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Enough is Enough
1) General Amnesty Act of 1872
2) Grant’s Presidency
3) Panic of 1873
4) Recall of troops in 1877
*South claims US isn’t a democracy because they cannot elect some Democrats - Valid Point
*Congress allows former CSA officials to hold public office
*Southern Democrats take hold of state positions
*President Grant’s (a Republican) cabinet is corrupt and scandals break out
*People move away from Republican party as a result
*Grant thought of as one of worst Presidents
*US economy goes into a severe recession (2 million unemployed of 36 million)
*People increasingly choose Democrats to try to fix the problems
*Laissez-faire capitalism
*Social Darwinism
*Scientific Racism
*Less compassion for classes and races that did not rise to the top.
*Army that Congress sent to South to supervise Reconstruction were called back in 1877 by President Rutherford B. Hayes
*Effectively ends supervision in the South
*Southern Democrats (segregationists) are now in control
*Republicans become more interested in promoting industrial development.
*The South begins to produce more than just cotton.
*Radical Republicans lose popularity.
*Many Americans do not want to spend federal money to help African-Americans (the minority)
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*Poll Tax - a fee to vote (stops poor from voting)
*Literacy Tests - Had to read a paragraph to vote (Blacks given harder passages)
*Grandfather Clause - You could avoid a poll tax or literacy test if your grandfather voted prior to 1867.
*Blacks were poor, uneducated, and had no grandfathers who voted.
*These laws stopped Blacks (Republicans) from voting, allowing Democrats to gain control
*Jim Crow laws - Laws that forced separation of whites and Blacks
*Separating the races is called segregation
*Examples of Jim Crow laws*Separate areas in theaters, restaurants, and
railcars
*Different schools for whites and Blacks
*Several cases went to Supreme Court saying that segregation and Jim Crow laws were in violation of the 14th Amendment
*Court rules the 14th Amendment only pertains to government actions, so private people and businesses can segregate
*Supreme Court hears case of Homer Plessy being arrested for refusing to leave a “whites only” railcar
*Decision - Arrest is upheld. Furthermore, the Court states that segregation is legal as long as there are “Separate but Equal” facilities
*“Equal” means that both Blacks and whites have access to the object (example - black water fountain is rusty emitter of dirty water, white fountain is great = legal - they both have a water fountain
*Southern economy rebuilt and more diverse (not just cotton anymore)
*Education in place for both whites and blacks
*Black colleges and universities created
*Blacks received temporary rights in government and society
*Blacks lose rights at the end of the Reconstruction Era*Sharecropping is the main job of blacks in the South (not much better than slavery)*Governments in the South run by racist leaders and supported by courts*Jim Crow South established - no future for blacks