English Grammar Step by Step

     UNIT 25     PASSIVE SENTENCES1 

   In order to form a passive2 sentence, we must bear in mind   the following:

     —The direct object of the active becomes the subject of     the passive.

     —Then, we add the verb be + the past participle of     the active verb.

     —When we have a direct object and an indirect object in     the active, both of them can be the subject of a passive     sentence, but the indirect object3 is usually preferred     as the subject of a passive sentence. If we wish to give     emphasis to the thing (DO) rather than the person (IO),     we make the direct object the subject of the passive     sentence:       Somebody gave her (indirect object) an ice lolly       (direct object). (active)       Somebody gave an ice lolly to her. (active)       She was given an ice lolly. (passive→indirect object)       An ice lolly was given to her. (passive→direct object)       My mother has bought me a cardigan. (active)       My mother has bought a cardigan for me. (active)       I have been bought a cardigan. (passive→indirect object)       A cardigan has been bought for me. (passive→direct object)

     —If the information given by the subject of the active is     important, it must be mentioned in the passive by using     by4 + the subject of the active. This is called ‘the     agent’. An active sentence like Someone stole my car     becomes My car was stolen in the passive. We cannot say     My car was stolen by someone because ‘someone’ does not     provide any useful information. Compare the following     example with the one just seen: Peter stole my car→My     car was stolen by Peter. In this case, the agent is     necessary because if we remove it, we omit some     important information. A sentence such as The police     arrested the thief becomes The thief was arrested in     the passive, as there is no need to mention the agent     here, since it is already implied by the context that     the job of the police is to do things of this sort.

   Change the following sentences from the active voice to the   passive voice.

1  Example: (simple present)   The window cleaner cleans these windows once a week. (active)   These windows are cleaned once a week. (passive)

a  We never use this television set.b  They make furniture here.c  People call him ‘Mr Efficient’.d  They teach French and German here.e  They pay us very badly.

2  Example: (simple past)   Her sergeant wounded her with a knife last night. (active)   She was wounded by her sergeant with a knife last night5.   (passive)

a  Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.b  They offered me a rise.c  The police arrested him for murder.d  They cancelled the meeting owing to unavoidable circumstances.e  They swore the president in6 yesterday.

3  Example: (present continuous)   He is washing my car. (active)   My car is being washed. (passive)

a  Nobody is doing anything about it.b  Are you offering me a bonus?c  Are they renting the house now?d  They are still holding the meeting.e  They’re still discussing the same topic.

4  Example: (past continuous)   Somebody was robbing the bank when the alarm went off. (active)   The bank was being robbed when the alarm went off. (passive)

a  They were interrogating him then.b  They were installing a burglar alarm in the house when he came   in.c  A tiger was chasing us when they saw us.d  We noticed that someone was following us.e  Nobody was feeding the bears when we got there.

5  Examples: (infinitives7)   They’ll lend us THE MONEY WE NEED. (active)   We’ll be lent the money we need. (passive)   THE MONEY WE NEED will be lent TO us. (passive)   They’re going to give her A BOX OF CHOCOLATES. (active)

   She’s going to be given a box of chocolates. (passive)   A BOX OF CHOCOLATES is going to be given TO her. (passive)   You should recast your speech in more formal language. (active)   Your speech should be recast in more formal language. (passive)

a  If you behave well, I’ll buy you a cornet.b  We ought to build the dog a kennel.c  They won’t pay you tomorrow.d  We’re going to need a lot of help.e  We can’t carry out our threat.

6  Examples: (perfect infinitives8)   They can’t have hijacked the aeroplane. (active)   The aeroplane can’t have been hijacked. (passive)

a  They would have signed the contract if you hadn’t put your foot   in it. (Leave the if-clause unchanged.)b  They must have redecorated their house.c  In two months’ time, this contagious disease will have affected   all the population in the town.d  The town council would have contracted out the job of cleaning   the streets to this firm if they were more efficient.e  Nobody can have kidnapped her.

7  Examples: (perfect tenses9)   Nobody has seen her for the last two weeks. (active)   She has not been seen for the last two weeks. (passive)

a  They still haven’t finished the report.b  When we went there, they had already sold the house.c  They have overlaid the walls of our house with a synthetic   fibre against damp.d  Later on, I realised that somebody had eaten my ice-cream cones   as well.e  Somebody has torn the buttons of my jacket off.

8  Revision exercise.a  They used to cut this fabric by hand, but now they use a   machine.b  They showed me the door.c  I’d have opened the door if I had had the key.d  The police have trapped two of the murderers so far.e  My wife gives me a kiss every single morning.f  Did Jane Green win the tournament?g  Many people would not have contracted AIDS if they had been   more careful.

h  I’m afraid we’ll have to put off the programme on account   of circumstances beyond our control.i  Somebody had torn some pages out of her diary.j  A rabid dog attacked my father when he was striding across   the fields.k  The way he smelled put me off.l  Did he promise her the moon?m  They sell fish and chips10 here.n  Last month someone punctured three of my tyres.o  She’ll set her fierce dog on anyone that enters the place.p  Somebody had slashed two of my tyres.q  A ferocious beast must have attacked and killed her.r  ‘Who discovered penicillin?’   ‘Alexander Fleming discovered it in 1928.’s  They are pulling down the old cinema.t  Jane Austen wrote Pride and Prejudice.u  The enemy was invading the island when our air force arrived.v  The enemy’s commando throttled the sentry and blew up the   powder magazine.w  We repair dishwashers.x  Somebody stabbed her when she was sleeping.y  The local authority should knock this building down.z  They haven’t invited Amy to their party.

9  Examples: (infinitives and gerunds)   We don’t want you to invite Amy. (active)   We don’t want Amy to be invited. (passive)   I would like you to send me A COPY OF THE CONTRACT. (active)   I would like to be sent a copy of the contract. (passive;   the subject of the sentence and the indirect object are   the same (I-me), so the indirect object is omitted.)   I would like A COPY OF THE CONTRACT to be sent TO me. (passive→   direct object)   I don’t mind people sending her FLOWERS. (active)   I don’t mind her being sent flowers. (passive→indirect object)   I don’t mind FLOWERS being sent TO her. (passive→direct object)   I don’t mind people sending me FLOWERS. (active)   I don’t mind being sent flowers. (passive; the subject of   the sentence and the indirect object are the same (I-me),   so the indirect object is dropped.)   I don’t mind FLOWERS being sent TO me. (passive→direct object)

a  I can’t stand people laughing at me.b  I don’t like my pupils to give me gifts.c  I asked them to admit me to the club.d  I’d prefer them not to phone me.e  They dislike people shouting at them.

10 Example:   He saw an ice-cream van park in front of his house. (active)

   An ice-cream van was seen TO park in front of his house.   (passive)

   Some verbs are followed by an object + an infinitive without   to, but take a to-infinitive in the passive. For more details,   see unit 23, section 5.

a  They made him work in shifts.b  He heard her say that her van was in its last legs.c  Everyone watched him strike her with a stick.d  They made us confess everything.e  We saw Brenda dance to rock and roll music.

11 Examples:   People say (that) he is a raver. (active)   He is said to be a raver. (passive)   It is said (that) he is a raver. (passive)   People say (that) he was a raver. (active)   He is said to have been 11 a raver. (passive)   It is said (that) he was a raver. (passive)

   The two passive constructions seen above are synonymous   and only possible with verbs such as say, think,   believe, consider, find, know, report.

a  They claimed he stole/had stolen her purse.b  They expect that the match will take place on Friday evening.c  People think she is touched.d  They alleged that he robbed/had robbed the jeweller’s.e  People consider that he was a corrupt politician.

12 Examples:   She suggested breaking into the house by night. (active)   She suggested that they should break into the house by   night. (active)   She suggested that the house should be broken into 12 by   night. (passive)   They advised us to buy a new tractor. (active)   They advised buying 13 a new tractor. (active)   They advised that we should buy a new tractor. (active)   They advised that a new tractor should be bought. (passive)   We were advised to buy a new tractor. (passive)   They decided not to lend him ANY MONEY. (active)   They decided that they should not lend him ANY MONEY. (active)   They decided that he should not be lent any money. (passive)   They decided that NO MONEY should be lent TO him. (passive)

   After some verbs we can have two structures in the active: a   gerund or an infinitive and a should-construction; the latter   being more formal. In the passive, the should-construction is   required, unless we have a verb such as ‘advise’, in which

   case the indirect object may be the subject of a passive   sentence; thus, we can avoid using ‘should’. For further   information, see unit 22, section 36. Despite what we have   seen here, there are other options, but they are usually less   common than the ones used in this section. For these options,   see the next section.

a  She urged her boss to expand the business.b  He ordered14 his men to take up their positions right then.c  The authorities recommended not making any fires in the area.d  The Prime Minister insisted upon reducing the public   expenditure.e  We suggested employing another accountant.

13 Examples:   People have demanded that the government should create more   jobs. (active)   It has been demanded that more jobs should be created.   (passive)   They decided 15 not to lend him any money. (active)   They decided that they should not lend him ANY MONEY. (active)   It was decided not to lend him any money. (passive)   It was decided that he should not be lent any money/that NO   MONEY should be lent TO him. (passive)   People suggested 16 not demolishing the building.   (active)   People suggested that no-one should demolish the building.   (active)   It was suggested not demolishing the building. (passive)   It was suggested that the building should not be   demolished. (passive)

   We can use it as a preparatory subject of a that-clause,   an infinitive construction or a gerund phrase to make a   passive sentence, as has just been seen above. Nonetheless,   you must take into account that this is only possible with   some verbs, such as ‘demand’, ‘decide’ and ‘suggest’.   Compare this section with the previous one.

a  They have recommended not to use dynamite in the mine.b  They have recommended that nobody should consume this trademark   of cheese, as they say that some batches are off.c  One may well think that one should put a traitor to death.d  They have announced that they are going to cut down   public spending.e  People are demanding to know the whys and wherefores of   their decision.

14 Examples:   I had/got my fountain pen pinched. (= Somebody pinched my   fountain pen.)

   We had/got our van fixed yesterday. (= A mechanic fixed our   van yesterday.)

   We use have/get something done17 to denote that somebody   does something to us or for us. Get is colloquial, and   may indicate some sort of difficulty or effort, or the   idea of having something to do. For additional information,   see units 6 (part 4, sections 5 and 6) and 23 (section 10).

a  A translator is going to translate this letter into English for   us.b  This tap is dripping. We’ll have to employ a plumber to mend   it.c  Somebody bruised my eye in a fight.d  Someone has broken my spectacles.e  A hairdresser is doing her hair.

15 Revision exercise.a  They are taking down our former house.b  I do not object to your promoting me, but I do object to   your paying me so little.c  They thought he was overseas.d  The wind had torn the flag away from its pole.e  ‘Who signed this document?’   ‘My brother signed it.’f  They have promised us the earth.g  He proposed our giving them a pay rise.h  I’d love you to take me to the opera tonight.i  She’s not responsible for telling the enemy our intentions.j  He allows18 his students to use dictionaries in his   examinations.k  Somebody helped her to exterminate the plague of rats.l  The government has decided to spend more money on education.m  The murderer had ripped the phone wires out so that no-one   could ring the police.n  Her boss sent her to London last month.o  I’m sick and tired of people taking me photographs.p  A mechanic is going to check my brakes.q  We saw and killed the enemy when they were sliding into   the barracks.r  We hate people ordering us around.s  The painter is painting my bungalow.t  People believe that he has not gone out with a woman in his   life.u  Simon Brown knocked Tony Taylor down in the second round.v  We saw her leave the house hurriedly.w  We saw her speaking to Mrs Green.x  Peter Jones holds the world record for javeling throwing.y  We’ll have to invest more money in the project.z  The strangler strangled her with a scarf.

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1  Not all transitive verbs take the passive voice:     She has a car (active)     *A car is had. (This passive construction is not correct.)

   Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns cannot be the subject   of a passive sentence:     I sent myself a bunch of flowers. (active)     *Myself was sent a bunch of flowers. (This passive structure     is impossible.)     We kissed each other. (active)     *Each other was kissed. (This passive sentence     is not possible.)2  Deserve, need, require and want plus a gerund have a   passive meaning: This plant needs watering/to be   watered. For more details, see unit 23, section 18.3  This passive construction is impossible in some languages;   for instance, in Catalan and Castilian.4  Occasionally, another preposition can occur in place of by:     What she said amazed me.     I was amazed by/at what she said.

   Note also:     My heart filled with sadness.     Sadness filled my heart     My heart was filled with sadness. (not by sadness)5  Note the word order.6  Swear in is normally used in the passive.7  Infinitives continuous are avoided in the passive:     They can’t be cleaning the swimming-pool.     *The swimming-pool can’t be being cleaned. (This structure     is not generally used so as to avoid the combination ‘be     being’.)8  Perfect continuous infinitives are avoided in the passive:     They ought to have been fixing my car.     *My car ought to have been being fixed. (This construction     is not normally used so as to avoid using ‘been being’.)9  In order to avoid saying ‘been being’, we do not usually     put perfect continuous tenses into the passive voice:     They have been attacking us for the last two days.     *We have been being attacked for the last two days. (Avoid     this.)10  This object is singular.11  The perfect infinitive refers to a previous action.   Another instance: The authorities reported (a later   action) that he was murdered/had been murdered (an   earlier action) with a knife.→He was reported   to have been murdered with a knife/It was reported   that he was murdered/had been murdered with a knife.   Compare this with the following:     People said he was handsome.     He was said to be handsome. (‘to have been handsome’     would imply that he was not handsome any more or that     he was already dead.)

     It was said (that) he was handsome.12  The subjunctive is also possible with these verbs; the only   thing you have to do is to leave out the word should: She   suggested that the house be broken into. For the employment   of the subjunctive, see unit 22, sections 35, 36 and 37.13  See unit 23, section 7.14  This structure indicates that he told his men direct; the one   with should, that he told somebody else, which is why it would   be much better not to use the should-construction here.15  Note the position of the agent:     His employer decided not to lend him any money.     His employer decided that he should not lend him any money.     It was decided by his employer not to lend him any money.     It was decided by his employer that he should not be     lent any money/that no money should be lent to him.16  Notice the position of the agent:     The authorities suggested not demolishing the building.     The authorities suggested that no-one should demolished     the building.     It was suggested by the authorities not demolishing     the building.     It was suggested by the authorities that the building     should not be demolished.17  However, it is possible to say the following as well:     My fountain pen was pinched.     Our van was fixed yesterday.18  See unit 23, section 7.Author: Miquel Molina i Diez

     Pages: 1 and the key

   Contents   Introduction   Notes1  Negative and interrogative sentences (Page 2 and the key)2  Short answers (Page 2 and the key)3  Question tags (Page 2 and the key)4  Questions and exclamations (Page 2 and the key)5  So, neither, nor, either (the key)6  Be, used to, would, be/get/become used to, dare, have, get, become, grow, go, turn, fall and feel (Page 2 and the key)7  Verb tenses: forms (Page 2 and the key)8  Irregular verbs9  Verb tenses: uses (Page 2, Page 3, Page 4, Page 5 and the key)10 Personal pronouns, possessives and reflexive pronouns (Page 2 and the key)11 The genitive case (the key)12 Singular and plural nouns (Page 2 and the key)13 Gender (the key)14 A, an, some, any, no, not, none, each, every and the; compounds of some, any, no and every (Page 2, Page 3 and the key)15 Neither, not...either, none, not...any, both and all (the key)

16 A few, few, a lot, lots, a little, little, many, much, no and plenty (the key)17 Enough, too, so and such (the key)18 Comparative and superlative sentences (Page 2 and the key)19 Adjective order (the key)20 Relative clauses (Page 2 and the key)21 Do and make (the key)22 Modal verbs (Page 2, Page 3 and the key)23 Infinitives, gerunds and present participles (Page 2 and the key)24 Conditional sentences (Page 2 and the key)25 Passive sentences (the key)26 Reported speech (Page 2 and the key)27 Purpose (the key)28 Word order (the key)29 Inversion (the key)30 Connectors (Page 2 and the key)31 Prepositions (Page 2, Page 3 and the key)32 Phrasal verbs (the key)

UNIT 9 - The key

VERB TENSES: USES

1a boil; are b rises; sets c does not revolve d never take e usually works

2a boil; is dripping b is getting c Are you watching d is your daughter getting e are they doing; are building

3a is taking b am staying c are inviting d is taking e is leaving

4a is lodging b do not fly c is having d is watering; generally waters e Do you usually leave f normally arrives g are making h is destroying i is smoking j is beginning k leads l is pouring m is not getting n is cooking o makes p never irons q expands; contracts r Are you going; is pouring s eat t Are they learning u always give v Don’t you ever pray; pray; go w gather x are having y is making z is marking

5a are b dislikes c knows d seems e do not mind

6a am expecting b expect c tastes d are you smelling; Does it smell e hurt/are hurting

7a is being b is being c are being d is being e is being

8a is constantly boasting b always arrive c are always cheating d are continually getting e is perpetually smoking

9a are just sitting b is just winning c are just going d is just getting e is just having

10a produce b am trying c want d aches/is aching e feel/am feeling f is she doing; is watching; loves g do you do h normally work; are being i am j live k makes l is; is looking m are inviting; n smells o is doing p consider q are all these people clapping; is r are the children doing; are playing; are all the time playing; Don’t you think; is s proves; am t are you tasting; am; like u are always telling; know; hate v is just arriving w feel/am feeling x does not often perspire y are being z is rotting

11a are you carrying b do not generally wear; am wearing c is not joining d is not coming e are using

12a leaves b stay; go; spend; leave; head; arrive; have; continue c thinks; sails; discovers d does the volleyball match finish e run

13a was just going; tripped; tumbled b saw; was flying c was taking; put d was forever snatching; was e were gradually forgetting; caught; were

14a don’t you bring b isn’t he wearing; always wears; do not know c didn’t you come d found e Do you suffer; am; am f think; are; make g was going; approached; shot; h was wondering1; don’t you ask your parents; don’t want; squander i was flying; came j are belching; gets k saw; treated; felt l was; was walking m arose; were; was; managed; saw; succeeded n rose; did not pay; simply followed; heard, remembered o dreamt/dreamed; were creeping; was; looked; was crawling p awoke; realised q hanged; accused; was; do you know; was; robbed r hung; stole s hit, ran t did not forgive; felt; had; is living u forgot v had; came; had/has; is considering; does not want; detests w think; is; dare; are x stabbed; were having; ran; are looking y did she get; made; signed; was working z are perpetually leaving

15a drew; shot; did he use b has not rained c has written d did not clear e told; was; burst

16a have just shaken b has just admitted c Has anybody just called d have just had e have just killed

17a spoilt/spoiled b said; are; not only kill; are still suffering; get; is; have; do not look; Are we c is; grows d have been; do not fight e beset; was f told; was; gave g has made h eats, feed; Don’t you think; is; don’t you feed i were diving; appeared j was blowing; crapped k delayed; had l saw; were lying m have been seeking/have sought; have not found n usually sweeps; did not sweep; still has not

swept/still hasn’t swept/has still not swept; is o does she look; has (got); is p have not heard; went q entered; heard; did you do; asked r is accompanying; wish s was bleeding; got t have devoted u are constantly libelling v keeps w is just giving; goes x has just given; have just become y flung z jumped; had

18a have never seen b Have you fed c Has he ever fallen d Haven’t we been e has painted

19a has phoned b has not eaten c sewed d has not shone e have won

20a assume; follow b has shrunk c have sent d have rebuilt; are considering; belongs e have sawn; have not sawn f Have you ever ridden; rode; have never ridden g ever spells/has ever spelt/ spelled; h is forever spitting i feel/am feeling j give k drank; had; had l Does God exist; asked; responded m am playing n conducted o has always led; does not know; means p jumped; escaped q wanted; ran; leapt/leaped r overtook; crashed s broadcast t have never besought/beseeched; need; owe u are inviting v has lent; is; is always trying/always tries w do not understand; are saying/say; do not speak x came; was crying y is leaning z told; did not trust; hung

21a has composed b composed c has ever made d have flown e has built

22a Have you ever seen b Has she still not thrown c Has he paid d have already manufactured e have been

23a am spending b wrote c bought; is not working d Have you heard; have just forbidden e froze f overslept g undertook; only obeyed h has stopped; Did you wind; am; forgot i abandoned; underpaid j was searching; was having k happen/should happen l is always boasting; do not like m am giving n hardly ever let; really want o are perpetually entreating; do not feel; have offered; prefer p hid; managed; succeded; is living q never chats; is chatting r won s open t don’t you put; is u got; were; tried; arrived v are being w lit x has bitten; muzzles y is being repaired z saw; broke; got; wanted; think; work; are

24a have arrested; did that happen b have passed; did you do c have been; last went d has had e has asked; did he ask; did you answer; answered

25a have never been b has never eaten c have never drunk d never drink e never poke/have never poked

26a has painted; is thinking b has left c held d sank e swore; died; keep f are continually upsetting; don’t you leave g is forever beating; wish h did not know; had i bespoke j does maelstrom mean; means k came; did not give l have rewritten; still is not/still isn’t/is still not/is not still m went n were; hated; lived; were quarrelling; liked o smoke; drink; are damaging; don’t you try p never snored; snores; suffers q has never hurt r Has your conscience ever smitten; do not believe s only struck; exploded t are eating u were not going; were coming v has just stung; itches/is itching w get x think; is leaking; don’t you send y dates z has just bought

27a comes2 b arrives c (had) had; came d get e could3 say/had been able to say/were able to say; (had) told

28a have been running b has been drawing c has drawn d have drunk e have been drinking

29a has sculped b has been knitting c has knitted d have you been doing; have been greasing e has been pulling

30a rings b think c has been stalking/has stalked; presume d was stalking; noticed; ran e are; are f look g set; is looking h hates; says; stole; wants; guess; is; fear i gripped; saved j Have you ground; have bought k keep l have not cast; Do you think m sound n did not rewind o dressed; missed p has outgrown; no longer likes q breeds/is breeding; thought r bet; lost; did not win s have misled; have just done; is t have not repaid; do not do it u dwelt/dwelled v is continously bending; reckon w are still clinging; has not died; have not found; presume x mistook; said; was not; liked; assumed; wanted y misspells z are thinking; are considering

31a have been wishing b has loved c has been longing d have been thinking e has had

32a has been sleeping4 b has been snowing c has been thundering d have always wanted e have been taking

33a has been eroding/has eroded b have you been married; have been married; Have you been changing/have you changed; got; have had; Are you thinking; loves; wishes; sympathize c is forever dwelling; made d do not believe e has been wanting f withdrew g do you make h taught; was i have been waiting j suppose; restored k have done; have not finished l have been hunting/have hunted m has spread n are always making; wish o know; have been leaking/have leaked; confess p hangs; seeps q went; was not running r begins; ends s produces; disappear/have disappeared; does not wear; does

not pass t have rebuked; u think; have misheard; have just said v do not overcome w has just bitten x proved y stings z was

34a had been working/had worked b had never lived c still had not/ still hadn’t/had still not turned d had just regained e had begged

35a switched; had fled b wanted; had not done; was c had reserved; arrived d got; noticed, had snowed/had been snowing; were; had been making; had left; had had; had not had e had struck; was lying; had

36a had been whispering; (had) arrived; told; did not want; left b had eaten; had never seen c was snowing/had been snowing/had snowed; was watching; brought; was d came, had already passed; felt/could feel; was getting e had already perished; did not feel; had appeared; was f was; treated; was; wished; did not find g brake h tries; has i abided; did j does not bend k do you make l acted; ruled m has been lying n dates o was just going; owed; appeared p Have you been overeating; have had q has been shoeing; did not know; was r have been; Are wars s came; told; had been weaving; felt/was feeling; told t kidnapped; underfed; liberated u have never met v still has not/still hasn’t/has still not apologised w has never worked; prefers; disagrees x is always saying; pities; drives y had just bought; were sitting z heard; dived

37a am not doing/am not going to do b am having c is buying/is going to buy d are supplying e are going (to go)

38a are going to furnish; are looking b is getting c are you going; am going to hail d was peeling/was going to peel e was going to peel

39a is he going to do; is going to shear; was going to cut b will light c will make d am going to be e am going to fix

40a mishit b withheld; want; am not going to help c never forbear d are you going; am going to cut; will look; will help e have been learning/have learnt/have learned f will bring g kept; was doing h had misspent i very rarely use j had treated; said k did you buy l had studied/had been studying; smelt/smelled; had been; scolded; are not m thinks; believes n do not add; remains o Do you mind; smoke p tells; always begs q learnt/learned; had been doing/had done/were doing; felt r persuaded; loved s has beaten; will teach; is always hitting t shook; burst; was u does “be born” mean; means v carries w does a cat shed x always has; does not like y will take; (will) try z got; had already

decided

41a will recognise (I think so.)/are going to recognise (There are signs of this or I am convinced about this.) b will have to resign (He has no other alternative.); is going to resign (This is his intention.) c will believe d will refuse e will perceive

42a had sprung b would not be here c will get d would not have become e overflew

43a Aren’t you going to play/Aren’t you playing b Will/Would you answer c Are they really going to decorate d Will/Would you organize e Are you going to take/Are you taking

44a do b went; was wearing c Will/Would you find d Have you insured e do not keep f Will/Would you give g had never strung; liked h Are you meeting; is waiting i Will/Would you stand j had torn; (had) thrown k would not seek l are you going; am going to buy; are m Is it raining n will take o do not know; will ask p have censured; has been handling/has handled q misunderstood; misunderstand; have; learn; do; see; happens r did not want; had done s Did you know; did it happen; heaved t have felt/have been feeling; Have you been poisoning u Is you daughter coming/Is your daughter going to come v disobey w will take x have not brought; will lend y had not wrung z had rebound; would not have come; would not be missing

45a will not come b will not use c will not eat d will not hunt e will not make

46a were going to perish b are going to crash c is going to be d is going to shoot e is going to beat

47a will watch b will release c will treat d will give; will have e will root; (will) plant

48a invite b do not bid c will/shall stay d is not e catches

49a will have b saw c is; will attack; bit; was going d will/shall miss e will/shall have f wrung; congratulated; was going g bellow h have been hoping/have hoped; left i will get j will never be; works k had knelt/had kneeled; (had) prayed l retold m studied n would not be/would not have been; will take o had foretold p had already killed; was q brings r entered; had abandoned s did not want t are eating; will buy u likes/liked v sneezed w interwove x had just spilt/had just spilled; had done y am just coming z

stink; have not washed

50a will always fear5; will defend b will never listen c would crack d will send e will take

51a Shall we go b Shall I come c shall/should we do d Shall/Will I live e Shall I stay

52a shall6 have b Will you be; will c shall pay d shall have e Will you shut

53a will intend b knew; would like; bought c will remember; see; promise; know; will/shall always love d had crossbred e will/shall find f will encourage/is going to encourage g passed h loathe; will happen i had retaken j will have k will/shall wring l Shall we help m Shall we pick n have withstood; will/shall beat o Will they accommodate; will p is always forcing q waylaid; Did he report; do not know r has not been; shall not/will not have s had misdealt/had been misdealing; got t outwitted; crossed u shall/will come v don’t we investigate w underwrote x will bring; will cook y am studying; is expecting z had speeded; would have reached; will/shall be

54a do not make b Do not count c Do not make d Do not make e Come; Make

55a had b to declare c were not/was not d took e die; help

56a had stayed b had not mixed c had not emptied d had not eaten e had not called

57a would not graze b would rain c would stop d would get e would not hail

58a were/was b remind c will turn d don’t we go; have e not overlook f Make g had not upbraided h Do not overdo; will believe i had not sedated j to go k to get l Help m said; move; will/shall kill n shall/will eat o will find p has rusted q seem; are always mislaying r forsook; died; did he do; think; had; fled s overspend t Halt; Halt; will/shall shoot u had not screamed; will know v would stop w did not come; do not invite x do not do y had not endured; had asked z outbid; is; inherited/has inherited (or was; had inherited)

59a were/was b are having c have d were/was e have

60a will not start (or does not start) b would like c like d would train e will/would tell

61a was badly miscast b has just been inlaid c is/has swollen d has been read e be sent

62a does not like b have been overselling/have oversold; do not think c were/was d will/would kindly sign; will not have e like f had not sold; would have got g do not tell; have seen h had not been put; will/shall never get i would like; will have j put k dreamt/ dreamed; was following; wanted; ran; was always l keep; stop; will be taken; will be tortured m will not apprehend/do not apprehend n would not regard o do not contradict p Will/Would you pass q are you going; am going to chop; will help; Have you (got)/Do you have; Look r misread; thought s Shall I call t undersell u have passed v smelt/smelled; were leaving w has been sitting; Tell x go; will always find y Rid; will/shall be given z has often overridden; has realized/realizes; am always

63a will be working b will be chatting c will probably be diving d will be breaking e will/shall be selling

64a will be collecting; will be wearing b Will you be staying7/Are you staying/Are you going to stay c will/shall be seeing d will be taking e Will you be using/Are you going to use/Are you using

65a will not lend/is not going to lend8 b will not be coming/is not coming c will not go/is not going (to go) d will not rub/is not going to rub e will not be meeting/is not meeting

66a were overpaid; told; was underpaid; don’t you ask b was she weeping; saw; had just had; had just been taken c would like d had; had e asked f to walk g is; was born h will/shall be kissing i was isolated j will not be going; will be travelling k Do not touch l passed; contracted; did he catch; think; is called m will be launching n was leaving o will not sing p will not walk q saved; would be r will be; do not think s Do not be; will not sting t have ever met u will/shall be contemplating v had overseen w will not partake/are not partaking/are not going to partake; will/shall win (or did not partake; won) x is beginning/will be beginning; will be y will probably be saying; celebrates z had had; was; decided; arrived; had slit; was lying

67a will have become b will have escaped c will have been d will have been standing/will have stood e will have been staying/will have stayed

68a do not take b is perpetually picking c Keep back; burst

d is forecast(ed) e will have risen f renovated g were fluttering h are having; like i will not corroborate; will try j will probably be wallowing; am wallowing k assure; will/shall have exterminated l will have been firing/will have fired; Don’t you think m had not disappointed; do not even want n had attacked o oversell p Will you be needing; want q Stop r will have been raising s had gone t die; go u will be drinking; drinks; goes v didn’t you take; went w outran; hid x had not ambushed y has left z had upheld; would not be; will definately not follow/definately will not follow/definately won’t follow

69a chatting/having chatted; to look b to flutter c to take d leaving e to rain/raining

70a persist; thinking; is; be b will forswear; is; do not think c to be; undersell d need; is it; last varnished e will play; will tell f to update g wish; had had h had not ripped; told; had i to trust; will never fail j go; (will) destroy k remind; to unfreeze; get l has sprinkled; Don’t you like; know; hate m being n will/shall let; know o congratulated; winning p direct; Go; turn q have always walked/are always walking; were/was; r have (got) s serves; got t accept; know; u move; buy; mean; will have v ring w have never taken; do not take; we will/shall lose x Will you be using; take y got; realised; had been eating; had also lit; (had also) drunk z were not; be; are

71a would be working b would kiss c would not go d would not be going e would get/would be getting

72a would not stay b Will/Would you partake c will unfreeze d did not say e will take; is not; say that he is/said that he was; occurred f would not be g is; to make; meet; does not change; will be h has subsided/subsides; will/shall continue; stay; light i Will/Would you clear; will do; am going to clear j eat k was raining/had rained/ had been raining; lent l would not come m Not understanding; ran n having died; going; advised; not to continue o had been walking; to stop; (to) have; to eat p Stand; get q have been dying; stop r has just had s had; had been drinking; had drunk/drank; had not drunk; would not have had t would/should be staying/was going to stay/was staying u Will/Would you turn v will do w have been trying/have tried; to get; were founded; remains x writing; not use y had substituted z are; have you been working

____________________1 I wonder if/whether would sound less hesitant:I wonder if/whether you could come tomorrow. (Why don’t you

come tomorrow?)I was wondering if/whether you could lend me a thousand pounds. (I do not know what you will say about this, but the fact is that I need that sum of money.)2 If we use has come, we imply that it will take her a long time to come. The same goes for exercises b and d.3 For could, see unit 22 , section 2 .4 The simple form is not impossible in some cases where we have used the continuous form, but the continuous tense is a much better alternative.5 The simple present is also possible in this section.6 In this section, will is also possible instead of shall.7 In the following sections, I shall only give the first alternative.8 The first alternative in this section is far better than the second. In the next sections, I have only included the first one, usually.Author: Miquel Molina i Diez

Pages: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and the key

ContentsIntroductionNotes1 Negative and interrogative sentences (Page 2 and the key)2 Short answers (Page 2 and the key)3 Question tags (Page 2 and the key)4 Questions and exclamations (Page 2 and the key)5 So, neither, nor, either (the key)6 Be, used to, would, be/get/become used to, dare, have, get, become, grow, go, turn, fall and feel (Page 2 and the key)7 Verb tenses: forms (Page 2 and the key)8 Irregular verbs9 Verb tenses: uses (Page 2, Page 3, Page 4, Page 5 and the key)10 Personal pronouns, possessives and reflexive pronouns (Page 2 and the key)11 The genitive case (the key)12 Singular and plural nouns (Page 2 and the key)13 Gender (the key)14 A, an, some, any, no, not, none, each, every and the; compounds of some, any, no and every (Page 2, Page 3 and the key)15 Neither, not...either, none, not...any, both and all (the key)16 A few, few, a lot, lots, a little, little, many, much, no and plenty (the key)17 Enough, too, so and such (the key)18 Comparative and superlative sentences (Page 2 and the key)19 Adjective order (the key)20 Relative clauses (Page 2 and the key)21 Do and make (the key)22 Modal verbs (Page 2, Page 3 and the key)23 Infinitives, gerunds and present participles (Page 2 and the key)24 Conditional sentences (Page 2 and the key)

25 Passive sentences (the key)26 Reported speech (Page 2 and the key)27 Purpose (the key)28 Word order (the key)29 Inversion (the key)30 Connectors (Page 2 and the key)31 Prepositions (Page 2, Page 3 and the key)32 Phrasal verbs (the key)