Environment – Economic Accounts

in Mauritius

Prepared by: Mr. Anand Sookun

(asookun@gmail.com),

Mrs Nalini Meenowa, (cso_energy@mail.gov.mu)

Statistics Mauritius

Mr. Jean Louis Weber,

Independent Consultant (jlweber45@gmail.com)

Presented by: Mrs Nalini Meenowa

Expert Meeting……..

2

ContentsIntroductionTypes of Environmental – Economic

Accounts (EEA) developed◦Energy use and Atmospheric Emissions

Accounts◦Water Accounts◦Material Flows Accounts◦Ecosystem/Natural Capital Accounts

Way forwardConclusion

3

Background

LocationPopulation : 1.27 Million Area of Republic of Mauritius : 2,040 km2

◦ Is. of Mauritius1865 km2 and ◦ Islands of Rodrigues, Agalega and Chagos

Archipelago – approx 108 km2 Major Climatic Conditions: Sub Tropical

Summer & WinterAverage annual rainfall : approx. 2000

mmPopulation Density:600 inhabitants/km2

4

Mauritius

5

The need for environmental accounting under the policy contexts

In Mauritius, the environmental issues are a matter of concern with population rise, economic developments in tourism and manufacturing, among others.

The need for and use of proper statistics and accounts have been clearly felt in studies carried out such as:

The National Self Capacity Assessment for Environment (2005),The National Assessment Report on the Mauritius Strategy for Implementation of Sustainable Development in SIDS (2010), and The Mauritius Environment Outlook Report (2011).Maurice Ile Durable 

Environmental Accounts and the policy context

Sustainable Consumptio

n and Production

Energy Policy

Sustainable Tourism

Maurice ile

durable

StatisticsIndicatorsAnalysisModellingScenarios

SurveysNational Accounts

Environmental Accounts

Evidence

Science

Data

The set up For the EEA, UNDP Consultant’s (Mr Rocky Harris)

first mission (circa 2008) established priorities and sources for the Environmental-Economic Accounts

Energy use and atmospheric emissions Water use Material flows

◦Second mission (circa 2009), supported by AFDCompilation and estimation for 2002Illustrative applications, glossy brochure

◦Third mission (circa 2010)Update for 2007Interpolation and extrapolationAnalysis and dissemination

The set up updated For the EEA Water UNSD supported capacity building

(2011 and 2012) with some technical assistance from the Inter-Regional Advisor on SEEA (Mr Ricardo Martinez-Lagunes)

Regional Workshop was held in Mauritius Preliminary Water Statistics and Accounts report

was drafted In 2012, the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC)

supported the development of Ecosystem/Natural Capital Accounts with a Consultant’s (Mr Jean Louis Weber) first mission in April 2013:

Data stocktaking was carried out◦Second mission (Sept 2013):

Creation of GIS databaseProduction of preliminary accounts

9

Reference manuals adoptedFDES 2013, SEEA CF 2012The SEEA-Water IRWS, ISIC and CPC

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 200990

100

110

120

130

Gross Value Added

Carbon dioxide *

Primary energy use*

No decoupling for key SCP sectors1 in Mauritius yet

Index (2000=100)

1. SCP key sectors are all industrial sectors except agriculture, electricity and water supply, and public transport. * Including energy and emissions relating to electricity production, based on constant factors per unit of electricity.

Selected Results for Energy Use and Atmospheric Emissions Accounts

20002001200220032004200520062007200820090

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000CO2 emissions from Mauritius key SCP sectors

(ktCO2)

Freight transport and business travel

Manufacturing use of carbon fuels

Electricity use *

* Based on constant (average) emission factor per unit of electricity consumed

Selected Results for Energy Use and Atmospheric Emissions Accounts

Selected Results for Water use accounts

Share

of

mark

et

act

ivit

y

13

Selected Water use AccountsIndicators of Water Accounts by selected industrial

groups, 2002 and 2007

Water Use

(Mm3) Water Intensity

(Mm3/Rs million) Water productivity (Rs million/Mm3)

2002 2007 2002 2007 2002 2007

Agriculture 524.13 434.02 0.0805 0.0575 12.43 17.38

Food and Beverages 11.82 8.54 0.0022 0.0010 456.4 953.28

Textiles 6.38 4.97 0.0005 0.0005 1,841.54 2,173.0

Hydro power 249.05 254.38 0.1429 0.1158 7.0 8.63

Construction 0.41 0.44 0.0001 - 15,495.1 22,793.2

Wholesale and retail 1.70 0.87 - - 7,625.3 20,427.6

Hotels and Restaurants 4.03 5.79 0.0006 0.0006 1,734.5 1,602.4

Transport and communications 0.55 1.28 - 0.0001 27,614.6 18,770.3

Others 8.08 12.33 … … … …

Households 67.62 73.01 … … … …

Unaccounted For Water (UFW), inc. losses 101.23 84.36 … … … …

Total 975.00 879.99 0.009 0.006 114.4 175.7

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 200990

100

110

120

130

140

150

Gross Value Added

Water use

No decoupling for hotels in Mauritius yet

Index (2000=100)

1. SCP key sectors are all industrial sectors except agriculture, electricity and water supply, and public transport.

Selected Results for Water use accounts

Linking greenhouse gas emissions and water use

Lakes and

reservoirs

Water distribution14kt

CO2

Agriculture

Direct abstractio

ns

Water supply

treatment 24 ktCO2

Leakage 10ktCO

2

Non-domesti

c use

Waste water

treatment

50ktCO2

Domestic use

Waste water

collection

5ktCO2

216mcmWater

company admin 5ktCO2 65mcm

45mcm 105mcm

465mcm

Selected Results for Experimental Water use and Energy use accounts linkages

Material Flow Accounts ...

... produce flawed and potentially misleading aggregate indicators

Possible applications:Material intensity of construction –

is construction output decoupling from resource use?

Physical Balance of Trade – are we consuming a greater share of the world’s resources

Example from UK construction output and use of construction

materials

18

This report is the first comprehensive one to show the relationship between the environment and the economyWater accounts presented in physical terms while monetary values are presented in summarised forms.

Status of Latest Water Accounts

Republic of Mauritius

Water Statistics and Accounts for Mauritius 2012

Statistics Mauritius, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

Water AccountsData Sources:

◦Census of Economic Activities, CSO◦Water Resources Unit◦Central Water Authority – Water

Supplier◦Wastewater Management Authority◦Irrigation Authority??◦IPP??◦Central electricity Board??

20

Water use accounts based mainly on Census of Economic Activities

Water Use :An analysis of water use by sector reveals that, as might be expected, agriculture is a relatively intensive user (50%), hydropower-29%, households-9%, Manufacturing-2% and remaining UFW-10%

Water use intensity indicates the amount of water in million cubic metres used by a particular sector of the economy per million rupees of Gross Value Added (GVA) generated in that sector. Hydro power and Agriculture main. Though both have dropped 14 % and 25% respectively from 2002 to 2007

Water productivity measures the GVA generated in a particular sector per unit volume of water used. In 2007, this indicator was highest in ‘Construction’ and ‘Wholesale and Retail’ sectors with over Rs 20,000 million of GVA generated per million m3 of water used. ‘Agriculture’ and ‘Production of electricity’ sectors had the lowest rate with 17 million and 9 million rupees per million m3 of water used respectively

21

Physical water stocks and flows within the environment

Water Resources in Mauritius Surface water resources 6 impounding reservoirs total capacity = 77.4 Mm3

annual yield = 135 Mm3

6 Potable Water Treatment Plants 3 major river abstractions (for Potable Water Supply) 25 major river basins 350 river run off takes Groundwater resources 5 main aquifers 406 wells 300 Observation Wells 107 Flow measuring station 114 Potable (90% of total Groundwater production) 156 Private Agricultural (6%) 136 Industrial (4%)

RAINFALL PATTERN

3600mm

3000mm

1000mm

2000mm

PRECIPITATION - (mm)

3600 mm3000 mm2000 mm1000 mm

Precipitation mm

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

mm

nov dec jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct

Average Annual Rainfall = 2011 mmSummer = 1340 mmWinter = 660 mm

6

Normal Monthly Precipitation (1971-2000) in Mauritius

23

Average annual rainfall as compared to normal (long term average 1971-2000),

1996 - 2011

1,073

2,018

2,297

2,086

2,4922,381

1,9451,847

1,959

2,070

1,959

1,847

1,9151,954

2,390

1,806

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

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20

01

20

02

20

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20

04

20

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09

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10

20

11

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• The renewable water resources is slightly above 2000 cubic metres.

• If Renewable water supply less than 1700 m3/person/yr, it is an indicator of water stress condition

Mauritius is among African countries vulnerable to water stress. (actual supply is around 2000m3/person/yr )

25

Water flows in the environment and the economy –Island of Mauritius 2011

Surface water resources (Rivers and reservoirs)

Waterutility

(CWA)

Agriculture & livestock Households

Sewerage and WW treatment

Mauritius. Water flows in the economy 2011. Flows of water in million cubic meters per year (hm3/year).

Aquifer (Boreholes)

E.1.1350

E.1.2 110.5

H.1 114

F.173.7

H.2 37

I.1107.8

E.1.26

Manufacturing and services

E.1.1 93.8

F.121.4

E.1.25

H.2 20

Ocean

E.1.1181

H.1181

hydroelectricity

E.1.15

H.1 28

F.3.15

F.3.132

F.1 1.5

26

Precipitation and Evapotranspiration A large portion of the precipitation is almost immediately returned to the atmosphere as evaporation and transpiration, typically known as evapotranspiration. The rest of the precipitation, often called effective precipitation, flows through the territory as surface runoff or as infiltration in the soil due to the force of gravity. Water eventually reaches the sea or other accumulation areas within the territory, such as lakes, artificial reservoirs or aquifers. In both cases it is eventually evaporated to contribute to generate more precipitation completing the water cycle  

The hydrological cycle with water balance, abstractions and utilizations for Island of Mauritius, 2011.

Abstraction from Groundwater: 122 million m3 (22%)

Abstraction from Rivers: 345 million m3 (60%)

Water Utilization in domestic, industrial, commercial, and Hotels sectors: 205 million m3 ( 27%)

(

Abstraction from Reservoirs: 104 million m3 (18%)

Water Utilisation in Agriculture for irrigation: 356 million m3 (47%)

Water Utilisation for Hydropower: 181 million m3 (24%)

Water Utilisation in Industries from private boreholes: 10 million m3 (2%)

27

Water assets, Island of Mauritius, 2011

Surface water*

Mauritius. Water flows to and from inland water resourcesFlows of water in million cubic meters (hm3). Year 2011

Ocean

Aquifers (Boreholes)

363

3 627

Soil

1 088

2 176

H.257

491.3

Returns from the economy

1727.2

B.1C.1

D.5

D.6

E.1.1 hydro181

E.1.1 nohydro448.8

H.1 hydro 181

Abstractions

Returns from theeconomy

I.1 + H.1249.8

E.1.2121.5

NOTE: Red numbers are rough estimates or balancing numbers. *Surface water include artificial reservoirs, lakes, and rivers and streams

28

Water resources in Mauritius

Water Resources in Mauritius Surface water resources 6 impounding reservoirs

◦ total capacity = 77.4 Mm3

◦ annual yield = 135 Mm3

6 Potable Water Treatment Plants 3 major river abstractions (for Potable Water Supply) 25 major river basins 350 river run off takes Groundwater resources 5 main aquifers 406 wells 300 Observation Wells 107 Flow measuring station 114 Potable (90% of total Groundwater production) 156 Private Agricultural (6%) 136 Industrial (4%)

29

Water and Climate Change The impact of climate change will most certainly be felt on the water security in Mauritius. Water availability is becoming a major concern with unpredictable precipitation patterns. Climate change will certainly affect the amount of renewable water resources available for use in the future, and causing droughts.

0

5

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30

Jan-

98

May

-98

Sep-

98

Jan-

99

May

-99

Sep-

99

Jan-

00

May

-00

Sep-

00

Jan-

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May

-01

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-02

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-03

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-04

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-05

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-06

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-07

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-08

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-09

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-10

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10

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11

May

-11

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11

Jan-

12

May

-12

Sep-

12

Volu

me,

mill

ion

m3

Month/Year

Average voulme of water available at Mare aux Vacoas Reservoir, Jan 1998 to Dec 2012

Volume of water (million m3)

Nearly Full water level in November 2009

Drop in water level in November 2011

30

Because ecosystem resilience is a central component of sustainable development and adaptability to climate change, the Government of Mauritius and the Indian Ocean Commission have decided to launch an experiment of ecosystems/natural capital accounts in the context of Implementation of the Small Island Developing States 'Mauritius Strategy' in the Eastern and Southern Africa and Indian Ocean (ESA-IO) region.

The Natural Capital/Ecosystem Capital Accounting (ENCA) project for Mauritius

National Accounts: SNA and SEEA

SEEA Part 1 “Central

Framework”

SEEA Part 2“Experimental

Ecosystem Accounting”

SEEA-EEA XXX

SEEA-EEA YYYSNA

The System of Environmental-Economic Accounts adopted by the UN Statistical Commission in 2012 (SEEA 2012) has been supplemented in 2013 by a volume on “Experimental Ecosystem Accounting”. The “Ecosystem Capital Accounts” (SEEA-ECA) under implementation in Europe are one of these experimentations.

SEEA-ECA

EcosystemCapital Accounts

Jean-Louis Weber, 19 July 2013

National Accounts: SNA and SEEA

SEEA Part 1 “Central

Framework”

SEEA Part 2“Experimental

Ecosystem Accounting”

SEEA-EEA XXX

SNA

The System of Environmental-Economic Accounts adopted by the UN Statistical Commission in 2012 (SEEA 2012) has been supplemented in 2013 by a volume on “Experimental Ecosystem Accounting”. The “Ecosystem Capital Accounts” (SEEA-ECA) under implementation in Europe are one of these experimentations.

SEEA-ECA-EU

EcosystemCapital

Accounts

Jean-Louis Weber, 19 July 2013

SEEA-ENCA-MU

Ecosystems/NaturalCapital

Accounts

268255

TEC: Total Ecosyste

m Capability (ECU)

95 100

107 103

98 100

100 94

94 103

97 93SUM / 3

SUM

SUM

TEC

chan

ge

Indexes of Accessible Carbon/ Biomass

Indexes of Accessible

Water

Indexes of Accessible

Landscape/ Biodiversity

Services

95.7 101.0

101.3 96.7

SUM

SUM / 3

751 433

920 615

Basic resource(e.g. tons of

Carbon/ Biomass)

X =71846 43733

93227 59450

SUM

ECU values

per 1 km2 grid-

cells

S

UM

Calculation of Ecological Values in ECU

& Total

Ecosystem Capability

(TEC)

Jean-Louis Weber, 20July 2013

ECU-Prices

Region

Ecosystem

34

Results for ENCA : Land cover and changes

from 2000 to 2010

Land cover stock and change account/ urban sprawl 2000 2010 - km2

TOTALDistrict AREA SQKM 14703 18019 29826 23512 26134 19839 25558 24758 3976 186325M01 Urban land cover 2000 v0 747 705 405 282 406 2060 334 266 2667 7872M01 Urban land cover 2000 v1, adjusted 1225 1172 667 510 549 2456 542 379 3284 10782lf1 Urban sprawl 478 467 263 228 143 396 208 112 616 2911M01 Urban land cover 2010 1704 1639 930 738 691 2852 749 491 3900 13693

~2000 2010

Urban land cover

35

Results for ENCA : The biomass-carbon account

Simplified bio-carbon accounts by districts, 2010 Tons of carbon

2010 Total Initial stock 2010 1457955 2101934 4135543 4165122 2855365 3327114 3173857 3196601 432317 24845808

Woody biomass 873403 1137222 2068571 1744337 1796040 1643485 2224653 2409579 265193 14162483Topsoil organic carbon 584551 964712 2066972 2420785 1059325 1683629 949204 787022 167124 10683324

Flows/inputs 335582 417954 819601 675923 736068 454057 642970 739278 68922 4890354Net Primary Production 335582 417954 819601 675923 736068 454057 642970 739278 68922 4890354Flows/outputs and decrease 349143 448659 870542 708508 725853 481532 650835 744290 74976 5054339Removals, harvests 65446 90345 108405 56498 90172 35596 87914 81900 1698 617974

Wood removals 0Sugarcane 63718 86585 104230 52531 87208 31984 83773 80223 912 591165Food crops 1727 3759 4175 3656 2918 3565 4141 1633 786 26362Other cops 0 0 0 311 46 46 0 44 0 447

Decrease due to land use change 4102 4761 5762 3629 3240 5216 2881 2290 1388 33269Other decrease (fire, erosion…) 14580 21019 41355 41651 28554 33271 31739 31966 4323 248458Soil/decomposers respiration v2 265016 332534 715020 606730 603888 407449 528301 628133 67567 4154638Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance 1 (flows) -13562 -30705 -50941 -32585 10215 -27475 -7865 -5012 -6054 -163985Statistical adjustment 16597 28379 33235 15034 -29421 11163 -19714 -15632 6178 45819Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance 2 (stocks) 3035 -2326 -17706 -17551 -19206 -16312 -27579 -20644 123 -118166Final Stock 2010 1460990 2099608 4117837 4147571 2836159 3310802 3146278 3175957 432440 24727642

Woody biomass 876438 1134896 2050865 1726786 1776835 1627173 2197074 2388935 265316 14044318Topsoil organic carbon 584551 964712 2066972 2420785 1059325 1683629 949204 787022 167124 10683324

Net accessible bio-carbon resource 2010 73600 83094 86875 51642 112974 30296 87089 90500 1479 617550Change in stocks in the previous year 3035 -2326 -17706 -17551 -19206 -16312 -27579 -20644 123 -118166Flows/inputs (+) 335582 417954 819601 675923 736068 454057 642970 739278 68922 4890354Soil/decomposers respiration v2 (-) 265016 332534 715020 606730 603888 407449 528301 628133 67567 4154638Index of intensity of use of bio-carbon 2010 112 92 80 91 125 85 99 111 87 100

Woody biomass/ tons of C

Sugar cane harvest/ tons of C

Change in NPP/ tons of C

36

Results for ECA: the ecosystem water accountAccessible water by catchment, 2010, Mm3

Simplified water accounts by Districts, 2010 Mm3

Total 2010 Total AREA_ha 14703 18019 29826 23512 26134 19839 25558 24758 3976 186325Boreholes_nb 105 164 100 83 110 146 131 30 12 881River runoff districts coeff 35 20 150 150 100 100 80 100 20 755Lake 2010 ha 0 103 0 468 41 511 109 19 0 1251

Stocks 3345 5231 3189 2681 3510 4687 4183 961 383 28170Aquifers 3343 5222 3184 2643 3503 4649 4171 955 382 28052Lakes/reservoirs 0 7 0 32 3 35 7 1 0 86Rivers 2 2 5 6 5 3 4 4 1 32Soil/vegetationNet Inflows 75 176 292 342 355 293 155 353 12 2052Rainfall 173 236 579 633 629 484 302 603 49 3688EvapoTranspitation (actual), total 155 199 367 290 338 224 308 326 40 2247EvapoTranspitation (actual), spontaneous 109 115 310 268 294 207 167 269 40 1779Net transfers surface - groundwater 11 14 23 18 20 15 20 19 3 143Transfers between basins 41 -41 0Abstraction and Uses 63 109 80 36 63 83 152 69 23 678Municipal Water Production 17 23 23 13 18 64 11 11 22 202

Use of water 8 12 11 7 9 32 5 6 11 101

Loss of water in distribution 8 12 11 7 9 32 5 6 11 101

Irrigation 46 85 57 22 44 17 141 57 0 468Other 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 8Waste water to rivers 6 8 8 5 6 22 4 4 8 70Outflow to the sea 78 46 324 318 217 212 172 213 50 1632Rivers runoff 74 42 318 318 212 212 170 212 42 1602Waste water to the sea 4 4 6 0 5 0 2 1 8 30Induced ETA, Evaporation 46 85 57 22 44 17 141 57 0 468Net Flows -103 -52 -156 -29 41 2 -304 19 -46 -626Closing stocks 3242 5179 3034 2652 3551 4690 3879 980 337 27544

Accessible renewable water 83 124 217 200 219 187 228 213 36 1507

Water use intensity (1): Average/ha 132 114 270 561 345 224 150 310 155Water use intensity (2): 1st decile 90 90 118 203 148 114 110 222 143

Water use intensity stress index (stress when <100)

37

Results for ECA: The systems and species biodiversity account

Net Landscape Ecosystem Potential 2010 by River basins [a], Districts [b] and Municipalities [c]

Green Infrastructure Accounts

Total / Mean values

AREA_ha 14703 18019 29826 23512 26134 19839 25558 24758 3976 186325Indexes (0-100 value per ha)GBL 2000 index 43.4 41.7 49.7 55.6 50.1 53.4 61.0 53.7 58.6 51.9Fragmentation index 8.6 9.8 7.3 6.2 6.9 7.9 5.1 5.1 6.9 6.9nLEP 2000 index 39.7 37.6 46.0 52.1 46.6 49.2 57.9 51.0 54.5 48.4Green Infrastructure AccountGBL 2000 / weighted ha 638105 751152 1481482 1307506 1309039 1060139 1559660 1330151 232911 9670145nLEP 2000 / weighted ha 583021 677761 1373059 1226033 1218167 976061 1479992 1262700 216727 9013521

Indexes (0-100 value per ha)GBL 2010 index 42.0 40.6 49.2 55.1 49.8 52.4 60.5 53.5 50.7 51.1Fragmentation index 8.6 9.8 7.3 6.2 6.9 7.9 5.1 5.1 6.9 6.9nLEP 2010 index 38.4 36.7 45.6 51.6 46.4 48.2 57.4 50.8 47.2 47.7Green Infrastructure AccountGBL 2010 / weighted ha 617999 732184 1468542 1294945 1301938 1039397 1547086 1324150 201660 9527900nLEP 2010 / weighted ha 564651 660647 1361066 1214254 1211558 956963 1468060 1257003 187648 8881851

Change in nLEP 2000-2010 -18370 -17114 -11993 -11779 -6608 -19097 -11932 -5697 -29079 -131670

Change in nLEP index % 2000-2011 -3.2 -2.5 -0.9 -1.0 -0.5 -2.0 -0.8 -0.5 -13.4 -1.5

[a] [b] [c]

38

Results for ECA: the Sea Coastal Ecosystems test account

Coral reefs vulnarability index (ESA project)

Sea Coastal Units state account 2010

39

Way forward• Database on water• Time series• Satellite data for ECA (land cover

change) and water accounts• Extention to others accounts – e.g

wastes, fisheries, etc

40

Thank

You…