Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine (ESEMAG) April 2016

OFF ICIAL CANECT 2016SHOWGUIDE

See Page 78

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SPECIAL FOCUSStretching Municipal

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FEATURES

Contents

DEPARTMENTSProduct Showcase . . . . . . . . . . 74Environmental News . . . . . . . . 86Professional Cards . . . . . . . . . . 86Ad Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Vol . 29 No . 2 Issued April . 2016 ISSN-0835-605X

STAY CONNECTED ONLINE IN PRINT MOBILE WWW.ESEMAG.COM

April 2016

6 History shows tougher environmental laws dont have to hurt

10 Effective odour control using plant based micronutrients

13 Validation method brings performance and economy gains to UV disinfection

18 Corrugated steel pipe fish ladder completes first field trial

22 Electro-oxidation promising for landfill leachate ammonium removal

26 Diverting healthcare waste from landfill is essential to public health

58 Using zeta potential to determine coagulant and filter polymer dosage

62 How will Ontarios proposed excess soil management policy work?

65 Training and equipment required when working at heights

66 New options to consider for zebra mussel control

70 Control and communication has advanced in motor control centers

72 Heavy metals remediation of soil and water is a site-specific challenge

Special Focus on Stretching Municipal Infrastructure Budgets30 How Ontario can cope with its $60 billion infrastructure deficit

32 Small municipalities can no longer afford big pipe solutions

36 Brockville benefits from automated equipment and watermain flushing program

38 Trenchless technology can allow for more pipeline rehabilitation

40 Micro-tunnelling used for new Bolton trunk sewer

44 Extending the life of lagoons helps municipal budgets

48 Pilot project improves water quality and saves Newfoundland town money

50 Concrete cloth is an emerging technology for culvert remediation

52 Public-private partnerships help fund municipal infrastructure projects

Page 36

Page 32 Page 13

Session Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78CANECT Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Exhibitor Listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

24th ANNUAL

16OFFICIAL SHOW GUIDE

This issue will offer our 47,000 readers across Canada a strong and diverse range of articles, plus special sections on:

Storage Tanks, Containment Systems & Spill ManagementHazardous Waste FEATURED TOPICS: Wastewater treatment and collection systems Stormwater management Drinking water supply, treatment and distribution systems Disinfection and filtration

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Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine6 | April 2016

Two major events affected the general public and the auto sector almost simultaneously in the early 1970s. In an effort

to reduce chronic smog events in many cities, amendments to the U.S. govern-ments Clean Air Act mandated dramat-ically lower nitrous oxide emission lev-els in passenger vehicles.

To achieve this, with the simple carbureted technology available at the time, auto manufacturers had to lower average engine compression levels. In one model year (1972-73), they dropped from an average of 10:1 to 8:1.

Drivers noticed an immediate im-pact, as this reduction in compression resulted in a substantial reduction in horsepower.

Several years ago, I had to replace the worn out 350 V8 engine in my 1970 Oldsmobile Delta 88, which produced 200 net horsepower. The 1973 engine I installed only produced 165 net horse-power. Not unexpectedly, performance dropped dramatically.

Catalytic converters and other mea-sures like exhaust gas recirculation were introduced to meet even tougher stan-dards. These further cut horsepower and hence performance. Reduced engine performance also meant drivers suffered with reduced fuel economy. This pain was made even greater when in October 1973 the Arab Oil Embargo began. This caused widespread fuel shortages and sent crude oil prices skyrocketing from $3 to $12 per barrel by March 1974.

In 1975, the U.S. government cre-ated Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, forcing auto man-ufacturers to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks.

As a result of stricter emissions and legislated fuel economy standards, the end of the big car era seemed imminent. How could V8 carbureted engines with three-speed automatic transmissions survive? High performance was over. Or so it seemed.

Fast forward to today and nothing could be further from the truth. In re-

sponse to the tighter emission controls and CAFE standards that auto manufac-turers had to embrace, new technologies evolved, such as computerized fuel in-jection and engine management, variable valve timing, etc. Now, a 4 litre engine, that might have produced 90 horsepow-er in 1976, can easily produce over 400 horsepower.

Manufacturers also embraced ad-vanced aerodynamic design and 6-to-8 speed transmissions. The results were as-tounding. In 2010, a Lincoln Town Car, which is the largest car Ford made, had better fuel economy than the 1974 Pinto, which was the smallest car it made.

Its clear that stringent emissions and fuel economy regulations did not hurt auto manufacturers or drivers over the long run. The same also applies for broader environmental policies.

A new study from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel-opment (OECD) shows that countries that implement stringent environmental policies do not lose export competitive-ness when compared against those with more moderate regulations.

Emerging economies with strong manufacturing sectors like China could strengthen environmental laws without denting their overall share in export markets, it suggests. High-pollution or energy-intensive industries like chemi-cals, plastics and steel making, wheth-

The Arab Oil Embargo caused widespread fuel shortages.

History shows tougher environmental laws dont have to hurt

continued overleaf...

Editor and Publisher STEVE DAVEYEmail: [email protected]

Managing Editor PETER DAVEYEmail: [email protected]

Sales Director PENNY DAVEYEmail: [email protected]

Sales Representative DENISE SIMPSON Email: [email protected]

Accounting SANDRA DAVEYEmail: [email protected]

Circulation Manager DARLANN PASSFIELDEmail: [email protected]

Production EINAR RICEEmail: [email protected]

Technical Advisory BoardArchis Ambulkar, Jones and Henry Engineers, Ltd.

Gary Burrows, City of London

Jim Bishop, Consulting Chemist, Ontario

Patrick Coleman, Black & Veatch

Bill De Angelis, City of Toronto

Mohammed Elenany, Urban Systems

William Fernandes, Region of Peel

Marie Meunier, John Meunier Inc., Qubec

Tony Petrucci, Stantec, Markham

Environmental Science & Engineering is a bi-monthly business publication of Environmental Science & Engineering Publications Inc. An all Canadian publication, ES&E provides authoritative editorial coverage of Canadas municipal and industrial environmental control systems and drinking water treatment and distribution.

Readers include consulting engineers, industrial plant managers and engineers, key municipal, provincial and federal environmental officials, water and wastewater plant operators and contractors.

Information contained in ES&E has been compiled from sources believed to be correct. ES&E cannot be responsible for the accuracy of articles or other editorial matter. Articles in this magazine are intended to provide information rather than give legal or other professional advice. Articles being submitted for review should be emailed to [email protected].

Canadian Publications Mail Sales Second Class MailProduct Agreement No. 40065446 Registration No. 7750

Undeliverable copies, advertising space orders, copy, artwork, proofs, etc., should be sent to: Environmental Science & Engineering, 220 Industrial Pkwy. S., Unit 30, Aurora, Ontario, Canada, L4G 3V6, Tel: (905)727-4666, Fax: (905) 841-7271, Web site: www.esemag.com

Editorial Comment by Steve Davey

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er in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS), or in Europe or North America, would suffer a small disadvantage from a further tightening of regulations. However, this would be compensated by growth in exports from less-polluting activities.

Do Environmental Policies Affect Global Value Chains? questions wheth-er regulations to curb pollution and energy use hurt businesses by creating new costs. Many feel that tough envi-ronmental laws often lead manufactur-ers to move to countries with laxer reg-ulations.

Environmental policies are simply not the major driver of international trade patterns, said OECD Chief Econ-omist Catherine L. Mann, presenting the study at the London School of Econom-ics. We find no evidence that a large gap between the environmental policies of two given countries significantly af-fects their overall trade in manufac-tured goods. Governments should stop working on the assumption that tighter regulations will hurt their export share and focus on the edge they can get from innovation.

According to the study, the effect of stringent environmental law is tiny com-pared to other factors like market size, trade tariffs, globalization and a coun-trys unique assets. It claims the do-mestic value added in exports of goods from high-pollution industries from en-vironmentally stringent countries (Den-mark, Germany and Switzerland) to the BRICS rose by US$11.157 billion from 1995 to 2008. That figure would have been 3% percent higher if green laws

werent so stringent. However, those same laws raised exports in cleaner in-dustries by 3%. The net dollar loss/gain was almost the same amount.

As governments consider ways to tighten environmental regulations in line with new climate change pledges, OECDs analysis offers evidence that doing so would not hurt trade. Factors like market conditions and workforce quality are likely to have much more im-pact on trade competitiveness. Further-more, tough environmental standards may also drive firms to become more innovative, improving both their eco-nomic and environmental performance.

The OECD Environmental Policy Stringency indicator is a composite in-dex based on the explicit or implicit cost of environmental policies related main-ly to climate and air pollution. It shows policies have become increasingly strin-gent in advanced economies since the 1990s. The highest costs on polluting behaviour are in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The UK and U.S. are around average. Poli-cies are more lenient in the BRICS.

As is the case with the automobile, economics and the environment need not be adversaries. One can only hope that governments also see that this ap-plies on a much broader scale.

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Odour Control

Offensive odours generated by landfills, wastewater treat-ment plants, waste transfer stations, food waste recepta-

cles, stormwater ponds and canals are a challenge in both urban and rural envi-ronments.

Most of the new technology being developed for odour control is based on chemical breakdown of compounds, using UV, carbon, ozone and biological filtration. Other solutions include oxy-genating and aerating solid and liquid waste collection basins to prevent septic conditions.

The least effective method is the use of chemical masking agents, which are often toxic and have human exposure restrictions.

Other initiatives and solutions have been based on the use of biocides to kill bacterial populations that are re-sponsible for the generation of odours. Unfortunately, they also kill non-odour producing beneficial anaerobic/aerobic bacteria that are responsible for the biological breakdown of waste material.

Biocides currently in use consist of chlorine/quartenary ammonia, copper sulphate and formaldehyde solutions. These are highly toxic to the beneficial bacteria and to the environment, as they end up being discharged into receiving surface waters.

Selective biological inhibition of odour producing bacteria

Anaerobic sulphur-reducing bacteria have been identified as the main source of offensive odourous compounds in or-ganic processes and organic waste treat-ment systems. These bacteria are active and thrive in the absence of oxygen.

A new approach using plant based organic micronutrients has been de-veloped over the last number of years to specifically stimulate aerobes and anaerobes and competitively inhibit sulphur-reducing and ammonia form-ing bacteria and enzymes. BIOLOGIC SRC/SRC3 from Scicorp International

Corp. is one such product. The main active ingredients in mi-

cronutrient solutions include plant sourced amino acids, vitamins and other plant based organic constituents and trace minerals. The micronutrient solution itself is biodegradable, as it is

consumed by the beneficial bacteria in organic waste streams.

These micronutrients eliminate the formation of odours that occur during organic waste degradation. Research has shown that non-sulphur reducing anaerobes and many different types of aerobes are stimulated by the plant based organic micronutrient catalyst

to operate at much higher metabolic rates.

Sulphur-reducing anaerobes and am-monia generating enzymes are unable to utilize these micronutrients. As a re-sult, microorganisms stimulated by the micronutrient solution outcompete the odour producing microbes for macro-nutrients. By means of competitive in-hibition, they severely restrict the odour producing microbes metabolic activity. This results in a dramatic decrease in the production of odourous gases.

The net impact is that odours are significantly reduced, while bacterial breakdown of organic waste continues at an accelerated rate.

Other advantages with controlling odours with micronutrients include: No need for significant infrastructure

and space requirements to contain, control and treat odours.

Elimination of 90% of capital invest-ment associated with odour control using chemical and/or biofilter infra-structure.

A 90% reduction of the energy demand associated with conventional odour


Effective odour control using plant based micronutrients By Derk Maat

Microorganisms stimulated by the

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producing microbes for macronutrients.

Landfills and wastewater treatment plants pose many odour challenges.

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Odour Control

control strategies and technologies, with a significant associated carbon footprint reduction.

No need for biofilters, ozonation units, or carbon units.

Treatment of airborne odourous compounds

Plant based organic micronutrients can also be utilized in misting systems to treat odourous gases generated by nonpoint sources. These include trans-fer stations, landfills, garbage rooms, wastewater plants, biosolids processing facilities, and organic material process-ing facilities such as food production plants and/or pulp and paper mills.

Air misting in a hog slaughter house barn and in hog rearing facilities re-sulted in 85%-90% reduction in H2S/ammonia concentrations. Commercial misting applications in garbage rooms of stores and institutions achieved simi-lar reductions.

Misting applications in transfer sta-tions, the tipping floor and pits in a mu-nicipal solid waste incineration plant,

and in chicken rendering plants, have all resulted in dramatic odour reduction and elimination of odour complaints from neighbours. Industrial misting applications in tannery facilities and sludge processing facilities also resulted in significant odour reductions.

Using a micronutrient solution in mist-ing applications requires minimal capi-tal investment for infrastructure and has proven to be an effective environmentally sustainable life cycle cost solution.

Wastewater treatment plant applications

When applied in wastewater plants for odour control, micronutrients were able to improve treatment performance and reduce operating costs. Typical ad-dition rates for odour control in waste-water plants range from 1 ppm to 10 ppm. Application to biosolids process-ing plants at 50 ppm to 2% TSS sludge mixtures also reduced odours by 80%.

Application to wastewater treatment plant influent by direct injection has also resulted in dramatic reductions in

ambient air H2S.Lagoon surface spray applications

have eliminated odour generation and odour complaints from lagoons contain-ing effluent from ethanol plants, paper mills, septic tank sludges, hog manure and cherry processing facilities, ranging in volume from 500 m3 to 45,000 m3.

Inoculation of sludges from paper mills and wastewater plants prior to de-watering has reduced odours 80%-90%. It has eliminated the need for large biofilters, scrubbers and contaminated air treatment facilities by reducing and/or eliminating the generation of odours at source.

ConclusionThe use of micronutrient solutions

for odour source control and abatement, and for the stimulation of beneficial bio-degradation mechanisms, represents an alternative, innovative and proven envi-ronmentally sustainable approach.

Derk Z. Maat, M.Eng.,P.Eng., is with Maat Environmental Engineering.

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Disinfection

Unlike chlorine, ozone and other chemical disinfectants whose dose can be quantita-tively determined by a CT

value, determining the right ultraviolet (UV) dose is not so simple.

Until relatively recently, UV design engineers have faced a dilemma. Open channel UV system design has typi-cally been based on either a calculated dose approach, which assumes ideal flow and UV intensity distributions (and not reflecting actual real system performance), or a conservative design approach, which ensures adequate per-formance but often results in significant overdesign.

The first approach risks noncompli-ance, while the second risks wasting capital and operating funds. Currently,

Validation method brings performance and economy gains to UV disinfection By Steve Green and Kirsten Meyer

Open channel UV system design has typically been based on either a calculated dose approach, or a conservative design approach. continued overleaf...

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Disinfection

caption

the only way around this dilemma has been to conduct pilot testing. The de-sign team determines the site-specific dose response characteristics of the pathogens of concern, together with appropriate UV system performance as-sessment, in order to develop the best fit design. Pilot testing an open chan-nel UV system is very expensive and time-consuming.

Recently, improved understanding of how different pathogens respond to UV light has resulted in a major shift in the necessary sizing of UV systems for wastewater, allowing for best fit design without pilot testing. Qualified, exten-sive UV system validation testing that considers a large validation envelope and is in line with existing guidelines, now offers utilities and design engineers a more cost-effective and scientific ap-proach for open channel UV system design.

UV Disinfection Guidance Manual 06

This positive shift in the necessary sizing of open channel UV systems was initiated after publication of the UV Disinfection Guidance Manual (UVDGM) by the United States Envi-ronmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2006. Different dose levels were deter-mined, together with log inactivation credits by surrogates.

Unlike alternative UV validation methods, such as the German DVGW W-294 and Austrian OENORM M 5873, which only test to a single UV dose set point of 40 mJ/cm2 Reduc-tion Equivalent Dose (RED), the EPA UVDGM validation allows for the se-lection of multiple data points. The re-sult is a highly flexible UV performance prediction formula that can be applied to a broad range of disinfection targets. This way, dose response behaviours, which vary by type of organism (always specific to the range tested) are account-ed for.

Cryptosporidium, an organism dif-ficult to destroy with chlorine, is effec-tively inactivated by a relatively small UV dose, while viruses require a sig-nificantly larger UV dose to achieve the same log reduction.

In order to properly describe the performance of a tested UV system on

different organisms, a new term DL was established. It describes the dose required for 1 log reduction, also known as UV sensitivity. Incorporating such a term into a UV systems validation formula, based on tests with surrogates exhibiting different UV sensitivities, al-lows one to determine how a UV system disinfects organisms of different UV sensitivity.

DL ApproachThe DL approach allows UV system

designers to determine a site-specific sensitivity via collimated beam tests for the project. This in turn allows for best fit design instead of more expensive pilot testing, provided design conditions are covered by the validation test condi-

tions (validation envelope). Based on the guidance provided in

the UVDGM 06, the DL approach may allow for increased flow capacity of given UV systems for wastewater, com-pared to previous design approaches. This offers significant cost savings for upcoming wastewater projects. Also, many installed open channel systems in North America can be reviewed accord-ing to the latest guidelines and benefit from favorable validation results.

The DL approach allows for signifi-cant flexibility, depending on validation goals and the potential applications for full-scale UV systems. A biological sur-rogate reacts the same way to UV light as the critical bacteria, but does not have its harmful impact. Testing with multiple surrogates that bracket, or en-compass, the range of UV sensitivities, allows for tailoring the site design to the site-specific UV sensitivity of the target organisms (See Figure 1).

This is ideal for wastewater designs where disinfection targets, UV sensitiv-ities and site-specific wastewater condi-tions vary. Because disinfection targets differ from site to site (such as in reuse vs. discharge applications), typical indi-cator organisms can be bracketed, using this multiple organism approach to al-low for best fit design.

Since the publication of the UVDGM

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Cryptosporidium, an organism difficult to

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Disinfection

06, the most commonly used surrogate, or non-pathogenic challenge microor-ganisms, are MS2, T1, T7, and B pum-ilus spores. This wide variety of surro-gates is selected in order to bracket a broad range of sensitivities found in the field (See Figure 2). T1 surrogate, for example, resembles coliform bacteria a lot better than MS-2.

The validation formula based on the testing protocol from UVDGM 06 al-lows for the integration of a specific UV sensitivity (DL) in which these different surrogates are tested over a broad range of UV sensitivities (See Figure 3). This way, a design becomes possible that allows for the particular consideration of the site-specific dose response curve and, correspondingly, the DL of the pathogen targeted (which is easily es-tablished using collimated beam tests). The DL is then entered into this valida-tion formula to allow precise dosage de-livery based on that specific pathogens UV sensitivity.

Advancements in technology performance

The DL method addresses many of the earlier challenges regarding appro-priate sizing of open channel UV sys-tems for wastewater applications. Cer-tain UV technology providers are now using todays better understanding of pathogen-specific UV sensitivity, along with technical advancements, to make UV an even greater value proposition.

A viable optionThe DL approach provides for signifi-

cantly more accurate UV system sizing and control, often allowing for a smaller UV system design when compared to a generic MS-2 UV dose of, for example, 30 mJ/cm. Considering also the valida-tion factor, it allows for direct compar-ison between UV manufacturers using a sensitivity appropriate to disinfection goals. By using the DL approach, along with the advancements in UV technol-ogy, open channel UV disinfection is a very viable option for medium to large wastewater projects.

Steve Green and Kirsten Meyer are with Xylem. Email:

[email protected], [email protected]

Figure 1. Validation envelopes.

Figure 2. Multiple organism approach.

Figure 3.

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Ecosystem Conservation

Throughout North America, perched culverts and similar hydraulic impasses represent a big problem for migrating

fish. Perched culverts are ones with an outlet elevated above the downstream water surface. Fish ladder is a term used to describe fishway conveyances intended to help alleviate this difficul-ty. They generally consist of a stepped series of sequentially elevated water pools, separated by weirs or baffles. Replacing a perched culvert is rarely an economically viable solution.

Despite the fact that these obstacles are widespread, little work has been done to scientifically analyze the perfor-mance of existing fish ladders in order to improve them.

Under the auspices of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), a small

Corrugated steel pipe fish ladder completes first field trial By Ray Wilcock

Fish ladders generally consist of a stepped series of sequentially elevated water pools, separated by weirs or baffles.

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group of concerned industry col-leagues has been collaborating on a project to design and test an innovative corrugated steel pipe (CSP) fish ladder that will enhance the safe passage of migrating fish. Following the analytical and design stage of the project phase, the first prototype has now completed its first field trial.

Overseeing this project are: Dave Penny, Corrugated Steel Pipe Institute (CSPI); Jason Duguay and Jay Lac-ey, University of Sherbrooke; and Ken Hannaford, Government of Newfound-land and Labrador.

The idea for this research project came about in 2012, when Penny de-scribed a concept that Hannaford had for an innovative and improved fish ladder. Penny had learned of this while showing him how using polymer coat-ed structural plate corrugated steel pipe would offer a great base for fabricating these structures. Its corrugations natu-rally reduce the velocity of water flow-ing through it, particularly along the edges of the pipe. In fact, the deeper the corrugations, the greater the decrease in

velocity. Previous solutions have been devised

to address the problem, including Denil fish ladders. Inside these, numerous metal fins act as deflecting barriers to slow water flow. However, the fins have sharp edges and, if poorly configured, can create excessive turbulence in the

pools. Moreover, they provide only small zones of calmer water that fish need for resting, before they proceed to the next pool. Sharp baffle edges and excessive turbulence can injure or even kill fish, especially those that are exhausted from swimming against the combined forces


Perched culverts are just one of many elevation obstacles that can stop the passage of fish migrating upstream.


of gravity and flowing water.Unfortunately, many of these types

of fish ladders are ineffective, non-per-manent and non-portable devices, and can become plugged with debris, branches, etc.

Penny, Lacey and Duguay collabo-rated to secure funding from NSERC, which promotes and supports scientific innovation and collaboration among ac-ademic experts and industry.

We needed funds to support our work and purchase numerical modeling software to determine the effects of spe-cific design changes on water velocities and turbulences within the fish ladder, explains Duguay.

The team had to ensure that its new design could develop spatial distribu-tions of water velocity and turbulence similar to those of other designs rec-ommended by the Department of Fish-eries and Oceans Canada (DFO). They employed a 3D computational fluid dy-namics program to analyze and design a baffle that would deliver equal or better results, while providing easier, safer fish passage over a wide range of flow rates.

We wanted to ensure that our baffle would respect the minimum criteria laid out in the DFO recommendations and, hopefully, improve upon a few deficien-cies that Hannaford saw in the DFO de-sign, explains Duguay. First, the DFO design features aligned passages in the centre of each baffle. This channels flow straight down the centre, creating ex-cessive turbulence as the flow enters the next downstream pool. This effectively reduces the area of calm water available in the pool where fish can rest. A lack of effective resting areas can increase the chance of fatigue, injury and rates of mortality during ascent.

Ken Hannaford came up with the concept of using curved forms, rather than angular ones. Also, by sequential-ly alternating the baffles on either side of the corrugated steel pipe, I immedi-ately saw its potential to relegate high velocities and reduce overall turbulence in each pool of the fish ladder. Also, the corrugated walls of the pipe help to re-duce flow velocities, explains Duguay.

We were also concerned by numer-ous reports of debris blockages in the

DFO design. We believe that the curved form of the baffle could also limit debris snags and reduce maintenance costs, says Duguay.

One principal objective of the design study was to make the new fish ladder passable for as many kinds of fish as possible. This meant that they needed to ensure fish had access to larger recircu-lation areas of relatively calm water and low velocities near the passageways.

The DFO design recommends a min-imum of 200 mm between the lowest part in the slot and the CSP corrugations, which results in little buildup of water depth in pools. That is a weakness, be-cause deeper water will further reduce turbulence. Conversely, the innovative curves of this new, arched baffle pro-duce significant increases in pool depths during higher flow rates, to minimize tur-bulence.

I would run simulations and send them to Hannaford, explains Duguay. Then wed discuss the findings via email and proceed to suggest new refinements that might further improve the results we were getting. That was the iterative,


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collaborative process through which we developed the final design. Historically, other hydraulic simulations generated by the software have proved it to be a very accurate tool for predicting real-world measurements. So, were pretty confi-dent that our numbers are good; however, we still want to compare results with a real-world model, he concludes.

The curved baffles of the new design provide a primary slot for fish passage, but also a smaller, secondary slot on the opposite side of the baffle. Primary and secondary slots are fixed on alternate sides of each successive baffle, so that flow moves through the primary pas-sageway just above the secondary pas-sageway of the next downstream baffle. In this fashion, velocities through the pools are decreased, which translates into improved passage performance.

The primary passage is wider, allow-ing more water to flow through. This in turn gives fish a larger opening through which they can jump. Previous scien-tific studies have shown that increased passageway width directly improves jumping success rates. The secondary

passage serves as an alternative slot during high flow rates, not only for fish, but also for debris.

FindingsFish ladder simulations were tested

at typical seasonal flow rates of streams in which a number of important North American fish species are commonly observed. These include brown trout and cutthroat, as well as Sockeye, Coho and Chinook salmon. Results demonstrate that the new baffle design helps lower the global turbulence in each pool and confines the regions of high velocity to the side of the ladder. This leaves a large portion of the pool free for fish to rest in before continuing upstream.

Additionally, the high protruding arch of the baffle helps build pool depth as flow rates increase. This keeps turbulence and velocities within reasonable levels. The increased pool depths observed at higher flow rates also decrease the vertical drop that fish need to overcome between adja-cent pools. In some instances, fish may be able to swim directly between pools without resorting to jumping.

The design still needs to be verified for its ability to pass smaller juvenile fish, as well as fish species with weak-er swimming abilities. To this end, the team is currently expanding its research, in order to analyze, understand and ad-dress the additional needs of these types of fish.

In November 2014, the Ministry of Transportation Ontario (MTO) came forward with a culvert replacement/fish passage project under HWY 21, on Sau-geen Ojibway Nation land. CSPI began work with the MTO design team. The HWY 21 project, completed in Decem-ber 2015, has become part of their on-going research and will be presented in detail at the 2016 Canadian Society of Civil Engineers Conference in London, Ontario, June 1-4.

Ray Wilcock is Executive Director of the Corrugated Steel Pipe Institute. For

more information, visit www.cspi.ca

To see more photos and watch the fish ladder in action, visit:

www.esemag.com/fish-ladder


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Landfill Leachate Treatment

Landfill leachate treatment is a major engineering challenge due to the complex and con-centrated contaminants within

it. Depending on the age of the landfill, weather variations, and type and com-position of the waste, leachate may con-tain large amounts of organic matter, ammonia-nitrogen, heavy metals, and chlorinated organic and inorganic salts.

Most commonly in North Ameri-ca, landfill leachate is either hauled or pumped to off-site municipal wastewater treatment plants for disposal. However, due to high ammonium concentrations, especially in the summer season, leach-ate disposed to off-site facilities has been a problem for plant owners. This is due to more stringent effluent discharge criteria, as well as interference with biological processes at the plants.

Onsite leachate treatment is an alterna-tive to the increasing costs associated with hauling and disposal of leachate to off-site wastewater treatment plants. Traditional leachate treatment technologies include biological treatment processes and phys-ical/chemical processes.

Biological treatment processes include conventional activated sludge, sequencing batch reactors, membrane bioreactors, aerobic lagoons, trickling filters and con-structed wetlands.

Physical/chemical processes include flotation, coagulation-flocculation and chemical oxidation. However, these treat-ment methods are not considered effective in handling the excessive amount of am-monium compounds present in leachate.

Electro-oxidation is fast becoming a promising process for removing ammo-nium from landfill leachate. Degradation of ammonium can be achieved by an in-direct electro-oxidation process. With the presence of chloride ions in the leachate, hypochlorite ions can be produced by electro-oxidation, which reacts with a wide variety of nitrogen compounds.

A pilot-scale leachate treatment sys-tem using electro-oxidation technology was designed, built, installed and tested by Xogen Technologies Inc. for onsite

ammonium reduction. The purpose of the pilot project was to demonstrate an am-monia concentration reduction from over 400 mg/l to less than 200 mg/l; operation-al consistency, with stable performance 24/7 over a three month period; and a treatment cost of less than $0.001 per litre.

Leachate treated in this pilot proj-ect was collected onsite from a sanitary landfill. It is required to treat its leach-ate because of the high concentration of ammonia in sewage sludge accepted for several years. Increases of ammonia concentration in the leachate of the land-fill since 2007 have been observed. Al-though sewage sludge is no longer sent to the landfill, its leachate remains high in ammonia. In 2010, the owner was di-rected to reduce ammonia levels to less than 200 mg/l from over 400 mg/l.

Leachate was pumped from the on-site collection sump at the landfill into the treatment system. The leachate was not pretreated, except for filtration with a 3 mm screen prior to the electro-reactor to avoid plugging by large debris. Leach-ate was then pumped through the elec-tro-oxidation reactor and entered a liquid gas separator. This was designed to sep-

arate gas byproducts from the leachate. Treated leachate was then pumped from the pilot plant through an effluent pump.

The electro-oxidation reactor con-sisted of an array of anodes and cath-odes spaced closely together. The de-sign treatment capacity of the unit was 3.8 lpm. A programmable power supply was used to supply power to the elec-tro-oxidation reactor.

The treatment system was controlled continued overleaf...

Electro-oxidation promising for landfill leachate ammonium removal By Chumeng Wu

The onsite collection sump transfers leachate to the treatment system.

The 3.8 lpm pilot-scale electro-oxida-tion leachate treatment system.

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Landfill Leachate Treatment

by a Schneider Electric programmable logic controller and was designed to run automatically without the presence of an operator. A human-machine-interface was designed and built by Versatech of Mississauga, Ontario, to operate, control and monitor the process.

Ammonium removal resultsThe pilot plant was operated contin-

uously for three months. Ammonium concentrations in the treated leachate effluent varied from 69 mg/l to 196 mg/l, depending on the settings of pow-er capacity and retention time.

Power supplied to the electro-oxida-tion reactor was found to be the domi-nant parameter that controls the ammo-nium removal rate. Concentrations in the leachate were found to be reduced

significantly after increasing the power supplied to the reactor. The lowest am-monium concentrations were observed at the highest power capacity of 3.3 kW. Ammonium removal rate was increased by 24 percentage points from 30.8% at 1.9 kW to 54.3% at 3.3 kW.

Larger power capacity provides a stronger driving force for the reaction of ammonium reduction through elec-tro-oxidation. Since the reaction con-sumes alkalinity, pH drop was also iden-tified in the treated leachate. The pH level was reduced from 7.6 in raw leachate to 6.4 at 1.9 kW. It was further reduced to 6.27 at 2.6 kW. By raising the power to 3.3 kW, pH was reduced to 6.1.

Additionally, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) is an important factor affect-ing ammonium removal from landfill leachate. HRT determines the time re-quired for reactions to take place with am-monium ions in the leachate. At a HRT of 3.7 minutes, average ammonium concen-tration in the treated leachate was 235.8 mg/l. Average ammonium concentration was reduced by 28.2% to 169.2 mg/l by increasing the HRT from 3.7 minutes to 4.6 minutes. Ammonium concentration was further reduced by 46.2% to 90.9 mg/l when HRT was increased to 6.2 minutes.

Operation costThere are two components to the

operational cost of the pilot-scale elec-tro-chemical oxidation system: electrici-ty to power up the electro-oxidation reac-tor, and a scaling control agent to remove deposits from electrode surfaces.

After process optimization, power consumption of the pilot leachate treatment system was maintained at around 2.9 kwh, while ammonium concentration was reduced to around 150 mg/l. Electricity cost of the pilot plant was $0.0014 per litre of leachate treated. The chemical cost was $0.00036 per litre of leachate treated.

The operation cost of the pilot scale electro-oxidation system was found to be $ 0.0017 per litre of leachate treat-ed, which makes electro-oxidation a cost-effective alternative for onsite leachate treatment.

Chumeng Wu is with Xogen Technologies Inc. For more information,

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Guest Comment

Healthcare facilities are in business to protect patients and to reduce health prob-lems. But, at the same time,

they create waste which contains harm-ful microorganisms that can be danger-ous to public health when disposed of in landfills.

Managing and controlling waste is crucial for public health, whether it is hospital infectious waste or municipal garbage. The World Health Organiza-tion is quoted as saying: Healthcare waste contains potentially harmful microorganisms which can infect hos-pital patients, healthcare workers and the general public. Other potential in-fectious risks may include the spread of drug-resistant microorganisms from healthcare establishments.

Infectious disease is a never-ending threat. The Chief Public Health Officers Report on the State of Public Health in Canada 2013 showed a 1000% increase in the Staphylococcus aureus infection rate between 1995 and 2009. S.aureus is one of the ten pathogens that create the biggest health burden for Ontarians.

Infectious diseases - epidemicOne in every 25 patients has an infec-

tion, according to the National Centre for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. A study by the Ontario Agen-cy for Health Protection and Promotion and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences found that nearly 5,000 On-tarians die every year from infectious diseases.

Biomedical waste in Ontario is man-

aged under MOECC Guideline C-4. Having set up the disposal of biomed-ical waste in Canada in the early 1990s with Browning Ferris Industries, I was shocked to read the statistics in The Green Hospital Scorecard (GHS), which is a benchmarking and recogni-tion program reflecting hospitals envi-


Diverting healthcare waste from landfill is essentialBy Jayne Pilot

Biomedical waste in Ontario is managed under MOECC Guideline C-4.

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Guest Comment

ronmental performance. The GHS 2013 reporting data suggests that the average composition of Ontario hospital waste is: 7% biomedical waste; 34% diverted wastes (recycle, reuse and compost); and 59% general (non-hazardous) which goes to landfill.

Infection control practices in hos-pitals have been designed to protect the patient and healthcare workers, but what about the public?

How do hospital staff, or the out-sourced maintenance or housekeeping staff, know if the healthcare waste con-tains potentially infectious material? This waste (incontinence, disposable bed liners, diapers, paper towels, ab-sorbent material) will be going to land-fills.

Public Health Ontario has been do-ing excellent work in providing scien-tific and technical advice and support on infectious diseases, prevention and control, as well as environmental and occupational health support.

The area of cleaning and disposal of blood/body fluid spill is one I would question though. In one video about cleaning blood/body fluids viewers are advised to: Dispose of the materials by placing them into regular waste re-ceptacle. If soiled materials are so wet that blood can be squeezed out of them, then they must be disposed of into the biomedical waste container, which is a yellow bag.

Plastic bags environment for bacteria growth

So, blood/body fluids on the health-care paper towels or absorbent material are disposed of in regular garbage. This potentially infectious waste contained in a black bag now has the darkness, warmth, dampness and the food (blood/urine/feces) which are ideal for bacte-rial growth. The vectors (insects/birds/animals) at the landfills help to spread disease.

We are seeing an increase in viruses: Zika, West Nile, Ebola, flesh-eating dis-ease, Group A streptococcal blood infec-tion, to name a few. When the risk from the Ebola virus came out in April 2015, the Chief Medical Officer of Health is-sued Directive #4 regarding waste man-agement. Hospitals were notified, but what about waste management compa-nies, funeral homes, and municipal gov-ernments responsible for waste? When I enquired in these areas, no one knew of the Directive. Communication in han-dling these risks is lacking.

Government regulations need to be updated

Infectious hospital waste represents only a small part of total healthcare waste; however, it can have a huge im-pact on the spread of disease at a landfill.

Where the waste comes from, and what possible or probable risk and im-pact the waste can have, is where we

need to start to set policy and purchasing decisions for waste disposal methods. A Canadian system needs to be in place for consistency in managing this waste.

Funeral homes are still putting blood and embalming fluids into our sanitary sewers. Patients are no longer staying for long periods in hospitals. They are being treated and recover at home. So, a patients waste that was classified as medical waste in a hospital is now mu-nicipal garbage.

Many cities and regional govern-ments have allowed diapers and incon-tinence products to be included as com-post. What they failed to consider is that AIDS/hepatitis patients, as an example, use these incontinence products in their homes.

Healthcare regulations can make a difference by reducing risks. The solu-tion is total destruction of infectious waste and total diversion of healthcare waste from landfills.

Jayne Pilot is President of Pilot Perfor-mance Resources Management Inc. and was the District Manager for Browning Ferris Industries, establishing medical waste disposal in Canada in the late

1980s and early 1990s.

To view an in-depth presentation on this topic and learn more about a pe-

tition the author has started, visit: www.esemag.com/healthcare-waste

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Municipalities are faced with a growing backlog of infrastructure needs, while funding sources re-

main limited and constrained. In Ontar-io, the municipal related infrastructure deficit (for engineering services) is esti-mated at $60 billion. If other municipal infrastructure, such as parks and rec-reation, libraries and cultural centres, are added to the total, the true deficit is much greater.

Ontario municipalities are faced with addressing this infrastructure deficit by maintaining infrastructure in a state of

good repair, while balancing manage-able tax and utility rate increases to sup-port identified investment and operating requirements. There are three approach-es they can use to optimize infrastruc-ture investment.

Prioritizing capital worksA council-approved comprehensive

asset management plan, which prior-itizes capital repair and replacement requirements, is critical to the ongoing management of an infrastructure bud-get. Identifying how a municipality should allocate funds towards capital

related activities can be a daunting task. Municipalities are faced with critical de-cisions related to which capital projects should be carried out, while considering the availability of funding; benefit of the work to the community; consequences of asset failure; and if the project meets strategic goals, objectives and legislated requirements.

A capital prioritization matrix to evaluate the need and timing of each project can be a great tool to help mu-nicipal decision-makers integrate asset management into long-term financial and strategic planning.

How Ontario can cope with its $60 billion infrastructure deficit By Craig Binning and Andrew Mirabella

SPECIAL SECTION

Stretching Municipal Infrastructure Budgets



This prioritization matrix can help a municipality tailor its long-term capi-tal plan to specifically address capital works and consider the following: con-sequences of asset failure; future cash-flow implications; effect on service levels; and, any advantages/efficiencies by undertaking a project at a specific time.

Once the municipality has scored potential projects, the prioritized capital project list could prove to be a valuable piece of information when making cap-ital investment decisions. The adoption of a capital prioritization model will pro-vide a formal and consistent approach which municipal staff and council can use. By applying the prioritization mod-el, a municipality can easily decipher which projects can be funded under the current budget and which can be deferred for consideration at a later date.

Planned debt is a viable financing tool

Often, the strategic use of long-term debt is overlooked as a viable financing tool to carry out municipal infrastruc-ture projects. Delaying the response to infrastructure needs in order to pursue council-directed no debt policies, or efforts to minimize the use of debt, can further exacerbate the existing munici-pal infrastructure deficit. This can also

reduce the service level that an asset can deliver. It may also increase the cost of replacement, repair and maintenance over the long term, as the quality of the asset deteriorates.

Planned debt can be a good way of spreading the costs of a project over the useful life of an asset. It also promotes intergenerational equity in which rate-payers who benefit from the asset would share the cost. Debt should be taken on in a responsible manner with reference to: the term of the debt relative to the assets useful life; a practical repayment strategy; and, the overall community benefits received for undertaking the project.

Given the current economic climate, municipalities may capitalize on the favourable borrowing environment as Canadas key benchmark interest rate is amongst the lowest since the late 1970s.

Have all funding sources been explored?

Shifting services from the property tax base to other user/rate supported ar-eas can create funding room to support capital related activities at a higher lev-el. Municipalities have the opportunity to define and create new service cate-gories to generate additional revenue to support existing services, which may currently be funded through the proper-

ty tax base. Furthermore, existing reve-nues and expenditures may be directed to capital related spending on a going forward basis.

Table 1 provides a brief snapshot of a few key areas in which a municipal-ity can create a new service category, or utilize their existing revenues and expenses as a means to support capital related activities at a higher level.

Recognizing that their funding sources are constrained, municipalities must take a proactive approach to asset management by introducing innovative methods to facilitate the repair and re-placement of existing infrastructure within the current environment. Imple-menting transparent policies and prac-tices, such as the capital prioritization model, will allow unbiased decisions to be made replacing short-term ob-jectives and solutions with responsible long-term financial and strategic plan-ning objectives.

The three approaches outlined can be used by municipalities, together with existing practices, and as part of the an-nual budget process, to prioritize and maximize investments in municipal in-frastructure.

Craig Binning and Andrew Mirabella are with Hemson Consulting Ltd. Email: [email protected]

Funding Source Description

Stormwater User FeesTransfer stormwater management funding from property tax base to a user fee program. This funding model would allow a municipality to dedicate funds to a typically underfunded area.

Parking Enforcement Enterprise

Transform a municipal parking division into a for-profit enterprise. This would see parking become a user-pay system. The cost of service is directed towards those using the system which ultimately removes parking costs away from property taxes.

Hydro Dividends Some municipalities can use hydro dividend revenue to fund capital related works. As the revenues are not a guaranteed revenue source, money may be better spent on capital rather than operations.

Retired DebtThere may be an opportunity to transition debt repayments when they retire to capital contributions as the spending room is already incorporated in the municipal budget.

Development Charges

Although development charges (DCs) fund initial growth-related capital investments, there are opportunities to leverage the use of DC monies when the project coincides with the upgrading or expansion of existing infrastructure. This is particularly relevant with linear infrastructure such as roads.

Table 1. Areas to create new service categories, or support capital related activities.




Small- and medium-sized munic-ipalities are facing increasingly stringent financial and regulato-ry pressures. As approximately

75% of a municipalitys capital asset in-ventory is represented by water, waste-water and roads, a growing proportion of their operating revenue must be de-voted to building and maintaining water and wastewater infrastructure.

The situation regarding provincial grants for building public infrastruc-ture has changed drastically in the last 25 years. In earlier days, regular grants were provided for two-thirds of the cap-ital budget for building new infrastruc-ture. Now, grant programs are usually delivered on a targeted basis, requiring shovel ready projects. In many cases, the projects brought forward represent either rushed efforts or projects that have languished on municipal shelves for a decade.

A recent survey by the authors of municipal managers across Canada in-dicated that, without the large provin-cial grants that were provided decades ago, they would not have the expensive infrastructure they currently operate.

Municipal councils have two primary objectives: cost reduction and econom-ic growth. These competing objectives drive public policy and decision-making with regards to water and wastewater

servicing. This often results in costly expansion and upgrades of existing fa-cilities, even those subjected to high lev-els of leakage, wastage and operational inefficiency.

Under these conditions, the size, complexity and cost of infrastructure upgrades needs to be seriously ques-tioned and optimization measures must be carried out first.

Infrastructure for smaller towns and cities

Conventional big pipe solutions, considered on a life cycle cost basis, may no longer be affordable, nor appropri-ate, for many small- and medium-sized towns and cities. Providing water and wastewater services to a typical home should cost no more than, at the most, $40,000 - $50,000 per connection. Many municipalities charge $25,000 per lot, and sometimes less. Decentralized op-tions, involving small bore systems, can be installed for a similar low cost and of-ten a lower carbon footprint.

The authors reviewed numerous wa-ter and wastewater servicing schemes for First Nations communities and small towns across Canada, and found that, when conventional servicing solutions are proposed for small communities, the costs often become exorbitant, some-times in excess of $150,000 per house.

Such costs are simply unaffordable and not in the best public interest. Planners and designers of public infrastructure must take this into account and further consider life cycle costs.

High cost driversCertainly one of the high cost drivers

has been the public and planning per-ception that bigger is better. Smaller scale decentralized technologies, capa-ble of cost-effective environmental pro-tection, now exist, but the will required to implement them is lacking.

Another driver is the business model used for design services. Over the last 25 to 30 years, there has been a shift away from providing consulting en-gineering services on a retainer basis by senior consultants able to consider low-cost, easy to operate solutions for clients. Today, it is a project oriented business model, better adapted to in-creasingly larger projects and special-ized design teams.

The concept of benefit-cost analysis has also been lost. Projects are now usu-ally conceived, developed and presented on a lump sum basis. When true benefits and costs are considered, whether it be cubic metres of water treated, kilome-tres of road constructed, or number of houses serviced, exorbitant project costs


Small municipalities can no longer afford big pipe solutions By Trish Johnson and Alan Perks

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clearly stand out, whether on a capital, operational or life cycle basis.

Another driver in Ontario is the Mu-nicipal Class Environmental Assessment process itself. This encourages perfor-mance indicators and comparison ma-trices that mask the true benefit-cost of solutions being compared. This is often through lump sum costs and matrices of red, green, and yellow dots, comparing alternatives but masking the true finan-cial cost-benefit ratios. In addition, the municipal process encourages the design team involved in conducting the envi-ronmental assessment to proceed, after public consultation, through to the final design and implementation stages. This only facilitates the selection of precon-ceived and often exorbitant solutions.

Innovation pays off Perth, Ontario is an example of a

small town that has realized consider-able savings by doing things different-ly. The town has implemented an in-novative onsite dewatering and residue treatment system for its water treatment plant, using geotubes. Savings have re-sulted not only from lower capital and O&M costs, but also because there is no lost opportunity cost for develop-ment of 80 new homes from flows that would have been directed to the sewage lagoon.

The path forwardWhat is the path forward for many

small- and medium-sized towns? How can these municipalities stretch their infrastructure budgets? How can more appropriate solutions be conceived and implemented?

The first strategy is to optimize ex-isting infrastructure as fully as possi-ble, before embarking on any upgrade or renewal investment. Many municipal water and wastewater systems are sub-ject to large inefficiencies through leak-age, infiltration and excessive demand. These should be addressed and opti-mized first, as they can represent 20%-40% of the annual operating budget. By not addressing leakage and infiltration, growth capacity is wasted and lost tax revenues are considerable.

The second key strategy is demand management, applied to both existing and new infrastructure. Municipal infra-structure is usually designed and oper-ated to meet short-term peak demands, an inherently inefficient process. Man-aging and reducing those demands through peak shaving and conserva-tion efforts can reduce the overall cost of operations significantly.

The third key strategy is the fresh eyes approach. This means adopting a threshold of project cost ($/m3, $/km, $/house) that, when exceeded, subjects the project to independent review by a pro-fessional third-party. If such a threshold were adopted, billions of dollars could be saved, without compromising service delivery.

Finally, adopt a carbon neutral crite-rion for all new infrastructure. Climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions will only serve to reinforce concerns. As most of the energy use in municipal water and wastewater infrastructure is related to the pumping of water, car-bon neutral solutions will soon become mandatory. This will only serve to re-inforce the need for low cost, easy to operate water and wastewater solutions.

Some of these are available in the form of package water and wastewater treatment plants, small bore linear infrastructure, and other decentralized facilities. These are well able to meet the needs of new development, while protecting the environment, but have not yet found widespread municipal acceptance.

Planners and designers must now carefully consider the affordability of the solutions they propose to munic-ipalities. The costs of big pipe solu-tions are no longer affordable for small municipalities. Also, every extra dollar that goes towards a more elaborate proj-ect than is truly needed, is a dollar that cannot go towards other community programs. For these reasons, we must all focus on stretching municipal infra-structure budgets.

Trish Johnson and Alan Perks are with R.V. Anderson Associates Ltd.

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Construction of the geotube winter operations greenhouse.


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On the St Lawrence River, Brockville, Ontario, City of the 1000 Islands, operates a Class III water treatment

facility, a Class III trunk distribution facility and a Class II water distribution facility. With a population of 22,000, the Brockville water system has a rated treatment capacity of 36,400 m3/day, with an average flow rate of 10,495 m3/day in 2014.

Conservation initiatives, in conjunc-tion with the downward trend of man-ufacturing, have resulted in a notice-able reduction in demand on the water system. In 2006, the average flow rate was 14,544 m3/day; in 2010, the aver-age flow rate was 11,296 m3/day. This trend has placed greater emphasis on reducing non-revenue water and wa-ter loss, while maintaining an efficient system and affordable water.

Brockvilles distribution facilities consist of some 135 km of watermain, ranging in size from 100 mm to 600 mm of various materials, including PVC, cast iron, ductile iron, steel, HDPE and asbestos cement. The water system also consists of 8,330 service connections ranging from 15 mm to 300 mm, approx-imately 3,600 valves and 890 hydrants.

The City is also the Operating Au-thority for a Class I distribution facility in the Township of Elizabethtown-Kit-ley, providing service to approximately 350 residents. The system has an aver-age daily flow rate of 172 m3/day, with a total volume of 62,873 m3 in 2014. It consists of approximately 14 km of PVC and HDPE watermain, ranging in size from 150 mm to 250 mm.

Elizabethtown-Kitley Township pur-chases its water from Brockville. From 2011-2014, the average total flow per year was 69,433 m3. The non-revenue water (metered) usage from one flush station located at the end of the water system was 9,568 m3, or 13.8% of the purchased (metered) water. A weekly manual flush in two other areas was also required to maintain water quality; this

accounted for 7,000 m3 of water per year. Similarly, within Brockville there

were 11 flush stations, strategically placed to improve water quality in cer-tain areas, due to dead ends or poor wa-termain conditions.

The Citys watermain flushing pro-gram was first introduced in 2012 to meet Fire Code requirements for hydrant inspections and flow testing. This used 35,050 m3 of water. At that time, turbidity levels were not electronically monitored. Distribution parameters introduced in 2013 provided minimum targets for wa-ter quality within the distribution sys-tems. These were: turbidity at or below 3.0 ntu (= 0.50mg/l).

This program has resulted in the fol-lowing water usage and distribution tur-bidity levels: In 2013, the total volume used was

34,099 m3 with turbidity averaging 2.51 ntu.

In 2014, the total volume used was 32,392 m3 with turbidity averaging 2.10 ntu.

In 2015, the total volume used was 25,352 m3 with turbidity averaging 1.33 ntu. The flushing program has reduced the

number of dirty water complaints, while increasing water quality within the dis-tribution system. Before the program, the majority of dirty water complaints were attributed to main breaks and oth-er issues within the distribution system. More investigation is now required and the City has established a leak detection program which helps reduce water loss-e

Documents

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine (ESEMAG) April 2016