Environmental Impacts Assessment for GSM radiated power and FM Radio Broadcasting in

Baghdad

Eng. Jawad Al-AboudiEnvironmental Research Center

Environment and Water Directorate / Ministry of Science and TechnologyBaghdad, IRAQ

This presentation includes:

-The effects of EMF exposure- Previous research and studies results- International limits and local limits- Local researches in EMF exposure assessment- Recommendations and suggestions

Radiation types

Radio Frequency (natural, man made)Effect: Molecular rotation and torsion results in heating, mainly due to power absorbed by tissue. IT IS NON IONIZING

Infrared – Warming of skin surface, non ionizingVisible – Electron level changes, non ionizingUltra violet – Ionizing but skin deep effect (Sunburn)X-ray (medical, TV screens) - Ionizing effect (deep)Nuclear (natural / power plants) – Ionizing effect, radiation hazard is deeper and risk of cancer)Gamma ray (radioactive process) - Ionizing effect (risk of mutation and cancer)

“Higher the frequency deeper the effect”

Incr

easi

ng F

requ

ency

Base Stations and Headsets Mobile Radio Systems Radiation: Analysis, Mitigation and Simulations TechniquesProfessor JACOB GAVAN (Fellow IEEE)Holon Institute of Technology (H.I.T)Faculty of Engineering – Dept of Communication Engineering

Temperature distribution after 3 minute of cell phone call, Thermal Effect

ICNIRP exposure limits ( for limited exposure time)

GSM type IEEE FCC ARPANSA ICNIRP ANSI

900MHz6 W/m2

--

6 W/m2

--

4.5 W/m2

41.1 v/m0.1092 A/m

4.5 W/m2

41.25 v/m0.111 A/m

6 W/m2

--

1800MHz12 W/m2

--

10 W/m2

--

9 W/m2

58 v/m0.1544 A/m

9 W/m2

58.33 v/m0.157 A/m

12 W/m2

--

GSM type IEEE FCC ARPANSA ICNIRP ANSI

900MHz30 W/m2

--

30 W/m2--

22.5 W/m292.1 v/m

0.2442 A/m

22.5 W/m290 v/m

0.24 A/m

30 W/m2--

1800MHz60 W/m2

--

50 W/m2--

45 W/m2130 v/m

0.3453 A/m

45 W/m2127.28 v/m0.339 A/m

50 W/m2--

General public exposure limits

Professional workers limits

ICNIRP Limits compared with other standard limits

Overview of Al-Sader City (Baghdad), a case study (1)

Mobile phone tower distribution in (Sector 5)

Over view of Al-Binouk section (Baghdad), a case study (2)

Overview of AlShaab city, a case study (3)

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 tower A

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 tower B

90 100 110 120 1300

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

EMF Exposure (GSM) case study 5

Distance, meter (Tower A as reference point)

Expo

sure

leve

l V/m

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.990123456

1 1 1.068 1.134 1.24 1.46 1.521 1.66 2.347

5.652

Measurements in AlSader city (Percentile)

percentile

Expo

sure

leve

l V/m

harmonic mean geometric mean minimum standard deveation

median average max0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1.39422895623763

1.52317425340704

1 1.00811431635932

1.241.584342105263

16

7.18Statistical calculations for Al-Sader city

Measurements in Wasit Governorate, case study(4)

Iraq, Baghdad(Peak) Iraq, Wasit (Peak) IEEE FCC ARPANSA ICNIRP ANSI

7.18 V/m 7.76 V/m 47.56 V/m 47.56 V/m 41.1 V/m 41.25 V/m 47.56 V/m

Iraq, Baghdad(Peak)

Iraq, Wasit (Peak) Italy Russia Poland newzealand Austria Check new south

Wales 7.18 V/m 7.76 V/m 6.14 V/m 2.74 V/m 6.14 V/m 27.45 V/m 0.614 V/m 9.51 V/m 0.0614 V/m

Location Peak value Average Date

Wasit 7.76 V/m 1.8441 V/m 22/1/2012

Baghdad / AlSader 7.18 V/m 1.584 V/m 15/5/2011

Baghdad / Binouk 5.52 V/m 1.76 V/m 24/10/2010

Measurements in Iraq compared with international limits

Measurements in Iraq compared with local limits in some countries

Measurements in Wasit and Baghdad Governorates

GSM Tower distribution in Paris, (Nedhif, 2008)

CountryPeak

power density

mW/m2

Researcher

Germany 100 (Humann, 2007)

KSA 100 (Alshebili, 2009)

Baghdad 81 MOST

Italy 23.87 (Arnelli, 2000)

Kosovo 15.66 (Mimozal, 2007)

Palestine 16.6 (Muhammad, 2005)

Malaysia 8.3 (ECOST, 2003)

India 6.366 (Kummar, 2009)

Austria 39.6 (Neubauer, 2001)

Baghdad/Binouk Baghdad/Alsha’ab Paris

18 22 12

Measurement in Iraq and some countries

Number of towers in Baghdad and Paris for the same area

Exposure limits according to frequency, Hz

AM FM VHF UHF78/f 0.5 28 28 1.375xf 0.5 ICNIRP

823.8/f 27.5 27.5 2xf 0.5 IEEE

824/f 27.5 27.5 2xf 0.5 ASNI

824/f 27.5 27.5 2xf 0.5 FCC

61.4 61.4 61.4 3.07xf 0.5 ARPANSA

F= frequency in MHz

International Exposure limits for Radio and TV Broadcasting

Low: 10uW/m2 = 0.0614 v/mMedium: 10- 100 µw/m2 = 0.0614 – 0.2 v/mHigh: above 100 µw/m2 = above 0.2 v/mExtreme: 10000 – 100000 µw/m2 = 1.94 - 6.14 v/m

OEKOTEST, 2001

Exposure levels classification

Broadcasting type Exposure limits,

mW/cm2

AM (100-180)/f2

FM 0.2 (27.5 V/m)

VHF 0.2 (27.5 V/m)

UHF 1 - 1500/f2

In 2011, Iraqi MOEN issued instructions and recommendations represent the requirements for the environmental agreement for new TV and Radio broadcasting stations, according to these local instructions, the broadcasting stations classified as an environmental pollutants (Grade C)

Iraqi local limits (MOEN)

TV & Radio Broadcasting Stations in IraqBroadcasting type Iraq Baghdad

FM 113 31

AM 7 4

TV (UHF) 27 10

TV (Satellite) 31 23

Std. Deviation

MeanV/m

MaxV/m

MinV/m measurements Station

0.792 2.17 4.95 1 97 Alfura’at

0.693 2.1 3.55 1.07 60 Iraqia

1.245 3.584 7.19 1.96 26 Summaria

2.04 5.174 20.17 1.74 317 Al-Ahd

1.053 2.746 4.83 1 42 Al-Salam

1.834 2.582 8.09 1 52 Al-Jawadain

1.171 3.003 8.93 1.07 93 Al-Mustaqbal

1.284 2.943 8.24 1.07 55 Al-Balagh

Statistical calculations of selected Radio stations in Baghdad

Statistical findings of Alfoura’at broadcasting stationN Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Variance

Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Statistic

Exposure level V/m 97 3.95 1.00 4.95 2.1707 .08042 .79203 .627

Valid N (listwise) 97

Alfoura’at Broadcasting station in Baghdad, case study (5)

Statistical analysis of Alfoura’at Broadcasting station in Baghdad

EMF level, V/m Limits

28 ICNIRP

27.5 IEEE

27.5 ASNI

27.5 FCC

61.4 ARPANSA

27.5 Local limits

20.17 Peak measurement

MAX EMF Exposure V/m Location8.0 Slovenia (Valic, 2012)0.41 Switzerland, (Theodoros, 2009)

7.742 Germany (Schmiedel , 2008)1.7 Belgium (Wout, 2010)

0.247 Bulgaria, (Theodoros, 2009)1.43 France, (Theodoros, 2009)6.0 USA, (NRPB, 2003)

20.17 IRAQ , Baghdad

FM radiation Peak exposure in Baghdad compared with international limits

FM radiation Peak exposure in Baghdad compared other studies

Conclusions and suggestions:

1. All measurements are below the international standard limits, but, they are higher than local limits of some counties.

2. The international limits are protect the professional workers and publics from EMF thermal effects, we are looking forward for new international standard limits considering the non-thermal effects

3. In Iraq most of GSM towers are fixed on the top of the citizen’s houses.4. The better use of mobile phone the lower exposure level5. Child should avoids the use of mobile phone6. More knowledge to the possible impacts of EMF exposure including the

best use of mobile phone should be included in educational text books in primary schools

7. Workers close to FM transmitters should periodically replace each other to avoid continuous exposure.

8. All people and workers who are work or live near GSM or FM transmitters must be subjected to free medical examinations.

9. All types of tower that’s transmitted EMF energy must be fixed away from houses, schools and child health care centers as far as possible.

10. High power Radio and TV transmitters should be far from studio, workers and office

11. Radio and TV frequency band had the lower international standard limits12. All measurements are implemented with normal human height (1.75 cm),

higher readings expected in upper levels13. Most of FM radio station in Baghdad located in crowded residential areas