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4/12/2017
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| C O N F I D E N T I A L |
Push the Envelope:High-Performance Design in High-Rise Buildings
Brett Bridgeland Architect, CEM, LEED APSeventhwave, supporting ComEd Energy Efficiency Program
Allison McSherry Architect, CEM, LEED AP BD+CKlein & Hoffman
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Presenters
Brett BridgelandArchitect, CEM, LEED APSeventhwave, supporting ComEd Energy Efficiency Program
Allison McSherryArchitect, CEM, LEED AP BD+CKlein & Hoffman
4/12/2017
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Code: Compliance Pathways
Jan. 1, 2016 IECC 2015 Mandatory Illinois State Energy Code
4
IECC 2009
IECC 2012
IECC 2015
Std. 90.1-2013
- 14.0%- 4.5%
- 11.8%
- 4.5%
- 18.5%
- 8.7%
Code: Performance Improvements
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Code: 2015 IECC Compliance Paths
OR90.1-2013
OR
Comply with :C402, C403,
C404 & C405
Comply with :C406
&
Commissioning
Prescriptive
&
Comply with :C402.5, C403.2,
C404, &C405.2|3|4|6
C407 – Total Bldg
Performance ≤85% V.S. Code
Performance
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Code: ASHRAE 90.1-2013 Compliance Paths
x.1 General
x.2 Definition of Compliance
x.4 Mandatory Provisions
x.5 Prescriptive Option
x.6 Trade-Off Option
11ECB Option
App G PRMOption ??
x.8 Products
x.7 Submittals
x.1 General
x.2 Definition of Compliance
x.4 Mandatory Provisions
x.5 Prescriptive Option
x.6 Trade-Off Option
11ECB Option
App G PRMOption ?
x.8 Products
x.7 Submittals
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Code: Illinois Energy Conservation Code
https://www.illinois.gov/cdb/business/codes/Pages/IllinoisEnergyConservationCode.aspx
Compliance• ASHRAE 90.1 User’s Manual compliance forms; or• COMcheck; or• Comparable compliance materials approved by the
AHJ; or• Seal of the architect/engineer as required by
Section 14 of the Illinois Architectural Practice Act, Section 12 of the Structural Engineering Licensing Act and Section 14 of the Engineering Practice Act
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Code: Capital Development Board Projects
• ASHRAE 90.1-2013 is the applicable code for all CDB projects
• Green Buildings Act - Public Act 096-0073• Requires LEED, Green Globes, or equivalent
• LEED Silver/2 Green Globes required > 10,000 square feet
• Must meet highest standards but certification not required < 10,000 square feet
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Code: Chicago Energy Conservation Code
https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/bldgs/supp_info/chicago-energy-conservation-code.html
• Registered Energy Professional• A professional review the drawings PRIOR to
submittal for building permit review
• C4.2.3 Urban heat island provisions (roofing)
• Minimum roof reflectance requirements
• Historic buildings• Mandatory compliance unless Commission on
Chicago Landmarks determines building is exempt
• Existing roofs• Technical infeasibility variance allowed
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Code: Compliance
• REP in Chicago• Registered Energy Professional (REP)
must stamp drawings:• Must still show compliance through
COMcheck, ASHRAE forms, or energy model.
• What about VE?• Were energy savings features removed?• Were the changes captured in the energy
compliance documentation?
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Code: Performance Path – LEED/Green Globes
• Appendix G does not show code compliance• Informative, not normative, appendix
• LEED/Green Globes currently references ASHRAE 90.1-2010Appendix G
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Code: Prescriptive Path – Window Wall Ratio (WWR)
40%
30%**2 options for 40%
≥50/25% conditioned sq.ft. is Daylight Zone
& Daylight Zoned & VT=1.1*SHGC
If Proposed < 40% WWR model Baseline as Proposed WWRIf Proposed > 40% WWR model Baseline as 40% WWR
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Code: Prescriptive Path – Fenestration Orientation
ASHRAE 90.1-2013 5.5.4.5
AW ≤ (AT)/4 & AE ≤ (AT)/4or
AW x SHGCW ≤ (AT x SHGCC)/4 &
AE x SHGCE ≤ (AT x SHGCC)/4
ASHRAE ONLY!
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Code: Opaque Wall U-Value
Climate Zone 5A ASHRAE 90.1-2013 Table 5.5-5
IECC 2015Table C402.1.3
Opaque ElementsNonresidential Nonresidential
AssemblyMaximum
InsulationMin. R-Value
InsulationMin. R-Value
Roofs
Insulation Entirely above Deck U-0.048 R-30 c.i. R-30 c.i.
Metal Buildinga U-0.055 R-19 + R-11 LS R-19 + R-11 LS
Attic and Other U-0.027 R-49 R-38Walls, Above-Grade
Mass U-0.090 R-11.4 c.i. R-11.4 c.i.Metal Building U-0.069 R-0 + R-19 c.i. R-13 + R-13 c.i.
Steel-Framed U-0.064 R-13.0 + R-10 c.i. R-13 + R-7.5 c.i.
Wood-Framed and Other U-0.064 R-13.0 + R-7.5 c.i. R-13 + R-3.8 c.i.
or R-20
Slab-On-Grade Floors
Unheated F-0.730 R-15 for 24 in. R-10 for 24” below
Heated F-0.860 R-20 for 48 in. R-15 for 36” below
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Code: Common Mistakes – Spandrel Panels
• Vision vs Opaque• Fenestration – transparent or
translucent glazing materials
http://www.carlenglass.ie/services/spandrel-panels/#prettyPhoto
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Code: Thermal Bridge Impacts
• Not fully addressed in the energy codes• Only accounts for thermal bridging of studs
• Important to consider to prevent condensation
• R-19 batt ≈ R-9 effective • R-value in 16” o.c. steel stud wall
• Building Envelope Thermal Bridging Guide • Resource for typical constructions• https://www.bchydro.com/powersmart/business/programs/new-construction.html#thermal
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Code: Diminishing Returns
Fricklas, Richard L. “Roof Insulation and Diminishing Returns.” 14 May 2008.
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Code: Opaque Wall Improvement Costs
Building Envelope Thermal Bridging Guide – Appendix D
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Code: Prescriptive - Fenestration U-Value
ASHRAE 90.1-2013Table 5.5-5Climate Zone 5A
Fenestration AssemblyMax. U
Assembly Max.
SHGCVertical Glazing, 0%–40% of Wall Nonresidential
Nonmetal framing (all) U-0.32
SHGC-0.40 all
Assembly Min. VT/SHGC
1.10
Metal framing, fixedU-0.42
Metal framing, operable U-0.50
Metal framing (entrance door)
U-0.77
IECC 2015Table C402.4
Climate Zone 4Nonresidential
Vertical fenestration
U-factor
Fixed fenestration 0.38
Operable fenestration 0.45
Entrance doors 0.77
SHGC
SEW 0.40
N 0.53
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Code: Window Performance Factors
• U-value• Heat transmission in unit of time through unit area of a
material or construction and the boundary air films, induced by unit temperature difference between the environments on each side.
• Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient (SHGC)• The ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through
the fenestration area to the incident solar radiation.
• Visual Transmittance (VT)• The ratio of visible radiation entering the space through
the fenestration product to the incident visible radiation.
http://vistawindowreplacements.com
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Code: Window Frame U-Value
• Un-thermally broken frames typical U-values = 1.0 range.
• Frames with poured and debridged thermal break typical U-values = 0.65 (R-1.5) range.
• Frames with isobar thermal break typical U-values in 0.39 (R-2.6) range.
http://www.wausauwindow.com
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Code: COG vs. Assembly U-Value• The U-factor of the total window
assembly combines the insulating value of the glazing proper, the edge effects in the IGU, and the window frame and sash.
• The center-of-glass U-factor assumes that heat flows perpendicular to the window plane, without addressing the impact of the frame edge effects and material.
• Center-of-glass (COG) Typical value 0.29 BTU/ ft2-hr-°F (low-e IG).
• Edge of Glass (EOG) Typical value 0.34 BTU/ ft2-hr-°F (aluminum spacer).
• Frame Typical value 0.90 BTU/ ft2-hr-°F (thermal break).
LBNL THERM 6.3/WINDOW 6.3 NFRC Manual
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Code: COG vs. Assembly U-ValueArea = 24ft2
U-Value = 0.4 BTU/ft2-hr-F
Area = 8ft2U-Value = 0.5 BTU/ft2-hr-F
25% reduction in performance
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Code: Window Improvement Costs
Building Envelope Thermal Bridging Guide – Appendix D
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Code: Glass Considerations
• Things to Consider• Aesthetic impact• Daylighting potential• Occupant comfort
• Glare• Thermal comfort
LBNL/DOE “Tips for Daylighting with Windows”
Code IECC 2015 ASHRAE 90.1-2013
SHGC SEW = 0.40N = 0.53 All = 0.40
VT N/A Assembly Min. VT/SHGC = 1.10
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Envelope Commissioning
Goals of ECx?• Establish projects goals:
• OPR• Improve envelope performance:
• Condensation• Water intrusion.• Energy performance.
• Simplify construction:• Ease of constructability.• Less disciplines involved.• Less opportunity for installation error.
• Oversee mock-ups and testing:• Ensure proper installation.• Verify performance goals are met.
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Envelope Commissioning
Des
ign
Dec
isio
ns
Pre-Design Conceptual Design Design Development0%
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Envelope Commissioning and Code
• ASHRAE 90.1-2016 Air Barrier Requirements• §5.4.3 Air Leakage requires a
continuous air barrier:• Testing• Materials• Assemblies
• NEW! §5.9.2 Verification:• Whole building air leakage testing
(blower door).• ECx ‘light’
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ComEd Energy Efficiency Program – New Construction
Deliver high-quality education and training.
Provide expert technical assistance.
Offer financial incentives for implementation.
Image courtesy of Gerding Edlen, photo by Steve Somen
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ComEd Energy Efficiency Program – New Construction
Xavier Apartments, Photo by Mark Ballogg
Since 2009586 buildings113 million ft2
completedpipeline
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ComEd Energy Efficiency Program – New Construction
• ComEdComEd.com/BizIncentives
• Peoples GasPeoplesGasRebates.com
• North Shore GasNorthShoreGasRebates.com
• Nicor GasNicorGasRebates.com
Xavier Apartments, Photo by Mark Ballogg
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WWR & ComEd Energy Efficiency Program
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Useful Daylight Index (UDI)
40% 0.385
85% 0.340
WWR UDI
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Impact on Electric Lighting
85% 10%40%WWR
WHOLEBUILDINGENERGYSAVINGS
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Optimizing Views, Privacy, Light & Comfort
40% WWR 85% WWR
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Envelope Properties - Views
Photo by Seventhwave
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Optimizing Views, Privacy, Light & Comfort
photo copyright: VHT Studios
John Hancock Center, Chicago
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Optimizing Views, Privacy, Light & Comfort
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Thermal Comfort & Operative Temperature
8am
5pm
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
40% WWR85% WWR
+1000 comfortable hours/year(~1/3 of those occur during evening)
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Envelope Properties - Energy
40% WWR+
Code BaselineEnvelope
85% WWR+
Code BaselineEnvelope
85% WWR+
ImprovedEnvelope
Glazing Assembly R-value 2.38 2.38 2.86
Opaque Assembly R-value 18.2 18.2 23.8
Envelope Average R-value 5.0 2.7 3.3
Increased Conduction (Baseline) +82% +51%
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 0.40 0.40 0.30
Increased Solar Gain (Baseline) +113% +59%
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External Shading
• May improve comfort on south exposure.
• Ineffective on east/west unless extensive.
• Minor reduction of annual energy cost.
• Adversely impacts passive heating.
• Attachment thermal bridging may offset savings (e.g. unbroken balconies).
• Cost prohibitive.Edith Green-Wendell WyattFederal Building, Portland, OR
Aqua Tower, Chicago, IL
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First Cost
• Complicated
• Opaque assemblies can be more expensive per sq. ft. of façade:- Wind loading- Built-up vs modular- Multiple trades- Volume pricing
• Have to consider whole picture:- Assembly performance, including frame and attachments- Other upgrades for code compliance- Modular opaque assemblies- HVAC sizing- Elimination of perimeter heating or forced air altogether
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Integrative Design & Next-gen HVAC
• Reducing cooling loads in Chicago climate unlocks next-gen HVAC.
• Radiant hydronic:- Pump warm/cool water through slab or panels in the space- Controls both air and surface temp- Very low fan energy & small DOAS ducts- Modest temps higher equip efficiency- Quiet- Clean interior design
• Passive heating & cooling
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Integrative Design
DEVELOPER
ARCHITECT
Builder
Subs
O&M
MEP Engineer
EnergyConsultant
Leasing /Broker
FinancingCostConsultant
Manufacturers
Incentives
ProgramPro FormaSchedule
EntitlementsEUI
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Performance Benchmarking
46
Thank You
Brett BridgelandArchitect, CEM, LEED APSeventhwave, supporting ComEd Energy Efficiency [email protected]
Allison McSherryArchitect, CEM, LEED AP BD+CKlein & [email protected]