme changes in cabin pressure causing significant pain to you and your passengers

Pressurized Air

• In most light pressurized aircraft the pressurized air comes from the turbocharger’s compressor. What must be done to it before it is usable?

Pressurized Air

• In most light pressurized aircraft the pressurized air comes from the turbocharger’s compressor. What must be done to it before it is usable?

• It must be cooled in a heat exchanger.

Emergencies

• What are the most likely causes of rapid and explosive decompressions?

Emergencies

• What are the most likely causes of rapid and explosive decompressions?

• Failure of the Windshield, cabin window or door.

Minimum Oxygen

• What is the minimum oxygen supply for flying in a pressurized cabin above FL 250?

Minimum Oxygen

• What is the minimum oxygen supply for flying in a pressurized cabin above FL 250?

• 10 minutes

Oxygen Masks

• What oxygen mask requirements exist for flying above FL350.

Oxygen Masks

• Generally, one pilot at the controls must wear and use an oxygen mask that is secured and sealed.

Oxygen Masks

• An exception exists below FL 410 if both pilots have quick donning type masks that can be placed on the face with one hand and secured, sealed and operating within 5 sec.

Hypoxia

• Name four types of hypoxia and describe them.

Hypoxia

• Name four types of hypoxia and describe them.

• Hypoxic - altitude hypoxia caused by insufficient partial pressure of oxygen.

Hypoxia

• Histotoxic - Alcohol and drug use, cannot be corrected by supplemental oxygen because the uptake of oxygen is impaired at the tissue level

Hypoxia

• Hypemic - reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as a result of anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, or excessive smoking.

Hypoxia

• Stagnant hypoxia - poor circulation of the blood because of failure of the circulatory system to pump blood. It can be caused by pressure breathing or excessive G-forces.

Prolonged Oxygen Use

• What are the symptoms of prolonged use of 100% oxygen?

Prolonged Oxygen Use

• Bronchial cough, fever, vomiting nervousness, irregular heart beat and lowered energy.

Vision

• What effect does altitude have on vision?

Vision• Deteriorate with altitude

• Empty visual field caused by cloudless blue skies cause inaccuracies in judging speed, size and distance

• Sunglasses recommended to minimize the intensity of the sun’s ultraviolet rays.

Decompression Sickness

• What are three types of evolved gas decompression sickness.

Decompression Sickness

• Bends - pain in and around the joints

• Chokes - Chest pain and burning sensation, a sensation of suffocation.

• Paresthesia - tingling, itching, red rash, and warm and cold sensations

Anti-icing

De-icing

Anti Icing

• When do you want to turn on Anti Icing equipment?

Anti Icing

• When do you want to turn on Anti Icing equipment?

• Prior to encountering ice conditions?

Airfoil Ice Control

• De-icing Boots

• Thermal Anti-ice Systems

• Weeping Wing

Windshield Ice Control

• Alcohol

• Thermal

Windshield Ice Control

• What can happen if thermal anti ice is used on the ground?

Windshield Ice Control• What can happen if thermal anti

ice is used on the ground?

• Bubbles can develop between the layers of window lamination resulting in the windshield having to be replaced.

Propeller Ice Control

• Thermal

• Alcohol

Other Ice Systems

• Pitot Heat

• Static Port

• Fuel Vent

• Stall Warning Sensors

Ice

• What two conditions are necessary for structural ice to form?

Ice

• Visible water such as rain or clouds

• Temperature where the moisture strikes the aircraft must be 0 or colder

Ice

• What are the three kinds of ice?

Ice

• What are the three kinds of ice?

• Clear, Rime and Mixed

• Which is the most dangerous kind of ice?

Ice

• Which is the most dangerous kind of ice?

• Clear. It is very heavy and difficult to remove.

Ice

• What kind of ice usually forms on aircraft flying through stratus type clouds?

Ice

• What kind of ice usually forms on aircraft flying through stratus type clouds?

• Rime

Ice

• What do ice pellets normally mean?

Ice

• What do ice pellets normally mean?

• Freezing rain at higher altitudes

Ice

• What type of cloud is hail normally associated?

Ice

• What type of cloud is hail normally associated?

• Cumulonimbus

Ice

• Frost does not change the basic aerodynamic shape of the wing so how does it affect the flow of air over the wing?

Ice

• Roughness spoils the smooth flow of air causing early flow separation

Ice

• What effect does frost have on stall speed?

Ice

• What effect does frost have on stall speed?

• It normally increases stall speed between 5 and 10 per cent

Ice

• If you begin to accumulate ice and you anticipate there is a warm front aloft, should you try to climb?

Ice

• Depends on the situation, but the decision to either turn back or climb should be made quickly before too much ice accumulates which would preclude a climb.

Ice

• If you accumulate ice, what precaution should you take on landing?

Ice

• Avoid abrupt maneuvers because the aircraft has lost some aerodynamic efficiency, land with power at a higher than normal airspeed, be cautious about the use of flaps.

Ice

• How can the NWS observe actual icing conditions?

Ice

• They cannot. They can identify regions where icing is possible but they need PIREPS to know for sure.

Ice

• When you preheat an aircraft, to what items should you pay attention?

Ice• Oil, battery and instruments.

You should preheat not only the engine compartment but also the cockpit. Except at KSU-S, because we have had damage to aircraft interiors