English Bisaya Grammar

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http://www.bohol.ph/books/Jimenez/EnglishBisayaGrammar.html 1/107

ENGLISHBISAYAGRAMMAR

InTwentyEightLessons.

AbridgedfromtheGrammars

OFTHERECOLETO

Fathers,Guillen,NicolasandZueco

ANDTRANSLATEDINTOENGLISHFORTHEUSEOFTHEAMERICANPEOPLE

BY

R.P.Fr.PedroJimenez

RECOLETO.

Ceb1904

IMPRENTADEELPAIS

NosDonSeverinoPiczonyQuinto,PRESBITEROPROVISORVICARIOGENERALYGOBERNADORECLESIASTICODELOBISPADODECEBUS.V.

Poreltenordelaspresentesyporloquenostoca,damoslicenciaparaquepuedaimprimirseypublicarselaGramticaAngloVisayaescritaporelR.P.Fr.PedroGimenez,Recoleto,atentoquesegnlomanifestadoporelM.R.VicarioProvincialdelarden,hasidocensuradapordosReligiososdelamisma,quelahanjuzgadodignadequesedlaestampa,noconteniendocosaalgunacontrarialafybuenascostumbres,ymandamosqueseinserteestenuestropermisoalprincipiodecadaejemplar.

DadasenCeb,firmadasdenuestramano,selladasconeldenuestrooficioyrefrendadasporelinfrascritoSecretariodeGobiernotreintadeEnerodemilnovecientoscuatro.

SEVERINOPICZON.

(Hayunsello)(Hayunarbrica)

PormandadodeSS.elSr.GobernadorEclesistico.

JUANP.GORORDO(Hayunarbrica.)

Preface

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InpresentingthisEnglishBisayaGrammarIdonotpretendtobeconsideredanauthor,myonlyaspirationistobeusefultomyAmricanbrethreninthepriesthood,inorderthattheyinturn,maybesototheBisayapeople.ThepriestfortheBisayapeoplemustbeonewhowilldevoteallhisattentiontothem,liveamongthem,studytheirways,theircharacter,theirtendencies,andtherefore,thestudyoftheirdialectisabsolutelynecessarytohim,sincethey,forthemostpart,donotknowhowtospeakeitherSpanishorEnglish.InpreparingthiscompilationIhaveusedeveryefforttodoitaswellaspossible,butIamonlyapupilinboththeEnglishandBisayalanguages,andIbelieve,theworkisnotasperfectaswouldbedesired,butIindulgeahopethatthekindnessofmyreaderswillexcusemyfaults.

BisayaAlphabet.ThelettersmadeuseofintheBisayaalphabet,aretwentyinnumberasfollows:

A. B. C. D. E. G. H. I. L. M.

Ah. Bay. Thay. Day. Aoray. Hay. Atchay. EE. Ailay. Aimay.

N. Ng. O. P. Q. S. T. U. Y.

Ainay. ,, Ainyay. Oh. Pay. Coo. Essay. Tay. OO. EE(griega).

ThevowelsareA,E,I,O,U,andYattheendofaword.Thevowelsareneversilent,exceptUinthesyllablesque,qui,thesoundofwhichcorrespondstothatheardintheEnglishwordsKedge,Keep,Key.

A soundsalwayslikeAinalam.

B soundslikeBinback

C beforea,o,u,soundslikeKinEnglish,ascaadlaoonThedawnofthedayCocoNailofthefingers.

D atthebeginningofawordorinthemiddle,ifprecededbyaconsonant,ispronouncedlikeinEnglish.AttheendofawordorbetweentwovowelshasasoundbetweenDandR,whichmaybeobtainedbyplacingthetipofthetongueagainstthehigherteethturningthethickparttowardstheroofofthemouth.

G hasalwaysaverysmoothsoundlikeinEnglishbeforea,o,u,asginicanan,forefathersgintoonan,scholar.

H hasaslightaspiratedsoundlikeaveryfaintlyaspiratedhinEnglishinthewordshorse,hogashocom,judgehabagat,astrongwindhilanat,fever.

E,I

thesevowelsalthoughsoundlikeinEnglish,nevertheless,nativesconfoundthemveryoften:thesameshallbesaidofthevowelsOandUandthisisthereasonwhytheP.JohnFelix'sDictionaryemploysbutIandO,insteadE,IO,U.

L soundslikeinEnglish,aslamdag,brightnesslibac,backbiting.

M soundslikeinEnglish:asmata,eyemottop.

N soundslikeinEnglishasnipis,fine,thin.

Ng thisletterhasnoequivalentinEnglish,anditmustbeheardfromthenatives.

thisletterhasastrongnasalsoundresemblingthatofnintheEnglishwordponiardoutofBoholprovince,whereitispronouncedasintheEnglishwordmangerandwrittenny:as,caninyo,bonyag,insteadofcanio,boag.

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O soundslikeinEnglishasolan,rainhao,thirst.

P soundsasinEnglish:pito,sevenpon,fill.

Q isalwayfollowedbyu,andpronouncedlikeKas,quinabuhi,life,quilay,eyebrow,quilquil,scratching.

S hasalwaysaharsh,hissingsoundlikessinEnglish.ThereisnotawordinBisayabeginningwithsfollowedbyaconsonant.

T soundsasinEnglish,astabang,help,tiao,joke.

U soundslikeinEnglishinthewords"proof,goose"butitisfrequentlyconfoundedwithO.(SeeIandEontheprecedingpage).

Y soundslikeeeinEnglishattheendofawordbutbeforeavowel,orbetweentwovowels,soundslikeintheEnglishwords"joke,jolt"asyab,pour.Thisletterwhenafteranounorpronoun,ifthesamenounorpronoun,isemployedinsteadoftheparticleang,beingasitdoes,anarticleofappellativenouns.Examples:Ididthatacangnagbuhatniana,or,acoynagbuhatnianaWhatisthereasonofthat.Onsabaanghingtungdanniana?orOnsayhingtungdanniana?

FirstLesson.OFTHEARTICLE.

1.aThearticleintheBisayadialectisdividedintodeterminateandindeterminateandofthepropernames.

2.aThedeterminatearticleisangforsingular,andangmgaorsamgaaccordingtothecasesforplural.

3.aTheindeterminatearticleisusa,oneforthesingularanduban,pilaormapila,somefortheplural.

4.aThearticleofthepropernamesissiforbothmasculineandfeminine.

DeclensionoftheArticles.

DEFINITEARTICLE.

SINGULAR.

N. The dog. Ang iro.

G. Ofthe dog. Sa iro.

D. Tothe dog. Sa iro.

Ac. The dog. Sa iro.

Vc. Oh dog. Sa iro.

Abl. Withthe dog. Sa iro.

PLURAL.

N. The dogs. Angmga iro.

G. Ofthe dogs. Samga iro.

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D. Tothe dogs. Samga iro.

Ac. The dogs. Samga iro.

Vc. Oh dogs. Samga iro.

Abl. Withthe dogs. Samga iro.

INDEFINITEARTICLE.

SINGULAR

Aletter. Usacasulat.

Adog. Usacairo.

Oneandanother Angusaugangusa

PLURAL.

Somewish,whileothersdonotangubanbuut,angubandiliSomeofthetrees,whicharetherePipilasamgacahuydih.

THEARTICLEOFTHEPROPERNAMES

SINGULAR.

N. Peter. SiPedro.

G. Of Peter. NiPedro.

D. To Peter. CanPedro.

Ac. Peter. CanPedro.

Vc. Peter. OyPedro.

Abl. With Peter. CanPedro.

Remarkl.aThearticleofthepropernamesisusedalsotopointoutapersonandhiscompanions,as:

N. Josephandhisfriends. SilasiJos.

G. OfJosephandofhisfriends. ilaniJos.

2.aThisarticleservesalsotoexpresskindnessorlove:as.MyMother,Sinanay.Myfather,Sitatay.Thefemalechild,SiindayTheparishPriest,SiamoyMyeldestsister,Simanang.

3.aTheEnglishcompoundedwords,wooden,goldenetc.changetheaffixenintonga,as:Thewoodencross,AngcruzngacahoyThegoldenring,Angsingsingngabulauan.

4.aWhenwepointoutthedestinationofathing,itisemployedthearticlesaThus:Thewatervat,Angtadyaosatubig.Thebottleofwine,Angbotellasavino.

5.aWhenitreferstothepropertyofanyone,itisasfollows.John'shat,AngcaloniJuan.

6.aThearticlesaisemployed,whenthethingitreferstoisdeterminate,butwhenitisindeterminate,thearticleugmustbeused,as:Bringthemoney,Magdalacasasapi.Givememoney,Tagaanmoacugsalapi.

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PLURAL.

1.aThepluralisformedinBisayabyplacingmgaafterthearticleangorsa.

Declension.

N. Thecats Angmgairing

G. Ofthecats Samgairing

D. Tothecats Samgairing

Ac. Thecats Samgairing

Vc. Ohcats Mgairing

Abl. Withthecats Samgairing

2.aWhenthepossessivecaseisplacedbeforethename,itmustbeplacedbetweenangandmga,thusMyfriends,angacongmgahigalaYourshoes,angimongmgasapin.

3.aRem.TheBisayaarticleliketheEnglish,doesnotdistinguishthegender,buttherearetwowaysofdistinguishingthemasculineandfeminineinthisdialect:1.Byusingdifferentwords:Ex,angbana,thehusbandangasaua,thewifeangamahan,thefather:anginahan,themother.2.BythesuffixeslalaquiandbabayeEx.angirongalalaqui,thedog,angirongababaye,shedogangbatangalalaqui,theboyangbatangababaye,thegirl.

Examplesofthearticle.

Joseph'ssoul,angcalagniJosJohn'sground.angyutaniJuan,orangcanJuanngayutaWhoisatPeter'shouse,angsacanPedrongabalay,orangsabalayniPedroBringtherice:MagdalacaugbugasMymotherandsisterareatJohn'scottage,SinanayugsiindaytuasacamaligniJuanMybrothersarerich,Angacongmgaigsoonsalapia*nonmanAreyouPeter'sfather?,IcaobaangamahanniPedro?Iam,AcmanWhoistheowner?Quinsabaangtagia?Whereisyourson?,Hainbaangimonganac?Heisatthecockfight,TuasiasabulanganHashemuchmoney?,Daghanbaangiangsalapi?Hehasbutafewcoins,PipilalamangcadacLetusgo.TalanaquitGoodby.ArinacameThatmanisadrunkard.PalahubgmancanangtaoHeisadrinker,butnotadrunkard.Palainommansia,apandilipalahubgWhereismyfather?,Hainbaangacongamahan?HereheisAniadinhiWhoarethosemen?,Quinsabacanangmgatao?Theyaremyfriends.Maoangacongmgahigala.

Exercise.

I

Haveyouthebread?Yes,sir,Ihavethebread:Haveyouyourbread?Ihavemybread.Haveyouthesalt?IhavethesaltHaveyoumysalt?Ihaveyoursalt.Haveyouthesoap?IhavethesoapWhich(onsanga)soaphaveyou?IhaveyoursoapWhichshirthaveyou?Ihavemyshirt,(angacongsinina)?Haveyoumuchmoney?IhavemuchmoneyWhereisyoursister?Sheisatthegarden(tanamansamgabulac)Whereisyourfather?Heishere.

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SecondLesson.

Ofthenouns.

Supposingthepupilknowstheclassificationofthenounsintoproper,commonorappellative&.,weshalloccupyourselveswiththeirformation,beingasitis,somuchdiverseandusual.

AgreatnumberofnounsandverbsarecompoundedinBisayabymeansofrootsandparticles.

Therootisthewordwhichcontainsinitselfthesignificationofthething,butcannotexpressitwithoutanyotherword,whichwecallaparticle,towhichtherootmustbeunited.

1.aWiththeparticlecaatthebeginningoftheroot,andanafter,areformedcollectivenouns,andnounsofplace,as:Grove,cacahoyanBananaplantation,casagingan.

2.aWiththeparticlecabefore,areformedthenounsofquality,as:Whiteness,Angcaputi.

3.aByplacingtheparticlepagcabeforetheroots,areformedtheabstractnouns,andthosepointingouttheessenceofthethings,as:

Sweetness. Angcatamis.

Mercy. Angcalooy.

Kindness. Angcaayo.

Divinity. AngpagcaDios.

Humanity. Angpagcataoo.

Hardness. Angpagcaguhi.

4.aWiththeparticleisigcabeforetheroot,areformedcorrelativenouns,placingthepossessivepronouningenitivecase,as:

Mylike. Angisigcataooco.

5.aWiththeparticlesmagandmanareformedsubstantiveandadjectivenouns,duplicatingthefirstsyllableoftheroots,thus:

Thewriter. Angmagsusulat.

Thetailor. Angmagtatahi.

Themaker. Angmagbubuhat.

Thesurgeon. Angmananambal.

Thealmsgiver. Angmanlilimos.

6.Withtheparticlepalabefore,areformedseveralsubstantives,as:

Thedrunk. Angpalahubg.

Thetippler Angpalainom.

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Thewriter. Angpalasulat.

7.aWithtagbeforetheroot,areformednounsexpressingtheownerofathing,as:

Theownerofthehouse. Angtagbalay.

Themasterofthevessel. Angtagsacayan.

Theowneroftheworld. Angtagcalibutan.

8.aPuttingthissameparticlebeforethewordssignifyingtheseasonsoftheyearortheatmosphericalchanges,pointsoutthetimeofthesechanges:andplacingitbeforewordssignifyingthefarmingworks,itshowsthetimeofthoseoperations.Insomeprovincesareusedalsointhissamesense,theparticlestigandtin,thus:

Raintime. tagolan.

Warmtime. tiginit.

Harvesttime. taganitinani,ortigani.

9.aTheparticletagabeforethenounsofcountriesornations,servestoasksomeoneabouthistown,as:

Whereareyoufrom? Tagadiincaba?

IamfromSpain. TagaEspaamanac.

Ofwhichtown? Tagadiincangalongsod?

FromCornago. TagaCornago.

10.aTagasignifiesalsountil,andpointsouttheendoftheaction,as:

Totheknee. Tagatohod.

Totheneck. Tagaliug.

Asfarasthefloor. Tagasalug.

11.aBymeansofthearticlespagandpagcaareformedtheverbalsubstantives.Ex:

Makingortomake. Angpagbuhat.

Walkingortowalk. Angpaglacao.

Readingortoread. Angpagbasa.

Resuscitatingortoresuscitate. Angpagcabanhao.

Dyingortodie. Angpagcamatay.

12.aPlacingtheparticletagibeforetherootitpointsoutpermanencyonaplace,as:

Inhabitantofaplace. Tagilongsod.

Countryman. Tagibanua.

Declensionofthecommonnouns.

SINGULAR.

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N. Thecotton. anggapas.

G. Ofthecotton. sagapas.

D. Tothecotton. sagapas.

PLURAL

N. Thecottons. angmgagapas.

G. Ofthecottons. samgagapas.

D. Tothecottons. samgagapas.

Practicalexamples

Don'tapproachtheintoxicatedman. Ayaoicaodumoolsapalahubg.

Hardnessisthemolavemerit. Angcaayosatugsanaasacagahinia.

Loveyourneighbour,forthatisacommandmentofGod.

Mahagugmacasaimongisigcataoo,caygisugosaDios.

Don'tsownorplantinwarmtime. Satigadlaoayopagtanomugpagpugs.

GodistheMakerofallthings. AngDiosmaoangMagbubuhatsangatanan.

Theriverwaterreachesasfarasthewaist. Angtubigsasubmiabuttagahaoac.

Whohasmybook? Hainbaangaconglibro?

Whereismybook? Hainbaanglibroco?

Ihaveit. Aniamancanaco.

Whereisthehorse? Hainbaangcabayo?

Idonotknow. Ambutlamang.

Howdoesthatconcernyou? Onsayimodih?

Everyoneself. Iyahaylangquit.

Somustitbe. Maomancanaunta.

Exercise.

II

Goodmorning,howareyou?Verywell,IthankyouWhereareyoufrom?IamfromSpainOfwhichtown?FromConagoWho(quinsa)hasmybook?IhaveitWhoisthatyoungLady?SheisMissKateWhereismytrunk(caban)?TheservanthasitHaveyoumyfineglasses?IhavethemHaveyouthefinehorsesofmyneighbours?IhavenotthemWhoareyou?IamJohnAreyouPeter'sfather?Iam.

ThirdLesson.

OFTHECARDINALNUMBERS.

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ThefatherEncinadividesthenumbersintoprimitives,ordinals,distributivesandvicenales.

Theprimitivenumeralsarethosewhichservetocount,andarethefollowings:

1 One. Us.

2 Two. Duha.

3 Three. Tolo.

4 Four. Upat.

5 Five. Lima.

6 Six. Unum.

7 Seven. Pito.

8 Eight. Ualo.

9 Nine. Siam.

10 Ten. Napolo.

11 Eleven. Napolougus.

12 Twelve. Napolougduha.

13 Thirteen. Napolougtolo.

14 Fourteen. Napolougupat.

15 Fifteen. Napolouglima.

16 Sixteen. Napolougunum.

17 Seventeen. Napolougpito.

18 Eighteen. Napolougualo.

19 Nineteen. Napolougsiam.

20 Twenty. Caluhaan.

30 Thirty. Catloan.

40 Forty. Capatan.

50 Fifty. Caliman.

60 Sixty. Canuman.

70 Seventy. Capitoan.

8O Eighty. Caualoan.

90 Ninety. Casiaman.

100 Onehundred. Usacagatus.

101 Onehundredandone Usacagatusugus.

200 Twohundred. Duhacagatus.

300 Threehundred. Tolocagatus.

1000 Onethousand. Usacalibo.

1001 Onethousandandone. Usacalibougus.

2000 Twothousand. Duhacalibo.

Tenchildren. Napolocabata.

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Twentyhorses. Caluhaancacabayo.

Twohundredandtwentyguns. Duhacagatuscaluhaanugduhacafusil.

Fivehundredandninetyonesoldiers. Limacagatuscasiamanugusacasoldalo.

Onethousandmen. Usacalibocataoo.

Remarks:

1.aTheEnglishforms"ahundred,athousand"*,arerenderedintoBisayabyusacagatus,usacalibo.Expressionslike"eighteenhundred"mustbetranslatedas:onethousandeighthundred,ex:Theyear1898.Usacaliboualocagatuscasiamanugusa.

2.aTheunitybeginsbyaconsonantduplicates,thefirstsyllable,whenpointsoutanyquantity.Thedenariesareformedbyputtingbeforeunitytheparticlecaandanafter,aswehaveseen.Caservesalsotojointhenumberstothenouns,thus:Usacataoo.Napolocapisos,upatcaadlao.

OrdinalNumbers.

1st. Angnahaona.

2d. Angicaduha.

3d. Angicatolotlo.

4th. Angicaupatpat.

5th. Angicalima.

6th. Angicaunum.

7th. Angicapito.

8th. Angicaualo.

9th. Angicasiam.

10th. Angicapolo.

11th. Angicapolougusa.

12th. Angicapolougduha.

13th. Angicapolougtolo.

14th. Angicapolougupat

15th. Angicapolouglima.

20th. Angicacaluhaan.

21th. Angicacaluhaanugusa.

30th. Angicacatloan.

40th. Angicacaupatan

50th. Angicacaliman

100th. Angicausacagatus.

Themonth.Angbulan.Theday.Angadlao.Theweek.Angsemana.

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Whatisthedatetoday.Icapilaquitacaron?TodayisthesixthofMarchoftheyear1901.SaicaunumcaadlaosabulansaMarzosausacalibosiamcagatusngusacatuig.

Daysoftheweek

Monday. Lunes.

Tuesday. Martes.

Wednesday. Miercoles.

Thursday. Jueves.

Friday. Viernes.

Saturday. Sabado.

Sunday. Domingo.

Monthsoftheyear.

(ThemonthsandthedaysoftheweekaretakenfromtheSpanishlanguage).

January. Enero.

February. Febrero.

March. Marzo.

April. Abril.

May. Mayo.

June. Junio.

July. Julio.

August. Agosto.

September. Setiembre.

October. Octubre.

November. Noviembre.

December. Diciembre.

Acentury. Usacasiglo.

Ayear. Usacatuig.

Amonth. Usacabulan.

Aweek. Usacasemana.

Aday. Usacaadlao.

Anhour. Usacahoras.

Aminute. Usacaminuto.

Today. Caronadlao.

Yesterday. Cahapon.

Tomorrow. Ugma.

Nextyear. Tuigngamuabut.

Lastyear. Tuigngamiagui.

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Daybeforeyesterday. Cahaponsausacaadlao.

Dayaftertomorrow. Ugmadamlag.

Threedaysago. Canianhi.

Lastweek. Semanangamiagui.

Athalfpastone. Salaunaymedia.

Ataquarterpastone. Salaunaycuarto.

Ataquartertoone. Cuartosalauna.

PartitiveNumbers

Thepartitivenumbersareformedbyaddingtothecardinalscabahinthus:

Onepart. Usacabahin.

Thehalf. Angcatunga.

Onethird. Angicatlo.

Onefourth. Angicaupat.

Ex:

Thehalfoftheheirdombelongstome. Angcatungasacabilinnahatungudcanaco.

Divideamongthemthehalfofthecocoanut. Bahinanmosilasacatungasalubi.

Distributivenumbers

Thedistributivenumbersareformedbyputtingtagortinagbeforethecardinalnumbers,thus:

Oneafterone. Tagsaortinagsa.

Twoaftertwo. Tagurhaortinagurha.

Twentyaftertwenty. Tagcaluhaan.

Putthechildreninarowonebyone. Ipalumbaymoangmgabatasatinagsa.

Whatwagesdidyoupaythem? Satagpilaguisoholanmosila?

Sevenshillingstoeachone. Satagpitocasicapat.

EachmanshallbejudgedbyGod. AngtagsacataoopagahocmansaDios.

VicenalNumbers

Thevicenalorproportionalnumbers,socalledforexplainingtheproportionbetweentwounities,oneofwhichiscontainedintheother,areformedinBisayabyputtingtheparticlenacaormacabeforethecardinalnumbers.Nacaforpasttense,andmacaforthefuture:Thus:

Once. Nacaormacausa.

Twice. Nacaormacaduha.

Threetimes. Nacaormacatolo.

Fourtimes. Nacaormacaupat.

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Onehundredtimes. Nacaormacausacagatus.

Howmanytimeshaveyoureadtheletter? Sanacapilabaicaonagbasasasulat?

Manytimes. Sanacadaghan.

Howmanytimeshaveyouweeped? Sanacapilabaicaonaghilac?

Fivetimes. Sanacalima.

Howmanytimeshaveyouvisitedchurch? SanacapilabaicaonagduaosaSingbahan?

Seventimes Sanacapito.

Aretheresomefishinthevillage? DunabayisdasaLongsod?

Thereareagoodplentyoffish. Dunamanugdaghanisda.

Howoldareyou? Pilacatuigangedadmo?

Iamtwentysevenyearsold. Caluhaanugpitocatuigangacongedad.

Youareayoungmanyet. Batapaicao.

Howmuchisyourdailywage? Tagpilaangimongsoholsausacaadlao?

Twodimes. Duhacasevillana(peseta)

Whathaveyouathome? Onsabaanganaasaio?

Wehavericeandfish. Aniasaamobugsugisda.

Whereisyourshirt? Hainbaangsininamo?

IIIExercise

Whereismybook!UnderthechairWhereismyhat?ItisonthetableIsitonthetable?NoitisuponthebedDidyoureadthebook?IdidnotHowmanybookshaveyouwritten?IhavewrittenoneHowmanytimeshaveyoureadtheletter?ManytimesHowmanytimeshaveyouweeped?FivetimesHowmuchisyourdailywage?TwodimesHowoldareyou?IamtwentysevenyearsoldHowoldisshe?SheisnotyettwentyyearsoldHaveyouburntyourself?EachmanhashistasteHaveyouamindtosleep?No:IhaveamindtospeakDoyoufearthisman?Idon'tfearhimAtwhato'clockdoyougotobed?Igotobedatsunset,andIgetupatsunrise.

FourthLesson

OFTHEPRONOUNS.TheBisayapronounsaredividedintopersonal,demonstrative,possessiveandrelative.Thepersonalpronounsare:

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

I. Ac We. Quit,Cam

Thou,you. Icao,ca. You. Cam.

He,she. Sia. They. Sila.

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Declensionofthepersonalpronouns

FirstPerson

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. I. Ac. We. Cam,quit.(1)

G. Ofme. Ac,co,naco,ta. Ofus. Amo,namo,ato,ta.

D. Tome. Canaco. Tous. Canamo,canato.

(1)Quitisusedwhenthespeakerexcludesnotthose,towhomheisspeaking,andcamwhenhedoes.

2d.Person

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. Thouoryou. Icao,ca. You. Cam.

G. Oftheeoryou. Imo,nimo. Ofyou. I,ni

D. Tothee,you. Canimo. Toyou. Cani.

3d.Person

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. He,she. Sia. They. Sila.

G. Ofhim,her. Iya,nia. Ofthem. Ila,nila.

D. Tohim,her. Cania. Tothem. Canila.

ThepronounIcaomaybeusedindifferentlybeforeoraftertheverbs.Thenominativecasecamustbeplacedbeforetheverbsinthenegativeandfinalsentencesinothercases,alwaysafterthem.

Youwillcarry. Icaomagadala.

Youwillweep. Icaomagahilac.

Don'tlie. Dilicamagbacac.

Tomakeknowntoyou. Aroncamahibalo.

WetheChristians. Quit(whenallChristians.)angmgacristianos.

Lord,forgiveussinners. Guinoopasayloacam.

Bothsingularandpluralobjectivecasesofthefirst,secondandthirdpersonsbeginbyavowel,areplacedbeforethenounsandverbs,andthosebeginbyaconsonantmustbeputafterthem:thus:

Myshoes. Angacongmgasapin.

Yourmoney. Angsalapimo.

Ourcountry. Angatongyuta.

Hisvessel. Angsacayannia.

Yournet. Angimongsahid.

Youaremybeloved. Hinigugmacoicao.

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Demonstrativepronouns.

Declension.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. This. Quini. These. Quiningmga.

G. Ofthis. Niini. Ofthese. Niiningmga.

D. Tothis. Niini. Tothese. Niiningmga.

Thedemonstrativepronounsareusedinsteadofrepeatingthesubstantives.Theyalsoservefordistinguishingbetweensubstantivesexprosedorunderstoodandwhenemployedwithsubstantives,forpointingoutclearlythedistinctionbetweenthem.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. That. Cana(farfromthespeaker)cadto. Those. Canangmga(far....)Cadtongmga.

G. Ofthat. Niana(far....)niadto. Ofthose. Nianangmga(far....)Niadtongmga.

Thisnear. Cari.

Ofthisnear. Niari

Thosenear. Caringmga.

Ofthosenear. Niaringmga.

Now. Caron.

Ofnow. Niaron.

Remark

Quini,referstothepersonsorthingsnearesttothespeaker:cana,tothepersonsorthingsnearesttothepersonsspokento:cadto,isusedtopointoutpersonsorthingsdistant,bothfromthespeakerandfromthepersonspokento.Itisalsoemployedthispronoun,butingenitivecase,whenspeakingofeventslongtimeagopast,as:Inthosedays.Niadtongmgatiempo.

Theadverbcaron,isemployedalsoasademonstrativepronoun:thus:

Thismorning. Caronbuntag.

Noon. Odto.

Afternoon. Hapon.

Thisnight. Carongabii

Thiswoman. Quiningbabaye.

Thesewomen. Quiningmgababaye.

Haveyouthispenorthat? Naabacanimoquiningplumacuncadtoba?

Ihaveneitherthisnorthat,butIhavethisother. Ualacanacoquiniugcadto,apananiacanacocari.

Hearrivedyesterdayaboutthistime. Nacabutsiacahaponmaingonniaron.

Possessivepronouns.

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Areformedbythegenitivesofthepersonalpronouns,andarealwaysjoinedtoanounbeforeit,whenbeginbyavowel,andafter,whenbyaconsonant,Ex:

Myhat. Angacongcalo.

Yourshirt. Angsininamo.

Yourshoes. Angiongmgasapin.

Yourreligion. Angreligionni.

Ourhouse. Angatongbalay.

Hisparishioners. Angmgasacupnia.

Relativepronouns.Interrogative.

Therelativeinterrogativepronouns,are:

Who? Quinsa?

What? Onsa?

Which? Hain?

Whoisthatman? Quinsabacanangtaoo?

Whoisthere? Quinsabadih?

Whichofyou? Quinsabacanio?

Whatisthat? Onsabacana?

Whohasthemoney? Hainbaangsalapi?

Remark

Theparticleba,hasnotsignification,butservestopointouttheinterrogativeanddubitativesentences.

Therelativepronounssimple,aretranslatedintoBisayabynga,as:

Isawhimbathinghimself. Naquitacosianganaligo.

Dreadfulshallbethepunishmentyoushallhaveintohell Dacomanangcastigongaipahamtangcanimosainfierno.

ThemanwhomIsawyesterdayhasfallenfromthecocoatree.

Angtaonganaquitacocahaponnahologsalub.

Exercise

IV.

Whereareyougoing?IamgoingintothechurchHaveyouthispenorthat?Ihaveneitherthisnorthat,butIhavethisother.

Whendidhearrive?HearrivedyesterdayaboutthistimeWhereisshe?SheisathomeDoyouspeakBisaya?NotyetIhaveboughtthehorseofwhichyouspoketome.

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Whendidyoubuyit?YesterdayWheredoyouintendtotakemeto?Whatisthedatetoday?TodayisthetwentyfirstIspeaktothosetowhomyouhavespoken.

Wheredidyouspeaktothem?Ispoketothematthestreet.

FifthLesson.

Oftheadjective.Remark:1.aTheBisayaadjectivesareformedbyputtingbeforetheroottheparticleMaas:

Wiser. Maalam.

Good. Maayo.

Pretty. Maanindut.

Ugly. Mangilad.

2.aPuttingaftertheseadjectivesthesyllableson,hon,an,hanareformedthefollowings:

Sickill Masaquiton.

Envious. Masinahon.

Pale. Maluspadon.

Sad. Mamingaoon.

3.aByputtingtheparticleson,hon,an,han,aftertheroot,areformedadjectivessignifyingqualitiesbothmoralandphysical:ex.

Talker. Tabian.

Pockmarked. Butihon.

Fat. Tambocon.

Rich. Adunahan.

4.aWiththeparticlehabeforeareformedadjectivesofdistance:bymeansoftheparticlehiareformedthosepointingoutfrequencyintheaction:thus:

Short. Hamobo.

Oftenfeeder. Hingaon.

Far. Halayo.

Oftendrinker. Hinginom.

5.aInsertingla,li,lo,betweenthefirsttwosyllablesoftheroot,angplacingon,afterthelastareformedadjectivesofquality,as:

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Worthy. Talahoron.

Worshipful. Silingbahon.

6.aArealsoformedadjectivesofqualitybyputtingmangibeforetheroot,andanafter,as:

Merciful. Mangilooyan.

Wise. Mangialaman.

7.aWiththeparticleMaca,andduplicatingthefirstsyllableoftherootareformedadjectives,as:

Poisonous. Macahihilo.

Dreadful. Macalilisang.

8.aWiththeparticlemabeforetherootandinsertinginbetweenthefirsttwosyllables,andaddingontothelast,areformedadjectivesofquality,thus:

Respectful. Matinahoron.

Obedient. Masinugtanon.

9.aInsertingpabetweenmaandthefirstsyllableoftheroot,andaddingontothelast,areformedadjectivesofqualityandalsobymeansofpa,beforetheroot,as:

Humble. Mapaubsanon.

Haughty. Palabilabihon.

Ex:

Thewisemenunderstandthehighexplanations.

Angmgamaquinaad*manonnacatuquibsamgahataasngamgacasayodan.

Isawanawfulsnake. Naquitacouguscahalasngamacalilisang.

Themercifulmanhelpstohisneighbour. Angtaoongamangilooyannacatabangsaisigcataonia.

V.

Iseethechildrentowhomyouhavegiventhebooks,andIhavemetalsowiththementowhomyouhavespokenThewisemenunderstandthehighexplanations.ThemercifulmanhelpstohisneighbourWhathaveyoutodo?IhavetospeaktothemenWhenhaveyoutospeaktothem?ThiseveningAtwhato'clock?AthalfpasteightHaveyoumyshirtormysister's?IhavebothHaveyouthegoldenribbonsofmymother?IhavenotthemWhohasthem?MysisterhasthemDoyouwishtogoout?IwishnottogooutWhy?BecauseIamsick.

SixthLesson

DIMINUTIVEADJECTIVES.

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l.aThediminutiveadjectivesnotonlyexpressdiminution,butalsoanaccessoryideaofeithertenderness,loveorcontempt.

ThediminutivesareformedinBisayabymeansoftheadjectivediutay.Whentheyhavebuttwosyllables,areformedbyduplicatingtheroot,andalso,byplacingthesyllablesla,li,lo,afterthefirstletteroftheroot,Ex:

Smallhorse. Diutayngacabayo.

Smalleyes. Matamata.

Smallhouse. Balaybalay.

Slightfault. Sayopngadiutay.

2.aTheadjectivesofma,becomediminutivesbyputtingbefore,theparticlemalo,as:

Somewhatvaliant. Malomaisug.

Somewhatfat. Matolotambuc.

3.aThesameadjectivesbecomediminutivesbyduplicatingtheroot,as:

Somewhatsweet. Matamistamis.

Somewhatbitter. Mapaitpait.

4.aAddinga,tothenouns,areformeddiminutivesexpressingcontemptordisregard,as:

Worthlesswoman. Babayeha.

Nag. Cabayoa.

5.aWhenthisletteraisadded,butnotincontemptiblesense,servestopointoutthatthesubjectorobjectisunknowntous,as:

Whatkindofmedicineisthat? Onsangatambalacana?

Whatkindoftreeisthat? Onsabaangcalainannianangcahuya?

DegreesofComparison

ThedegreesofcomparisonareformedinBisayabyaddingtothesuperiorityLapipa,totheequalityingon,andtotheinferiority,aswehaveseen,Diutaypa.

Ex.

Large. Dac.

Larger. Labipangadac.

Largest. Anglabingdac.

Small. Diutay.

Smaller. Labipangadiutay.

Smallest. Anglabingdiutay.

Well,Good. Maayo.

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Better. Labipangmaayo.

Best. Anglabingmaayo.

Bad. Dautan.

Worse. Labipangdautan.

Worst. Anglabingadautan.

More. Labipa.

Less. Diutaypa.

More,than. Labipadaghanpa,sa.

Less,than. Diriotpaculangpa,sa.

Verymuch. Caayooruyamut.

Asmuch,as. Magsamasacadaghan,ug.

Notasmuch. Diliingon.

Ex:

HaveyouasmanyfriendsasI? Magsamabasacadaghansamgahigalamougangaco?

Ihavelessmoneythanhe. Diriotpaangacongsalapisaiya.

Thisbookissmall,thatissmaller,andthatisthesmallestofall.

Quininglibrodiutayman,cadtolabipangdiutay,ugcarimaoanglabngdiutaysangatanan.

Thishatislarge,butthatislarger. Quiningcalodacman,apancadtolabipangdac.

Isyourhataslargeasmine? Angimongcalodacbaingonsaaco?

Itisnotsolargeasyour. Diutaypasaimo?

Doyourchildrenwriteasmuchaswe? AngPagsulatsaimongmgaanactagingonbasapagsulatnamo?

DoyoureadasoftenasI? Nagabasacabasamasubsubingoncanaco?

Asearlyasyou. Masayoingoncanimo.

GodisthebestFather. AngDiosmaoanglobingmaayongaAmahan.

Remarksl.aThecomparativeofinferiorityisformedbytranslatingtheadverbslessbydiutay,diriutpa,ingonnga,culang,andthan,intosa.

Ex.

Ihavelessricethancoffee. Diriutpaangacongbugssacap.

Yourfatherislesswisetanmine. Angamahanmoculangsaquinaadmansaaco.

Yourringisnotsoniceasmymother's. Angsingsingmodiliingonngamaanindutsacannanay.

2.aThecomparativeofequalityisformedbytranslatingtheadverbsasorsointomagsama,andthesecondadverbasintoug,andbothtermsofcomparisoninnominativecase,as:

Ex:

HaveyouasmanyfriendsasI? Magsamabaangcadaghansamgahigalamougangaco?

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3.aThecomparativeofsuperiorityisformedbytranslatingmorebylabipa,andthanintosaandalsointodili,butinthiscase,bothtermsofcomparisonmustbeplacedinnominativecase,likeinthecomparativesofmajorityandofinferiority:Ex.

Honorismorepreciousthatriches.

Labipangtacushigugmaonangcatahodansapagcadaghansacatigayonan

4.aTherelationofmajoritymore,maybealsorenderedbydaghanpa,andthan,bysaordili.

Ex:

Ihavemoresilverthangold. Daghanpaangacongsalapisabulaoanco,or(diliangbulaoanco).

Ihavelessshoesthanhats. Diutaypaangmgasapinco,diliangacongmgacalo.

VI

IhaveasmuchmoneyasyouHaveyouasmanyfriendsasI?WehavelessmoneythantheyThisbookissmall,thatissmaller,andthatisthesmallestofallThishatislarge,butthatislargerIsyourhataslargeasmine?ItislargerthanyoursDoyourchildrenwriteasmuchaswe?TheywritemorethanyouMyfatherhasmoresilverthangoldYourringisnotsoniceasmymother'sYourfatherislesswisethanmineIhavelessricethancoffeeDoyoureadasoftenasI?Doyoulistentowhatyourbrothertellyou?Yes,IlistentoitGodisthebestFather.

SeventhLesson

UNITIVEPARTICLES.Beforecomingtotheendofthispartofthenouns,weshallhaveashortspeechaboutsomeligaments,calledunitiveparticles,whichserveforunitingelegantlythenouns,pronounsandadjectives,andforjoiningtogetherthesentences,andtogivethemaparticularenergy.Theseparticlesarethefollowings:

Nga.

l.aThisparticle(whenitisnotusedasrelative)servestolinkthepronounswiththenounsandtheadjectives.

Whentheprecedingwordendsbyavoweltheletteraofnga,mustbesuppressed,joiningngtothevowel,as:

Prettyhouse. Maanindutngabalay.

Goodhorse. Maayongcabayo.

2.aServesalsoforjoiningboththesentencesandverbswiththeadverbs,ex:

Comebakearly. Bumaliccangmasay.

IdoubtverymuchImayforgivehim. Malisudcahngapasayloancosia(V.Pag8),3.aRemark.

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Ug

Itisemployedinsteadofthearticleintheobjectivecasesofindefiniteobjects,andincompoundedsentenceswhenareemployedinsteadofobjectivecase.Itservesalsotolinkthecardinalnumbers:Ex:

Buyrice. Pumalitcaugbugs.

Theworkweaksme Naluyaacugpagbuhat.

Allmyneighbour'schildrendiedofplague. Angmgaanacsaacongsilingannahurutugcamataysasalot.

Seventeen. Napolougpito.

Ca.

Thisparticlelinksthecardinalnumberswiththenouns:Ex.

Tenthousand. Napolocalibo.

Mythreehorseswereremovedoutofsight. Naualaangmgatotolocacabayonaco.

Ing.

Servesforjoiningthesentencesandtheobjectivecases,whenitisspokeninindeterminatesense.

Thereisnotnowwhomayseek. Ualanaingmacapatigayon.

HaveIaknife? Dunabaacinguscacuchillo?

VII.

YouspeakasmuchasITheyhavenotsomanytoysasbooksHaveyouasmanybooksasI?IhavefewerthanyouHasourfriendasmanybirdsaschickens?HehasmoreoftheformerthanofthelatterArewerightinspeaking?Youarenotwronginspeaking,butyouarewrongincuttingmytreesHaveyoutimetowork?1havetime,butnotmindtoworkHaveyoustillamindtobuyanything?Yes,IhaveamindtobuyonemorehorseHaveyouasmuchgoodasbadpaper?IhaveasmuchoftheoneasoftheotherHaveourneighboursasmuchhoneyassugar?TheyhavemorehoneythansugarHaveyoursonsasmanyslippersasshirts?TheyhavemoreofthelatterthanoftheformerIhaveafavourtobegofyou.

EighthLesson

THEVERB.Theverbisthemostimportantpartofalllanguages,andalsothemostdifficult.Bythisreason,tospeakwithsomewhatperfectiontheBisayadialect,itisnecessaryaperfectacquaintancewithit.TheBisayadialecthasnotverbs,andtheymustbeformedbyaddingtotherootsparticles,whichshallbeplacedeitherbeforeofafter,asweshallexplain.

InBisayatheverbsisdividedintosubstantive,adjective,passive,neuter,reciprocalandreflexive.

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Ofthesubstantiveverb

TOBEMAO,MAN.

TheverbTOBEanditslikeTOHAVE,areirregularsintheirconjugation,andtoformtheirsentences,itisnecessarytouseaverynewform.Theyareexpressedbymeansofparticles,adverbs,conjunctions,andsometimesbymeansoftheemploymentofbothnominativeandgenitivecases.

Conjugationoftheverb

TOBEMao,Man.

IndicativemoodPresentTense.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Iam. Acmao,man. Weare. Cam,quitmao,man.

Thouart. Icaomao,man. Youare. Cammao,man.

Heis. Siamao,man. Theyare. Silamao,man.

Rem.Theparticleman,iseuphonic,whenthesentencesarenotoftheverbTOBE,ex

DidyougotoSpain? NacaadtocabasaEspaa?

Ididnot. Ualamanacumadto.

PASTTENSE.

IwasgoodwhenIwasyounger. Maayomanacsabatapaac.

Iwasrichthelastyear. Salapianmanacsatuigngamiagui.

FUTURE

Ishallorwillbeserious. Buutanmanac.

IMPERATIVE.

Beserious. Magbuutanca.

SUBJUNCTIVEMOOD.

Itisnecessaryyoubesaint. Quinahanglanngamasantosca.

ConditionalFuture.

IfIwerehumble,Ishouldbesaint. Cunmapaubsanonacunta,masantosunta.

INDEFINITEFUTURE.

Iwouldbesaint,ifIfulfilledGod'slaw. SantosmanacuntacunmacatumanuntaacsamgasugosaDios.

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Rem.l.aItwillbeobservedbytheprecedingconjugation,thattheparticleMaoTobe,isusedbutinthepresenttenseofindicativemood.

2.aTheparticleManTobe,doesnotpointoutbyitselfthetense,butitdoesthedetermining,mayitbeanounorawholesentence.

3.aTopointoutthesubjunctivemoodisusedunta,whenthesentencesareobtative,inanothercasesareemployedcun,ug,orpa.

4.aAsauxiliariesoftheverbMan,areemployedthearticleangbeforeorafterthenoun,ortheparticleYafterthesubjectivecase.

5.aThesamemustbesaidoftheparticleNay.AreformedalsosentencesoftheverbMan,byplacingtheattribute,beforethesubjectitrefersto.

6.aWithpagcaormag,beforetheadjectiveareformedalsothesekindofsentences.

Afewexamplesmayelucidatetheseremarks:

ThepriestisGod'ssucceeder,andalsotheFatherofthesouls.

AngParemaoangilissaDios,ugmaomanusab,angamahansamgacalg.

Theflowersarepretty. Manindutmanangmgabulac.

Iwillmakeit. Acoymagabuhat.

Whowillbemycomforter? Quinsanaymacalipaycanaco?

Whatabeautifuleffigy! Pagcamaanindutngalaraoan!

Whatdoesconcernyou,aboutmygoodorbadbehaviour?

Onsaylabutmo,cunmaayobaac,cundiliba?

Behavewellatteacher'shouse. Magbuutancabaysabalaysamagtotoon.

How?isillmybehave? Diay?dautanbaac?

GodistheAlmighty. AngDiosmaoymacagagahumsangatanan.

Iamwhoshallgo. Acoymoadtodidto.

Goodshouldbe. Maayounta.

Amoment. Cariotda.

Areyouachatteringfellow? Hinultihoncaba?

Whatcountrymanishe? Tagadiinbasia?

Godiseverywhere. AngDiosanaasabisandiin.

VIII.

WhoisthePriest?,ThePriestisGod'ssucceeder,andthefatherofthesoulsAreprettytheflowers?Yesalltheflowersareprettybutthelilyisthemostbeautiful,thenitisthesymbolofpurity,chastity,virginity,innocenceandcandourWhereareyoufrom?IamfromAloran,myparentsarefromCornago,myeldestbrotherfromOroquieta,andmyyoungerfromTagbilaranDoyouwishtosendonemorehorsetoourfriends?IwishtosendmanymoretothemAreyougoingforanything?IamgoingforsomethingWhatareyougoingfor?IamgoingforsomewineDoesyourfathersendforanything?Yes,sir:hesendsforsomewineWhomdoesyourneighboursendfor?HesendsforthephysicianDoesyourservant

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takeoffhisshirttomakethefire?Hetakesitofftomakeit.

NinthLessonTOBEAnia,naaorAnaa,Tua.

WhentheverbTOBEpointsoutTOBEINAPLACE,istranslatedintoBisayabyania,tobehere:naaoranaa,tobethere:andtua,tobefarfromthespeaker.

InsteadoftheEnglishadverbsHERE,THERE,areusedinBisayadinhi,here:diha,there:didto,there(further).

Theindicativepresentdoesnotneedadverbsofplace.

INDICATIVEPRESENT.

Iamhere. Aniamanac.(dinhi)

Thouartthere. Naacaman.(dih)

Heisthere.(further) Tuamansia.(didto)

Wearehere. Aniamanquitorcam(dinhi)

Youarethere. Naamancam.(dih)

Theyarethere(further) Tuamansil.(didto)

PASTTENSE.

Iwashere,whenyouwasthere.(further) Dinhimanacsadidtocapa.

Iwasthereyesterday. Didtomanaccahapon.

FUTURE.

Iwillbetheretomorrow. Didtomanacngma.

CONDITIONALFUTURE.

Iwouldbethere,ifyouwerepleased. Didtountaac,cunbuutcapaunta.

SubjunctiveMood

FUTURE.

Itisnecessaryyoubethere. Quinahanglanngadidtoca.

ABSOLUTEINDEFINITE.

ThatImightbehere. Dinhiuntaac.

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CONDITIONATEINDEFINITE.

IfIwerethere. Cundidtopauntaac.

IMPERATIVEMOOD.

Bethere(ye,you). Dihacam.

GERUND.

Beingthere,Isawhim. Sadidtoac,naquitacosia.

Rem.WhentheverbTOBE,pointsouttheactualconditionsofpersonsorthings,therootpointingoutsuchacondition,becomesverbbymeansoftheparticlemaoftheneuterverbs.

INDICATIVEMOOD.

Iamsick. Masaquitmanac.

PASTTENSE.

Hewassick,whenIwaswellorstrong. Masaquitsia,sapagcamaayocouglaoas.

ABSOLUTEFUTURE.

Hewillorshallbeilltomorrow. Masaquitsiaugma.

CONDITIONALFUTURE.

IfIweresick,youwouldcareofme. Cunmasaquitacunta,icaomagalimauntacanaco.

GERUND.

Beinghesick,wasnotwillingtotakethemedicines.

Saiyangpagcasaquitualasiabuutuminomsamgatambal.

CONJUGATIONOFTHEVERBTOHAVE.

TheverbTOHAVEinadeterminatesenseistranslatedintoBisayabyania,forfirstpersonsnaaoranaa,forthesecondsandtua,forthethirds.

INDICATIVEMOODPRESENTTENSE.

Ihavetheshirt. Aniacanacoangsinina.

Theyhavethehat. Tuacanilaangcalo.

PASTTENSE.

Whenyouwerelookingaftertheshirtitwaswithme. Sapagpangitamosasinina,dinhimancanaco.

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Rem.Theotherstensesofthisconjugation,areformedbymeansoftheadverbsDinhi,Dih.andDidto,accordingtothepersons,placingthepersoninablativecaseimmediatelyaftertheadverborparticle.

Ihadthehatyesterday. Cahapondinhicanacoangcalo.

Ishallorwillhavethehattomorrow. Ugmadinhinacanacoangcalo.

Iwouldhavethefan,ifIboughtit. Dinhiuntacanacoangpaypay,cunpalitoncounta.

IfIhadthering,Iwouldgiveittoyou. Cundinhipauntacanacoangsingsing,ihatagcountacanimo.

TOHAVE(INPARTITIVESENSE.)

l.aTheverbTOHAVEinpartitivesense,istranslatedintoBisayabyMay,DunaorAduna,withthepersoninnominativeorgenitivecase.


Haveyoumoney? Maysalapicaba?

Ihavesomemoney. Dunayacongsalapi

PASTTENSE.

Ihadmoneyyesterday,andyouhadnot. Cahapondunamaacongsalapi,ugicaoual.

ABSOLUTEFUTURE.

Ishallhavemoneytomorrow. Ugmadunamayacongsalapi.

CONDITIONALFUTURE.

Youmighthavemoney,ifyouworked. Icaodunauntaugsalapi,cunmagtrabajocaunta.

SUBJUNCTIVEMOOD.

Iifhadmoney,Iwouldgiveittoyou. Cundunayuntaacugsalapi,ihatagcountacanimo.

GERUND.

Havingmoney,alliseasy. Sapagcadunaysalapi,angngatananmahimo.

2.aWhenspeakingofimmaterialsthings,therootbecomesverbwiththeparticleNaofneuterverbsthus.

Iamcold. Natugnaomanac.

Iwascoldyesterday,andyouwarm. Cahaponguitugnaoacugicaoguiinitan.

3.aTherootTugnaoadmitsguiinsteadofMaandtherootInitadmitsalsoguiwiththepassiveofan.

Iwaswarmyesterday. Cahaponnainitanac.

Youwillorshallbewarm. Mainitanca.

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TheimpersonalexpressionThereTobe.

Duna


Isthereamaninthestreet? Dunabayuscataoosadalan?

Therearetwenty. Dunamancaluhaan.

Thereisnobodyinthestreet. Ualaytaoosadalan.

Therewasriceyesterdayatthetown,buttherewasnotmoney.

Cahapondunaybugssalongsod,apanualaysalapi.

Thelastmonththerewasrice. Sabulanngamiagui,dunaybugs.

Iftherewererice,therewouldbenothungerattheprovince.

Cundunaybugsunta,ualauntauggutumsaprovincia.

Whendoesyourfatherintendtodepart?HeintendstodeparttodayAtwhato'clock?Atfouro'clockWhereishegoing?HegoestoMadridDoesthebutcherkilloxen?HekillssheepinsteadofkillingoxenDoyoualwaystakeoffyourhat,whenyouspeaktomyfather?IalwaystakeitoffWhatdoyoutakeinthemorning,teaorcoffee?ItakecoffeeDoyoutakecoffeeeverymorning?ItakecoffeeeverymorningandeveryeveningWhatdoesyourfathertake?HedrinkschocolateHowfardidthechildrengothismorning?Asfarastheircousin'sHasanyonestolenanythingfromyou?Someonehasstolenafinehorsefromme.

TenthLessonTHEADJECTIVEVERBS.

Theverbs,aswehavesaid,areformedbymeansofrootsandparticlesequivalentstothefourtenses,Present,Past,FutureandImperativeoftheBisayaconjugation.Theothertensesareformedwiththeparticlesofthefourprimitives,asweshallseeintheconjugation.

Theparticleswereferto,areNagaanditscompounds:Nagaca,Nagapa,Nagapaca,Naca,mi,andmanyothersweshalluseattheirplace.

Inordertoaidthescholarsintheknowledgeandformationofthetenses,weshallconjugatehereaverbinactivevoice,bymeansoftheparticleNaga,whichisthemostcommon.

Thepupilsshallnotloseofsight,that,inthisdialectallthelastsyllablesarelike,beingonlychangedthepersons.

TOCHOOSEPAGPILI.

Infinitive. Tochoose. Pagpili.

Gerund. Choosing. Sapagpili.

Pastparticiple. Chosen. Pinili.

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INDICATIVEMOOD.

PRESENTTENSE.

Ichoose. Acnagapili.

Thouchoosest. Icaonagapili.

He(she)chooses. Sianagapili.

Wechoose. Cam(orquit)nagapili.

Youchoose. Camnagapili.

Theychoose. Silanagapili.

IMPERFECTPRETERIT.

Ichose.(when) Nagapiliac,(sa)

Thouchosest,&. Nagapilica,(sa)

PASTPERFECT.

Ihavechosen. Nagpiliac.

Thouhastchosen. Nagpilica

PLUPERFECT.

Ihadchosen. Nagpilinaac.

Thouhadstchosen. Humannaicaonagpili.

Hehadchosen. Ubusnasianagpili.

IMPERFECTFUTURE.

Ishallorwillchoose. Acmagapili.

Thoushaltorwiltchoose. Icaomagapili.

PERFECTFUTURE.

Ishallhavechosen. Nagpilinacahac.

Thoushalthavechosen. Nagpilicanacah

IMPERATIVE.

Choose. Magpilica.

Lethimchoose. Magpilisia.

Choose. Magpilicam.

Letthemchoose. Magpilisila.

SUBJUNCTIVEMOODPRESENT.

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ThatImaychooseornot. Magpiliacunta,ugdili.

Thatthoumayestchoose. Ngamagpilica.

Thathemaychoose. Apatsiamagpili.

Thatwemaychoose. Ngaquitmagpili.

Thatyoumaychoose. Ngacamuntamagpili.

Thattheymaychoose. Ngasilauntamagpili.

IMPERFECTPRETERIT,

ThatImightchoose. Ugacpaymagapili.

Thatthoumightestchoose. Ugicaountamagapili.

Thathemightchoose. Ugmagapilipalamangsia.

Thatwemightchoose. Ugmagpilipaquit.

Thatyoumightchoose. Ugcamuntaymagapili.

Thattheymightchoose. Ugsilapalamangmagpili.

PERFECTPRETERIT.

ThatImayhavechosen,ornot Nganagpiliacunta,cunual.

Thatthoumayesthavechosen. Nganagpilicanaunta.

Thathemayhavechosen. Ngasiaynagpili.

Thatwemayhavechosen. Nagpiliquit(orcam)unta.

Thatyoumayhavechosen. Nganagpilicam.

Thattheymayhavechosen. Nganagpilisila.

PLUPERFECT.

IfImighthavechosen. Cunacpaynacagpili.

Ifthoumightesthavechosen. Cunicaodiaynacagpili.

Ifhemighthavechosen. Cunnacagpilipauntasia.

Ifwemighthavechosen. Cunnacagpiliuntaquit.

Ifyoumightharechosen. Cunnacagpiliuntacam.

Iftheymighthavechosen. Cunsiladiaynacagpili.

IMPERFECTFUTURE.

IfIshallorwillchoose. Ugdaoacangmagapili.

Ifthoushaltchoose. Ugdaomagapilica.

Ifheshallchoose. Ugdaosiamagapili.

Ifweshallchoose. Ugdaomagapiliquit.

Ifyoushallchoose. Ugdaocammagapili.

Iftheyshallchoose. Ugdaosilaangmagapili.

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PERFECTFUTURE.

IfIshallorwillhavechosen. Cundaonagpiliacogaling.

Ifthoushalt&. Cunicaoogalingnagpilina.

Ifheshall&. Cunsiaogalingnagpilina.

Ifweshall&. Cuncamogalingnagpilina.

Ifyoushall&. Cuncamnaogalingnagpili.

Iftheyshall&havechosen. Cundaosilanaogalingnagpili.

Rem.Itmustbeobservedthattheadverbsandconjunctionswehavemadeuseofinsubjunctivemood,arenotcharacteristicsignsofthismood,andveryoftenwespeakinsubjunctivewithoutthem.

AlthoughthepassivevoiceisthemostusualintheBisayaDialect,theactivesentenceshavehoweveraveryimportantplaceattheconversation,andthereforeitisnecessarytoknow,thatwhenthespeechbeginsbyanominativeagent,expressortcite,thesentenceisactive.Thesamemustbesaidwhenthesentenceisaboutanindeterminatething,whenexclamatory,interrogativeoremphatical,andwhenpointsoutapartofawhole,Ex:

Youshallhearmassnow. Icaomusingbacaron.

WhodoesobserveGod'scommandments,willobtaintheeverlastinglife.

AngmacatumansamgasugosaDios,macadangatsapaghimayangadayonsaLangit.

Whichofyouwillaccompanyme? Quinsabacaniangmuubancanaco?

Willyousewtheshirt? Magatahicabasasinina?

Iwillnotsewit,butmysister. Diliacmagatahi,cundiliangigsooncongababaye.

Whowillreadthisletter? Quinsabaangmagabasaniiningsulat?

Lookforachildfromtheschool. Mangitacaugusacabatasaescuelahan.

IfIknowhowtoreadornotwhatdoesitconcernyou?

Cunmahibalacmagbasacundilibaonsaylabutmoniana?

X.

Canyouwalk,anddoyounotcangotoChurch?IamnotabletogotheChurch,becauseIamsickWillyoucanendureit?Donotpretendtobealearnedman,becauseyourownwitavailsbutlittleDoyouwishtowork?IwishtoworkandtheyletmenotWhereisyourwife?IdonotknowWhendidyouseeher?Isawheratseveno'clockinthemorningWhomareyouspeakingto?IamspeakingtomysisterDoyouspeaktohereveryday?Whatdoesthismanspendhistimein?HeisagoodfornothingfellowhespendshistimeindrinkingandplayingWhoarethementhathavejustarrived?TheyareRussiansIsyourfatherarrivedatlast?EverybodysaysthatheisarrivedbutIhavenotseenhimyetHasthePhysicianhurtyourson?Hehashurthim.forhehascuthisfinger.

EleventhLessonOFTHEPASSIVES.

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TheBisayadialectbeingalmostcompletelypassive,thestudyofthisspeakingmoodisofgreatimportance.Threearethepassivesormoodsofexpressingtheverbsinpassivevoice.PassivethefirstorpassiveofI(ee).ThesecondpassiveorofOn,andthethirdpassiveorofAn.ThepassiveofI(ee)isformedbyputtingGuibeforetherootforpresentandpasttenses,andI(ee)forfutureandimperative.PassivethesecondorofOn,isformedbyplacingtheparticleGuibeforetherootforpresentandpasttensesthefuturebyduplicatingthefirstsyllableoftherootputtingOnafter:orbyplacingoneoftheparticlesoffuturetensebeforetheroot,andOnafter.

ThethirdpassiveorofAnisformedbyputtingtheparticleGuibeforetherootandAnafter,forpresentandpasttensesthefutureisformedbyduplicatingthefirstsyllableoftheroot,andplacingbeforetherootoneoftheparticlesoffuturetenseandAnafter.

TheimperativemoodisformedbyputtingAnaftertheroot.

ConjugationofthePassives

PASSIVEOFI.(EE)

PRESENTANDPASTTENSES.

Ileavehimorhehasbeenleftbyme. Guibilincosia.

FUTUREANDIMPERATIVE.

Hewillbeleft,orlethimbeleftbyme. Ibilincosia.

INFINITIVE.

Whenhelefthim. Sapagbilincania.

PASSIVEOFON.


Itis,orithasbeenwrittenbythem. Guisulatnila.

FUTURE.

Willbewrittenbythem. Susulatonorpagasulatonnila.

IMPERATIVE.

Letitbewrittenbythem. Susulatonnila.

INFINITIVE.

Tobewrittenbythem. Sapagsulatnila.

IMPERATIVE.

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Writethat. Sulatonmocan.

PASSIVEOFAN.


Itisorhasbeenopenedbyme. Guilucabanco.

FUTURE.

Willbeopenedbyme. Lulucabanorpagalucabanco.

IMPERATIVE.

Letitbeopenedbyyou. Lucabanmo.

IMPERSONALIMPERATIVE.

Bethatopened. LucabiorLucabican.

Rem.Theothertensesareformedbymeansofconjunctionsandadverbsoftheactiveconjugation.TospeakwelltheBisayadialect,itisabsolutelynecessarytounderstandwhenandhoweveryoneofthepassivesmustbeused,andalsothemechanismoftheirsentences,whichisthemoredifficultpart,sincearesomanythemoodsandsodiversetheirsyntax,Inordertomakeeasytothelearnerstheuseofthepassivetenses,weshallexplainthemasclearlyaspossiblebyExamples.

Selltheplantationofcocoatrees. Ibaligyamoangcalubihan.

Wehavesolditnow. Guibaligyananamo.

Countthecows. Isiponmoangmgavaca.

Wehavecountedthem,andfourareoutofsightyet. Guiisipnanamougculangpaugupatcabooc.

Ordertohavethemsearchedatone. Papangitaalamangsamadali.

Watertheplants,becauseitisverywarm. Boboanmoangmgatanm,caymainitcaayo.

Coverthechild,becauseitverycold. Taboniangbata,caymatugnaocaayo.

Didyougoveryfar? Halayobaangimongguilactan?

Iamgoneasfarasmybrother's. Guilactancocutubsabalaysaacongigsoon.

XI.

Areyoupleasedwithyourservant?Iammuchpleasedwithhim,forheislitforanythingHasyourbrotherreturnedatlastfromSpain?Hehasreturnedthence,andhasbroughtyouafinehorseHashetoldhisgroomtobringittome?HehastoldhimtobringittoyouWhatdoyouthinkofthathorse?Ithinkthatitisafineandgoodone,andbegyoutoleadittomybrother'sthathemayseeitInwhatdidyouspendyourtimeyesterday?Iwenttomyfather'sinlaw,andafterwardstotheballWhendidthatmangodownintothewell?HewentdownintoitthismorningHashecomeupagainyet?HecameupanhouragoWhereisyourbrother?HeisinhisroomWillyoutellhimtocomedown(ngamanaugsia)?Iwilltellhimso,butheisnotdressed.

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TwelfthLessonSOMERULESUPONTHEPASSIVESANDTHEIRSENTENCES.

PassiveofI.(ee)

Thispassiveismadeuseofwhentheagentpersonexercisesitsactionremovingfromitselfthepatientperson.

ThesentencesofthispassiveareformedbyputtingGuibeforetherootforthepresentandpasttenses,andI(ee)forthefutureandimperative.Thispassivepointsouttheharm,detriment,obsequiousnessorfavourmadetoanother,placingthereceiverpersoninnominativecase,thedonoringenitive,andinaccusativewithugorsathefavourorharm.

PASSIVEOFON.

Itisemployedwhentheagentpersonattractstowardsitselftothepatientperson.Whenitisspokenbymeansofthispassive,thepresentandpasttensesareformedbyplacingGuibeforetherootthefuturedoublingthefirstsyllableoftherootandputtingOnafter,andtheimperativemoodbyplacingOnaftertheroot.

PASSIVEOFAN.

Itisemployedwhentheagentpersonexcercisesitsactionuponaplaceorquasiplace,puttingthesaidplaceorquasiplaceinnominativecase.Thepresentandpasttensesareformedwithgui,beforetherootandAnafteritthefuture,byduplicatingthefirstsyllableoftherootandbyaddingAntoit,andtheimperativemoodbyputtingAnaftertheroot.Examples:

Pulloffthatherb. Ibtonmocanangbalili.

WherevertheymayplacemeIwillfollowmyownmind.

Bisanasaacibutangnila,macatumanacsaacongpagbuut.

Iimitatehim. Guipanigingnancosia.

Speaktohim. Pamolonganmosia.

Igavehimthebook. Guihatagconacaniaanglibro.

Pleaseacceptthat. Daoatocan.

Pleasetoexplainittome. Sagdiac.

XII

Onwhatlivedourancestors?Theylivedonfishandgame,fortheywentahuntingandafishingeverydayYouhavelearnedyourlesson:whyhasnotyoursisterlearnedhers?Shehastakenawalkwithmymother,sothatshecouldnotlearnit,butshewilllearnittomorrowWhenwillyoucorrectmyexercises?IwillcorrectthemwhenyoubringmethoseofyoursisterDoyouthinkyouhavemadefaultsinthem?IdonotknowIfyouhavemadefaults,youhavenotstudiedyourlessonswellforthelessonsmustbelearnedwelltomakenofaultsintheexercisesItisallthesameifyoudonotcorrectthemtodayIshallnotlearnthembeforetomorrowYoumustnotmakeanyfaultsinyourexercises,foryouhaveallyouwantinordertomakenoneWhoisthere?ItisIWhoarethosemen?IdonotknowOfwhatcountryarethey?TheyareAmericansWhydoyousitnearthefire?MyhandsandfeetarecoldthatisthereasonwhyIsitnearthefireAreyoursister'shandscold?NobutherfeetarecoldWhatisthematterwithyourcousin?

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femHerleghurtsherWhatisthematterwiththiswoman?Hertonguehurtsher.

ThirteenthLessonOFTHEPARTICLES

NAGA.

l.aTheparticleNaga,themostusualintheBisayadialecthasthesamesignificationastheroottowhichisjoined.Itstensesareformedwithnagaforthepresenttime,nagforpastmagaforthefutureandmagfortheimperativemood.theyallbeforetheroot.As:

Towrite. Pagsulat.

Iwrite. Acnagasulat.

Youwrote. Icaonagsulat.

Theywill,orshallwrite. Silamagasulat.

Write.(pl.) Magsulatcam.

2.aThisparticleadmitsthethreeabovementionedpassives,anditstensesareformedbyplacingsometimesbefore,andsometimesafter,theparticlesat12th.Lessonmentioned.TheymaybealsoformedbyputtingPagabeforetherootforfuturetense,andPagfortheimperative.Examples:

PRESENTANDPAST.

Iwriteorwrote. Guisulatco.

FUTURE.

Iwillorshallwrite. Sulatonorpagasulatonco.

IMPERATIVE.

Write. Sulatonorpagsulatonmo.

3.aThisparticlesignifiestodowhattheroottowhichprecedespointsout,butinmanyways,asweshalldemonstrate.

4.aPlacingitbeforethenounsofdress,garmentorgarb,signifiestousethemortoputonthem.thus:

Hewearsshoes. Sianagasapin.

Putonyourhat. Magcaloca.

5.aBeforerootsofmusicalinstruments,signifiestoplayonthem,as:

Playyouontheguitar? Nagasestacaba?

Sheharps. Sianagaarpa.

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Playonthepiano. Magpianoca.

6.aWhenitisjoinedtothenounsofnationsandinisinsertedbetweenthefirsttwosyllablesoftheroot,signifiestospeakortotranslateintothatnation'slanguage,andinthiscase,thesecondpassivewillbeemployedbutwhenaddressingaperson,thethirdmustbeused,Ex:

SpeaktomeinLatin. Maglinatincacanaco.

TranslatethatbookintoBisaya. Binisayaonmoorpagbinisayaonmocananglibro.

SpeaknottomeinSpanishlanguage. Diliacnimoquinatchilaan.

Timeto. Tiemposa.

Courageto. Gahmsa.

Toberightin. Catarungansa.

Tobewrongin. Ualaycatarungansa.

Afraidto. Cahadlucsa.

Wishormindto. Nahagugmaorgugmasa.

Towork. Pagbuhat.

Tospeak. Pagsulti,pagpolong.

Tobuy. Pagpalit.

Totear. Pagguisi.

Tobreak. Pagboong.

Ihaveamindtowork. Nahagugmaacmagbuhat.

Haveyoutimetowork. Dunabacamugtiemposapagbuhat?

Wehavetimebutnotmindtowork. Dunaytiempo,apandilicammahagugma.

Haveyouamindtobuymyhorse? Nahagugmabacammupalitsaacongcabayo?

Iamafraidtobreaktheglass Nahadlucacmagboongsavaso.

XIII.

OneofthevaletdeChambresofLouisXIVrequestedthatprince,ashewasgoingtobed,torecommendtothefirstPresidentalawsuitwhichhehadagainsthisfatherinlaw,andsaidinurginghim:"AlasSire,youhavebuttosayoneword.""Well,"saidLouisXIV,"itisnotthatwhichembarrassesme,buttellme,ifthouwertinthyfatherinlaw'splace,andthyfatherinlawinthinewouldstthoubeglad,ifIsaidthatword?"Ifthemenshouldcome,itwouldbenecessarytogivethemsomethingtodrinkIfhecoulddothishewoulddothatIhavealwaysflatteredmyself,mydearbrother,thatyoulovedmeasmuchasIloveyoubutInowseethatIhavebeenmistakenIhaveheard,mysister,thatyouareangrywithme,becauseIwentawalkingwithoutyoubutIassureyouthathadIknownthatyouwerenotsick,IshouldhavecomeforyoubutIinquiredatyourphysician'safteryourhealth,andhetoldmethatyouhadbeenkeepingyourbedthelasteightdays.

FourteenthLesson

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OFTHEIMPERATIVE,CALLEDIMPERSONAL.

1.aThesecondandthirdpassiveshaveasecondimperativecalledimpersonal,becausedoesnotmentiontheperson:wherefore,theirsentencesarecalledimpersonals.Theimperativeofthesecondpassiveendsbya,andthatofthethirdbyi.Theirsentencesareformedbyplacingtheobjectinnominativecase,andtheverbinimperativemood,Ex:

Killthedog. Patiaangir.

Putanendtothat. Hudtacana.

Helpus. Tabagicam.

Writeit. Sulata.

Readthatbook. Basahacananglibro.

CalltoMr.Louis. TaogasiSr.Louis.

Waitforme. Hulataac.

Lighttheglobe. Dagcutiangglobo.

2.aWhenthesentenceisnegative,theEnglishnot,istranslatedintoBisayabyAyaoorualaEx:

Itwasnotmet. Ualahiquiti.

Benotturbulent. Ayaopagsamoca.

Crynottome. Ayaopagsinggiti.

Putnotoutthecandle. Ayaopagpalngaangcandela.

3.aTheimpersonalimperativeofthepassiveofan,isnotcompoundedwiththeparticlePag,Ex:

Paywhatyouowe,andcomforttheafflicted. Bayriangmgautangniuglipayonniangmgataongaanaasacalisud.

LoveGodandyourneighbourasyourselves. HigugmaonnioangDiosngangisigcataonimaingoncani.

Letusloveandpractisevirtue,andweshallbehappybothinthislifeandinthenext.

Higugmaonugbuhatontaangcatarunganugmapaladanquitniiniugsaumalabutngaquinabuhi.

PRESENTPARTICIPLESORGERUNDS.

Wehavesaid,thattheBisayaconjugationhasbutfourtenses,butinordertomakethescholaracquaintedwiththetenses,theEnglishconjugationmustbereferredto,wemakeuseofallthetenses.ThesentencesofpresentparticipleareformedsometimesbyplacingsaandPagbeforetheroot.Examples:

Thismorningwhenyouwaspreaching,werethechildrenplaying.

Caninasapagoalimonagduladulaangmgabata.

OurLordspendedhisnighttimeinpraying AngGuinootaguicabuntagansapagampo.

3.aTheGerundsareformedalsowiththeadverblabonnga,andtheverbinfutureorinsubjunctive,as:

ThesinnersdespisetoourLord,seeingthey GuipasaipadansamgamacasasalangatongGuinoo,labon

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shouldadorehim. ngapagasingbahonnilaunta.

4.oBymeansofverbalnounsareformedalsogerundscalledoftimeorcausals,andtheirsentencesareformedbyplacingtheleadingverbinnominativewithPagbeforetheroot,andthesubordinateisformedwiththeparticleNaorMaoyandtheparticleoffutureIgaEx:

Whenseeingyou,myheartwasgladded. Angpagtanaococanimo,nalipayangcasingcasingco.

Whenyoudepartedhegrewsad. Angpagguicanmonamingaosia.

XIV.

Wouldyouhavemoneyifyourfatherwerehere?ShouldhavesomeifhewerehereAFrenchofficerhavingarrivedatthecourtofVienna,theEmpressTheresaaskedhimifhebelievedthatthePrincessofN.whomhehadseenthedaybefore,wasreallythehandsomestwomanintheworld,aswassaid:Madam,repliedtheofficer,IthoughtsoyesterdayWhathasbecomeofyouruncle?Iwilltellyouwhathasbecomeofhim:hereisthechairuponwhichheoftensatIshedead?HeisdeadWhendidhedie?HediedthreeweeksagoIamverysorryatitWhydoyounotsiddown?Ifyouwillsitdowntomyside,Iwillsitdownalsobutifyougo,IshallgoalongwithyouWIllyoutellmewhathasbecomeofyoursister?Iwilltellyouwhathasbecomeofhere.Isshedead?SheisnotdeadWhathasbecomeofher?SheisgonetoManilaWhathasbecomeofyoursisters?Icannottellwhathasbecomeofthem,forIhavenotseenthemsixyearsago.

FifteenthLessonINFINITIVESENTENCES.

1.aTheinfinitivesentencesarecomposedofleadingverbandsubordinateverb,thelatterininfinitivemood,as:

Iwanttosew. Buutacmagtahi.

Iwanttotakeawife Buutacmangasaoa.

2.aWhenthesentenceshavebetweenbothleadingandsubordinateverbsarelativepronoun,extressortacit,thispronounistranslatedintoBisayabynga,andthesubordinateverbmustbeplacedinsubjunctivemoodorinfuture,eitheractiveorpassive.Inasamewayaretheyformed,whenbetweenleadingandsubordinateverbs,istheconjunctionif,whichistranslatedintoBisayabycun.Ex:

Itisnotsuityougotothecockfight DiliAngayngamuadtocasabulungan.

Myteachertoldme,thatImustlearntocount. MiingonangMagtotooncanacongamagtoonacsapagisip.

Iwishyoutotalk Buutacngamulacaoca.

Iwishyoutowriteme. Nagatinguhacngamusulatcacanaco.

IdoubtthatIcanmakeit. Ambutcunmacabuhatacniana.

3.aWhentheleadingverbistheverbtobe,thesentencesarealsooftobe,andthesubordinateverb,isusedasasubstantivewiththeparticlepagorpagcainnominative,precededbythearticleang,towit:

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Isitdecenttodance? Maayobaangpagsayao?

Itisnecessarytogotoschool Quinahanglanangpagadtosaescuelahan.

Itisindecoroustobathebeforepeople. Mangiladmanangpagcaligosaatubangansamgatao.

4.aInthismannerareformedthesesentenceswiththeneuterverbs,Example:

Theexcessiveraindoesnotsuit. Diliangayanghinlabihanngapagulan.

5.aWhenthegovernedverbisprecededbythepropositionsto,for,inorderto,thesesentencesarecalledfinals,andaretranslatedintoBisayabycayaron,beingthegovernedverbtranslatedbysubjunctivemood,activeorpassive,Examples:

Ididcomehereforvisitingmyuncle. Mianhiaccayaronmagduaoacsaoyoanco.

WehavebeenorderedbytheGovernortocarry(pay)thetax.

NadaoatnamougordenniAmbacayaronihatudnamoangbuhis.

Ipraytobelovedbythepeople. Nangadyeaccayaronhigugmaonacsamgataoo.

6.aWhentheleadingverbisoneoftheauxiliarymay,canortobeable,itistranslatedbythepotentialNaca.Signifyingtoincite,toinvite,isrenderedbyNaquigwhentoimplore,tobefondofortogiveone'smindto,istranslatedbyNaquiwhensignifiestohavemade,tobespeak,byNagaandPaandwhentoallow,tolet,mustberenderedbyNapawhichparticlesbeforetherootincludeinthemselvesthesignificationofthegovernedverb,Examples:

Didyoucangouptothebellfry? Nacasaccabasacampanario?

Willyoubeabletocarryawaythatricebag? Macadalcabanianangbaluyotsabugs?

Thechildrenincitemetospeakintochurch. AngmgabatanaquigsulticanacosaSingbahan.

Mother,Anthonyisinvitingmetodance. Nanay,siAntonionaquigsayaocanaco.

Francisbegsmetohavepityonhim. SiFrancisconaquimalooycanaco.

Ihavegotthericeplantationmade. Guipatanmconaangbasacan.

Bespeakacaneforme. Pabuhatonmougusacasongcodcanaco.

Whendoyouintendtohavemyhabitssewed? Anusabaicaomagapatahisaacongmgahbito?

Willyouconsenttobedeceivedbythatliar? Palimbongcabanianangbacacon?

Allownotyourdaughtertogototheball. Ayaomapasayaosaimonganac.

Remarkuponthechangeofletters.

Themostimportantchangeswhichthescholarisadvisedattentivelytostudytoavoidambiguityarethese:

l.aRootsbeginningbycorqu,changesincompositiontheselettersintog,as:Tosee,Quitanangita.

2.aWhenthefirstsyllableisborp,itischangedintom,andthosebeginningwithm,retainthisletter,buttheparticledropsthefinaln,as:TomakeBuhat,namuhat:Tospeak,Polong,namolong:TogrowdarkMolat,namolat.

3.aWhentheinitialsared,s,ort,changethesaidsyllablesinton,andthecomponentparticledropsthen,thus:Tobeangry,Tuyo,nanuyo.Tocry,Singgit,naninggitTovisit,Duao,nanuao.

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XV

Whydoyouopenthedoor?Doyounotseehowitsmokeshere?Iseeit,butyoumustopenthewindowinsteadofopeningthedoorThewindowdoesnotopeneasilythatisthereasonwhyIopenthedoorWhenwillyoushutit?IwillshutitassoonasthesmokeisgoneIsitusefultospeakmuch?WhenwewishtolearnaforeignlanguageitisusefultospeakagreatdealIsitasusefultowriteastospeak?ItismoreusefultospeakthantowritebutinordertolearnalanguageonemustdobothIsitusefultowriteallthatonesays?ThatisuselessWheredidyoutakethisbookfrom?ItookitoutoftheroomofyourfriendIsitrighttotakethebooksofotherpeople?Itisnotright,IknowbutIwantedit,andIhopethatyourfriendwillnotbedispleased,forIwillreturnittohimassoonasIhavereadit.

SixteenthLessonPA.

TheparticlePawhichisalsoanadverboftimeandmood,andsignifiesyet,still,notwithstanding,hasaveryimportantplaceintheBisayadialect,andissometimesusedonlyredundantly,togivemoreforcetothesentence.

Forthebenefitoflearners,weshallexplainithere,beforespeakingoftheverbalsparticlestowhichisjoinedtoformthesentences.

l.aBeforesomeverbshasthesignificationoftowish,totry,todesireandtoallowthatthesignificationoftherootmaytakeplaceonthesubject,as:

Thehaughtywishestoberequestedbyeverybody. Angpalabilabihonpaampoguihapon.

Father,givemeonlytheExtremaunction. Pahiloglamangac,Pare.

Iwanttohavesomemoneysoastobuyafineshirt,andtheygivemenot,fortheysay,itisvanity.

Pahatagmanacugsalapingaigapalitcouguscamaanindatngasinina,ugdiliactagaancayparayegcon.

2.aBeforenounsofplacesignifiestogothere,as:

Whereareyougoing? Asaicaopaingon?

Iturntohome. Pauliacsaamo.

Wherewillyougo,whenyoudie? Sapagcamataymo,asaicaopaingon?

Ishallascendintoheaven. Palangitacgayud.

3.aItisemployedalsoasajoiningconjunction,andinthiscase,isusedtoexaggeratethephrase,placingthethingortheobjectrefersto,beforethus:

Youalsodeceiveme? Icaopanagalimbongcanaco?

Heisagamblerandthief. Siasugarolmanugcaoatanpa.

Heissickanddoesplay. Nagalingaolingaosiaugnasaquitpaman.

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4.aBisanpangani,answerstotheEnglishconjunctionsthough,notwithstanding,forallthat&*.

Ex:

Althoughtheyallowmenottoplay,Iwillplay. Bisanpanganidiliacpasugalnila.musugalacgayud.

Althoughtheymaypunishme,Iwillhavenotanswer.

Bisanpanganilatusonacnila,diliacmutingog.

5.aServesalsotopointoutthebeginningandtheendofanaction,Ex:

Iwascalled,whenIhadjustarrived. Igopaacmiabut,guita*oagacnila.

IGAORICA.

Theseparticlessignifytheinstrument,tool,ormeanwithwhichathingisdone.Theyanswertothefutureofthepassivemood,Ex:

Thisistheaxewithwhichyouhavetocutthetree.

Maoquiniangoasayngaigaoricaputulmosacahuy.

Butfor. Ugdilipaunta.

Butforheisagamblerthismanwouldbesogoodasyourbrother.

Quiningtaomaingoningonugbuutansaigsoonmo,ugdilipauntasiangasugarol.

Ifyouallowme,IwillteachyouSpanish. Acoymagatooncanimougquinachila,ugtugutanpaac.

XVI.

ThismanhasalteredagreatdealWheredidyoubeborn?IwillnottoansweryouIfyoudonotmakeyourappearancebeforehim,IwillnotspeaktohimHowisthissaid?ThatcannotbesaidinBisayaChildrenmustbeaccustomedearlytothelaborIamaccustomedtowriteIcannotexpressmyselfinBisaya.becauseIamnotinthehabitofspeakingitThemanlaughsandweepsbyturnsIfIknewwhatyouhavedone....willyouallowmetogototheshore?IdonotpermityoutogothereDoitinhasteWhydoesFerdinandcomplainofhiswife?ThomascomplainsofFructuosaandFructuosaofThomasWhoisright?Theyarebothwrong,forThomaswishestotakeFructuosa'stoysandFructuosaThomas's.

SeventeenthLessonNAGAPA.

Thisparticleisformedfromtheparticlesnagaandpaandsignifiestoallow,toorder,tohavedonewhattherootpointsout.Theactivetensesareformedaccordingtotheruleslaiddownfornagaaddinginvariablypa.

ACTIVEVOICEPRESENT.

Ibespeak. Acnagapabuhat

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PASTTENSE.

Ibespoke. Acnagpabuhat.

FUTURE.

Theywillbespeak. Silmagapabuhat.

IMPERATIVEMOOD.

Orderthetailortosew. Magpatahicasamananahi.

2.aThisparticleadmitsthethreepassivesaccordingtotheabovementionedrulesforeachofthem.

ThepresentandpasttensesofthefirstpassiveareformedbyplacingGuipa,beforetheroot,thefutureandimperativewithIpa,before,andtheinfinitivemoodwithPagpa.

PRESENTTENSE.

Iordertosewtheshirt. Guipatahicoangsinina.

PASTTENSE.

Ihavehadtheshirtsewed. Guipatahicoangsinina.

FUTURE.

Youwillordertheshirttobesewed. Ipatahimoangsinina.

IMPERATIVE.

Ordertheshirttobesewed. Ipatahimoangsinina.

3.aThesentencesofthisfirstpassiveareformedbyplacinginnominativecasetheobjectofthecommandment,theverbinpassivevoiceingenitivetheorderer,andindative,theerrand.

Telltheservanttobringtheportmanteau,itisonthecoach,upstairs.

Ipasacmosabataangmaletangatuadidtosacoche.

Tellhimtocarrythislettertothepostoffice. Ipadalmocaniaquiningsulatsacorreo.

Sendthemforgrassforthehorse. Ipahatudmocanilaugcompaysacabayo.

4.aThepresentandpasttensesofthesecondpassive,areformedwithGuipa,beforetherootthefutureandimperativebyputtingPabeforetheroot,andOnafterandtheinfinitivemoodwithPagpa,before.

PRESENT.

Imakeitknown. Guipahibaloco.

PAST.

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Imadeitknown. Guipahibaloco.

FUTURE.

Youwillmakeitknown. Pahibaloonmo.

IMPERATIVEMOOD.

Makeitknown. Pahibaloonmo,pahibaloa.

5.aThesentencesofthispassiveareformedbyputtingtheobjectuponwhichtheactionfallsinnominativecase:theverb,inpassivevoiceingenitive,theerrandpersonandinaccusativethatwhoperformsthething,iftherebe.Ex:

Iorderedtheservanttocallthetailor. Guipaanhicosabataangmagtatahi.

DidyouordertobuythehempIrecommendedyou? Guipapalitmobaanglanotngaguitogoncocanimo?

Orderyoursistertosewtheshirt,becausetheEasterisapproaching.

Patahionmosasininaangimongigsoon,cayhadoolnaangPasco.

6.aThepresentandpasttensesofpassivethethird,areformedbyputtingGuipa,beforetherootandAnafter:thefutureandtheimperativewithPabefore,andAnafterandtheinfinitivemoodbyplacingPagpa,beforetheroot.

IorderorIorderedtosweep. Guipasilhiganco.

Youwillordertosweep. Pasilhiganmo,pasilhigi.

Ordertosweep. Pasilhiganmo.

Trytocarrymetoyourhouse,forIdonotfeelverywell.

Ipadangatmoacuntasaimongbalay,caymasquitsquitac.

WhenGodbepleasedtotakeusintoheaven,weshallenjoywitheverlastingpleasures.

CunpadangatonquitsaDiossalangit,pagahiagomantaangmgacaayohanngalangitnon.

PleaseacceptthepresentIsendyou,asaproofofyourpresenceinmythoughts.

Dauataangregalongaguipadalcocanimo,satimaansaacongpaghinumdumcanimo.

7.aThesentencesofthispassiveareformedbyplacingthespot,personorthinginnominativecasetheverbinthethirdpassivetheordereringenitiveindativetheerrandboy,andinaccusativetheerrand.Examples:

Ihavetoldyou,topaytheworkmenthreemexaday. Guipasoholancocanimoangmgamagbubuhattagotlocapisosangadlao.

WouldtoGod,thattheJudgecompelthemtorestoremetheonehundreddollarstheyhavestolenfromme.

Agadpaunta,ngapabayranaccanilasahocomsauscagatscapisosngaguicauatnilacanaco.

Havethekindnesstotellyourcousintohelpmetoloadthecocoanutsintothevessel.

Ugmaarangsaimongbuut,patabanganmoacsaimongigagaosapaglulansamgalubisasacayan.

8.aThenegativesentencesareformedinBisayabymeansoftheadverbsDili,ualaandayao.

Diliisemployedinthefuturesentences,andisformedwiththeparticlesofimperativemood,andsometimes

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ofindicative.

Uala,ismadeuseof,whenthesentenceisofpasttime,andisformedlikeDili.

Ayao,isemployedtoforbidanything,anditssentencesareformedwiththeparticlepag,andsometimeswithmag.Examples:

Thinkaboutthefourlastthings,andyouwillnotsin.

Maghunahunacasamgacaolahianmougdiliicaomacasal.

Youdidnothearmassthismorning. Canihasabuntagualaicaosumingba.

CompelmenottoeatbecauseIamnotfondofthat.

Ayaoicaomagluguscanacosapagcaon,caydiliacmahagugmaniana.

XVII.

Howfararewegoing?WearegoingasfarastheChurchAreyougoingasfarastheriver?No:IamgoingasfarasDauisHaveyoueverstolenanything?IhaveneverstolenanythingDoyoudyeanything?IdyemyhatWhatcolordoyoudyeit?IdyeitblackDoyougetyourhatdyed?IgetitdyedgreenWhathathastheboy?Hehastwohats,awhiteoneandablackoneHowfardoesthisroadlead?ItleadsasfarasBaclayonWheredoesyourfriendlive?HelivesonthissideoftheroadIsthegardenofyoursisteronthisorthatsideofthewood?ItisonthatsideWouldyoubesorryifyourmotherweretoarrivedtoday?IshouldratherbegladdedforitAreyouangrywithme?No:IamangrywithMiss.Valerianewhowenttotheballwithouttellingmeawordofit.

EighteenthLessonNAGAPACA.

l.aThisparticleiscomposedofNagaandPaanditsactivetensesareformedaccordingtotherulesabovementionedforNagaaddingpacainvariably.

ThepassivevoiceisformedwithGuipacaorPinaca,forthepresentandpasttensesandthefutureandimperative,withPaca,before,andonaftertheroot.Thisparticleadmitsbutthesecondandthirdpassivesandsignifiestofeignwhattherootsignifies.Butwhenaddedtoabstractsnounsortoneuterverbs,signifiestodoheartilywhattherootsignifies.Ex:

SaintJosephwasconsideredastheFatherofourLordJesusChrist.

SiSanJosguipacaamahansaatongGuinoongJesucristo.

Donotpretendtobemad,lessweesteemyouassuchaone.

Ayaocampacabuangbuangan,tingalioapacabuangbuangonicaonamo.

OurLordJesusChristbecamemaninthechastewomboftheVirginMary.

AngatongGuinoongJesucristonagpacataosaulayngatianniMariaVirgen.

Iwillconsideryouasafathertome. Pacaamahanoncoicao.

2.aBeforenounsoftimesignifiestodotilltherootpointsout,andthenisrenderedintoBisayabyGuica,as:

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Hespentthenightinpraying. Guicabuntagansiasapagampo.

3.aThisparticleisemployedalsowhenwemakeuseofathingoutofitsnaturalemployment.Thus:

Mybroadhatservesmeforanumbrella. Guipacapayongcoangcalocongahalapad.

Abottleservesmeforacandlestick. Pinacacandelerocoanguscaboteya.

4.aWheninthesentencethereisanexpressionpointingoutdoubtorincertitude,itistranslatedintoBisayabyCah,Examples:

Howmuchcanthathorsebeworth? Pilaybalecahnianangcabayo?

Itisworthtwentydollars. Caluhaancapisos(bulaoan).

Better. Maayocay,maayosa.

Yourservantisbetterthanmine. Maayoangimongsologooncaysaaco.

Notyet. Dilipa,ualpa.

Doesthechildreturnyouyourbook? Guiulibasabatangdiutaycanimoanglibromo?

Hedoes. Guiulina.

Whereareyoucomingfrom? Diincaguican?

Fromwhatplace? Diin?,Disa?

IamcomingfromTagbilaran. GuicanacsaTagbilaran.

Whose? Quinsa?

Whosehatisthis? Quinsabaangtagiyaniiningcalo?

Theafternoon. Anghapon.

Noon. Odto.

Thedinner. Angpanodto.

Thebreakfast. Angpamahao.

Thesupper. Angpanihapon.

Afterme. Sahumannaac.

XVIII.

Isitrighttolaughthusateverybody?Ilaughatyourclothes,IdonotlaughateverybodyDoesyourdaughterresembleanyone?SheresemblesnooneCanyounotgetridofthatman?Icannotgetridofhim,forhewillabsolutelyfollowmeHashenotlosthiswits?ItmaybeWhatdoesheaskyoufor?IdonotknowWhosegunisthat?Itismyuncle'sWhoarethosemen?Theonewhoisdressedinwhiteismyneighbour,andwhoisdressedwithblackitisthesonofthephysician,whohasgivenmyneighbourablowwithastickAretheremanylearnedinRomaaretherenot?MiltonaskedaRoman"Notsomanyaswhenyouwerethere"answeredtheRoman.

NineteenthLessonNACA.

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3.aThisparticleisdividedintopotentialandcausal.Thepotentialnaca,signifiestodoinfact,whattheroottowhichprecedespointsout,containinginitselfthefacultyofdoing.ThisisthereasonwhytheEnglishverbstocan,tobeable,arenottranslatedintoBisaya.Intheactivevoicethepresentandpasttensesareformedwiththeparticlenaca,andthefutureandimperativewithmaca.Whenspeakinginpassivevoice,thepresentandpastareformedwithna,andthefutureandimperativebymeansofma.Insteadofnacaandmaca,areusednacagandmacagrespectively,whenthesignificationoftherootisoftendone.

Theseruleswillbemoreeasilyunderstoodbythefollowingexamples:

Thewoundedhorsecanalreadywalkalittle. Angcabayongguisamadannacalacaolacaona.

Thesickmanisalreadyabletogetup. Angmasaquitonnacatindugna.

Icannoteat. Diliacmacagcaon.

Ihavemurmuredagainstyouveryoften. Nacaglibcaccanimosamasubsub.

Theywillbenotabletoovertakehim,forheis,Ithink,fardistant.

Dilinasiacahmaapas,caytuanasahalayo.

Icannotsleep. Diliacmacatolog.

WhenmyFatherdied,myMotherwasnotabletoweep. SapagcamatayniTatay,angacongInahnualmacahilac.

2.aBesidestheparticlenaca,theBisayadialecthassomeotherwordscompensatoryoftheEnglishverbs,tocan,tobeable,suchasarang,gahmandhimoemployedsometimesalone,andsometimesincompositionwithnaca.

Arang,signifiestopossesspowerofdoinganything,butsubordinatedtoanother.Examples:

IfIcouldafford,Iwouldbuyafinehorse.

Ugmaarangpaac,mupalitacuntaugusacamaayongcabayo.

Ifyouplease,givemesomemedicine. Ugmaarangsaimongbuut,tagai,acugtambal.

Canyouaffordtobuythathorse? Macapalitcabanianangcabayo?

Icanaffordit. Arangcopaliton.

Howisthesick? Comustaangmasaquit?

Heissoso. Arangarangnasia.

Gahm,signifiesvigour,strength,courage,anditisemployedinbothmaterialandmoralacceptations,as:

Iamanoldman. Tigulangnaac,orualanaacoygahm.

Didyoudaretorobyourmaster? Nganonacagahmcasapagpangauatsaimongagalon?

Himo,signifiestopossessthepowerofdoinganything,as:

Canyoumakeit? Macahimocabaniana?

Icouldmakeit,butIhavenottools. Macahimoacunta,apanualaacoyhilimoan.

Whatisimpossiblewithmen,Godcando. Angdilimahimosamgataoo,mahimosaDios.

Isitpossible? Mahimoba?

Itispossible. Mahimoman.

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Theauthority. Cagamhanan.

OurLordJesusChristlefttohisministersthepowerofforgivingsins.

AngmgailisniJesucristoguitagaanniasacagamhanansapagpasaylosamgasal.

XIX.

Whydoyouassociatewiththosepeople?IassociatewiththembecausetheyareusefultomeIfyoucontinuetoassociatewiththemyouwillgetintobadscrapes,fortheyhavemanyenemiesDoyouknowagoodplacetoswimin?IknowoneWhereisit?Onthesideoftheriverbehindthewood,nearthehighroadWhenshallwegotoswim?ThiseveningifyoupleaseWillyouwaitformebeforethecitygate?Ishallwaitforyouthere,butIbegyounottoforgetitYouknowthatIneverforgetmypromisesIsthismanangrywithyou?Ithinkheisangrywithme,becauseIdonotgotoseehimbutIdonotliketogotohishouse,forwhenIgothere,insteadofreceivingmewithpleasure,helooksdispleasedWhydoyoulooksosad?IhaveexperiencedgreatmisfortunesYoumustnotafflictyourselfsomuch,foryouknowthatwemustyieldtonecessityBut,blessme,whydoyoucryso?

TwentiethLessonNACACAUSAL.

Thisparticleismadeuseof,whenthenominativeproducesontheaccusative,thatwhichtherootsignifies.Itisalsoanominativeofthisparticlethecauseorplacewheretheeffectisproduced.Theactivevoiceisconjugatedaccordingtotheruleslaiddownfornacapotential.Thescholarmustpayparticularattentiontothisparticleinordertouseitproperlyinitstwoacceptations.

Thepotentialnaca,iscompoundedbutwithrootsofactiveverbs,andthecausalwiththoseofneuterverbsandofadjectivenouns.

Thepresentandpasttensesofthispassiveareformedbyputtingguica,beforetherootandanafterthefutureandimperativewithca,beforeandanafter:andtheinfinitivemoodplacingpagcaorca,before.

Remark.AtCebandBoholprovincesisveryoftenusedna,insteadofguica,withaninvariablyaftertheroot.Examples:

OfwhatillnessdidJohndie? Onsaynamatyanorguica*matyanniJuan?

Hewasstruckwithfever. Anghilanatmaoynamatyannia.

2.aWhenspeakingwiththisparticlethenativesinsertbetweenthesubjectandtheverb,theverbmaoyormao,andang,toexpresswithmoreenergyandprecisionthecausalityidea.

Remark.TherecoletoP.Zueco,ofgreatauthorityonthemattersays,thattheverbmao,mustbealwaysinsertedbetween,bothinactiveandpassivevoices,whenspeakingwiththeparticlenacacausal.Thus:

ACTIVE.

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Themedicinedidwellwiththesick. Angtambalmaoynacaayosamasaquit.

PASSIVE.

Themedicine&. Angtambalmaoyguica*ayohansamasaquit.

3.aWhenspeakingbymeansofthisparticleinpassivevoice,thesubjectiveandtheobjectivecasesstandinvariably,changingonlytheverb.Examples:

Whatdidyourbrotherdieof? Onsabaangguicamatyansaigsoonmo?

Hediedoffever. Anghilanatmaoyguicamatyannia.

OurLordJesusChristdiednailedtoashamefulcross.

AngusacamacaulaongaCruzmaoyguicamatyansaatongGuinoongJ.C.

Thejustman,pitieshisneighbourssufferings.

Giucasaquitansataongma*tarungangmgasaquitsaiyangisigcataoo.

Why? Ngano?,Mano?.

Because. Cay.

Forwhatreason? Onsayhinungdancay?

Whydidyoubecomesick? Onsayhinungdancaygui*saquitca?

Willyougivemethecocoayouhave? Buutcabamuhatagcanacosacacaonganaacanimo?

Iwillgiveittoyou. Buutacmuhatagcanimosaacongcacao.

Canyoudrinkasmuchwineasmilk? Macainombacamsavinougsagatasngamagsamasacadaghan?

Wecandrinkasmuchoftheoneasoftheother.

Macainomcamsausaugsausangamagsamasacadaghan.

Canourneighbourschildrenwork? Macabuhatbaangmgaanacsamgasilinganta?

Theycan,butarenotwillingtowork. Macabuhatsila,apandilisilabuut.

Whomdoyouwishtoanswer? Quinsabaangbuutnimobaslan?

Iwishtoanswermygoodfriends. Buutacmagbalussaacongmgahigalangmaayo.

Whereisyourson? Hainbaanganacmo?

Heisatthestreet Tuasadalan.

Whydoyoulaugh? Onsabaangguicataoanni?

Iamcomingtoworktomorrow. Muanhiacugmacayaronmagbuhatac.

TheAlmightyGod. AngMacagagahmsanga*tanan.

XX.

Whatisthepriceofthiscloth?Isellitatsixreals(tolocacahate)therodItseemstomeverydearWillyouhavethekindnesstoshowmesomeotherpiecesofthatnewcloth?IamreadytoserveyouDoesthisrea*dclothsuityou?ItdoesnotsuitmeWhyso?BecauseitistoodearAreyoulearningBisaya?Yes,IamlearningitWhoisyourteacher?ARecoletoFatherDoesheteachalsoEnglish?Yes,heteachesEnglishtothenatives,andalsoSpanishtohisAmericanfriendsIwishtomakehisacquaintance,wherefore,IbegofyoutointroducemetohimIshouldliketoknow,whyIdonotknowtospeakaswellas

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you?Iwilltellyou:youwouldspeakaswellasIifyouwerenotsotimidbutifyouhadstudiedwellyourlessons,youwouldnotbeafraidtospeakbecauseinordertospeakwell,itisnecessarytohaveknowledgeof,anditisverynaturalthathewhodoesnotknowwellwhathehaslearned,shouldbetimid,ifyouweresuretomakenotfaults,youwouldbenottimid.

TwentyFirstLessonMI.

Theparticlemi,signifiestodowhattherootpointsout,andisordinarilycompoundedwithverbsdenotingmotion.Itisformedbyputtingmi,beforetherootforpresenttense,minforpast,andmuforthefuture.Theimperativemoodisformedwithumbeforetheroot,whenbeginswithavowelbutwhenwithaconsonant,ummustbeplacedbetweenthefirstandthesecondradicalletters.Ex:

Whenwillthesteamerarrive? Anusabamuabutangvapor?

Myfatherarrivedyesterday. CahaponminabutsiC*atay.

Whohasarrivedatthetown? Quinsabaangminabutsalongsod?

Iwishtoenter,inordertospeakwiththeCaptain. Musuluduntaac,sapagsultisaCapitan.

Makehaste,itismymasterwaitingyou. Dumalica,cayguipa*abutcamansaagalonco.

Doyouwishtodine? Buutbacamcumaon?

Wewishtoeat,butwedonotwishtodrink. Buutcamcumaon,apandilicambuutuminom.

Doyouwishtodrinkanything? Buutbacamuminombisanonsa?

Idonotwishtodrinkanything. Diliacbuutmuinombisanonsa.

NA

l.aTheparticlena,isjoinedtotheneuterverbsandsignifieswhattherootpointsout.Inactivevoiceismadeuseofnaforpresentandpasttenses,andofma,forthefuture.

Inpassivevoicethetensesareformedbyplacingna,beforetherootandanafter,forpresentandpastandma,beforetherootandanafter,forthefuturetense.

Thisparticleservesalsotopointouttheplaceorcuasiplaceoftheaction.Thesepassiveparticlesentencesareformedbyputtinginsubjectivecasetheplaceorcuasiplace,andtheverbinitscorrespondenttense.Ex:

Goingthroughtheforestabranchcameuponme.

Sapagaguicodidtosacacahuyannahologanacsauscasang.

Myhousewasdestroyedbythefire. Nasunugangacongbalay.

Hefellfromthecocoatree,anddied. Nahologsalubugnamatay.

Hewasstruckwithasthma,anddiedofasphyxia.

Guihangussiaugnalumus.

Takecare,thatyoudonotfall. Mahologcabay.

2.aTheneuterverbsofaction,areformedbymeansoftheparticlesofactiveverbsmagaormi,as:

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Ididgoup. Minsacac.

Thebirdflewaway. Anglanggamminlupad.

Whereareyoutakingmeto? Asaguidalacnim?

Iwilltakeyoutomyfather'syard. Dadontaicaosacamaligsaamahanco.

Towalk. Soroysoroy,Lacatlacat,Lacaolacao.

Areyouwalking? Nagasoroysoroycaba?

Iamwalking. Nagasoroysoroyac.

Whendoesyourfatherwalk? Anusamagasoroysoroyangimongamahan?

Hewalksasearlyasyou. Nagalacaolacaosiasamasayingoncanimo.

Early. Masay,Samasay.

Itisearly. Buntagpaman.

Itistoolate. Hataasnaangadlao.

Enough,Too. Igo,Hinlabihan.

Doyouspeakmorethanenough. Hinlabihanbaangimongpagsulti?

NoIspeakmoderately. Dili:casaranganangacongpagsulti.

Already. Na.

Yet. Pa.

Notyet. Dilipa,Ualapa.

DoyouspeakBisayayet? NagasulticanabaugBinsaya?

Notyet. Dilipa.

Idonotspeakyet. Dilipaacmagasulti.

Never.(future.) Dilisaguihapon.

Nonever(past.) Uala,Sugud.

Seldom. Tagsara,Talagsara.

Howmanytimes? Nacapila?,Macapila?

One,Twice. Nacausa,Nacaduha.

Manytimes. Nacadaghan.

Heretofore,formerly. Canhipa,Sacanhipa.

XXI.

Ofwhatillnessdidyourbrotherdie?HediedoffeverHowisyourbrother?Mybrotherisnotlongerliving,hediedlastweekHewasverywelllastyear,whenIwasinTagbilaranOfwhatillnessdidhedie?HediedofsmallpoxHowisthemotherofyourfriend?Sheisnotwell

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