English writers and scientists of 19-20 centuries

Author: Zheleznyak Elena Alexandrovna, student of the school №74 Togliatty, Samara regionProject Director: Garifulova Gelfidya Mansurovna

Table of contents:

1. Foreword2. English writers of 19-20 centuries2.1. Charles Dickens2.2. Oskar Wilde2.3. Jerom K. Jerom2.4. Thomas Hardy 2.5. Konan Doyle2.6. Agatha Christie3. English scientists of 19 century3.1. David Hough 3.2. David Mitchell3.3. Henry Buckle3.4. George Boole4. Conclusion5. Used literature and materials

ForewordThe development of society was accompanied by dramatic events - wars, revolutions, uprisings. It was a time of changing social composition of society and the sharp contradictions between sectors of society, the formation of new values and norms of behavior.

19th century - a special time in the development of science. Great discoveries follow one another. It seemed that some invisible wizard pulled back the curtain that hides the secrets of nature and man. But this wizard was the human mind.

English writers of 19-20 centuries

Charles Dickens(1812-1870)

Charles John Huffam was born in Portsmouth, England. The most

popular English-language writer in his lifetime. Classics of world literature, one of the greatest

prose writers of the XIX century. Creativity Dickens refers to the

heights of realism, but were reflected in his novels and

sentimental, and a fabulous start. The most famous novels of

Dickens: "The Pickwick Papers," "Oliver Twist," "David Copperfield,"

"Great Expectations," "A Tale of Two Cities."

Jerome K. Jerome(1859-1927)In the history of English literature Jerome K. Jerome occupies a modest place. He cannot be compared with Dickens, Thackeray, or Bernard Shaw, but he is well known as a writer-humorist not only in his country but in another countries too. Jerome Klapka Jerome was born in England on May 2, 1859 into the family of ruined businessman. Jerome's childhood was poor and sad. He could not finish school because his father died in 1871 and the boy had to begin working to support his family. First he worked as a clerk. Later he took up teaching journalism and acting. For three years he was an actor and had to play different parts. He had very little money and often went hungry and had no place to sleep.

In his free moments Jerome tried to write. He wrote plays, stories and articles, but nothing was published. His first literary success was a one-act comedy which was performed in the Globe theatre in London in 1886. In 1889 a collection of his articles was published. They were published as a book under the title "The Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow". This book became very popular in England, and it was published 105 times in 4 years. In 1889 Jerome's best book "Three Men in a Boat" also came out. "The Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow" and "Three Men in a Boat" made the author famous. The books were translated into several European languages.In the following years Jerome published several books and plays.. Jerome's last book was his autobiography "My Life and Time". He died in 1927. The works of Jerome are full of humour and they can't but amuse the reader.

Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)

Thomas Hardy was born in the village of Upper Bockhampton, not far from county Dorset. In the village in which he grew up, there were only eight houses where he lived proletarian. The population of the village was fifty peoples. The boy grew up in a family of simple stonemason and builder. Their family had four children: he is a brother and two sisters. Children grew alienated areas.

Hardy - the last representative of the era of Queen Victoria. Total Hardy published twenty-five titles - novels, collections of short stories and poems.Most of his novels and short stories devoted to the peasants. The representatives of the lower classes act - a direct expression of the inner life; Therefore disclosures in the behavior and can be plotted. " In describing the tragic fate of his characters, Hardy reveals the social basis of psychological conflict and opposes deadening the moral standards of the Victorian era. But, referring to the contradictions of reality, Hardy does not see ways to solve them. The reality of the writer suppresses what determines the overall tragic tone of his works. Hardy creativity of strongest party is the analysis and description of the tragic conflicts of the English way of life. In the area of language, he continues the tradition of English classics and is wholly owned by XIX century.Hardy also wrote drama in verse "Dynasty" from the era of the Napoleonic wars; it is interesting as an attempt to revive the epic, but intricate and cumbersome composition condemned this attempt to fail.

Arthur Conan Doyle(1859-1930)Arthur Conan Doyle (1859 - 1930) - Writer (detective, adventure, scientific genres), a doctor.Arthur Conan Doyle was born on May 22, 1859 in Edinburgh in an artistic family (his father - a painter and architect). At the age of nine thanks to the financial assistance of relatives in the biography of Conan Doyle took admission to a Jesuit college. Returning home in 1876 after graduating from college, Doyle took up medicine.The next step was the formation of the University of Edinburgh. There Arthur met a few writers, and he engaged in literary activities. The first work in the biography of Arthur Conan Doyle was the story "Secret Sesasskoy Valley." In 1880, Doyle went on board the whaling ship to the Arctic waters, and two years spent traveling west Africa.

After graduating from university in 1881, he began to practice. But after 10 years he devoted himself entirely to literature. In 1890 he released his novel "The Firm of Girdlestone," which was written in 1884. Then came "A Study in Scarlet," "Mystery Klumbera", "Micah Clark," "The White Company". But the most famous series of works, if we consider a brief biography of Arthur Conan Doyle, was a series of Sherlock Holmes.In 1900, Doyle participated in the Boer War. Useful to his medical knowledge - he was a surgeon. Then he published work "The War in South Africa", engaged in journalistic activities. He published his novel "The Lost World", "The Poison Belt". With the outbreak of World War II writes articles on military subjects. In the 1920s, Doyle traveled. July 7, 1930 the writer had died of a heart attack.

English scientists of 19 century

David Edward Hughes(1831-1900)David Edward Hughes - known English and

American physicist and inventor. David Edward Hughes was born on May 16, 1831 in the city of London.In 1848 he moved to the United States, where he first was a music teacher, then was engaged in natural sciences, and since 1851 has taught physics at the College of Bardstown. From 1853 Hughes worked on the invention of the printing telegraph. The improvement of the apparatus he helped George Phelps. In 1856, the unit of Hughes was first used to communicate Worcester and Springfield in Massachusetts. In 1860 the unit of Hughes became widespread throughout Europe.Hughes also belongs to the invention of the microphone , inductive scales and sonometer.In 1885 the scientist was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society.David Edward Hughes died on January 22, 1900 in his hometown.

David William Mitchell(1813-1859)

David William Mitchell- british biologist and artist.In 1840-ies as an illustrator helped George Robert Gray to work on the fundamental work "Bird species" (eng. Genera of Birds; 1844-1849), attracted to the work of Joseph Wolff, will make then one of the main illustrators of the British natural-science literature.In 1847, Mitchell became secretary of the London Zoological Society and held this post until 1859 when he accepted an offer to head the Paris Botanical Garden - but died shortly after his arrival in Paris.

Henry Thomas Buckle(1821-1862)Henry Thomas Buckle - British historian, author of "History of Civilization in England." Also known as chess player. All his life he wrote a monumental "History of Civilization in England," the history of mental development in his country and beyond. At first he wanted to write a complete history of human civilization, and only then, seeing the unenforceability of such a plan under the existing materials, confined to Britain. In 1840 his father died, and Boris stayed with his mother. Respect it shows the dedication of the first and second volume of his book: the first volume is devoted to her second - her memory. His father's death made a great B. ruler state that he used mainly for the purchase of books and formed a vast library. Surrounded by books, B. preparing its history and firmly held this word itself does not print, you can not start until the publication of the main work of his life.

In 1857, after long preparation, Henry Buckle. made as a writer since the first volume of his main works, translated into many languages, but it remained unfinished: – "the History of civilization in England". Work it caused an unusual noise and a live debate. Huge impression made by the book Henry Bouckle to the wide circle of the reading public, due to the fact that the ordinary reader first learned from her about such basic principles of modern historical research, which it would be vain to seek in the works of contemporary historians-specialists. Experts repel from the book of Boks what was its main value: the desire to end the theological and metaphysical elements of interpretation of history, and, in the spirit of August Comte, consistently hold in this area the idea of determinism. He died in 1862 from typhus in Damascus.

George Boole(1815-1864)George Boole - English mathematician and logician. Professor of Mathematics at King's College Cork with 1849. One of the founders of mathematical logic.George Boole was born and grew up in a family of a poor craftsman John Bull, enthusiastic science. Father, interested in mathematics and logic, gave the first lessons to his son, but he was unable to detect early their outstanding talents in the exact sciences, and his passion became the first classical authors.

Only at the age of seventeen Boole reached the higher mathematics, moving slowly due to lack of effective assistance.With sixteen Bolle began working as an assistant teacher in a private school at Doncaster, and, anyway, he continued teaching in various positions throughout their lives. He was married Mary Everest, the niece of the famous geographer George Everest, as do science and taught, and after the death of her husband a lot of effort is given to promotion of its contribution to the logic.Four of their daughters gained fame as scientists (geometry Alicia, a chemist Lucy), or members of families of scientists (Mary, the wife of the writer and mathematician Charles H. Hinton, and Margaret, the mother of John math. J. Taylor), and the fifth - Ethel Lilian Voynich - famous as a writer.Boole died on the fiftieth year of life from pneumonia.

On mathematical topics Bolle during the life of the two systematic treatise: "a Treatise on differential equations" and is conceived as a continuation of "a Treatise on finite differences". These works have made important contributions in the appropriate sections of mathematics and at the same time demonstrated a deep understanding Boole's philosophy of their subject.

Conclusion

19-20 centuries – it’s time industrial revolution. radically changing life, habits and worldview of people. The latest scientific discoveries and literary works turned up the life of people of that time.

Used literature and materials:

• ru.wikipedia.org• all-biography.ru• “History of the new time” 8 class• rushist.com

Thank you for your attention.