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Engr354 Chapter 1 1
Engr354: Digital Logic Circuits
Chapter 1: Design Concepts
Curtis Nelson
Design Concepts
• Digital hardware systems;• Digital hardware implementation methods;
– Standard chips;– Programmable logic devices (PLA’s);– Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC’s);– Fully custom IC’s;– VHDL.
• Design process.
Engr354 Chapter 1 2
A Digital Hardware System
Printed Circuit Boards
Engr354 Chapter 1 3
A Digital Hardware System
AMD’s Barcelona Multicore Chip
http://www.techwarelabs.com/reviews/processors/barcelona/
Core 1 Core 2
Core 3 Core 4
Northbridge
512K
B L
2
512K
B L
2 51
2KB
L2
512K
B L
2
2MB
shar
ed L
3 C
ache
q Four out-of-order cores on one chip
q 1.9 GHz clock rate
q 65nm technology
q Three levels of caches (L1, L2, L3) on chip
q Integrated Northbridge
Engr354 Chapter 1 4
VLSI Design 7
Birth of Modern Electronics -- 1947AT&T Bell Laboratories -- Invention of Point Contact Transistor
William Shockley, Walter Brittain, and John BardeenWinners of the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics
Vacuum tubes ruled in first half of 20th century Large, expensive, power-hungry, unreliable
Read Crystal Fire
by Riordan, Hoddeson
VLSI Design 8
Microelectronic Revolution -- 1958The First Integrated Circuit – Jack Kilby, Texas Instruments
1 Transistor and 4 Other Devices on 1 ChipWinner of the 2000 Nobel Prize
Engr354 Chapter 1 5
VLSI Design 9
8080
• 16-bit address bus (1974)– Used in Altair computer
• (early hobbyist PC)
• Characteristics– 6 µm process– 4500 transistors– 2 MHz– 8-bit word size– 40-pin DIP package
VLSI Design 10
First 65,536 Bit Dynamic Memory Chip --1977
IBM Corporation
Engr354 Chapter 1 6
VLSI Design 11
Pentium
• Superscalar (1993)– 2 instructions per cycle– Separate 8KB I$ & D$
• Characteristics– 0.8-0.35 µm process– 3.2M transistors– 60-300 MHz– 32-bit word size– 296-pin PGA
• Caches, datapath,FPU, control
VLSI Design 12
Pentium 4
• Deep pipeline (2001)– Very fast clock– 256-1024 KB L2$
• Characteristics– 180-90 nm process– 42-125M transistors– 1.4-3.4 GHz– 32-bit word size– 478-pin PGA
• Units start to becomeinvisible on this scale
Engr354 Chapter 1 7
VLSI Design 13
Gate Array, Semi-Custom, and Full-Custom ICs
VLSI Technology
Gate Array
Standard Cell
Full Custom
Chip Area Ratios:3:2:1
A Silicon Wafer
Engr354 Chapter 1 8
ITRS Roadmap
Standard Chips
• Realize common logic functions;• Usually less than 100 transistors;• Common ones will be found in your lab kits;• You will use them in some homework assignments;• Not used much today as they occupy too much space on
printed circuit boards (PCB’s).
Engr354 Chapter 1 9
Standard Chips
Standard Chips
Engr354 Chapter 1 10
Programmable Logic Devices (PLD’s)
• Realize much more complicated logic circuits than a standard chip;
• Often reprogrammable;• Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) will soon use
more than 100 million transistors;• Widely used today;• You will use one on your logic board.
Memory blockGroup of 8 logic cells
Interconnectionwires
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
Engr354 Chapter 1 11
Custom Designed Chips
• PLD’s are not very efficient so they may not meet performance or cost objectives;
• May need to design a custom or semi-custom chip (ASIC);• Advantage: optimized for a given task;• Disadvantage: more complex design and manufacturing
process, more design time;• Custom ASIC design taught in Engr434, VLSI Design.
Custom Designed Chips
Engr354 Chapter 1 12
VHDL – A Structured Programming Language
Design concept
Successful design
Initial design
Simulation
Design correct?
Redesign
No
Yes
Basic Digital Design Loop
Engr354 Chapter 1 13
Summary
• Digital hardware systems;• Digital hardware implementation methods;
– Standard chips;– Programmable logic devices (PLA’s);– Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC’s);– Fully custom IC’s;– VHDL.
• Design Process.