Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright

Energy from Fossil FuelsPPT by Clark E. Adams

Chapter 12

Energy from Fossil Fuels

Energy sources and uses Exploiting crude oil Other fossil fuels Fossil fuels and energy security

The Fossil Fuel Dilemma

Primary source of energy for transportation

Supports a drill, spill, and kill legacy More sustainable alternatives are available

Energy Sources and Uses

Harnessing energy sources: an overview Electrical power production Matching sources to uses

Harnessing Energy Sources: An Overview

Slaves Domestic animals Wind and water Steam (ships and locomotives) Gasoline (internal combustion followed by

turbine engine) Nuclear

Energy Consumption in the United States

Sequence of use1. Wood2. Water (steam)3. Coal4. Natural gas5. Oil6. Nuclear power

3, 4, and 5 = 83.5% of U.S. energy consumption

Global Primary Energy Supply

Energy Consumption in the United States

Electrical Power Production: The Beginning

Michael Faraday 1831

Weekly Electrical Demand Cycle

Exploiting Crude Oil

How fossil fuels are formed Crude-oil reserves versus production Declining U.S. reserves and increasing

importation Problems of growing U.S. dependency on

foreign oil

Crude-Oil Reserves versus Production

Estimated reserves: educated guesses about the location and size of oil or natural gas deposits

Proven reserves: how much oil can be economically obtained from the oil field

Production: withdrawal of oil or gas from the oil field

How Fossil Fuels Are Formed: Part I

How Fossil Fuels Are Formed: Part II

Oil Production and Consumption in the United States

Cost of Oil Imports

Cost of Oil Imports

Consumption, Domestic Production, and Imports of Petroleum Products

What a Barrel of Persian Gulf Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers

$30 in initial costs + $63 for military support services = $93 per barrel of oil

(January 8, 2014 price per barrel is $93.67)

Problems from Foreign Oil Dependency

Variations in cost of purchases Threat of supply disruptions Limitations of nonrenewable resource

Impacts of Foreign Oil Dependence

Trade imbalances Military actions Pollution of oceans Coastal oil spills

Hubbert Curves of Oil Production

Oil production follows a bell-shaped curve and will peak around 2010.

Hubbert Predictions

U.S. oil production would peak (1970s)

Dependence on OPEC oil will increase

Who Has the Oil? Reserves

North America 75.7

South and Central America 89.5

Western Europe 18.9

Former Soviet Countries 58.9

Middle East 673.6

Africa 75.4

Far East and Oceania 43.0

Total 1,033.2

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: OPEC Algeria Indonesia Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya

Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia United Emirates Venezuela

Other Fossil Fuels

Natural gas – 50-year supply Coal – 400-year supply Oil shales and oil sands – complex

extraction technologies

U.S. Coal Deposits

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/reserves/coalres.pdf

Carbon (CO2) Emission Per Capita

Primary and Secondary Effects from Burning CoalPrimary and Secondary Effects from Burning Coal

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

Acid RainAcid Rain SmogSmog

Burning Coal = CO2 + SO + H20 + Ash +(CxHxSxOx) Light + Noise + Heat

Fossil Fuels and Energy Security

Security threats Supply-side policies Demand-side policies Development of non-fossil-fuel energy

sources

Security Threats

Oil dependence: relies too much on OPEC cartel and volatile Persian Gulf states

Energy infrastructure: vulnerable to terrorist attacks

Global climate change: greenhouse gas emissions

The Potential of the Conservation Reserve

An oil field that has the potential production of 6 million barrels per day, is three times the sizeof the Alaskan oil field, and its exploitation will NOT adversely effect the environment.

The Elements of the Conservation Reserve

Increasing fuel efficiency in cars (CAFÉ)

Cogeneration (CHPs) Use fluorescent lights Increase home insulation

Combined Heat and Power: Cogeneration

Energy Efficient Lightbulbs

End of Chapter 12