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Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright. Chapter 2. Ecosystems: What They Are PPT by Clark E. Adams. The Organization of Ecosystems. A description of ecosystems The structure of ecosystems The relationship between ecosystems and biomes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright
Ecosystems: What They ArePPT by Clark E. Adams
Chapter 2
The Organization of Ecosystems
A description of ecosystems The structure of ecosystems The relationship between ecosystems and biomes Human impacts on ecosystem structure
Ecosystem Types in the United States
Coasts and oceans Farmlands Forests Fresh waters Grasslands and shrub lands Urban and suburban areas
Ecosystems: A Description
Biotic communities: grouping or assemblage of plants, animals, and microbes
Species: different kinds of plants, animals, and microbes in the community
Populations: number of individuals that make up the interbreeding, reproducing group
Associations: how a biotic community fits into the landscape
How Ecosystems Are Formed
Abiotics
Plants
Animals
(moisture and temperature)
(+ moisture = forest)(temperature = forest type)
(lynx or bobcat)
predict
predict
Ecosystems
A grouping of plants, animals, and microbes occupying an explicit unit of space and interacting with each other and their environment
Ecotone: transitional region between different ecosystems
Shares many of the species and characteristics of both ecosystems
May also include unique conditions that support distinctive plant and animal species
Ecotone: transitional region between different ecosystems
Shares many of the species and characteristics of both ecosystems
May also include unique conditions that support distinctive plant and animal species
Topics on Ecosystem Structure
Trophic categories Trophic relationships: food chains, food webs,
trophic levels Nonfeeding relationships: symbiosis Abiotic factors
Autotrophs = Producers = Self feedersAutotrophs = Producers = Self feedersAutotrophs = Producers = Self feedersAutotrophs = Producers = Self feeders
Inorganic and Organic
Inorganic Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Water pH
Organic All living things Products of living
things
Consumers = Heterotrophs
Primary consumers = herbivores = rabbits: eat plant material
Secondary consumers = carnivores = predators = coyotes: prey are herbivores and other animals
Parasites = predator = either plant or animal: prey are plants or animals
Detritus feeders and decomposers = bacteria and fungi: prey are plants or animals
Trophic Categories
Trophic Levels: Food ChainTrophic Levels: Food Chain
Third-order Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer
Producer
Match Organisms with Trophic Level(s)
Trophic LevelsOrganisms Producer Primary
ConsumerSecondary Consumer
Third-Order Consumer
Plants X
Rabbits X
Snakes X X
Owls X X
Bacteria X X X X
Match Organisms with Trophic Level(s)
Trophic Levels
Organisms Producer Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Third-Order Consumer
Autotrophs X
Herbivores X
Carnivores X X
Omnivores X X X
Parasites X X X
Trophic Relationships among Producers and Consumers
Food Webs
Trophic Level Energy FlowTrophic Level Energy Flow
Producer 10,000 Kcal
Third-order Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer- 100x
- 10x
- 10x
100 Kcal
10 Kcal
1 Kcal
Trophic Levels: Pyramid of BiomassTrophic Levels: Pyramid of Biomass
1
2
3
4
5 Which level is occupied by:producers?primary consumers?secondary consumers?third-order consumers?
Trophic Levels: Pyramid of EnergyTrophic Levels: Pyramid of Energy
1
2
3
4
5Which level is occupied by:producers?primary consumers?secondary consumers?third-order consumers?
Symbiosis: Living Together
+ and + = Mutualism. Both species benefit by the interaction between the two species: yucca plant and Pronuba moth
+ and 0 = Commensalism. One species benefits from the interaction and the other is unaffected: remora fish and shark
Symbiosis: Living Together
+ and – = One species benefits from the interaction and the other is adversely affected. Examples are predation, parasitism, and disease.
– and – = Competition. Both species are adversely affected by the interaction.
Resource Partitioning
Law of Limiting Factors
Application of the Law of Limiting Factors
Compare the “tolerance” differences for a trout and a catfish using water: temperature (cold or warm). oxygen concentration (high or low). salinity (high or low).
From Ecosystems to Global Biomes
The role of climate Microclimate and other abiotic factors Biotic factors Physical barriers
Climate and Major Biomes
Identify Biomes A to E Based on Temperature and Precipitation Levels: Answers on Next Slide
Precipitation
Temperature
Low High
High
A
B
C
D
E
Answers to Previous Slide
A has high temperature and low moisture = hot desert
B has low temperature and low moisture = cold desert (tundra with permafrost)
C has medium temperatures and moisture = grassland
D has high temperature and moisture = rain forest E has low temperature and high precipitation =
arctic poles
Abiotic Effects of Latitude and AltitudeAbiotic Effects of Latitude and Altitude
The Human Factor
Three revolutions Neolithic Industrial Environmental
How Humans Modify Their Physical Environments to Meet Their Needs Produce abundant food Control water flow rate and direction Overcome predation and disease Construct our own ecosystems Overcome competition with other species
End of Chapter 2