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Tamil English Grammar
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^anaprij/tfENGLISH
1
I
NGLISH GRABy : Mungara Koteswara -Rao,;
". Edition :
AUGUST 1997.
J"*
All rights reserved by :
Janapriya Publicatio
Tenali.
24-00-
Price :
'24-00-
. Cover Design :
V. S. PfiAKASH,Vijayawada-3.
I
Printed at i
Janapriya Printers,Tenali--522 201.
Cover Printers :
Soimdaram Printers,Chennai-2Lr
(Phone No. : 23037)"
For Cc
Jaiiapriya Publications,Agnikula Kshatriyula vari Street-II,
Gaaganamoiapetf TENALI-522 20L
J.P. English Grammar 3 * e33|j>d& soASt
CONTENTS"til"
English Alphabet
(%sog
JLP. Engligh Grammar
Silent Letters Degrees of Comparison
(e&a-^atf esJCtf&aea) TO,'Active Voice and Passive , Formation of Degrees
Voice(aftf^tftf-
'
'(s-Sa&o ao^raSsfcadfo cpitfa) 73 Comparison Adverbs . / r-
From Active Voice to ([dSp>"SEaS$x>o S^Passive Voice- 74 Punctuation Marks
From Passive Voice to - - - (ao*&> QS^Sa'Active Voice 75 Usage of Punctuation
Direct Speech and Indirect Marks
Speech (^S^gK^^es ,&c&> sSGf*jC 55^) 76 Same words in Different
From Direct Speech to Parts" of Speech a
Indirect Speech 77- iFSpEVVerb. Complement Formation of words
(f5d&-sS&^gsSa) 83Verb-Mood
(rSdao-flsf 83Formation of Nouns
Tense (^cdr-^e)^) 85" (^^Kinds of Tenses
" Formation of Verbs
BParticiple (^a^ L ^) 88 ! rn"ltion of AdjectivesKinds of Participles
^PT ' Confused wordsof Tenses 91 , ^Tense Charts - (atfafcrito Stf&>) i g
- Stress on Syllables
Ql:
2 J' English Grammar .5.
aSjbdfi oA$
^.*i^^.ji^^^
ENGLISH ALPHABET (orf wSC5&-crt*
.
V- CO""
*M,
' /, *sog jpa3.... "Alphabet
)" eda >odj'&.'8ia,Bo&^sS35ex): 1] Print, 2] Script Letters
Capital Letters - (Tbtf ^tf&oeo), (b) , Small Letters
1] (A)R. B C D E F G HI J K L M N O P3RSTUVWXYZB) Lettersi b c d e f g h i j k 1 m .n, o p q is; u v w .x y.z
^
OtfSoSSa>4Ass^ocor (a) 'Capital Letters,
b) Small letters, baa- ^s ^fiotf] (A) Capital
e s T u .v w x Y
English
Letters'
ghljklmnap 'q r ; t u v
letter
'^
*****
Yoels : "A, B;I, Q, .U"
Semi-Voweis
-*'Capital letter' rp
- 26 ^
. 1] Vowd. (.^), 2] Consorts
^u : 1] "Water(^); Walk (r) ; Yard (c^f);'
English Gramm^ t
2]u
My (a); sky (^r ),; Paddy (^g&) ; Happyes& sStfSioo (Sfioefc-Yfttftf ^6oS,..oS&yr? tf
&?S^- fc
Sound ' Example
A : -- a rate(3
J.P. English Grammar
T~ T I
.
bottle (o-flfi"),
c '. 5 notice (Sa5.), city (8>
f chemist ("&f), copper'
5 cheap (b5), chicken5. Machine (aiiff), chivilry
D . 5 ' down (3-^), day
p . . 5'
'
finger (&o*5"),fate
G .:
^ dog(tr/T), goat
,f merge (3nf), wge *
S , laugh (sr5), enough (ci^'
H . & orse )' Ilot
j . ff jump (ssoS), jolly (a-6).K . r
'
key (I), kick (r).L .
'
5- lock (of), long
M . S> monkey (&ol), nticeN . S" name (^Si), neck (3).P ..' - S post (SJ), pen (l
5 graph (in-S), phone
Q .'' ' 4 1* (S^)' qUite ClR . 5" roof (55), road (&S)S'. ? S school (jSy^-6"), slate (
. S V . shot (SfS"), state
T . .'
g- tea (e5),ticket
$ thick (Sf ), thing (abfi)5 that (a 6"), there (So).
, mention S>, section
English Grammar
X
vote
- S\ fix
Example
), six.(at,).
Examination
joy (spdc), yard (aforty (^S), eopy/Vi),by (EV-type'tS 5)'Zebra
(4[_p), Zeal (le ).
.
"syllable (ftessff)" aS) ou-Ca.;8,1 esiS^
n-fe.'syllables'
arffi&S
spelling
[Soft StfSo!&. syllablesr?
1] shower (sho-wer^-^), 2] power (po-wer=>-5-\ g]'beyond (be-yondrra-d^oa), 4] brother (bro-ther=iB-tf5-)~5] either (ci-therssas-Sff), 6] examination (exa.mi-na.tjon=
,,., -1 & (S sSesSb- Bo& syllables rpSb, sE'^syllables rf&> S^SotfiaarSa. cat, rat, out, putdog,
,a.-| syllables' ^5S ^4ss>"s
Po English Grammar 10
PARTS OFPEECH
B\ -tS. OB'S....
"Parts of Speech
1] Noun
4] Adjective (s^position (atf j?
juction
2] Verb(L d&) t 3], 5] Adverb' (L d^ Blsi'wsSaa), 6] pre-
7] conjuction (tSsS3atf^cBoSS)i . 8] Inter-
(Nouns)" &9^) wofij'do.
Definition:. A noun is the name of a person,
place or thing etc.
:- 1] Suman (v&&"):= &&h Istib! 2] India (ejoflcSir-)=:-tab!- 8] Godavafi (^cs*sSG)= SfiliCfif 4] Tenali
! 5] Ghair
1],Rama is a good boy (o*&a
J'.P. English Grammar ii e3J&|.fcc&
Def. :- A word which' expresses doing, being or.posscssinis called a verb!
''
-
eat (8&fc):='3tf(sSiO)f
a Sc^&^&. 2] is'&^a. 8] have (GAc&>oefo)==
l
A
4] kill (tfosg>fc)=4
sto'a s&c&^&^a. 5]
1] The ballis round (a^a^ rt>Q\&&*rr
2] Who sits on the bench (cag3} Gopi killed a bird
4] He ovyns a building
*5] The maid brings water (3a&aft fccfi
2) 53^j&ooSotf)- "is, sits, killed, owns, brings"io^o- 'verbs'
3]
. : A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun.
1] He (wtfefc), It (a.E^. : Surest bought an apple. He gave t to Ramcsh &>
"He" ^^Sfi- ^uresh'so Didbon-&, "it"-
apple'
2] She (a>\ Her-E^. .'Ravali has a Maruthi Can She presented it to hersister (tfsSJS- .sb^efifisfS" ^rS^fi,,
emx>, "It" ^ir:a- "Marutlii
J'.JP. Bngiigtx Grammar
car",-
"her" &f5a- Ravi
8] TheyEx.: Raju and Ranjith are friends! They are CricketersS&dc&o tfo&ITeo l^o
"" '
- Raju and Ranjith
l] ;l am a boy (^ s?eo&&)! 2] YOU are a teacher (S^Co-
^ed&oeo)! 2] He 'went to Tenali '(&&. ^ Sipjefo). 4]is a. dancer T^s"So
'SjJS)!" 5JThey are. playing tennis (syefi-
-
"I," you, He, She, They" c*&^2too^,...:
'
corv &
4] ABJECTIVE
^Adjectives" e5?S
De/. :-An Adjective is a word which tells the quality, qu'anthj-or -number 'of a noun.
dkcp-ii :- 1] Red '(^esjsS)), 2] Little (rdBsSa), 8]Five (oc), I
Beautiful (wotfSbS), 5] Big (!)), 8] Soft (3a'tf)...
1] Swetha''is;
'a beautifui--girl
2] The Earth is'round ^
8] There are thirty boys in .the class room(tftfX8 n
8] J.P. English Orammer la
5] DVERB(
>- "Adverbs"f. :.An Adverb is a word which describes a verb, an adje-
ctive or another adverb.*".- 1] Chitra sings sweetly fig m
. ^^ ^&&o&\ #s"sings" & verb &.
"sweetly" & adverb. --,TS
*''-2] Sasi is a very good girl ^5- oo
adjective &. "very" ^& adverb
3J Jayaram teaches very loudly. (esdS^o ft{Jn-'J
"loudly" ^& Adverb c^b-"very"
1] Sujatha came, yesterday ^i,^^. a^ ac^Sa). 2] The childis crying loudly fig Mean* fiefc&^a-). 8j My mother walksyery slowly
,(&. e^-^e>. as^arv; ^&&oa). 4] Vandanawrites
'well^otfS- ^^^n" L530?? '3 )- 5] Ramya loves Raghudeeply (tfsfcg...;tfb&- rv^sSan*" ^^^^a)."yesterday, loudly, very, slowly, well, deeply"
Adverbs rv e
6] Preposition- prepositions n
Sktf^tfo fSoeaotfS$x>& g^ ^tf^fP&SSao, i1^es^?S^b sfctf|S
.J,P. English Grammer
3e$ : -Sfc'^e>^ ('
(A. prepositionV-
-a. word which
the relationship- between a noun or., pronoun 'and:;-some
other wore!]. . . . . .'
" ";
E.Y.:- ll The pen is in tie "pocket . '(&: &&g*'3>ti^&j* $*_x",v..,^-
"pen", "pocket" es& oo^ noun'
CO'O ;^^M'w tV*'. 1 XT .
i^x^- "in" s*& preposition gSc&^&^fc.
21 Sadlia is kind to me (&Sf ^g>&^^-4^A' hi me l! ^& proiio-un, sb,
ukindn
rfa adjective
so{sS^sSx^-* 4
to" =^^ preposition c^Co^ ,&%&.
*d1 Kaveri came from Mumbai (s'^d &iOE?o ^
-j SPSV^^- '"came" a&'verb_^ ? "Mumbai" .w& noun
^ v . v%! < ,.. ,, v
J.P. English Grammer 15 fi3f6[&c& goAS [rrft&5"
2] Give me a penor pencil (V^&o 3cp fcrSsg) ^>o
s^oa,)! 3 a^fta ^>55i;oro&- "Give me a pen", "Give me a
pe-ncil" es& "Bodfc syg'gSSao axis'! tfs c3o&> s^i'gS&ooJfe- "or"
eu"^sp^g&inP eoS&&r5jfi.
8] Padma is clever but lazy (sS^- "Padma is clever", "Padma is lazy" && "3o&S
1
! "but" *& sSeSsSa-
1] Suseelaand Janaki are good singers (&& &8dtS ss*J58
xr)! 2] Use penor pencil /Vo&o 9f fcri^ s3>e>c& &S3
)! 8] Shyam is poor but hohest(&sScfiefo)! 4J The train started before r reached the
railway -station (&6 2%'"!^^" ^^*D^ ^odSbrrJ3 *.. L^oco^8Dd3oeo3af6a- 5]
When the teacher entered the class, thestudents got up (&i^gc&>- tftfrfB ^(wc)"
fi
^ [aSS^o'tfrr'S....
Sjc^geico aoerj7c&). -e'e Ej-^gSawodfO.... /'and, -or,-, but, before,when" o?6i sSfsSae- 'conjunctions* n* J)doo ^-
*
8] InterjectionL'J
"Interjections'1
wO
(An Interjection is a word which expresses suddenfeelings like surprise, sorrow, fear, joy, etc.,),Ex.:.
1]Alas! She is dead
,(e*3jg! a3)4l
Alaslf
e5^o SStfsS- ?3o^iS:b^ SOifi
2j Hurrah! Padma wonthe championship (-uV^! sSfiJj"Hurrah"
J.P, English Grammer '18 (&'
8] Ah] How.-beautiful Is this building'
.. ....''Ah" C3& ^oSD>,
;
Alasi Is it your mother who met in the accident
new typist
got- the state
.efr8....
uA!as, Oh, Hurrah"
ArticlesUA or An"
,
"
Articles =(
Parts of speech) r
Kinds of Articles :-
j^wx>ex>n *i^Soa*db. l] "A or An"
Article, 2]uThe"e^^a- Definite
^3 Articles &- &
]Oh! Are You the,,
^] Hurrah! you have
*c^5)!! ^c sys"^'.'Interjections' r? ^T ;
"
'ofJrVicxv, Adjectives
Indefinite
Article.
"a, e, i, o, u"
JLP. English Grammer 1,7
Usage of 'A' or 'An'
l] es&^rpaber Common
rvS 'Singular
v.:. An eye, An. ass, An orange, an umbrella, an idol etc.
2] STO)^ n"fc\ jg> tf^sr* rvfe [^tfoOosSB3& 'S^sSrfrS/Ex. :- A bench,- 'A*
chair, A donkey, A fox, A soldier, A union
3] apsfcoprfg1
SS^^D^^WH"
etc.
. :- An honest.(35) man, An
etc.
,
An A
4] "U11
esS
"A"
university A Europeanetc.
5,]"One"
2Sv. :- A one (*$Ksta):i.1] iS^e*..... S)tftf^SrS) Sex)SS) nouns
So S^oe5
c?0. ^.:- The Sun, The Moon, The Earth, The Sky" etc.
2] &S;b(j&Dex>, StfrfS&e,.S&e-, ^^^00^SDDDO^- *The
f
a AS5c^pAocy>). v. : . The Atlantic
The Himalayas (Stf^sSajeo), The Ganges (Sfl), The Bay ofBengal (w^tfsia) etc.
8} [SSag |^ofsSe figSi ^o&-4
The1
a ksScSr'Aoa'O. ^,. ;
The Bible, The Koran, The Ramayan, The Mahabharath etc,
J.P. English Grammar .'
'IB
4] V& ..(Steffi '>- '>5 "SM^sior? cSrSo &>o&.... 'Thie'S &63s*Ao^8'AY;- The cow is a domestic
animal, % .
5]U&?c3* Q
"
eScp "j(3 3S&&" e*& otf&o S5&N S$tfS$b.&J S_j, . ^_
_
-'
cp vJ
So&- 4 The' & &3$SpftoE>. &,:-. The book you presented me
was too good*
8] Superlative degree (^^>3^^|^)^ 4^ adjective S , S:oo(Sb-{Tlie* ^j &3^Aoa>.. *.:- Murnbai is the most populated city'in India.
T] "The" $&&- estfcyfc. ^ooeir?fc, ^ci^ c^^ iiooeibrrfosSO^.^o.... "6" 55 1C) s5osS). Ex. :- The (a) egg,The honest (a
*
S5S5) 8] "The" ^^^5- ^co& sS^oCin^^ sS^cotf^S &;o^jr!t)63 / J O , ' O i
.sSfi^cSieSo...'."dS" e5^.sSes^), v. : The (eS) poor. The (ci) usage,
'^ Kinds of'MonnsNouns &- -s^
O
.SDabsr^ .OsJaoiPdi. eS isSSn .,.; l] Proper Noun, '2] Common
Noun, 8] 'Collective Noun, . 4] Material Noun, 6] Abstract
Noun, .tfs.ai^pfiSS*.... stotffl f3'ex)^) ^xjo&- "Concrete, Nouns
O fO
1] Proper Noun (Sgj l^
nXisir|Cj'& "Proper Nouns"
3*&.-'Ex.i.- Ramani ('tf&sS^ = e,^- sS
J.P. English Urammer
3] Collective Noun (fiao&ekeo SCP sS&s&o j3sSDjSj'^c& Seosjj . "&&)! Crowd,'Mob (&&sfcge .f5sS3Tsfo&eo)i Herd, Flock fao&^o . fS&r^&o)!Pack, Bunch
'(sS^s&e>.:.SSsS^s^sS)!. .
,.
.
.
4] Material Noun'(^i5g ^.ic^^.^^^^^w):-^^
a-" Material .Nouns"^a ^o&r^.- ^'.: Oil, Milk, Gas,
Gold, Silver, Mud, Water, Iron, Coal, Sand, -Chalk- 'Rice, Paddy,
Wheat etc.". . ': v ,- .'
:
;
'
'; \ .-
'
'!'"'
4 music SoAtf&>, . dance- (tf&o'), .literature '(Srgj^tfg^)...
.
. ,
.
.
.
.Bj.,Grammer (s^gg'o^cOD),. Geogrpphy (^p^tffio), Palinistry
Abstract, Nouns- 'Adjectives1
,
'Verbs1
,
*Common Nouns* &o.& -Sitf
J.P. English Grammer 20 3OA &
Adjective Abstract Noun
goodold
(
hard (rfg)poor "itf
goodness
oldness
hardness
poverty
see
think
obey
grow
Abstract Noun
sight'(^^.}
thought^S
16-,
obediejice
growth'
Common Noun Abstract
child
friend
slave
man
childhood(
friendship (gpslavery
manhood
Kinds of Verbs
6's'^.2x>rr> &tfdoEp& a JMSSr?'......1] Transitive verb
.2] Intransitive verb- (wtt^tf ifldS*),, 8] ! Finite verb
iSs&), 4] Infinitive .verb (oSsSpSStf LSc38:.), 5] Wealverb (&tfy L cJSi), 6] .Strong verb (Ls3K6 L8crf>), ?J Principalverb (:Sai| cfia), a].Auxiliary verb (KSsJsoaSJT iSc&)!l.JTraasitiye Verb:- '^ .(subject/a*a>- Vtfi (object)' 6 aoabSgjn-"Transitive Verbs
sStftf^ LfldSw)>
to her guests
4] JJ>. English Grammar aj
(gives)'! tfB;LSc&- "her guests (-i)63tf^'
2] Rwxthi reads the Ramayana everyday
&&&oa). ^e srtfgSfrS*,,.,, 'tf^ (Revathi)'(reads) ! ^e L o6- "The Ramayana
2] Intransitive Verb:--
"Intransitive Verbs (wtf^tf L d6ex))"
1] Doha
Stf^db. SO&&,,..
2] Usha runs fast . *.
3] Finite Verb :- a L o^ StfsS 3s3...B-s-gtfss ^6
"Finite Verbs
1] They go to office-
^go7
! sia a&^5*. "They to office
2] The girls play chess
Si6^- "play"
J.P. English Grammar
8]To tyo>
53*gc&n>&&o)l
5J Weak Verb ;. S &>$g .SdSpsSeJ^^. present tenseSN^ol
Verbs
past tense d-rsSs&& 2ro&S$*> 4-d\
4
-ed' '-t' SSSN^ suffixol
Present Tense Past Tense adding Suffix
1] walk - walked (.ed)2] talk
- talked (.ed)2] believe _ believed (_d)4] receive _ received (-d)5] send _ sent (.t)
6] lend _ lent (.t)
6] Strong Verb :. s$s>g ^c&oi (Principal Verbs)- presenttense &>od~ past tense cipi^b STo&S&^b....^ &os>Qidi>o 'fi^sSii
8)L w
^eo (inside vowels)5
s5j*el^
J.P. Engligh Grammar 28
8] Auxiliary Verb:. &>g[Sc&a> (principal verbs)-SSDO tense Co^&oeo STo&fcSfo c6s$*c&& L c&e&,...
"
AuxiliaryVerbs (*& |c&e)" ^ o&?&.
wS is$f6r? ..."]] Be, 2] Have, 8] Do ? 4] Can s S]-May f
6] Will, 7] Shall, 8] Must" ^& ^ ^dfio .^^^ tfp&fcreS8....
41Need, Dare, Ought, Used" -5& r^ ^^ 'Anomalous Verbs'
4 Anomalous Finites (&&i,c&^ ^
Kinds of Pronouns
B pronouns^S SsSSrr 1
....!] Personal Pronouns,1
2V Possessive Pronouns,8] Relative Pronouns, 4]' Demonstrative Pronouns, 1 Interro-
J,P. English Grammar 24
gative pronouns, 6] Distributive pronouns, 7] Indefinite Pro-
nouns, 8] Reflexive pronouns, 9J Reciprocal pronouns.
1] Personal pronouns (%
&- "Personal
pronouns"
J.P. English Grammar 25
3] Relative Pronouns
^PDO&> g'oD^b (relate)^ &sSAo& ?6^f^&sSx)e&- "Relative
pronouns" esS) eso&pdb. 3) 5)sS^rv .. who, whom, whose, which,
that, what, as, but etc. SJO&'&T> t^ ?5o>oo6r&. -^s (
1"] That is the womanwho stole my bangles
oC^^ *3&)! ^s s^^g&D^a- "who" o$t c5^c3&&D.- "That is
the woman" ^5dio "She stole my bangles7
21 This is the bride vr/zow I wish to takeJ
tou)?6 S5db^) ^eS))! e sp^g&D^T8^- "whom
"This is the bride" 6>eidto "I wish to take" e3
4] Demonstrative Pronouns
o?6D- "Demonstrative Pronouns"
JJP* English Grammar 28 sjoAS
5] Interrogative Pronouns (|"Who (s$&), whom (j>s$ea), whosewhat (JiSfca)
1*
a?& [fS^co"Interrogative pronouns" e$> e$o
*:1]
tfVz0 is your father
"whow e^bcStfj?&sSD- ^o[fl
117/^f Is your name )
AV,v : . "Who" ^&f5w&?:a- s:&ft&& ; "which 51
1]"W'Ao is she?" *&'
name (osi -53^o)?" j&
2] -WA/f/j is she?"her point (?Sj -HVwr is she?" &profession (a ^ S6] Distributive pronouns
. "who"
sSva
"which"
"what"
which
"what"
""; "what"
"What is her.
"What isiafi^a.
"What is her
.-
"Distributive pronouns"-:.T.... Each, Either, Neither, Any, None atfe /
t. :-1] EacA of the girls is given a mango (0
.: &aa 3^ s:. Baa). 2] /,AW Of the boys must do it
|>eas Is good
J.P. knglisk Crammar
1] Indefinite pronouns
wCteaea
-
"Indefinite pronouns" eft
&*&
x.:-
i^All is well
then nothing (&$&>knows that
secret^ded prizes (ootfsapto the swimming pool
8] Reflexive pronouns
. 2]
SOc&ei). 4]
2Poc3*&). 51
is better
8] Nobodywere awar-
of us wentCPO
t&*
- "Reflexive pronouns"
"Emphatic or Emphasizing pronouns" e^S)
^. : -1] She hurt herself (ea^Sb
.1*. English Grammar 2ti fi3$[id&
/*belo) S)c:x>^c&> cStf^&s&B^cfc- "Reciprocal pronouns'
:.
i] These two sisters lovedeach
:other(&tf&j
^^^^^
JS"!J.P, English Grammar >j efiS[S>c& soSS* \rv
Sa).;
8] Mohan eatsrice-; f^u ^^"
^fco^sS -esrS^&j So5j*&\ 4] Aruna ha's., money in her purse
3] Numeral t Adjectives (o?pg a"S^69^^ r?& e5cp sSc&fS&.^beSo^ rffo
"Numeral Adjectives9 '
^cy"Adjectives of .Number" ^^)
. ba^) &QA..,.. "Ooc^rT6 OtftfoEs-iSo. e5Si SsS^n ,...a) Definite
Numeral Adjectives ^Q oSo^g ' Sul^es^xico,), b) IndefiniteNumeral Adjectives (y>6Si oSosjPo
""
a^sieoSiaX i SStfSe;b tfeK,
\ Q .'O " U ' . /
1] There arethree members in that family (
"^ro6 jSsigec A^di). ^s spS'jSjDar8^ "three" ^& adjective.
MsS^tf
!l-'
'aasisxo'rp SO^^olodosSsD,^.... ajw "Defmite Numeralo OPO -
Adjective"! , ,*
2]1
Kalpana is studying second year B.Com. Co\irse(Ers3^.f'j.uftS.
*'5^S>- poefS^rfoSS^b'^ "tfdSb^AcSjLfl). tfa D"&'gsS^a "second
year" .'wA'1
adjective- . "So^sS KSosS^tffii"^ .'4
a|sS'?v 30 c&^dtoti"SoS ... ^3 "Definite Numeral Adjective"!
8"] Several students failed in mathematics (.^otf c3*J-
,,
' \
..rteJtf&aS* tf^ei). ^B sritfgsSaaer'a- -"several"'- s& adjective.'
eJtsSn' n&5 ... fl 'Indefinite Numeral Adjective'! .,4,1 Many dead bodies were, found in battle field (6^
'
"many"
adjective-''aSl^sSw' rr^)6.... eifl- Indefinite Numeral Adje-
ctive!' .,
'
'
4] Distributive Adjectives* (Si$a$r>gef a'rv rr-fo
... /'Distributive Adjectives" ^
J.V. English Grammai' Sill
i1*,:*l]
Neither team scored a goal fi a,
ft'&g&o Sc'eSfii)^. 2JEither book will help you for the c
nation';(> a^ ^j^S^S^.... 2>6cJnj). ?J"|girl is beautiful ^ s^Oi, woCjS)^). 4j I need f/;/^ bag
6] Interrogative Adjectives (1^^^" -aUsicoSwyft"What, which, whose" uto S5sSe- *Noan (s'& ^.ooA ^o
efc.... SiflK) '-'Interrogative Adject
ow box, is'this^fi j6 ^^)? a] M:V//< ;// girl gorank (i as06' ^^sa STo3&)? 8] Wmrboo'ks do you likt
reading (tf&x;&*&fcSb S> ^^S'^>o^ fc^ si^B^^)? ^o a^^.'.'whose, -which, '.what
11
s& adjectives- -wbox, girl, bo
noiins. SJ
j. a )Sro(-?^.. l] Adverb
Time, a] Adverbs of Manner, 3,] Adverbs of Quantity,Adverbs" of Number, 6] Adverbs of Place, ft] AdverbReason, 7] Adverbs of Affirmation, o
p
jAdverbs of Negat
9]'
Comparison of Adverbs,-10]
Two forms of Adverbs,Interrogative Adverbs, 12] Relative Adverbs,
J.P; English Gr-amffiar'
81ac5[ic& ajoASi
:"1] Adverbs of Time., (s*.e>&e
.teCfcfo 3*5?SS& - ^OcCa'^dfio 1
^ctxpS"cO,eoSSx)''o?i)->
"Adverbs
of Time" &ti e*odp&*. rfe^&oaspfltooOT AsS io3r^otf.8j^es*a.
i
"Now f Then, Already, Early/
Soon, Immediately, Since, Ago, Before, Afterwards, Yesterday,
To-day, To-morrow" e*&. Adverbs- id
1] Ramya will; ceme-wDw ^s^o %& cr/Koei) "2] Alreadythe child is one year- old ($sS^Jt 9 &df& Sar-fi $o^f^0! 8}Pihakini Express is comming by -one hour late
^"s>sSS, ^^j[liS a.^ ^Coou>j, 81 Lalitha speaks loutUv (&$& ti&r? sSpV^&CJboa^,-' 4 "I,
' J- -^'
\ .*>-,. 9 / . IJhansi Lakslimi Bai fought '"''^0;(.^^olj?^o^ ,S^siah* S^a*
jSgSofl*SS-asweeitlyf slowly,' loudly, bravely" &&>
'
'
"
., ,
'Adverbs of ManrierVaoS^,,,. I/I'SPOOT&- &*l - .
'tfE&s&nv*...*
Adjectwe*& fisStf w-ly" ^?& vQtil^ i6tfo
.... S^c^s5); Ev.; Bnd-
Badly; Sad-Sadly etc. '. : :
J'P. English Grammar f2 caricA sjoAS (r&J
31 A f5 verbs of Quantity (Sj'oj ?\&>co tin 5 f oStSipesoSxi ) >e,o {-sSArSc^.... io^^*V s v^^^G"5 ::o^do^o "c-.!cuv ou)r^> UCA^v^XV,
~o uU ^
41 Gomatld came to our bouse again in the night (ifr^^ &*
5] AdYeriis cf ^
xJg'? e^ 6AJSS*.. 4 .
^^^cs^vr? .. "Adverbs of Place1
*.& ^-ur-rb, "Here, There
Above, Below, Far, 'Near, Outside, JnsUl*;, Within, Without',
LP..- English Grammar ._
,83 - 83&J)d& 30AS \rp&>$'
& Adverbs
.1] She went there (^D _ w^^& SC'^fi), >] He "came 'here^ftS&'cj^^dS sSES^dfc
1
). |j] There is a book shop near the
temple rt>Stfes sg)c&ss$x>e> ei^essSx)^tS^a). .4] There is a
canteen Inside the' Bus-station &&
6] Adverbs of. Rca>on
) iciar* J&D5....
uAdyerbs of Reason' 1 o) eo&p^b. "As,
.Because, Hence, Therefore" ts& Adverbs-
^s (Jo (3 s5^gSSe)& sSfiSCoO-, ^2r*orfo&!'
l] Jviiniar did not attend .school, because he had fever sciflS Stf^&j odbt3^cSc6n?" . e^tfdfo 83^tfs5A.>?&). a]. As she isfifteen she could no ballott
^"SaSb ^atr^^ f) '^^daSSo^,...
T^^ ^sS& 3c&3^ 35*ax>f5a). a] The 'director is' ill, hence.the meeting postponed ^jrB^S&S&- wotfr^ Aw^o&S..'.. ^s ?5sSr>^^^D HpooCT5
sSd?6). 4j Gopi.is attending , a marriage 'and istherefore unable to come-(/^2)
7] Adverbs of Affkniation (gj
n*.... "Adverbs' of,
Affirma-
tion" 0^ eodr'CSo, "Yes, By all means, Surely, Certainly"
f
Adverbs- ^c^ ASS
IP. English Grammar
sS$S%)! 3] Surely they will pass.(C\tfsfc>rp s?&
g?BPdb). 4r]' Certainly She will' come (tf^&ocr8] Adverbs of Negation
-(gS"3sg
*>
- "Adverbs of Negation"e$a wofcri
"No, Not, notatall, any" &&> Adverbs-
1J He has no work (tfa8.$aa&). 2] They di'd not -do the:home work (s^db s-a
-
sjodSsS.i SdiS(^b). fj] He is- not at all
gooti lawyer
Note\- 15 ^^a tftfSao 4Adverbs' ?Sr. "Simple Adveibs'
9] Comparison of Adverbs- ('
?rtftf&j ('dn,
sl^raioe^):- wcCip'sSfSae' |Q (Degreejg sSo&oiSoOfSdtp
.'S"lsic9&a-jS>. "Comparison of Adverbs"
"Fast, Long, Soon; Hard, Early, Late'1
'degree
1-] a) Ramesh writes fast (ti^Sktixrr' \p>&}r- P sltivedegree ^a^asy b) Ramesh. "writes Faster than Suresh :''
Degree (3tf$5*&>) c) Ramesh writes fastest of allSuerlative Degree^
;
2-1 al Radha came -early '(&$ IsodSsj*^ sSONSa") , p'ositi-ye.-JO*-..'* \ ; . TJ / .,Degree, b) 'Radha came earlier than Rajan (v*'$-$&^ '^oS.t..f
SsS3;^-)-- Comparative Degree c)- Radha "came..
J.P. knglish' Grammar -* *
^.. _..
_
_____
_______ _., rT^ ___ .__
earliest"of all-.(crtf-
WO&CDS'O "&,-..
Superlative Degree:
10] Two forms of Ad verbs(a^j^^ ^5d$
1
. "Two
forms of Adverbs" && ^o^6, uLate-Lately; Near-Nearly; Hard-Hardly; Loud-Loudly; Pretty- Prettily" &^Adverbs cT8 -
1] a) Chandrika comes /^e to office (rfo^aV scpfoA3c3g^rr, sS^oiS). b) Hri go his job
2] a) Lavanya came uear-io Ramani(^sSesg.^&^s CJh'
rfia). b) Sobhana and Padmini. are nearly related
8] a) Kamala studies. //rm/ (ssSbo 6'.^4 rfdbSS&bfl). b) Kan-'-chana. studies -harMy due to domestic work
11] Interrogative^SS^. 3cJS:at)& ^sScS^orf'coefo [jLoj? S"55:L3^)o?So- "iaterrogativeAdverbs*' ^
w'oic-.jo..." Why,. When, Where, How w^& Adverbs-
1] ./*7^ is he late (w.a *ro^& -eSg&ir? sS^Si)? 2.Jl
did he come [&8& iSryefc Sw^c^^/ ,8] fK/z^re are .you '(fog)^' deep, is this yell (.tfa
12] Relative adverbs -
i) (Sctfp at^sSeo* ieSS- fioo^^o fPSSa" s^w^Sfco^. rfo
J,P..English Grammar
i
L,
"Relative Adverbs."
-v.:.
1] . Nahatha loved liis;\\hitc hoi.sc which Won therac
.
.
,, ,i
, a r,i[ ^wuxOj'OO
2] Soundarya came to her school w/icrc b.hc .studied ''
child' hood (> a>a6*8 BD^,,, s^^b &jcn? vj-u6iL ^' :\^- ^'
,
'.
t
N.;
_
' '
ou ^woj\,uo ^ &vj aj
^Todo^g sS3j&). a] Narayana got his4
l.p,s\ selection w/ft'
exactly he expected (K5cpc&es> riOr^ &',Xo jj^ ,. . ^* ^
'Adverbs' ^
Kinds of Prepositions (M'
'Prepositions^
2] Compound prepositions, 3J Phrase prcposiiioais, ijcjpie prepositions, 5] -Appropriate Prepositions.
!} Simple prepositions (^^^ a^-^-fc-'Prepositions',^- ^,,c Prep0s|'
&*;. To; (6,6).;From (&04 ): on ^-). upon (Sbc; ). Near (N
JJ
J.P. English Graaimar . - W___ _^i] The Maruthi Car fell into -the river (.& si^&t s^- ^-""T^S^coo^Y 31 Sharmila is.. waiting at the bus-sico ? r' *- - ^/ J
.''_'
.
JL I *"^ ** >" Crf'is,."!*
-o.^o) Sea&^-j&D&a ^g 3Dc5xD?6^a). 4 j We will work //'c//;;
.iiorning till evening-;&o 4trC5c^^ & '^
"" >
2] Compound' Prepositions '(&&}& ^g^g^^ \.J.. .
- Af ,."' -b-ip -^^vj.
fNoun) S& jTo), a.g' "")"l^e.Ib -i (Adjective^ ^.^r-^o" (Adverb) S& r?fe ^o^,^.,
i;A 5V 4Be"S^& ^prepositions* .&-'.' -Conipoimd.
prepositions'1
;;
: '''&&&&>'&.,';"i)';4iong' (.
;-4bou,t (&^pdo, /6$o&);--4bov-e' .-j['i^$)? . Across
etc.ii)
,^^l
^.S) etcv'
iii) J/i'side'
prepositions
ll There is a.. bridge. ^tv"o5^ the. river (^ S^ W&L'^ sJoS^J" ,.,.' , .,.'.
' V.a
:)&), 2] Raju wrote ten lines -^fcow/ the cow f^^^c ^loD-3Ps3*-^(Si sSo&co jsp^^). 8] Sailaja walked .thrice around- thetemple..
^leea ^A-tSJico^ ,&r^fo ^S^i^^o) / ^JbeSp)... ..4].Sankarbuilt a house behind Gandki statue
^rvoS 'Iji^^sb/'B^:^ $'ofcT
3aS'.-ioaa.!66^oE?.Cfo). 5] VijayaDasanii will come 'before Deepa-
vali (SS'SSI1
.c^ou
3}. Phrase
"preposition1
.,^^;
Jc^^'
%>% ; 'i
Wammar
i]In aJJiton to physics he
*
is teaching Chemistry (?
S&cs^ns:..erf&^^^^2 In from of me Bhaskar is there in the queue (S^Ssyci
8]/u c-ow/'je e>jS>'
"partici
prepositions" && ^.oi^&.*'
Regarding,"
considerihgv pendugi^s - prepositions- & i
lj Considering her experience she ,wafe' selected '.at once (^
cij^jp j>&Ssic'^i?j3o iei3 ^SjCf, ^ef SCSD&?S.). 2j AV\rrf'H^.his application there is "nothing in the letter (c55r5 * ,a;
8 S^^oS). 8]' I shall 'reach mynative, place before this- weekend
(*, a-o-otf^^ ^ S .SaSa_sfa
&*&^*B-O). 4} 'She has been working 'there since 1991
(*9>'*^j.rf 1991 &o sSa^dBoBfi&S^a);.''
,
2] Prepositions denoting period of Time^atf a*ggtfr&ft)-,. a,^' ia^s^-period)?i rt&,a SS^c^ 6.tfaBe,ab&,o&-iai.'pr-"'Prepositions' denoting Period.pf Time" A ao^&.
v "For,In, Wivhin" w& prepositions- ^
"
1J She shall be tack /W an
S] He applied leave fo, a week (
J WP, English' Grammar 40. ,_
K&fcd& qoAS irp&iT
|>&), 8] I have been working In this office for threeyears (S^&fcjn* 3& ^s .iPCP*e>u&D ''Conjunctions'.. ^ LSofi s^o
'!] My sister is studying medicine arid lam -studying enfinee.l-
ring (55- &^o 3tfg otf^' tfd6&ot>.... ?^o , :^^ ;,^^o ^ci^!). .2]' My father is in Chennai ^//?
jf.t*. English Grammar 41 . ttr$[!>c& sioA
is a dancer both are friends (OjjS rvo^S, $* tf
2] Subordinating Conjunctions:- *>$' 'Principle Clause' &- a,
l
Sub~ordjnate'Conjunctions'^- "Sub-ordinaling
ctions &9^)
v >:w Revathi failed in her examination because she did notstudy well
vvTs sptfgsSwSotfO-uRevathi failed in' her .examination"
&* 6 e^^&o $&>& S^ ... e^a 'principel clause' .ctfa. *she- *,
-J.
'
.not study well',
.. suS 'Sub-ordinatc. Clause' oiSa." eig ... 'Principe! Clause*
.
Sub-ordinate Clause' e>& Seo^tosS^.... "Because"
*Sub-ordinating conjunction* oSa.
Note: 'Principal clause' Jbtf ^sc^cTsSfl slr|^& ^tf'&o o)C3b^/;&>
1
- "Sub^ordinate Clauses11
&$ wotr'CSb* sV 'Sub-ordinatmgconjunctions
1
^)^>*53pAotfcDAS& .- ^ [SoO 53-^o&oo'?Sa SS&&
1] As I am suffering from fever, ,J could not attend the school
(i3& ea^aaafif* B^tfSi&^^rtCisSesS.... wd^ 3tfj3tf SJ*d3j*c&). -2"].Though he is poor, Gupta earned more properties (rtbjS "Ssc^
sr=^o so^ ... e9*J&tf*3efc &3r&o& ?3oSp
J,P. English Grammar . '42 esfy&dft eioASi \r
, sjiroC"3
"Correlative Conjunctions' 1 a ua.j&. "Either....or,
ther....nor, Not only.,, ..but
'
also,' 'Though,*..yet" o& t.V,
1]Blether attend the work 0/ 1 . go home (^330 3
.|^> 36j)j'a] Neither. Hit pouter of his father /w t the mo"uf his brothers have saved, him (w^S dSo^fl- wS^^orpfc, >;S'tfCio
tfeai^n'S) ^^o)^ tfi.otfdS' sJ'ocaSa). 3 | He is //^/ onl.doctor- ftw/ fl/Jf? 'a patient (e^i^c^ 'Sdbgdfo sip^^ c^fio ...iB*fl
^rc?j! 4] Though she is hliend, ^'/ she docs her dul
wellies35 |^|S^,... 'tftf
4] Phrase Conjunctionsrs^ rSoiJ^sSooe^.... rs^ 'phrase
1
-
'conjunctions' -553
, _j o
si
J.F. English Grammar . '.44;
jShalini is a girl - (SpOS .& s*a.^)! 2] Chennai is';
Z>j Negative sentences
f J i(- f . r TTi"
v-' vT *./ > ' v" \ Itit} I '^- S^o c\)A60^CO)!
"Negative Sentences" ^ c~)odp&, -J?.v. :. ^^)? . 2] What are you(--$ fcaa S?i^^)? g] Where is your sister (&, ^Co'OSiSji}? 1] May I go home (S3] imperative Sentences
.
^"Imperative Senten-
ces"^ ^odj--&. v. :.ij stand up onthebenc
X^)- ^j ^ease give me your book (&'c&3f~^oa) (i"e.i)! ]. Kindly help us ( ((fcg?S)! 4] Turn to the left IGod, save my mother land(tfap cf !4j Exclamatory Sentences
^o^c.x--L^-c^: s^s^oS) r??:.,.. "Exclamatory Sentences"
^ a^S. .\\ : .i] what a fool I am (^
. >B-5&)!? 2] How beautiful the^e girls are(tfe
^^V?! 8] May god bless you . (& ^^A i n V oL wuH^uw(ra j; jfj i
tS^riyd S 'SdCad! (*^ L^^ 4j!
.,
T
7J1P. English Grammar. , -4b'
.- , e3&iJjcJ ' , w
NOTE:.'. rS^s* L?^ocSsDd^cco, is3 ksfofv- 1] Simple Sentence',' 2] Complex 'Sen-'
tence,"8] Compound Senlence(!)S!0 rf>e$o>' "Phrases &' Clauses"
OP& ^
and ;'
..
,
arisSooV-.- :'
"'
.
:
,J , /
"!,] Subject (^.) r 2j Predi-
^r^g- or1
1 Subject u i* Pronoun r
%s noun CP pronoun ^ v;^
"S&^^ ..", QS noun ^CT pronoun'"^- "Subject (stf)"2J Predicate .:.'53s'gsS^ ^oa&- 'Subject'^
o'cSo-' "Predicate"
Subject -. Predicate
'The ring^o^tfsSa)- is made of gold
She fes^)-'
'
smiled j$3&^Cat:|^>)- . ". 'drinks milk [5rao'Chowdary ^^6)- is a rich farmer ('j*^d
:
.
o.^b)!
.Ravali tfsS'?-,
"wrote ".a letter''
. ^o'". 'Subject*
/predicate' 6
.
:
. d /-predicate1
j&Sbfif --.''is made, smiled, drinks,'Predicate ZQ&&. "Verb" &&
....
'Subject' dc* 33- &ajaot3*' 'S>*ao*S SS**^.
"Object^)""gold, milk, farmer, letter
^/.;. 1] ^ ^aa
2] tfe[. ^d&
8]
B,!fa..*otaoa
"predicate"
subject
The cow
Ranjith
fjr (Subject)!
PredicateVerb
is
saw
grass.
black"
a tiger.
an elephant'
-at down
.sr.sfgSbe.Si
S* ri-
L *
]-Stand up"Subject"
J.P. English Grammar ,47
They laughed .(&& X^&}> 3] Sarika cooks (4] Suman goes (&&" 36^&).
:.
1] ^tfas&n*,..'. Sesrfb s^ ICcr^es
2]T
,A-.
:. priya
;
(Subjects^ ) eats (Verb^ijdro) mangoes'
PHRASES and CLAUSES55oedSao
- "Phrase. Clause"'
Stfotfe ^^^o3 eo?Sc&..., 'Phrase'... 'Clause
5
I] Phrases
$*rt^o'?&-."Phrases"io6
l~jRekha waits to receive a letter fa
33c&^a). 2] Shobha Naidu-is a great dancer Having so many
Gopal is a good teacher for several Students (^Sp^T ao sioO - drs^^jdcfiofiia j! 4J Raghava
RINDS OF PHRASES {s*gV"tfSue &>'&>):.Kioi'O- "Noun, Adjective, Adverb" e& spfiKi &^d3pAoCSb
RJ.
-
a) Noun phrases, b) Adjective phrases, c) Adverb phrases.
J.P. English Grammar
a) Noun phrases.cSBuCo' eScp '^tfo^tf^co' 'Noun'
?S25anoci&^'?Soi
- "Noun phrases" a
1] Kaveri fexpects ro deliver a child (&ti& ^^e
s^gsfoe*.... "Child11
^!^ Noun- "expects" ^^-
'object'rp SSJOa&S^a. /'Child" 'nouns1 SSa^-^
"a basket of flowers" && 'Noun phrase1
m^fi.
.b) Adjective phrases (a^^ro sr'^^rtawew):- i^t6o^Q-
r'fi^ 'Spdoe'cSsiocpdSb&oco1
-
'Adjective* S3 sS
sp
IP. English Grammar -
i] Aflitha will come '/ 1he mormnga.jf
g^Sf*a.... "irt the morning" w& phrase. 'Adverb'-3 sS
2j Race horses will run/,,,wift mannCf ^^ ,^^ &Koto* *&*
c.&&).. tf, ^tfj&^a.... "in swift, manner".
& phrase- 'Adverb' ^
'
u^- "clauses W6 , 8
IjSudha expects "that she will get an mva'
ra (^***>*& &* afi^s^a). tf,
^gsssff....."
that \haward" u!&aa . 'phra,e
.
S3 ^toe .^^^ ^^"will get" ^ 8d6
_
.
|
2] This is the bridge that myfather connedi a^ooss ssos^s
,a)j >t ^^..., my father-, e& tf Bistructed" ,, Ll^^ ^constructed" ss^^s 'Clause'
KINDS OF CLAUSES---
-- A) P"rMam Clauses, B) Sub ordiMte Clauses
AJPWNCIPAL CLAUSES or MAIN CLAUSESS-SB.
..^. Ma ^.
J.P. English Grammar 50
,v.:- Govind has -a foreign car which is very expensive
'Clause'^ *o&&.^v>*i&>6*- "has", "is"
ArS^Si. "Govind has a foreign car1
>5d& "which- is very ex-
pensive" & oo& 'Clause'sx)"Govind has a foreign car (/
dfio.^&)M
&5^ 'Clause'sSri^S
^ ''Main, Clause' oSa. "which^is very expensive" (5>
)"... ^rJo Clause ?3o^^ estfioj ^^^,^^(6,
B) SUB-ORD1NATE CLAUSESS' 'clause'
clauses"
.;. Govind has a foreign car* which is very expensiveSS^ SJ^I tf^6=:x.?ii
^WcScofa-^dfo). ^8 s^^:^.,.. "which
is very, expensive" "es& clause (V)- tfSotfda 55*^ 5^^ tsC)'^fc-JfiS^.... "Govind has a foreign car" w?i "'Main Clause* hatf
3?*tfsS4i$3- sp^p -*. etd' Sub- ordinate clause' aof^a.
KINDS OF SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSES (^35^0^5^ffgo^&os3 tf&
x
6w):..dip c*g&ioS*- "Noun", "Adjective1^
"Adverb" ss&Slj cc^ sS&c&'^&SfibS- *Sub-ordinate Clauses"*
"i] Noun Clauses, 2] Adjective Clauses, 8]. Adverb Clauses'
1] Fdoun Clauses (spsSasF-Jte sp^gc^^coex));- a.S'lNoun' 3c?Jb S^a ^?j6o5^di-oSd3 *Ciause' "o^o- "Noun Clauses"
XV. English Grammar
.v,:-l"J
I knoW'f/w/ 1 she {$ a good teacher
;yr>ao3 tsS c3b 3*&)! 2] I differ from what he says (o^c^O:'vCjo (v)
J P. English Grammar
risen, vii) adverb clause of . result, viii)adverb claxise of
supposition, ix) adverb clauseof concession; x) adverb
clause of manner.' ,,.
i) Adverb clause of Time (s^o &jv5f ^c&^al^o5*5
8] J.I*- English Gramfcidt 5B a*[L& sjoAli
% :- The building collapsed because they did not constructft
properly (ggrfsSa ^SfcxaSa ^oS)^o"3).... SP& cr>S3'Adverb clause' er8^- "because"
Adverb clause of Condition
T^gort^w):. as:o5S^ &aoi) 'Adverb Clause'^.44Adverb Clause of Condition" && 50^e5b. Ex.*. He will goif Iris brother comes (&$& ^eSfibefc SS^sSff* estfefc
'Adverb Clause'e*a "if"-
i) Adverb clause of Comparison(4^&S^Si'gort^):-, 6^at>& fipao>
'
Adverb Claused-Adverb clause of Comparison" esS esofcp&,JS-v.:, Pallavi is cleverer than Padmaja (S^ea ^o"&?Sa). ^s 53*^jsSe*a 'Adverb Clause' &*& "than"
'Clause1
^o^ai>* "than Padinaja"clauses*.
'[Sdab (Verb)' g^b. "&33.... ^gi ^clause'
s- *than Padmaja'
vii) Adverb clause of Result
SS^^gofi^)):. ^Otfaa'Sa 3cr>4
^6E5P^^'^ &r0o& 'AdverbClause'& "Adverb clause of Result" wo&pdi.Bx. : . Savithri was so tired that she could not cook (&3$ S3*rvtseRi^^doSScKS Sob acS&a&S^a). ^s sp^gs^a
4^
4Adverb Clause**- "that" ^&> StfsSs *$)tf^ f& f^ag^a.
viii) Adverb clause of Supposition (At&tf^tf'Adverb
'^-
J*P. English Grammar o4 83*:- Even if it rains, I shall go (Stf&o
ftrSS)! ^3 5PSf*&;*3 "Adverb Clause' era. "Even if"
"
: Pleasc do ^ 7 f^'
'Adverb Clause*
CLAUSES AND SENTENCES,5Sca)-
family's (SctDoa)SSx>e). 6] lady (^)Note : .
c
y
oe.... e^a 'plural number'
tfS5j 30) keys (Vtf> a^o>). 2] .monkey ^*&)monkeys (g^&ex) 3] ray (StfcaSSao) ray^ (S^^^). t~kidney (sS^jji^oiSxo) kidneys (sSw^2>otfsS&e). 5] journey
journey^ (^da^sssSaco)* 6] pla> (wt) play-
4]6c
number1
Ex, i. 1] mango (&p&as$oefe) mangos (sS^StoftsSo^). 2^]her
/.7 /rfrn-ss- -^efeenV Si echo
IP. English Grammar 53
. 4] valcano (wA^^tfsS) valcanc
tf3$s3) 5] buffalo (Tte) buffelo^ (7?3e).
vnumber* e
**;1] photo (o^ttsg>) jphot^ (a^So&G)). g] radio
zs*f^ radio-? f^s^sT^eo), 3] piano (rooA#$) "^^) -'p^
(iSoAtfs^- "3bjSs). 4] bamboo ^o^o) -'
borriboo^
5] canto (so&) canto^- (s*o^^ex)).5] Ts* rp f
fc
fe'5* r?Sj d "Singular Ntiihber'
sS^fee&- "plural form' d^S-sSpcreo "&..-.; 5 sS^Sx "OsStfKe4
i
:- 1] leaf (&) leavw (^s&ex)}.' 2] Toaf(cro^^j-OD). 8] life (^S^&D)~ K^
4] knife (&) knivw (^&es>). 5] thief (fiTotf )_ thic'vr.'
NOTE ^ 4f'^ ^CP 4fc'5*#5 S_5o;5i&. iasg- "s"^& s ^Kd:^^'sSi'L^&o 06^^ BPG.-.T pluralforms
;- 1] hoof (Btfj.) hoof* (atf^ea). 2j roof
S] proof tfjrf4] dwarf (si:efi3i^)_ dwarfs (^.SEO^^CO). 5j safe
safe^sj&sSl^). 6] strife
form* ^o5-'plural form' S&
^:-1] foot (2WJsi:)_ ft (a-tfSaw). 8]
i^ teeth
j.. Bnglisli Grammaf ^9 ^N 3 < * ,~^ J SarOioicm moAi-i in* So5
). 3] women (A)_ won^n'
(d0-AT/lT'/r' CTB ff\ */ ^ < ' v'' ( v J i
Olsiab! .v. : - IJ mouse (;>*) mice (aaTtfcfi ). 2]1o7se
7] "^ ^^sp^JT sSfisScx>. , agStev... *plural numbers' r^^&o&rooo. d3- 'singular number1 dj*SsSa3db.Ex. : . 1] nuptials (tfo^c3*S&o); 2] measles CO&OSP^, S'o^oV
8] mumps (rfStfOtfjeo); 4] scissors (^Sd*); 5] pincers f^sS
CS^D); 6] annals (^fi^), 7] obsequies (Atftf [c^co)5 &] spe., ctacles
^^sS^dfc^, 10] thanks (^\^es^oi) etc.PF I
.
^
8] g^a^ Kp&sptftf irf&acpS) fcsStf- *s' ^od, sj^'plural numbersWSingular number' cj^ss^
A-. : - ij politics (o-E3c& w^sb), 2] physics (o^T3] Mathematics (rteSd^sio), 4] Mechanics (bajo5] News.(sKf) etc.
9J g"a^ Nouns- 'singular. number' &*&>, 'plural number1
s*;^,
: .
1] sheep (fl'gJiT'aeo), 2] deer (gafo-^), 8] swine, 4] cod (^o&Sb^s Sj3|^o&&o& ^aa), salmon*
etc.
'nouns'
4ofiroa. ll dozen-*
(o(jo
XP. English Grammar BO ssSJbcifi aj
-v. ; . ]] This air cooler coststhree thousand rupees
5tfs ^otf^ 3fcp&3aJ3o &-PC&W SD& 3&o&). 2] She sole
five dozen eggs (&!b o& sSo^o&fc10 j &'s ?o< &tfSJ*ao>;6 &*ajL 'nouns'....
- "^ "Compound Nouns"
1] Soa-in-law (ww&) son^-in-law ^ex)0|jfo)* 2] Daugh-ter-in-law (*&eo) Daughters-in-law (Sf^tfojefc). 8] Step-sor
step-sons ($ ^efo^beo)* 4i] Step-brothci) step-brotherJ (K5^ fr*tf&co), 5] Maid-ser
vent (tiSS&a'co) Maid Servants ("&S&ot o[&). 6] Comman-der in-chief ts^S5s Commander^- in-Chief
*
singular numbers* r?^aL^coi r^fc .. 5-ejb. 0- 'plural number*
^i3 c^O^OM.^
*:- people (Ls5ae), poultry (t*5j), cattle (sSai^e) etc.
lii] eS;tf:S5j3&rp&, so"eo Scs Kio^goSj n&- 'singular number*&oS
'plural number' &^o^eo^.... a ol>Sj ^>
opte,(') rts&sSi ADO, Sa t^^ s as
1] Tlere are three i's and four e's in tliat sentence( a^oSao 4 :2a-& ''( &acBb ne^ Vw tfoft). 2] The teacher
6's and three 12*s on the black board
13] ra^ 'nouns'.... 'singular number's*- a,8f'plural BUmber'o*. >f sS $&, a)^o. ^, LS S
.....,, .v . .
j.fr. fangtish Grarmttar . 61
1] tin (tfrftf&o)-tins
'
(tfol6j). 3] copper
(3&V fishes, quarters
), 2] iron ($&sb>)- irons
coppers (a*A spSsSaeo). 4] fish
). &] quarter
Gj spectacle
7]
io)- spectacles
customs
9]
lights
12"] respect
- goods
. 10
force ('j)-- respects 13] good
uren"
!
Ex,*,i] ox (i)gb)
*
(4co), 8] brother
!
s^ix))brethren (e,^
'
151 eitftf
^^05 )- 2 J cbild (a
brother^
children
'Nouns1
- Bases
(A) 'Greek9
s^SpsStfoijjco:- 1] Axis (5>&)- Crises
! 6] Hypothesis f(jS'SocCosk>)- Hypotheses
'Heybrew* EsySrSjCisibco:- l] Cherub^ ^sS^pd)- Cherubim
). 2J Seraph (/T'sSj SScJptf)- Seraphim
fCJ 'Italian9
Bandits
:- Bandit - Banditti,
f'
.
'
J.P. English Grantniai i'-; au^icfc ^oM^ ni
.
Gender (eofto;,&j'&> i&f$oov>.... csofj:o?iooiXi)- "Ij Masculine Gen
2] Feminine Gender, 3]Common Gender,
!,]Ncuicr li
1] Masculine Gender (^c2or>ixi):-^io^'6!b 30^'Nouns'&j 'Pronouns'^- "Masculine Genders". eS WQ&*:- Boy (E?CO&), Man (sii^:^^}, He (aC5^), His (
j3^^.) Him ^wfiJaa) etc.
2] Feminine Gender (^ aort&o):* ^^sa uOc.vbv3d'Nouns'i-i, 'Pronouns' &- "Feminine Genders
11
c^A oo.>
A:,:. Girl^^sf), Woman (^ ; ), She (im"3>), Her ^& i3t'i
Hers^waofi) etc.
3] Common Gender (&tfd& Qofi*^);-, ^ci^^&rori'-ib,.spaa n6^; ^ Bofloesa irfo BOcOa'JdLi^ 'Nouns
1
fi^ 'Pronouns';
"Common Genders" Q wc^v-&. /;.v.: Doctor (;;5^.;^X La*yer (^goi)s^s), Friend (&(jfcc&|&|&oFoj), Thief (w'o^), Pu;
"(ODDSS)> Baby C^ 35 ). FOQ (^L&^)' l ^& )> You(s3&), Them ^5^0 ) etc.
4] Neuter Gender (
4
'Neuter Gender" s^ wc&p8b. ,v.:- Book (^ofiJS), Pt
sS) f Chair (^fi^^, tree (3to), Building (atf), Bridj
), It (e|*a|Graajaaa) f Ant(6&), Parficle(^^.^/g^$etc.
From Masculine lender vc* .SV^inSne Gtrr^vr (:;^oKo6. ^ Bull-calf g^^^S- Cow.Calf
D) g*aj, 'uirjOo^ sStfsSxj'co- a^^-v :- l Boy
J.P. English Grammar 84 sarSifccBb ssoAS ins
Girl fc--6i). S] Bachelor ^a^tra)- Spinsteri'j
Husband ($')- Wife (Wg). 4] Father (tfo|_a)- Motl
(cf:\ -5] Cock (gMssos?)- Hen (i^aib'do). 6] Son (j^tfDaughter
'ji^i")- 7] Dog (^Kgog'^)- Bitch (w&SoS^"] King JJT>B)- Queen (o*s). 9] Wizard (&poLp&fc)- Wit
f^oJ-l'ccr'Ex). 10] Ram (gpjsea)- Ewe'-
(&/T'S). 11] Li^a:&}. Lass (a?S^).. 12] Monk (^Si)- Nun1 :
"] Drake (j^rr&)- DuckE
'^oOd-f S5d,'ffl'
! lv,
Ij Hero i^c^r^ci&efc).. Heroine (^5p^dt6&c7
8
ex)). 2] Execut rv>JO 6S5SyAotfSi&x
\&, *:-a) The horse's tail (or)
}.F. English Grammar . &B esSi|j>c&
The tail of the horse, b) Sita was Rama's wife (or) !
was the wife of Rama*
81 l~^& s5dSSe* &P& &&1 ^&^tf&>otf"8,... 0^0 Stillx,
jt *f
&"#& (apostrophe)A &OIF). #:- a) Mother- in law's hob) Brother-in-law's building, c) Commandcr-in chief's oreetc.
ll r3&j Ss &*&^ sp&.prfg'&oo.Snoi^lr: rfo^SjaS*- apostrophe.v.-.
a) for Biercy's sake, b) a ship's crew, c) death's dcetc,
Z] KlkStfS fiJp^^S18^ Rj-sSagprfg' ^dj^oSb >sStf~ s eS^i^'s sjjxs )sS f esapostrophe a sSr-rtfsio ^ou?6 ^co&. 3f. : -
a) boys* playgroiub) girls' school, c) foxes' tails, d) asses' burden etc.
T] ,:'
J.P. English Grammar
-strophe a &OCT>>. *:- a) I've (I have), b) Don't (Do not),c) It's (It is), d)
Can't (Can not), e) Didn't (Did not) etc.
Usage of Capital Letters
(Ibtf wjgtf&ae L&533*rt&)S^^O'esSSan
8 ort &$s$as>S^dSa> 'smallletters (c^ji ^*.i'
S&eo)1 8*^ Lpdjoo^^co3. *-:- eye, ear, finger, they, cat etc,
Note :- ^i'
^oKsSeisSaoe^S w^tf&ioKn cob 'small Letters' r:OC CO ***
|tfSa 'Capital letter (lei:a, Ramya, God, The Ganges eic.
-
'Capital Letter' n f
1] riS ^g&jS4^ SwtfeS SSfi3S
i\ English
ajRoopa said, "My mother brought some new bangles." tA
Chowdary told, "Our business improved .a lot/3
6] ^ s^^e:^,,^ s'^s^o &*&s&- Quotations (" "Jdr*J o'. fi ^ ^i^ 2ix,:rr- ?rcl^-CcKc^..,
r.P, Engligh Grammar 71.iS|&dBa. 30AS
'silent leters'& -
:- Bomb (o-S), Hour (s$ff). PalmOS).Wednesday sSTi. 3 to ... g eso
:.1] Bomb iVS}-
2] Comb(gS)=ca3^. 3] Debt(sfi) = Sjy f 4]ss^^^Sio. B] Dumb ^tfS)= sSo^^. 6] Lamb (8] Thumb (^S'^^^dofe^^. 8] Tomb (^^s
2] Scene (^)=^gSS:o, 3] Sceptic. ('&&')= ^otfcsSr^fe, 4]"Science
^ST^)=s Ds^Ssb, 5J Scion f^du^^j^ ^o&tf^^ 3]Scissors (ft835"v=:tfatf.\ (v/ a6G S A^Botfasi?) ^?J^ oifiS6we:. l] Benign (kg^W dcsKw, 2] Consign (gS"^)= fco$y\otfv 8] Design [fisiS')= ^sStfo^S, 4] Gnat (Sfi")= dabg OSSpSsSa, 5] Reign (3ff)~ S*c:^
6j Resign (8S^)a=tfg*otfb; 7] Sign '(^S")=^6 f - asS^S:; ]
Sovereign ^a^S1)^^^.
*H* A^So*Jtf& S'S^ c3tffiM :- 1] Heir (&ff)= s-tf&&,
3] Honest (3)= s*cS&fe f 8] Honour (So)t= iT-tfSSx t4] Hour (wsSS^srrfoto, 5]
Hotel (fcaff)= frto6r^ ajgs; 6]Humor (dfijsSa5)=:tfa, S&.'1C d^Bo-SSttfiSS .^^i, ^^^
: - Knack (31")= tfsSu*rj_
tfs5, 2] Knave (^5) =^^rv&, 3] Knee (fc)= ^-3*ec, 4]Knicker (a^)sB&, 5] Knife (35)= tfS, 8] Knit(aff)=eacofc; 7] Knob (f^^)-^^, ^swda; S] Knock (53-r)s=tfe43,ef Knot (Rs-^KSaa, 10] Know ()= BO&r^; 11] Know.ledge (^35)==300 f O^&a; 12] Knight (3ff)= fci&.
JJP. English Grammar 72'
esS^dfi sjoAS
:- IJ.Aims (&^)= eKsS,
i/'dLxx.;-ij
Balm (sr-S)tr: &sp?SS 3o, 8] Calm (sS)= ^'3-/:.:, 1,
jOalfr--4^, ft ] Flfc ^2") = ^&T;n^")^Zo^SD^od:uC V- ^^SwCJ^^c ) 3^S)5
fco50}^^ :. 1] Guardz*6, 2"! Guava(r-?Ep'} = ^5SDSSo&, 8
j Clless^S)^^^, .4] GuesttS, f
"
Guide (R5) = c^5ir>rr,, i] Goild (Ao"]=75a5 s (SsSpeaSS^;Tl Gllilt (A'J^^t^D.
' v o /
sspa^ 2] Sword (^)trs?, --] Wrapper (o'5~)=:. sSa^tf, 4]WroM (cpo/T)= tfsi^ 3] Wreath (6S'')= sSye. 8] Wrist fa^W*-
V / x.T J \ / J \ o /
& 5!^^, "1 Write (c)~):=}srdLr*pj j \ --
j/~^ F"?** ji *. ' c* V ^ '**v*is
J.P. English Grammar 73 ejS'&cSi
6] Might (g>S>. oe>sa>,. 7] Night (3$)=o.L6, S] Tiglt9]Jhigh (3)=arrf^io] Thought(o.ff)=e* tff5, li] Though
'!, 1:]]
1] Drachm ( LtrS)=,$ rotf/ifratf, 23] Parliament (^g3:oS-)= LsSS!oe ^, 4]
, 5] Could (&
I.P. English Grammar
ive Voice' flf B^
'pasive voice's* 2C. Sa.T srS'^^- ^^ 'voice'voice' r^l SL-S;.^&.... e
w'::g*- TL- Sl--2b "a:, ?^K:,FROM ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE ;'Active Voice' r: 4. a,^ 8-^|sJSi- 'passive voice' B-tfgr.
1] 'Object (^)'&- 'Subject ^tf)f
r
^&- 3-a 'Tensed .&SfloO -.- sfc*dSi Subject-r--. Si verb &- c& 'past participle***
- J
:f^^ :. 1] ^^^s7T.. "by" &%
sSdJs3a&-" 'Object1
t'-oSi c^;. 2~4
S-ubjectf
&.... 'by'S- 'Object'n- ficp^, ^s
ju killed the bird.
f.v;vt' rtvY*:- The bird was killed by Raju
/. :- 'Active voice'6"^wbird"es& 'object'- 'passive voice'a"
8
Subject*n ?:-:l^c. f rl-d?S 'Subject'^ tfA^tor?- verb formwas killed" e^ l past participle'r? ^slSfi. fi^l "by" *&s5tfS:o
S:::.n S2S6. ?- &$&.,.. 'Active .Voice'-rsa.... '"Raju"^ri, ^Subject
1
-
"passive voice' sr5.... 'object' r? 3dti&.
\jf-
'
^ *\ '.
, IP. English Grammarr
^ ssaftcA goAfe Lna>ff
'*', Active Voice :- Sarika beats the dog,'
Ptfssfvt* FoiY*:- The dog is beaten by Sarika
>*>/.:- 'Active voice' G*3....- (a) Direct Speech:- Stefi Graf
said, *'I j?/a^J .tennis "for twelve years".'
Indirect speechi-
Stefi Graf said that she played teBiiis for twelve . years.
J.P. English Grammar 79
(b) D.S.i- He said, "Our sister vvem away in the night"1-S-i- He said that their sister had gone in the night6] 'Reporting. verb'... /past tense' ?'
IP," English' -Grammar'
.. 80-
would go, (c).jxs.:- You said>- "I- will go,'1
IS..:., you said
that you would go. -''. , . . r :. ; '- .'.'
.
2"] 'Direct Speech's* 4% lnd -person^'
3^S*pronouns'wfc^,..
"'Reporting Verb' crSrosQp 'object1- & 'person* f
8 '
s&olb,... *3
*
person'
Ex. i' (a) ZXS.:- She aaid to -me, "You are clever/' :. She
told Wthat'J was clever* (b) >,?.:- She1
'
said- -to J0, "you are
clever/ 4 LS.:- She told jw/ that .v^w were clever;/' (c) D. 5.: -She said to f/i^w, "you are clever/' S. : - She told fft^/)? that
//i^r were clever,
Changes in 'Adverb forms' : From DirectSpeech .to Indirect Speech;- ^&.... 'DirectSpsech'e* &% 'Adverbs*- Indirect Speech*^ o)g &r6rp> ?ocob
1] This- that, 2] These- those, 8] Thus- so ^ in the same
way, S- that way, 4] Here- there, 5] Now- then,.. 6] To-day*that- clay, 7] To-morrow- the next day, 8] yesterday- the pre-
vious day, S] Last night- the previous night,- 10] Ago- before,
HJ Hence- thence, 12]. Hither- thither, . . '.^
-
Interrogative Sentences.(^.^s^tfgSScoep) -I From
'Direct Sp'ceelf to "Indirect '-.'Speech':.''(
"
"Direct Speech' &cd "'Indirect 'Speech' a^^ si
Ij*
Reporting verb' ^^efea&irj6 *ask'n* rv^ ^CP'enquire
1
sSreaQ&oa. 2] 'lS
3] "that11
w&sSc
iT.v.:- (a) J5.5,:- H.e said to me, ."Who has gone to WarangaJ!""!S.
;. He asked m who had gone to warangaU "s&M ^cr
Jf;P. English Grammar HI
o- Indirect Speech*'^3
'whether' rp s$&a.
(b) D.S.t- The guest said -to the girl, "where is your mother"
J.S".:- The guest enquired the girl where her mother was.Ex. i. (a) -D.5.:- She said to me, "Did you see the Geverner?"
LS.i - She enquired me /"/ I had t seen the Governer*
(b) D.S.i- He said to me, "Do you like Coffee?
J.S.-:- He asked me 'whether I like Coffee.
Commands and Requests (ss^ew *>& s>gwe3o) :From 'Direct Speech' to 'Indirect Speech':- 'Direct
Speech' 6* &^4
w8aeo-wtfgifce'
Sentence)o&- 'Indirect Speech*
1]t
Reportingverb'S&manded',
*
ordered', 'requested', 'advised', 'prayed' So3 sS'i&saa
S$P>QX>. 2] Imperative mood1
3^ 6^ 4verb'- 'Infinitive Mood'fiT
8a 8 sir>G0^ooi5.
Ex\:-
^a") D.S.:-The teacher j^fd to the boy"Get out from the
class-room." /.
J.P.English 'Grammar'
82 83&&C& qoAS irv&Si_
L CO '_, \
(e) D.S.:- The beggar 5fl/V to the passenger," please gW\me one, rupee/' ~/.5.:- The beggar begged the passenger /
--'"""
him one rupee,
Verb-Complement (|Sd5o-33?j$;t
{.,
iSd&eio-SSsgQSSan 11 - "Transitive Verbs. Intransitive Verbs iU - 6) . .
j (complete) c''Complement
1] Transitive Verbs (Stftf^ ^d&e):. ^ (object)"Transitive Verbs"
^:- The boy kicked a dog (e^eodb"dog" e5& 'object'
. S'&S'.,.. sjo^D "kicked" e& *verb 1&- 'Transitive Verb'rp'
2] Intransitive Verbs O^k' |8d&e):.-eftfi (object)^ ^SOi^ cSSccotftfS
8
a?S^e8. i .. ^r_5 ^sSa&. sa^ {Sd&Oc&-%"Intran- |,
sitive 'Verbs"" eS wbar&. ; ^" *
x. ; . 1] Horses ri/ (^g^exi &6Rfc&)i 2] Rivers //sa-^gfiafir
1'objects' ^s&. sa2S&...: &
.... e*ofifo"ruif, "flow" e^^ 'verbs'So- "Intra.
sitive Verbs"n^S*^.^?).
"S> "3oefo i^c^o otf'sS& ^_62d:i)& ASScap^sSefc 'coniple
s*."!] Subjective Complement, 2] Objective Complement"
J p. English (jramrfiar As
1] Subjective Complement :- 'Object' SsoovT*.... Subject''Intransitive Verbs'^o- c5o^cpfsS3ir6i ^S^o&k^. &Q (J> ftj **
So* icS &&oc3c&&o&i.... "Subjective "Comple-.
ment" WP
2] Objective Complement:. 'Transitive. Verbs1-
*object
...- ''objective complement11
-
Verb-Moodr
iScijbco
^^50 (Special functions)^^p
tf &
J.F, English Grammar b4
....
"l] Indicative mood, "2] Impe
mood, 3"! Infinitive mood, i] Subjunctive mood"
1] Indicative mood
Ai-Srftotf^5^ jfici- "Indicative
f.v.:. il Subhadra reads news paper everyday'
-2*asr-^-sS^ tffiSj^?&) ^s?a 5p^057orsS. 2] /* this
pen^fi & ^c^)? ^a LsS^sp^g^o! 8] If it rains, 1 ca:
go to school (SjftSa abeaS^....
^r.^:fr! i] How -beautiful this is (s?au w
2J Imperative. Mood (atfo^'(order)' t'r5^ (request)', 3e# (Advise)', 'Jl&Jcp (Blcssin,
_:_i- 'Imperative mood'e^A'-:-
I] SitinJuj* on the benchme go (
truth i4 God
you ig] Oh G2r3^:;& c^c^iS^ itfe,.., es (S cSb( verb-)' -'
l
past
dr^tx^l. v. : _ ij Rajani ^ent to NeHore (tf&S 3g3"&'J Mangala ir/'^t- a letter &3j Future Tense
'Future Tense' ^: * toofi. jEar.:.i] Kumar w///
row ;i^;r J ^^ yXoefo). 8] I shallgo within few mimr* ***.
_
._ ^ w s^ ?^, rju(
KLMDS OF TENSES
! Present Tense tfar(i) present indefinite tense
{8d!&.fci&gSa . "jiadrfinite tense" fe simple piesem tense> , ^^ ^^^
:- : TA child,/ -co
r ^ to
(ii present continuous tense(^o^^ a tf^.- 5,1 VE-J^ox.... 'Stf arSSatf..^....^^^te.:*^^ 8ed6ad&. .d6. present
tense S B8yQ school
towards
f,P. English Grammar 87 esiic& sioAS ir?^r____ _ _______ _ .
*~C*} *~
to school (&> &d 3S j d&io^ j He /i&s co/ne towards me
(iv) present perfect continuous tense(Sc*& 0^47-1'Si tf 3Sje5 5*eSttY.. ;5tfr s*eotio3 iS-^oLo^^a, sio^> r?I
B C.
^
rVovp3 4^ ^?j^> dOd&^dSb [5cJ>Si*55b:rfD- "present perfectcontinuous tense'* $> esoip&.' *:- 1] I /mvcj been recuJhi^ a
book ^^^ sS)^tf2S!& tfdb^)&S d&ofia), 3] I
to school (^?Si a:d
2] Past Tense
(i) past indefinitetense (0Sai
&>&- "past iadefinite tease" ^^> oir6. E^"-:- 1] The child
slept (& a|^25* 8Dd SC S cStoofia). 2] She haJ reada book
^.-l
(iv) past perfectcontinuous tense (S'w ~^*S*
Bc&:2=x ;c&- ir-i^JCi- "P^ perftc-!
sw ^olj11^. "-v -:- P I /:
J.P. English Otammar
school (& B3J 3**p3 Ao
J,P. English Grammar 89 e&!>c& 30AS ir_______________
^-...-.-TT-J^-J...-^^^^- _*- C3 *,
Adjective^ jfrea;S| Sjis$.Sa)wwa e*oL-*. -: participles-
*
2:r.'e
*:. She kissed the weep!}?* ek!!J(^
"weeping" r:: :.':....
"weeping child" wSn-.... "Sdfo&Sx j^" a tttf::! "Child" -^-* o- Ci 5.
noun &- "weeping" o&> verb- 'abjective* sSsS qualify t&Z^L.....
"weeping" & verb- e5^ verb n-&* f sjis adjective* siri^c^X)
zicS^a. tf&^ ... ^ s^^^^a "weep" ^S: verb
-
'ing' ^Qctxoiio^ itf^as "weeping" es& verb form- ^parti*
Kinds of participlesjS'^pspoSaa (Tense) . &fcSSoa.... -^a 'participles'- S^^^rr
1
M
l] present participle, 2] past participle, -I7perfect partici-
ple" M& SSxpfo Cj^Sbje^n6 aaS^otfeasPcs:.
1] Present participle(^$^&j):- Simple present tense:*
I*P. English Grammar 90 ES^JJ!
.v.:. having eaten, having shown, having loved, having t !
".*" *
S^ 'past participle' Ssi ^o2b-'have'& rpfc, 'has'^b n*5b, 'fr?-. i;di:s?S ... u
a) I //ave seen a \ion.(present perfect ttb) She /,-' written a letter (p.p.r,). c) The king ////rfinto forest
^j/ perfect tense)* d) I shall /lo.ve read the(Future perfect tense}" w& 'perfect tense
1
ex> SiiJ^&abR^S.] 'past participle' ssb Saofia- ?Soejoa^ 'be' form & A
Sc-: ..."a) Ravana v
tp. English Orammar 91 aS|iic& s*oAs ir?>&6~*_^ .,_..,- _____ ^^ ....... |
__ ^ ______
'
***
_f*5^
'noun* oSSlfr* &*^A>
"Gerund" 3o*'
verbal noun
.v.;. l"i Reading, is a good habit (rf&s&b e,S sioa ^05?^! ^i
^ ^^ ..."is" w& (6ctt&. "reading" &?5a* 'subject'?? ^.
-v.-.. 2 1 I like reading novels
-"like" es& L d3b^- "reading" &S6 'object' rr
^ y^r? .... 'noun1
SSB^ s3^^cSxcSif^a. sjo^eT7-^ &5* L"!^,^::
....
ureading" ^^o ^^sSx>- tfc6& ^?S3 'object'rp Acdipg....
J^ "novels" ^& 'object1
s> roAcsSo^a.
:- 'present participle' si>5ctixj'Oerund'oa ^oifc* a," CcpsS
., ^s BodfcJO 'verb'Si- 'ing'^ e
Aotoofl. Ac?&tfE&& ^ ^ofi
1] Runningis an exercise (3&7^fc a-tf ^oO
j.k Knglish Grammar 2 aSftdfr
3*2^. co^lr*- a* it Sjtfwzor?5 &PO^ eS&soc^ safio.^o
cScw'^sSaeafiodfc-*
simple present tense7& &r
i/
fit.:-a) The sun r/jr^j in the east (&&& fia
b^l The Earth rotates round the Sun($j>3o
CO*....*:-
a) I take coffe
the morning (j3?& ^tfcCosSx) s$ 5ft vofij&X b) Shegymnasium in the early hours every day
'. i .. Ex.: a) The. b) The lion
4] ?Sfrfis oScis; rfoSS^?^ SOcifiMdBco ^o^&oo^8,...
Xdfc&). b)
u-J western music besides classical music
el^_
a) The muslims pray Allah
b) The Hindus burn the dead (frofibfteo A\&^& efsStfa
,..,v. s . a
1! The Christians r/j^r Church every Sunday fi
. b) We ge/ omonth
iSj J,P, English urammar
81 S$tf&dS> SOdtaadfo tfo&'&^ocr*....a) She /m* two*.]*&>
Usage of verb forms in various ienses(S)# c^^^12
. (verb form) 05 n
Ssi (number), ^&& (person) o?& ^^cSdoD siptf ^ 'verb
s^sSjea)ifcf3^ ox. ^s (SoCj SdbcSiT
1
,*.. "present tense1
, "past
tense', "Future Tense* o c&oe>- "go" s& verb (jadtsi)- person
{^SbSa,) f number
iSj J.P. Bnglish Urunimar 'yy
J"
q**" ' Urf '*" u
^^'^*+v**-*->
,*,aj &.ue /Zf/*i tWO1 0-;J1 ti; v.'*les to her right
b) The rainis heavy (sto't
9] tfacigfibtoc
,...^. s .
a) I so to Bangalore next month (3S^3e>#'3o^5orc
3ojdi)c6a). b) She comes here in a day or ;wo8^i>^erJJ
fi
JO]
s*fi
c;-,-."" '
&). Ex* m a) Krishnadevaraya .rum leads his army toreach the battk field (^Jiocfiw oi^& tf?S ^Soio^* yl a S)6'oK^ Se&iioSb
cpo^^tibf^fifo). b^ Kuchela now explain;,Krishna about his poverty(5o^^&
Usage of verb forms in various (ense9(a&^ c*oi-itio12
(verb form) e rv sireS,5i5jf5sio (number), s^cS^. (person) o& i>&?S6oO &P&' ^8 'verbforms'
sSj'eaaiib^oco. & (jtotf sSdbrSr?.,.. *present tense 1 , *pa&i'
tense1
,
A
Future Tense'e o&ob- "go" ^^a verb (|o^bV personI, number
fctt
S! '5
in1 J"
.jc;
S
-1
f
3 5.'S '5 .2 .5w
-I aa
s
a a -i:c a
oO5
^
HQC*^
!.? English Grammar
: : Pv'jak Verbs
t;;:^s-; 4SJA LSd, (verb)& .cjfcfg. 'd' rj-a, -'ed't"-..W :.-:.... sfrSsws-o (past tense) e*as &> |Sdfce&. "w,V-'.s" :-J:~
"Regular Verbs (^ptf LSc{fis)" JaST-t'stc:- fe's
1 ense Past Te s"_
(Suffix)
!+)( + ed)
(+0k' j Strong Verbs ($*& \g&w y. m ^^ ^^ (presj"'" : v ^ ^i U
I IP, English Grammar
j.t>. JSnglis'hCifammtir W afeftcAa go AS t rt>
it |4J J.P. -English Cxraratnar 10 1
J.f. Engligh Grammar \TK.
a " raitense's*
Resent tense'
.eg
teme 'pan 'tense past participle
fall
fell (ssrf/rlie (Jlay )felled
lay ,laid
.
foundfounded
fallen (sSa)felled
lain
laid
found.
founded
"Found" &&
1 1 She fell down from the tree
^'\ Son^e people fell the trees for tlie sake of fire wooi
("r-oci:oa Sod3oc?& a&tfsS 3da& sStf/ratf&\ '81 1 lay on th / -t " ?bed i'^^cas^^' sS&^od3o)). 4] I lay the pen on the tabl icc^^cb^ e&o&> Ao^aa). 5] Slie found herbook iiithtkitchen (^ tfS s&Stf&)& ^oi)^(S^ 8 tfSa/rasi))/ 6] I foundthis society (eS& '^s ?OO&&D& &^&oOM).
Degrees of Comparison
S8rrCc. ^S3.... "Degrees of Comparison" e^-:-
a) Java is tall (-acfio- SP^S^^); b) Vijaya is tallertlum Jaya
^acS- ttcaogTot) SToS^a), c) Srivijaya ig the
J.P. English Grammar.
10 *&n SDc&^cJLiD Adjec-tives
1
?^,"positive degree" oS eo^&. *:- 1] Nandini is
good (^oa &o^ "^^)-S] Calcutta is a great city (tfetf^-/^^^^).2
1 Comparative Degree (&tons|8):. ^ sSgja-sScS^jSy; a,^ SS&3&&- sSs^^"" SS&^S*^ a,^ K5o^^-
ftiiH* _a (|)
^sSxj^c&p1 f&coo$& ^raSS^&
.f5a&*fi^ ^Dc^^dii*
Adjectives'^."Comparative Degree" && wo&pifi. ^. ; .
-ijNandini is fee/^e''
than Padmini (riofia- sSa^asfo"6 &oCa). 5] My house is bigger .than my brother's house (io'ajc ^r ^dJdo^ Bigj'tfo'fr'o^a;. 8].Cecutta is greater than Chennai
3] Superlative
Adjectives
"Superlative Degree'* &3 ^ofi^db. Ex. : ~ ij Ramifii is the fees*
of all the girls- in the class (&&). 8] Cal-
cutta is the greatest of all the. cities in India
J.P. English Grammar 'JO* **&&? o^Jfcpositive degree a* *& 'Adjectives'^- 'Comparative
Degi
5c&> 'Superlative Degree1 5*a8 ^tft>rl&.... ^ (I
1] a,"3 Syllable & 'SAd&^ Adjectives
(a) .'positive degree'^-*$ 'single syllable adjective'
"er" e& itfsSe& 3dci3teS.... 'Comparative Degree*rtest" e& etf;&o. *:- (i) Long- Longer. Longest, (ii) Hard-
Hardc
Hardest. -
(b) 'Positive Degree1
StfJ6- *ef
A^$&....fiK)8- "r" ^*& e^i
3.'. s . 'Comparative Degree' si)6d&> "st" wrb t
6.... 'Superlative Degree' iitfjebdoofl. ^-r- Wis
Wiser- "Wisest, Late- Later- Latest
fc) ^Positive Degree* OiStftf- *y* AoA y eoA^
parative* &8da 'Superlative* Degrees Stf^tfcp'oaa. jEx.:- DrjDrier- Driest; Easy- Easier- Easiest
(a) 'positive degree's OSStf'-'y' &o'ft. S?!> 3?&^ Srexiexj ^Six *. co
sSrsSbj*ca5n^*er' si5cixo *est' o& ^5\c6^.... 'comparative'Superlative* degress Sitf^ef^e^j. -E
1
^-:- Gay- Gayer- Gayest,
^'positive degree* BStf- a.^1
3..... 3 aasa
*er* 5i5c^b *est* of& 35^-5*.... 'comparative9
&6d&>'Superla-
tive' degrees d^dfapa. ^-:- Thin- Thinner- Thinnest;Red. Redder- Reddest
(f) 'positive degree* fcsStf-'
J.P. English Grammar 105;
er' SD&>c
est'&ad& 3a^ .....'comparative1*
Superlative1
degrees^isrcxa. v. : - Thick- Thicker.
Thickest; weak- weaker- weakest,
2] 'Positive Degree1
s8 & c &, Bofifa 'Syllables' tfo ra^ 'adje-ctives' i$&- &Qc)&> sS^& 'syllables' Ko
wR)^ 'adjectives1
S5&-"'
'more1
sS?Odo*
most* e&- w'S3isSe3& &oo^ Sd^S ^fifo....*
comparative' &>5c^ 'supeilative1
degrees Sto'^tferooo.- x.
:-
(i)Harmful- More harmful-
^
Most harmful, (ii) Beau- mtiful- Mbre beautiful. Most beautiful.
,
-
8] Sf1
^1
Adjectives1
a.g" (tf&siofl^- 3&6is*.... 'irregular1
rv- compare
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Bad (%$} Worse ^o 3|) WorstGood (s?^) Better (C-OBB*^)' B;St
Much (wStfa>f6) More (ope ^fia- gp?6) Most
Old (aiJ)"
Older o-o &tf Oldest
Little ^gb-SS,^
Lesser
COMPARISON OF 'ADVERBS'; (^dfir-
gT8^):. 'Adjectives' cS3c siSi 3
J.P. English Grammar 106 . ea*5[Scsi soA
Soon(tfjtfrp) Sooner ^no tfjtfn*) Soonest (SbS
'
5tf). Earlier (EPS *aotfetf) Earliest (
Badly (S&v) . Worse (woBtfn-)'
Worst
Well (&oQrp) Better (co sSioOr?)"
.Best
Far (^p^r^r?) Farther (c-e&^cCsSan*) Farthest (JtoSj.0
Swiftly^r?*) More swiftly(!peSan) Mo'^t swiftly
Skilfully More skilfully*
Most skilfully
marks"
Punctuation Markstffio3&&$i
eSj^ "punctuatic
'punctuation marks' S^cSfiStf/fo^. 30
'punctuation marks'
1J
The Full Stop raark--^^ scr-sSj osS^Sb (.)r?! The Question mark=S^tfi
P
r^Sa (?)"- ! The Exclamation
I . '*"' &sy""
;sL
I|The Comma ?^^
c-j The Colonsr^t*-'i? The Se
}J>. flatfish (Grammar < jp?'
^&&'
7]The Brackelsrs&otffctftfw as^&oeo ([],())
8] The Dashsi'^pSg asS^Saj' ( ).
.9]Inverted Commas marks r=
10] Double Quotation marks=t9&p^ OS^sSe(" ")-ll] Hyphen-12
JApostrophe^
ia];Three
14] CapitalLetter&:=">>
15] The Colon and Dashrr^;.)USAGE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS
1] Fllll Stop :-(a).CiSS^- ^s o-^c&aeo ^5^j^(Joo
J.& English Grammar''
iQB . &ijbd& $oAi
3] Exclamation marie :-
"Exclamation mark (!)'& sSp
sse :f s 'Interjection' ficr.v. : . ij How beautiful she is! '(w^cpgtfs'
"
s^kgab)* 2] Getout! or Sit down! (^ ). 3j Hurrah! (Interjection).4] C0IHIBa :- ^ *^o>Comma (,)' 4?^^d
%
a 3.3 ^ireT-^^SSb fSoaodoa^.S^a^' ^es-^caex, 'and'
t&- fcr^tf^ a^&o ^Ci)^^ 'Comma (,)'
-Grammar;
.
:. 169-
(d) v*i&>*G*b' LCP 6*&^& ..&*&* .'rSb Comma's,Lsrctfpa.
*,:-1] To err is human, to forgive, devine
SaflV forgive' ^^ "is" & L6c6 'e^asa.Comma/ L PcfcaaSa)'. 2] Reading maketh a full man; confe.rence, a ready man; and writing, an ..exact, manConference' 'writing* o tf&sptf ^maketh'" ^
>... 'Comma 1
(e)
comma'&.
Lp-cS^D.-JEic.:. I1-The
Sun rising, 'the wofkers ''commenced their work. 21 The Suni having set, they all went home. .
|(f) ''Direct Speech's4.^ s^^g^SoeSei. .Quotations &>^ &&,
i>doo& sSofiS)v''c6n3ina'cSai(jcr=cd;p).
*' :-!] She said,"! will go**2] He said, ".Ramya is clever". .
"
(g) -^Compound, sentence' SofiS- OS^O^-' Co-ordinate* clauseo?5o ai&dSo6& 'Comma' .e?&
^pd^D. ^-:- I] Men may come,men may go, but 1 go on for ever, 2] He called at my office,but I 'Was absent,
'
,
'
,"
.
5] Colon ;.--ja .'semi-colon' p?i..a&^s$- cjCP^Sb'^ ^^^oa.-apa^eo-, .Sp&tfio, cfe*^o& s5oDo5)b ^s ''colon f;)
J
^> f53d&D. .Ex. i . .. 1
JThe , important tenses of a verb are : the present
tense, the past . tensey the future tense, -il .The proverb says:
Honesty is the- best '-policy'.. J Dickens said : "It is 'better to
be ihree hours earl> than one minute late,"
:^ acr
(jramniar - . * 110 es^caa qoS, \\
'clause* o&. &>Sd&> a. "3
a
*
Semicolon(; )'&> (jpc&?>. ,#:-
came; she saw; she conquered* 2J
The coconut trees
i'owS; it gives us oil; it gives us milk; it gives us ro{
supplies ub, indeed, with all the. necessaries of life, 3
heart was pure; his life was peaceful and happy.
7j Brackets :. (a) *** *?>g$&z.6'* ^A),^i 'clause' o^ c^g. cr-
fc
;ji.oi'^ 5, clause [Parenthetical)^. 'Brackets ()'jr-L. -tx. : . Abou Ben Adhem (may 3ais tribe iucrcAwoke one night from a deep dream of peace.
;
r
^/ '^ &3&&s3i Abbreviations ^C'
^
'Brackets( j
1
"^ rpcj-. ^|>., -4 ^^ ^gSSo OSitf &wg 0:jr^SoR CPS^&; s^^sSoa sySft &^^ ! Brackets 1 , e*^
^dab-r-.
:.
i_ Rajakumari studied B.Sc. (Home Science). 2] Ha B.Sc. (Agriculture) graduate. 8] Ranjitha bought a laciikulator(15 digits). 4] My father got an. award* from Raspaihi The president of
India). 5] Indian population touc&e ;,: million "mark (10 millionssl crore). 6j Writees*ay about The Simla Agreenient? (U P.-S-C/,' Mar: 79.) .
'' '
'Brackets1
*^
S! Dash:, i y^sia ^-3^ ^ t SfiC
;^ v:l- 'Dash (-.)& ..p^. *... ij Gayathri is aare friends.
-
NOTE -..
English Grammar m-
"Fill up the blanks:,"
j^ 3d&&"9] Single Quotation marks.-
s,g S5tfae& Sin-gle Quotation marks (
4 J
) Sex Inverted comnTassSatfgg ic-ctSpO.
.v.s.
1] Mahatma_ Gandhi was also called as-Bapuji
1
. 2]Kon-dapalli Seetharamaiah is the 'founder of 'Naxalite movement'in Andhra- pradesh. 3] M.G'.R. was awarded
*
Bharatha Ratna*
posthumously, 4] 'Aamuktha Maalyada' was written fay SriKrishna Devaraya. 5] Indira Gandhi was popular with 'BankNationalisation
7
and '20 point programmeV(bj Quotations &tfg &S^ &*gx ff6^- Quotations IjfioSeaS&6c3^. s$pk 3cs- op^"g^3 sSo^s^efc.... 5*50 'Quotations'^-'Single Quotation Marks' JT |5Fc&*6. ^v-:- Mr. Robert replied,11 Was it not Shakespeare who observed ; 'Give every man earbut few thy voice*?"
"
.
.
(c) Sr3yo> fe'SbocSa- 'Single Quotation marks'^ i3ad&*D."*
.
.
-" ',"*-Ex.--
1] 'Tit for tat (^^ wto& S^S^V -2] *Truth isGod
(rStfg'S} SsSsSxi)1
.
101 boubie Quotation marks:- Direct Speech tfo ^^>J ',
' O
sptfgsSao&-Double
.Quotation marks Sc* Double Inverted
commas (" ") &tfjS |spd6*>.-^.:- 1] Lalitha Said,- "Lamgoing to market." 2] Afuna said, "I got U,P S.C. selection",
3] "Never mind" 5 she replied, "it made known to me who
were wellwishers". & s&y&sSs^^gsSD^oei-' Reporting Verb
niintntinn rnnrtfi r^
J.P. English Grammar 112
11] Hyphen :- wortiFSWo& vfagg* &^ Compound worddJSe& e*>&doSb Hyphen(-)&[j3d&*0. $ Dash(_Wd&oix>o3. X:- 1] To-morrow, 2] Short- sight, 3] Lamj
stand4] Father-in-law, 5] Daughter-in-law, 6] Sister- in-tas
7] Commander- in- chief, etc.,
12] Apostrophe :- (a) 'Possessive- case' &> &r-a &^ 7
'noun' &8&> 4 s' ^b &$*$ Apostrophe (*) al&r.-.l] Rekha's bag, 2] Deepika's purse, 8] Leela's ring etc
(V) aitf cSeS&o^ofijD- a,S w^^sS^ a*&ou)i!oOT S^OoeS aaotf^> /,
C*J tvA
^9 e*8>oO?6 ^do Apostrophes [p*dfr. Ex. : . 1] It's' (It is]
2] Don't (Do not) etc.. s Apostrophe ^s$ob*rfsSEc&
13] Three dots' :. 9
J.P. Engll&h Grammar 118
b) one transistor, c) one gold ringj d) 1200 rupees in cash,
e) tw.o' pairs of clothes etc. 2} Tie assets of Sudhakarare
given below :- a) one < tea estate, b) three big houses, c) one
imported car, d) two petrol bunks, e) due cashewgrove etc,
Same Words in Different Parts ofSpeech
spfi
ssotf sScJsSuoa- S c^5 fSoStf^sSab cCoodi
1] A :-*
Article* r?/.. He bought a two-wheeler(wtf& a,tf flj5pSjf6^& f*3&). 'Preppsition'n8 .... She takes meal twice aday (49^ 3*3= ^O^O^P& E^es^^p S^ofi)-2] About :- 'preposition' n-.... They are discussing aboutthe elections (&& &&&& rtbeSoO rf^^&). *Adverb' n-....She is about twenty years old (a>\
3} above :- 'Adjective'^.... Explain the above lines (lj sSo&o& as$aobsS). 'Noun'r?.;.. The ^frove is an accurate colour
(^ ft ?o2^ ^OiSb). 'AdverbW:... Look r/&ov^ (l>'preposition
1
^.... They are placed .above *$ T&& &
4] After :-c
Adverb* rv-... She came here at 8 PM and herhusband toon.
after. (^^D SPJ^OL^^O 6 Koioo^ gtfvtf& DTP....ea
1
^ ftf' s Sofio^ S3^&).4
Adjective' n ... She was more
peaceful in /^/- life
J.P. English Grammar . 114 r &&fid& eoA5
). 'Conjunction1
n .... She arrived.after the plane left
'
38^&*ooDc6 ^SbSF9^ esSo
sSei^&j. 'prepositionYP....- She
visited me #//?/ mid-night (tfc
5] As :- /Pronoun* r?.... This is the same book as I read ye-sterday (3& S?$^ rffiSi^a ^S Ltfo)! ^Adverb'rv.,.. She hasbeautiful as you (&$ ^)o^ 65o^^S c^^^.,..' ^s'Si ^r^ wo^
. 'conjunction'??1 . ... They did as they were told
6] Both :- 'Adjective*^.... -'-Both girls went there
lfe^^^^^ 38jQ). 'conjunotion'r?.... She is both an educa-
ted and, intelligent (e$3o&- rfd&sjp sfcadtfr ^^
'preposition'n*.... fior/; of them are married
7] Down :- 'Noun'n-.... His life contains many upsand
downs (&& &&$x o"e E'cS^djSSao) feScJio sS^^sSxo^A^a); 'Adjective'?^.... She has taken thedowH portioni8o&' 5s-^a& S^^a). 'Adverb*^.... .She .sat rfoirw
). 'preposition^....He sailed ....
Sh^'is not clever enough
>LV, English Grammar 115 &$), 'Adverb'rv.... She is less known than her sister
^53^ S^s-wS'oc efl'^o ci^b^S.T8
oO^^v^.). 'preposition1
n8 .... She
paid the wages less the expenses f ^VJo ^cfi-\o\
'
-
- w.
12] Like':-'
Adjective 1 jv.... The earth is round //A-e a ball
^ir*^ ao&sSS i^oo^^on* &^&). 'Adverb' r?.... She behaves like-d lunatic
(csj^o 3,2' isy^fl ^S ^O 1^^)- 'p^position'rp....She cannot do it ///ve- you
-
(Lcrv> ^Z, u-^ro 3dS>3fi&).'rr.,.. 1 like N.T.R. Films
^N.T.R. ojis^o& &xi> e,;,i -( &c&^s6a S^ iis-SSffib). 'Conjunction'^.. Since you are my well
wisher, I will surely help you ^l^> & jJf^&^^S) ssSt)o'S5s;S&&
^sS^ ^JSiiiSdScSa). 'Proposition'?^.... I did not see her
since last 'Friday (rftf ab^sp^sSa j5ooS %3"a,& S
23] Some :- 'Adjective1
r?.... Bring some milfc
^o'!).'
Adverb' rt6 .... I saw her jojMg six months ago!& w&3ooSa sSr'^&o 55^^ ^^,fr^^). 'PronounW...;passed in first class remaining in second class
24] Still :- 'VcsrbW.... When the tempest stf/fr, the fisher-men will resume their catching (&S^^ S^csSw STT'S s^od& (^sSco) sSdudd jj^tfoao&&). ^djective'n .*.. This is a still
lake (aS. a,tf- S^o^S c5ds5>j).'
Adverb* nv... She is still
writing 'the examination (wSa-qotfcSa 3SS< ^pcabduS dSs^s).'Conjunction
1
^... She had fever, 'still she attended the func-
tion (^> e^efssasa SSO^?P 53^0 3
J,,F; tlngligh Otaiuihat
(fctfax& S^ST* SctosSgb). 'Conjunction' r?,... Make hay
the Sun shines &*
Forntation of Words
), wog
Verbs Md3bt , Nouns
'
! .
I] Fonuatiou of Nounsa Formation of Nouns from Verbs Sc&o "&oa
Admit (|j$^&oa&^)'
Admission
'Agree (woAdoi&) AgreementAnnounce ([StfaoeS))
'
Announcement
Apply (fil;*ip& SdSco) . Application
Approve (
J.P. English Grammar
.Deliver-(lF?fs*ud&a,
i
Deny (Dismiss
Exceed
Expect
Expel'
Grow
Bate
Heal (rf
Judge
Know
Laugh (Manage
Marry '
Move
Obey
Object (Oppose
Perform
Please^?
Protect-(
Provide
.Reduce
Reveal /\
Revolve
Secure(
Serve (tSeparale
US ejoAB
Delivery^i-
Denial (tfrTv
Dismissal h
Excess(.wrfrfl
Expectation
Expulsion (Growth
Hatred
Health
Judgement
Knowleiolge
Laughter
Management
Marriage
Motion
Obedience
ObjectionOpposition
Performance
Pleasure(ST
Protection
Provision
Reduction
Revelation
Revolution
Security
Service.("S
Separation
Vacate s
Vary (Wed
(
WeighWrite
Success
Trail
Urgency
Vacancy
Variety
WeddingWeight (Writing
(b) Formation of Nouns from Adjectives
Adjectives
Able
Brave
Brief(s$ |rffra)
Broad (SSS^S)Certain
Curious
Deaf
Deep (flf*3 S)Dense
, Equal
False
Fertile
Free
.Gay
Generous
Grand
Nouns
Ability
Bravery
Brevity
Breadth
Certainity
Curiosity
Deafness
Depth
.Density (
Equality (Falsehood
Fertility
Freedom
Gaiety
Generosity
J.P t English Grammar 181 sjoAS"
Happy
Hard(
High (Holy (sHonest
Inferior.(
Intelligent
Just(
Local
Long
'Mean
Merry
Moist
Necessary
Noble !/X.
Obedient
One
Possible
Relative
Shy
Silly
Tumid
Happiness
Hardness
Height (ojHoliness
(
Honesty
Inferiority
Intelligence
Justice
Locality
Length
Meanness
, Merriment
Moisture
Necessity
Newness(
Nobility (Obedience
Oneness
Possibility
Relation
ShynessSilliness
Tumidity
(c) Formation of Nouns from Nouns
Nouns
Act Action
J.P. English Grammar
Bond
Child (Brf\ QCreature
Friend
Hero
Infant
Man
Mother
Owner
Patriot
Priest
Servant
Slave
WidowWomian
122
Bondage (Childhood
Creation
Friendship
Heroism
Infaricy (iManhood
Motherhood
Ownership^
Patriotism
Priesthood
Service
Slavery
Widowhood (3\ 0-*.Womanhpod
2] Formation of Verbs
(a) Formation of Verbs from Nouns
Nouns
Apology
Authority
Beauty
Black
CampCentre
Circle
Class
Verbs
ApologiseAuthorise
Beautify
filacken
EncampConcentrate
Encircle
Classify (dtfrfO
l.P, English Grammar
Company
Courage (3tfgsS)Critic
Danger
Economy
Electricity
Famine
Force(
Fraud ("jGlory (l_d)Habit
Hand (3ox
Head'(tfe)
idol
Joy
Justice
Knee (ZLength
MemoryNation
Neuter'
Peace (Port
Prjson Sfib
accompany
Encourage
Criticise(
Endanger (-Economise
Electrify
Famish
Enforce
Defraud
Glorify (Habituate
Handle(
Behead
Inherit
Idolise
Enjoy (Justify (Kneel (vLengthen
Memorise
Nationalise
Neutralise
Pacify
Deport
Export
Import
Transport
Imprison
Grammar
Slave (
Society
Sympathy
Table
Throne
Title
Utility
Vapour
Enslave
Associate
Sympathise
Tabulate
Enthrone (a sS*;3SEntitle
Utilise
Evaporate (eas
(b) Formation of Verbs from Adjectives
Adjectives
Able
Brief
Broad
Certain -
Cheap (Clean
Clear
Dark
Deep
Dense
Equal
Faimiliar
Flat
Fertile
Enable
Abbreviate
. Broaden
CheapenCleanse"
Clarify
Darken
DeepenCondense
Equalise (cFanialiarise
Flatten
Fertilise
i'f j J,K BnghshOraffiiiiar 126 &;
Fine
Glad
Large
Little
MadNew (ifj@Popular
Proper
Pure
Real
Rich
Right
Solid
Special
Specific*
Stable
Timid
White
Wide
Refine
Gladden
Enlarge
Belittle
MaddenRenew
Popularise (
Appropriate
Purify
Realise
Enrich
Ratify
Consolidate
Specialise ([
Specify (^Stabilise
(
Intimidate
Whiten
Widen
3] Formation of Adjectives
(a) Formation of Adjectives from Nouns
Nouns Adjectives
Accident (wAdvantage
Adventure
Accidental
Advantageous
Adventurous
English Gratnmat
Affection
Aiigel (3sAnger (
Beauty
Black
Bride (
Brother
Burden (5tfLBush (\'i)Capacity (^^Centre
^Go^Ceremony ^Cheer (^e^sCircle (^J^Classic
^
Comfort
Coward
Crime(
Danger
Earth (aJEase
East
Empire
Expense
Fable
Faith
Fnnl
Affectionate
Angelic^
Angry (i^Beautiful
Blackish
Bridal (
Brotherljr (Burdensome
Bushy
Capable^&
Central^"l
Ceremonial
Cheerful
Circular
Classical (^\ feComfortable
Cowardy (Criminal (
Dangerous
Earthly (
Easy^&
Eastern
Imperial
Expensive
Fabulous
Faithful f
J.P. English Grammar 127
Four
Fury
Gas
Gloom(
Heart(s
Heir (sp
Honour
Law u
Limit (
Meaning
Mercy (gMiracle
(
Money
Mystery
Nature
Number
Origin (Peace (
Question
Science
Sense
Silk(aito)Society
System
Thirst (Trouble
Type
Value
Fourth
Furious
Gaseous
GloomyHearty (
.
Heriditary fN,
Honourable fLawful (^go^Limited ('&\Meaningful
Merciful^
Miraculous\
Monetary (tf
Mysterious (\Natural
Numeral
.Original
Peaceful
QuestionableScientific fV.
Sensible
Silken (Social (SpoiivSystainatic (j
Thirsty (^sSTroublesome
Typical
Valublc
I.P. English Grammar 12ft
Vigour (Vs) VigorousWood (r*c&) Wooden (rafcjflf*Youth (ciT^ftn) YouthfulZeal dostafco Zealous
(b) Formation of Adjectives from Verbs
Adjectives (D
Cease (aes3>3dfo) - Ceaseless
Envy (Ltf^Sboi) Envious
Govern (&*0o&) Governable
Hesitate (Kioa8ro&) Hesitative
Move (s'^oDib) Movable (tfrfoTalk (Srfij&) TalkativeTire wo&S*^ Tiresome
(c) Formation of Adjectives from Adjectives
Adjectives
Black (?Se3 *) Blackish
Comic (sS*sSgsSrQfifa>?s)Comical
Eight (.^a&a) EightfoldRed (ij^a) Reddish
Tragic (& 8ap^tf^?6) Tragical
White (3o) Whitish (3ce*
ijverbs, Adjectives, Adverbsfrom Nouns (^sfca-tftf&a
J,P. English Grammar 129
Diminutives
"Diminutives"
o-^o-
'le' '' ''
rwnrre
'let', 'et', 'ing' ^i:ia fsuf.x
J.P, English Grammar 130
Qrginal Word
Ankle [3*6Arm
(
Babe
Book
Brook
'Bull
Cabin
Car
Cat (fc>V coChange
Circle
Cock
CrownDame
Dear(
Duck
Eagle
Eye (Flower
Globe
Hill (Home
Isle ^&
Diminutive \ rSr^
Anklet (o3,Armlet
Baby jBooklet (as
Brooklet
Bullock
Cabinet-
Chariot
Kitten
Changeling
Circlet
Chicken
Coronet
Dasmel
Darling (rt) C20*0,
!^c
Duckling
Eaglet
Eyelet
Floweret
Globule
Hillock(
Hamlet
Tslet ^*-i
i.K English Gramma!
Lamb (rrg^e)Lance f^,?o, =oSc^"j
Leaf
Lock
Maid
ManMole
Nose
Nurse (Pack VPart
Pile
PipePuss
RingRiver (^.)Root (36)Seed (^c5xShade (VcCb)Sign
S