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Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore
Enhancing Productivity (Fish)
Problems and Prospects of Fisheries in West Bengal
Srikanta SamantaSanjoy Das
Archan Kanti Das
Marine
Length of coast line (Km)
158
Continental Shelf (‘000 sq km)
17
Number of Fish Landing Centers
59
No of Fishing villages 188
No of fishermen families
76,981
Fisher-folk population 3,80,138
Inland
Total inland water bodies (lakh Ha)
5.45
Rivers & canals (Km) 2,526
Reservoirs (Lakh ha) 0.17
Tanks & ponds (lakh Ha) 2.76
Flood plain lakes/derelict waters (lakh Ha)
0.42
Brackish water (lakh Ha) 2.10
AQUATIC RESOURCES IN WEST BENGAL
http://www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/WriteReadData/Fisheries%20States%20Profile/West%20Bengal.pdf
Pond/Tanks35%
Beel/Baor5%
Riservoir3%
River21%
Canal10%
Sewage fed fishery
0%
Bracish water/Beri
26%
Inland Fishery Resource in West Bengal
Annual Report 2009-10,Department of Fishery, West Bengal
Inland Resources Length / Area
River (km) 2526
Reservoir (lakh ha) 0.17
Ponds and Tanks(lakh ha)
2.76
Beels, Oxbow Lakes (lakh ha)
0.42
Brackish Water Resources (lakh ha)
2.10
Fisheries in West Bengal can be divided broadly in three categories
Capture fishery
Culture based capture fishery
River Estuary Sea
Bheri Beel Reservoir
Aquaculture
Pond/Tanks
Paddy cum Fish culture and Sewage fed fishery is also practiced in some parts of West Bengal
Year Inland Marine Total Fish seeds
Inland
(‘000 tons)
Growth
(%)
Marine
(‘000 tons)
Growth
(%)
Production
(‘000 tons)
Growth
(%)
In million
fry
2004-05 1035.50 4.81 179.50 -1.16 1215.00 3.88 12200
2005-06 1090.00 5.36 160.00 -10.86 1250.00 2.88 12200
2006-07 1181.01 8.35 178.10 11.31 1359.10 8.73 13200
2007-08 1264.53 7.07 182.74 2.61 1447.26 6.49 13572
2008-09 1294.71 2.39 189.29 3.58 1484.00 2.54 14181
2009-10 1338.00 3.34 179.00 -5.44 1517.01 2.22 12566
2010-11 1246.15 -6.86 197.11 10.12 1443.26 -4.86 13453
2011-12 1290.22 3.52 182.02 -7.66 1472.04 1.99 13846
2012-13 1337.66 152.35 1590.02
0 500 1000 1500
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
0 100 200 300
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
10000 12000 14000 16000
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
Fish production trends/ Growth rate and seed production in West Bengal
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS IMPACT
Significant increase in fishing effort Overfishing
Use of gears - non selective/ small mesh size Recruitment failure
Juvenile Fishing Loss of biodiversity
Siltation of water bodies Loss of breeding ground
Pollution with nutrients, metals, pesticides, persistent contaminants
Habitat degradation
Encroachment to water spread area due to demand for land
Loss of water area
Non availability of economic fish feeds Catch /Production Decreasing
Decreased initiatives in Fisherman Cooperative Societies
Meager financing Not developing as organisedsector
Climate change and associated effects Change in salinity, flood
Unavailability of quality fish seeds Lower fish production
Problems in Capture fishery in West Bengal
Main resource of capture fishery in West Bengal is river. River is source of livelihood of many fishers
Problem : Decline in fish catch Destructive fishing method Habitat degradation due to water pollutionClimate change
Hilsa Fishery is livelihood of many fishers in Hooghly estuarinesystem but now Hilsa fisheries is at stake. Overfishing of adults, juveniles and fries (20 mm) by usingdestructive fishing gears Habitat degradation due to pollution Loss of critical spawning and nurseries grounds due to waterwithdrawals and diversionsData shows decline catch from 15799.0 t to 5530.0 t during theperiod of 2000 to 2010 in Hooghly estuarine system(CIFRI,2011).
Problems in Estuaries:
Hilsa juvenile catch in destructive fishing gears
Major issues related to capture fisheries of the Sunderbans
Bag net (Been jal)
Use of cod-end with small mesh or mosquito net
resulting in huge quantity bye-catch of very small
fish juveniles (including prized hilsa, P.
paradiseus, E. tetradactum, scienids etc) with no
commercial value (Feed for Clarius garipinus in
some places!!)Set barrier (Chor pata / Khal pata jal)
Use of mosquito net in Set barrier resulting in
trapping of very small fish juveniles which are even
not harvested as they mingle with mud during low
tide; huge destruction of juveniles of prized fishes
like mullets, Glossogobius, prawns and crabs
Small mesh gill net (chhandi jal)
Small mesh (1”) gill net often resulted in catching of
juveniles of prized fishes (including hilsa juveniles)
having less commercial value and loss of important
capture fishery resources
Issues related to juvenile capture fishery in Sunderbans
Various forms of meen jal operated in
Sunderbans to collect prawn juveniles
Wanton destruction of fish juveniles
Larvae and fish juveniles are indiscriminately destroyed during isolation of
prawn / mullet / sea-bass seed caught by various forms of net
Capture fishery of Sunderbans
Meen Jaal
Gill net
Bag net
Charpata
Hook & line
Cast net
Ber jal
Sunderban is known as natural breeding ground ofvarious fishes and aquatic animals. The exploitation ofnatural resources of Sunderban leads to loss of fishbiodiversityCollection of fish seed/Meen collectionUse of destructive fishing gearsHabitat degradation
Fishes caught with Large mesh gill net (Cot jal) from Sunderbans
Otolithoides biauritus
caught near sajnekhali
Scomberoides commersonnianus
Plotosus canius
Lates calcarifer
E. tetradactylum
O. militaris
A view of Kholsi beel
Pen culture in beel can enhance production
West Bengal is the Largest producer of inland fish 30% of the national production
Leader in fish seed production - meeting 62% of country’s need
Aquaculture :
Fish culture in pond or tank
Total resource (in lakhhectare)
Under culture (in lakhhectare)
%age of resource area under culture
Ponds/Tanks 2.76 2.20 79.71
Annual Report 2009-10,Department of Fishery, West Bengal
Gaps found in aquaculture in West Bengal
Type / Particulars Activity & People involved in Bottlenecks
Fish seed producers / Hatchery owners
Produce seedsUsually rich and influential people
Fluctuating market demand of seeds
Small scale farmersculture fish and
prawns in small scale
Mostly as a secondary occupation
Low production
Fish Marketing Fish selling and buying Involvement of the middleman
1. Domestication and culture of Hilsa : A fresh initiative has been taken to domesticate hilsa
from its natural habitat and finally culture it (Medium / Long).
2. Industrial Aquaculture : Development of aquaculture firms in large scale with
mechanisation, zero discharge system to meet up increasing demand for fish. Intensive carp /
Bhetki / Milk Fish culture systems / Crab fattening etc(Short /Medium).
3. Cage culture in reservoirs / rivers/ canals for fish seeds and growing table size fishes (ST)
4. Pen culture in beels / wetlands / bheries (Short term)
5. Developing economically viable fish feed from indigenous resources (research input) (MT)
6. Stocking with right size (in reservoirs with 100 mm for IMCs) (Short term)
7. Renovation / excavation of connecting channels of wetlands , etc. under different
developmental programs like NAREGA (Medium / Long)
8. Strengthening Fisherman Cooperative Societies (Short term)
9. Easy Finance Schemes from Govt. credit agencies (Short term)
10. Arrangement of alternate livelihood options during lean/ fishing ban periods(Short term)
11. Special drive to conserve and multiply IUCN listed endangered fishes (Medium / Long)
12. Development of fish sanctuaries to conserve biodiversity (Medium / Long)
13. Enforcement of Govt. laws to stop destructive fishing (Short term)
14. Maintaining environmental flow in rivers
Scope of Development