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Enhancing ubiquitous communications:
the -Sat challengeLuciano Boglione
US Naval Research Laboratory
2018 RWW/IoT Symposium
Agenda
1. Setting the -sat stage• Connecting together• Space environment
2. Enhancing the comm link• Full‐duplex systems• The NRL approach• Result overview
3. Conclusions
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 2
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Internet of Things
Communication links are pervasive in an IoT world
Power requirements are key for ubiquitous
interactivity
MonitoringMonitoring TrackingTracking
ServicesServices
Slide 3
-sat challenge
Available Payload Size10 cm x 10 cm x 16.5 cm2.33 kg
Available Power~ 8 Watts Orbital Average (Entire Satellite)
Making the Most of Limited Size, Weight and Power
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 4
-sat receivers
GLADIS Nano‐Sat Payload Data‐X Receiver Currently on International Space StationFrequency Range: 385 – 410 MHzDynamic Range: 86 dBSize: 15.2 cm x 15.2 cm x 1.8 cmWeight: ~ 400 gramsPower: 1.7 WattsRadiation Tolerance: 12 KradsOutput: raw 16‐bit digitized data
• QBX1 Receiver: NUU‐100– Launched December 2010 – Frequency Range: 420 – 450 MHz– Dynamic Range: 80 dB– Size: 9 cm x 9.6 cm x 1 cm– Weight: ~ 250 grams– Power: ~0.5 Watts– Radiation Tolerance: 5 Krads– Output: demodulated Frequency Shift Keyed
(FSK) bit stream
9.6 cm 15.2 cm
15.2 cm
9 cm
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 5
An obvious solution?
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 6
Cellphone limitations
1. Not Radiation‐HardenedCell phones do not require radiation tolerance
2. Lacks Desired FlexibilityTunability is hardwired into devices• Internal noise spurs must be kept out of bands of interest
3. Insufficient Dynamic Range• Dynamic range is sufficient for terrestrial cellular comm,
but not for terrestrial to space communication
Comm systems must meet competing requirements
Low‐Power + Radiation Hardness + Flexibility + High Dynamic Range
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 7
Radiation spaceSpace Radiation Environment• Solar particle• Cosmic rays• Radiation belts
Effects on ICs of Radiation Exposure• Total Ionizing Dose (TID)• Single Event Effects (SEE)• Displacement Damage (DD) – primarily issue for solar panels
Tools at NRL for Simulating Radiation• rays from Co60 (TID)
• Pulsed Laser (SEE) – NRL unique
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 8
• Radiation environment consists of protons, electrons and heavy ions in radiation belts around the earth, as well as solar particles and cosmic rays.
• All radiation particles originate in the sun or in deep space.
• Radiation exposure depends on orbit, mission duration and launch date.
Radiation highlights
Radiation belts around the earth
Particles originate in the sun and deep space
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 9
• Cumulative destructive effects include total ionizing dose (TID) in gate and field oxides/insulators and displacement damage dose (DDD) in semiconductors.
• Single ions randomly striking the IC or optical component can produce single event effects (SEEs) via ionization that can be destructive (burnout) or non-destructive (loss of information).
Radiation effects
Ion strike location determines effect
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Slide 10
SEE are more prevalent as devices scaled down in size
• SEEs can occur in parts used in space and on earth (neutrons from cosmic rays)
• SEE testing requires particle accelerators that are expensive ($1500/hr to $4500/hr) and access is limited.
• Alternate methods of SEE testing have been developed such as pulsed laser systems.
Radiation assessment
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Slide 11
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
• Shielding reduces TID.• Limited shielding on most Small Satellites due to small size.• Shielding less effective against SEEs.
Total Ionizing Dose• Shielding• Process modifications
such as minimizing hydrogen and lowering temperature.
• Design modification such as reducing gate insulating thickness
Single Event Effects• Error detection and
correction• Triple modular
redundancy with voting and scrubbing
• Adding filters to circuits• Using “silicon-on-
insulator” or epitaxial silicon wafers
Radiation mitigation –in general…
Slide 12
Design rad-hard IC
• Expensive• At least two
generations behind state-of-the-art in performance
• Challenging in a research lab environment
Use COTS parts
• Screening parts for TID and SEE
• Adding unbiased spares
• Using watchdog timers1. to monitor circuit2. to recycle power when
SEE detected• Eliminate single
event transients
Radiation mitigation –… and for -sats
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Slide 13
Techniques can• increase the circuit
radiation tolerance at the transistor level
• allow use of commercial, high-performance semiconductor processes in radiation environment
Design targets• RF circuitry is
radiation-tolerant• Digital circuits are
radiation-sensitive• Enhance single event
upset (SEU) immunity
• Enhance total dose radiation tolerance (if process requires)
Rad-Hard by Design
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Slide 14
Simultaneous Transmit And Receive
Full Duplex comms @ NRL(STAR)
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Slide 15
• Tune over the microwave range with 1 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth
• Operate in presence of co-located transmitter with >1kW of ERP
• Have high isolation antennas• with minimal form
factor• With an innovative
architecture optimized for• Broadband
cancellation• SWaP constrained
platforms
Technical Objectives
NRL has been funded by ONR to investigate and deliver a full‐duplex STAR system that can
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 16
Conventional Solutions
Upconverters
High Power Amplifiers
Transmit Antennas
Downconverters
Low Noise Amplifier(s)
Receive Antennas
Digital‐to‐Analog
Equalization
Analog Canceller
LO(s)
Separate Tx/Rx Antennas
Upconverters
High Power Amplifiers
RF circulator / Optical isolator
Downconverters
Low Noise Amplifier(s)
Digital‐to‐Analog Analog‐to‐Digital
Equalization
Analog Canceller
LO(s)
1 23
Single Tx/RxAntenna
Pros: Isolation improves with distance, material, patternCons: Form factor
Pros: Form factor, no other solution for commsCons: Limited isolation
Analog‐to‐Digital
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Slide 17
Team effort led by NRL• RF isolation ➤ new antenna system (CUB)• Novel digital cancellation (NRL)• High performance ADC (OSU)• Upgradable architecture (NRL)
NRL Solution
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Slide 18
Antenna configuration
By Prof. Filipovicteam @ CUB
2‐7 GHz 18‐45 GHz 6‐19 GHz
17 in
17 in
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Slide 19
2-7 GHz Isolation
By Prof. Filipovicteam @ CUB
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Slide 20
Receiver hardware
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Slide 21
Prototype & RFIC
1. Extensive RX chain analysis• Frequency planning to meet DSP algorithm
requirement• Noise vs. linearity trade‐offs• Guide RFIC design
2. System insensitive to choice of TX components
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 22
RFIC highlights
Full-duplex IC SoC• GF 8HP SiGe BiCMOS
C4 finish (flip-chip)• RX chain with SPI
control• Analog gain• ADC control• On‐chip lumped element
2GHz differential filter
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 23
LNA
OIP3
SS
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Slide 24
First mixer
Relatively constant OIP3 vs. gain
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 25
On-chip filter
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Slide 26
On-chip ADC
VGA
= .
=
.
Resistor ladder and reference
buffers
Main track and hold
Test Port
5.532 GHz Clock Input
Serializer and LVDS Drivers
SPI interface logic
Time‐interleaved ADC slices
By Prof. Khalil team @ OSU
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Slide 27
Board deployment
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Slide 28
Prototype System
• Prototype demonstrates operation of NRL’s full-duplex system• Off‐the‐shelf components used to
define prototype receiver• Operation characterized in lab with
realistic environment features
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Slide 29
RF Receiver
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Slide 30
Lab demonstration
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Slide 31
Anechoic chamber
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Slide 32
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
‐40 ‐35 ‐30 ‐25 ‐20 ‐15 ‐10 ‐5 0
P OUT
(dBm
)
PIN (dBm)
TX distortion
Operating well beyond 5 dB compression point
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 33
RF Receiver
Signal GeneratorsData Generation (DAC)Data Capture (ADC)
100 200 300 400 500 600-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Frequency (MHz)M
agni
tude
(dB
)
2nd order2nd complex3rd order3rd complex4th order5th orderInterleaved2nd polyphase3rd polyphase4th polyphase5th polyphase
> 20dB
NRL RX test-bed• Tunable custom NRL
RF Receiver• 12-bit ADI pipelined
ADC
NRL compensation pushes distortions down by 20 dB in the range -70 to -80dBc• FPGA-implemented
Nonlinear Compensation
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 34
Performance demo (I)COMM SIGNAL
RADAR SIGNAL No multipath, digital cancellation
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Slide 35
Performance demo (II)
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 36
Performance demo (III)
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Slide 37
Performance demo (IV)
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Slide 38
Wrap-up
• Interconnectivity means C-SWaP• Full‐duplex as additional dimension in
the IoT space
• NRL full-duplex solution• Demonstrated state‐of‐the‐art• Well suited to address space‐limited
platforms
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 39
Acknowledgment
• Office of Naval Research• Dr. Brad Binder, ONR, Code 31• Dr. Kevin Rudd, ONR, Code 31• Dr. Daniel Green, ONR, Code 31
• US Naval Research Laboratory• Electronics Science & Technology Division, NRL,
Code 6800• Solid‐State Circuits Section, NRL, Code 6851• Joel Goodman and his team, NRL, Code 5731• Kenneth Clark, NRL, Code 8120• Stephen Buchner, NRL, Code 6816
Luciano BoglioneEnhancing ubiquitous comms…
Slide 40