Upload
jasper-jennings
View
214
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Environmental Impacts of Alternative & Future Energy
Sources - Overview
2008 AWMA Southern Section Annual Meeting & Tech. Conf. 05 AUG – 08 AUG 2008
R. Mark BrickaMississippi State University
Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering
Current Energy Use
• Electricity Generation – Coal & Natural Gas Most Used
• Transportation – Essentially all Petrochemical
• Heat – Coal / Oil / NG / Electricity– Uses
• Home/Industrial Space Heat
• CPI / Industrial Usage
Natura l G a s2 4%
C oa l2 3%
P etro leum3 9%
Nuc le a r E le c tric7 %
S o la r 1%
B io mas s 3 8%
W ind <0 .5%
Hydro e le c tric 5 5%
G e o the rma l 5 %
R enew a bleE ne rgy
8 %
Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
All Energy Sources(94.2 Quadrillion Btu)
Renewable Energy Sources(7.1 Quadrillion Btu)
So urc e : EIA’s Re ne wa b le Ene rg y Annua l 1998
The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in the Nation’s Energy Supply, 2007 Source: EIA’s Renewable Energy Annual Report May 2008
Energy Sources
What is Alternative Energy
• Alternative energy a transpiration fuel, electrical power or thermal energy derived from a renewable (non-petrochemical) source.
Types of Alternative Energy
• Nuclear – Thermal/Electrical
• Hydropower – Electrical/Mechanical
• Tidal Power – Electrical/Mechanical
• Geothermal – Thermal/Electrical
• Fuel Cells– Electrical
• Solar – Heat/Electrical
• Wind Energy – Electrical
• Biogas Energy – Thermal/Electrical
• Biomass Energy – Thermal/Electrical
Fuel Cells
• Convert chemical energy directly into electricity and heat, rather than oxidize fuel
• Fuel catalytically reacted – typically H2
Biomass – the Low Hanging Fruit
•Energy Crops•Agricultural and Forestry Waste•Industrial and Consumer Waste•Manures
Thermal Conversion of Biomass to Energy
Combustion
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Heat
Bio-Oil
Producer Gas
Turbines
Boilers
Engines
Biological Process
Heat
Electricity
Chemicals Fuels
Syn Gas / Bio Oil
• Combustion• Excess air• H2O & CO2
• Gasification• Less than stoichiometric air • H2, CO, CO2 & H2O
• Pyrolysis• Absence of Air