English Aracely

8/13/2019 English Aracely

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By:

Motahare Arbabi

For students of Elmi-Karbudi University

1392

Design & published by :Zahedan jazire Netcaf & servicewww.jazireman.ir


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Unit (1)

Robots

A robot is a machine. But it is not just any machine. It is a special kind of machine. It is amachine that moves. It follows instructions. The instructions come from a computer.Because it is a machine, it does not make mistakes. And it does not get tired. And it nevercomplains. Unless you tell it to!Robots are all around us. Some robots are used to make things. For example, robots can helpmake cars. Some robots are used to explore dangerous places. For example, robots can helpexplore volcanoes. Some robots are used to clean things. These robots can help vacuum yourhouse. Some robots can even recognize words. They can be used to help answer telephonecalls. Some robots look like humans. But most robots do not. Most robots just look like

machines.Long ago, people imagined robots. Over 2,000 years ago, a famous poet imagined robots.The poets name was Homer. His robots were made of gold. They cleaned things and they

made things. But they were not real. They were imaginary. Nobody was able to make a realrobot. The first real robot was made in 1961. It was called Unimate. It was used to help makecars. It looked like a giant arm.In the future, we will have even more robots. They will do things that we cant do. Or they

will do things that we dont want to do. Or they will do things that are too dangerous for us.Robots will help us fight fires. They will help us fight wars. They will help us fight sickness.

They will help us discover things. They will help make life better.

Questions:

1)As used in paragraph 1, we can understand that something special is NOT

A. normal

B. expensive

C. perfect

D. tired2)According to the author, robots may be used to

I. make carsII. explore volcanoes

III. answer telephone calls

A. I only

B. I and II only

C. II and III only

D. I, II, and III3) What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?

A. to show how easy it is to make a robotB. to tell what a robot is

C. to describe the things a robot can do

D. to explain the difference between a robot and a machine


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4)According to the passage, when was the first real robot made?

A. 1961B. 1900

C. 2003

D. 2000 years ago5) Which of these gives the best use of a robot?

A. to help make a sandwichB. to help tie shoes

C. to help read a book

D. to help explore Mars6)How does the author of this passage most likely feel about robots?

A. Robots are old.

B. Robots are confusing.

C. Robots are helpful.

D. Robots are dangerous.

*How to say Good bye:

(formal): I look forward to seeing youagain soon, Good bye.

(general) : Good bye.(informal): bye.

*How to say hello:

formal): Good morning, gentlemen.)(general) : Good to see you again.

(informal): Hi how are you?*How to respond to the greeting:

(formal): I'm extremely well, thank you.(general) : I'm fine, thank you.(informal): I'm on the top of the world,thanks.

*How to say greet:

(formal): I hope all goes well with you.(general) : Are you well?(informal): How's life?


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Unit (2)

Materials

A material is what something is made of. There are 5 basic materials. Most things are made

with these materials. Some things are made of metal. Some things are made of glass. Somethings are made of wood. Some things are made of cloth. And some things are made of

plastic. There are some other materials. But they are not used as much as these 5 materials.Lets talk about metal first. Metal is very heavy. And it is very hard and strong. It usually

feels cool if you touch it. We use metal to make lots of things. We use it for forks andknives. We use it for keys. We use it for cars. We use it for these things because it is verystrong.

Next, lets talk about glass. Glass is very smooth. It feels cool to touch. It is not as heavy as

metal. It is hard. But it is not strong. It breaks very easily! Then why do we use it? We use it

because it is clear! You can see through glass! Thats why we use it for windows. Thats alsowhy we use it for glasses.

Now, lets talk about wood. Wood is lighter than metal and glass. It is not as strong as metal.But it is much stronger than glass. We use wood to make lots of things. Things made fromwood are usually light and hard and strong. Chairs and tables are made from wood. Pencilsare made from wood.

Now lets talk about cloth. Cloth is very light. It is much lighter than wood. And it is verysoft. We use cloth to make lots of things. For example, it is used to make clothing. And it isused to make blankets.

Last, lets talk about plastic. Plastic is also very light. But it is different from cloth.Sometimes it is soft. And sometimes it is hard. Plastic can be used to make thin plastic bags.These are light, soft, and strong. But plastic can also be used to make bicycle helmets. Theseare light, hard, and strong. A helmet and a bag seem different. But they are both made from

plastic.

Questions:

1) Which sentence from the passage best describes the main idea?

A. "We use cloth to make lots of things."

B. "Metal is very heavy."

C. "There are 5 basic materials."

D. "A helmet and a bag seem different."

2)According to the passage, which of these things is a material?

A. chairs

B. clothing

C. windows

D. wood

3)According to the passage, how does glass feel?

A. smooth and cool

B. warm and soft


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C. light and hard

D. sharp and heavy

4) In paragraph 4, the passage says, Wood is lighter than metal and glass. What is the

main purpose of this sentence?

A. to explain something

B. to recommend somethingC. to compare something

D. to demonstrate something

5) Which material would you use if you wanted to make something that was strong and very

light?

A. plastic

B. wood

C. metal

D. glass

6)In this passage, the author talks about

A. hard things first, then soft things

B. heavy things first, then light things

C. strong things first, then weak things

D. cool things first, then warm things

*How to introduce others:

(formal): I would like to introduce ..

(to you)(general) : I'd like you to meet..

(informal): Reza, this is Ali. Ali, this is Reza.

*How to introduce yourself:

(formal): May I introduce myself: RezaAhmadi, a freshman.(general) : How do you do? My name is.

(informal): Hello, I'm Reza.

*How to respond to introduction:

(formal): It is honorable to meet you.(general) : I'm glad to meet you.(informal):Nice to meet you.


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Unit (3)

Animal Myth Busters

Myth

Touching a frog or toad will give you warts.How It Started

Many frogs and toads have bumps on their skin that look like warts. Some people think thebumps are contagious.Why It's Not True

"Warts are caused by a human virus, not frogs or toads," says dermatologist Jerry Litt. Butthe wart like bumps behind a toad's ears can be dangerous. These parotoid glands contain anasty poison that irritates the mouths of some predators and often the skin of humans. So

toads may not cause warts, but they can cause other nasties. It's best not to handle thesecritters - warts and all!Myth

Ostriches bury their heads in the sand when they're scared or threatened.How It Started

It's an optical illusion! Ostriches are the largest living birds, but their heads are pretty small."If you see them picking at the ground from a distance, it may look like their heads are

buried in the ground," says Glinda Cunningham of the American Ostrich Association.Why It's Not True

Ostriches don't bury their heads in the sand - they wouldn't be able to breathe! But they dodig holes in the dirt to use as nests for their eggs. Several times a day, a bird puts her head inthe hole and turns the eggs. So it really does look like the birds are burying their heads in thesand!

Questions:

1. What is a myth?

A. A true storyB. A legend or story that people think is trueC. An animal that is almost extinctD. A secret that only a few people know2. The wart like bumps behind a toads ears are parotoid glands that contain __________.

A. WartsB. A bad smellC. PoisonD. Pimples3. Why is the ostrich such a unique animal?

A. It is the largest living birdB. It flies south for the winter

C. They taste like chickenD. They give live birth4. How did the ostrich myth start?

A. They are small birds with large heads


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B. They are large birds with small headsC. They are magiciansD. The ostrich needs to breathe underground5. Why do ostriches dig holes in the ground?

A. To find buried treasureB. To bury their boneC. To find foodD. To use as nests for their eggs

*How to accept one's invitation:

(formal): With the greatest of thepleasure.(general) That would be very nice.(informal): Great

*How to invite:

formal): We should very pleased ifyou could attend ..)

(general) : Would you like to ..

(informal): Why don't you..* How to reject one's invitation:

(formal): That's very kind of you,but...(general) : I'd like to, but.

(informal): sorry, I can'tbut thanks, anyway.


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Unit (4)

Pick Me!

Eddie really liked to play dodgeball. He was not the tallest kid, and he was not the biggestkid. He was not the fastest kid, and he was not the slowest kid. He was the kid with the besthands. When his classmates chose teammates for dodgeball, they liked to pick the fast kidsfirst, because they were good at dodging. Then they would pick the kids with the strongarms, because they were good at getting people out when they threw a ball. Everyone elsecame after that. Eddie usually got picked last, and it made him sad. Maybe if he was taller orfaster, it would have helped. He couldnt help that, but he could d o his best. He would haveto show them that his talents made for a good team. When the game started, the fast kids ranforward and grabbed the balls first. They threw them, and several people on each team were

eliminated. Then, the strong arms came in handy. The boys with the best arms could whizthe dodgeballs across the court. It stung if one of them hit you. Some of the big kids wentdown first. They made easy targets. The fast kids fell eventually, too. That left Eddiestanding alone on the court for his team, holding a red rubber ball. He smiled, even thoughhis teammates groaned to see him facing four enemies on his own. Not Eddie. Theywhined, thinking he was useless, but he would show them.When one of the strong arms on the other team threw a ball, he deflected it with his own andtagged him out with his ball. Now there were only three left on the other team. The oddswere more even now. He got another ball and approached the center line. A fast kid charged

at him, throwing the ball low. Eddie dropped his own ball and caught the other kids ball.The fast kid was out, and he got one of his teammates back. John, youre in! Eddie shoutedover his shoulder. Everyone watched in surprise. Now it was two-on-two. Eddie and Johneach got a ball, sighted in the slow kid on the other team and fired. Eddie missed, but his shotled the other player right into Johns shot.Now it was two-to-one.It didnt take long to finish off the last kid. Eddie was a hero. His team rushed in to cheer for

him. They wouldnt be picking him last anymore.

Questions:

1. What sport are the students playing?A. volleyballB. dodgeballC. kickballD. soccer2. Eddie is what kind of player?

A. the fastest playerB. a strong arm playerC. the player with the best handsD. a good dodger3. When does Eddie get picked in the game?

A. FirstB. Second


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C. ThirdD. Last4. When Eddie catches a ball, who does he call in?

A. PeterB. JohnC. LarryD. Eric5. How do people feel about Eddie after the game?A. They think hes awful.B. They respect him more.C. They think hes just okay.D. They wish he wasnt on their team.

*How to respond:

(formal): It was the least I could do.(general) : you're welcome.(informal): It was nothing.

*How to thank:

(formal): Thank you so very much(for)

(general) : Thank you very much (for)

(informal): Thank 's a lot.


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Unit (5)


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The Monster in the Barn

Bobby was preparing to go to bed late one evening when he heard a shrill screech comingfrom the barn outside. Bobby was unsure what was making such an eerie noise so late in the

night. He had trouble falling asleep and tossed and turned all night dreaming about thehaunting sounds emanating from the barn. When Bobby awakened the following morning, hehurried out to the barn to discover what was causing such a peculiar noise the night prior. Hegathered his courage and entered the barn but left befuddled when he could not find whatwas making such noise. That evening after dinner as the sun was setting, Bobby grabbed aflashlight and set out for the barn.Where are you heading? Bobbys father asked.I am going to go find the monster that was making such a commotion last night, Bobby

replied.

If you are going to look for a monster, you might need some assistance, Bobbys dadresponded as he walked with Bobby out to the barn.Bobby shined his flashlight into the barn, but he did not see anything. Bobby called out butonly his echo returned. He walked into the barn but there was no monster.What did this monster sound like? Bobbys dad asked.

It was a screeching noise, Bobby said, and it was coming from the barn. I know it!

Bobbys dad began to chuckle and he took the flashlight from Bobby. Shining the flashlight

up at the roof of the barn, Bobby and his dad saw a small brown owl in the rafters of theroof.

It was only a barn owl that you heard last night, Bobbys dad said. They are nocturnalpredators so that is why you only heard him at night. He must have been hunting for hisdinner.

Bobby was elated that it wasnt a monster and thanked his dad as they walked back to the

house. Just then they heard a loud screech and looked up to see the barn owl flying away intothe night sky.Questions:

1) Where was the barn owl when Bobby and his father found him?

a. In a nest in a treeb. Outside of Bobbys windowc. Hiding in a hole in the floord. Inside the ceiling of the barn

2)The word befuddled means

a. Confusedb. Smartc. Scaredd. Happy

3.) This passage is mostly about

a. A father and son going huntingb. Dreaming of monsters


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c. Discovering the source of a strange soundd. Learning about different types of owls

4.) What word would best describe Bobby after he went to the barn the morning after he

heard the

screeching noise?a. Confused

b. Confidentc. Sadd. Intelligent

5.) Which of the following would make a good title for this story?

a. Bobby and his father go hunting for owls.b. Bobby is scared of monsters.c. Bobby learns what was causing such a strange noise in the barn.d. Barn owls are brown spotted birds.

*How to congratulate on different

occasions :

Merry Christmas.

Happy new year.Happy anniversary.

*How to say congratulations:

(formal): I must congratulate you on yourmarriage, sir.

(general) : congratulations on yourmarriage.(informal):well done.it was great to hear.(you have married).


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Unit (6)

Shark Facts

There are almost 400 different kinds of sharks. Each kind of shark looks different, has aunique diet, and behaves differently. There are sharks in all four oceans of the world. Somesharks are longer than a school bus, while others are so small they can live in fish tanks.Sharks come in all kinds of colors. Most of the time, their skin color helps them blend inwith their surroundings. But, some sharks that live in the deepest part of the ocean actuallyhave parts that glow in the dark. Most sharks live in salt water, but some can live in freshwater. All sharks are unique, or have different qualities that make them so special.Sharks are actually a type of fish. There are some similarities as well as differences betweensharks and typical fish. Shark skeletons are made of cartilage. Fish skeletons are made of

bones. Cartilage is the bendy, tough substance in peoples ears and noses. Like other fish,sharks have gills. Gills are how fish breathe. Unlike fish, people use lungs to get oxygenfrom the air. Fish get oxygen from the water using gills. Water needs to move over the gillsso that sharks and fish get enough oxygen. To keep the water moving, most sharks need toswim in water that has a very strong current.Sharks have lots of teeth that are arranged in many rows, rather than in just one row like

people. The teeth from the outside row gradually fall out, and teeth from the next row taketheir place. Some sharks will lose 30,000 teeth in a lifetime! Each species of shark hasdifferent kinds of teeth. This is because different sharks eat different kinds of food. Some

sharks eat food as small as plankton while other sharks eat animals as big as sea turtles. Mostsharks do not eat very often. Some sharks will go weeks between meals. Sharks are at the topof the ocean food chain, which means that no animal is hunting them for food. This positionis very important because sharks keep the other animal populations from growing out ofcontrol. This process helps ensure there is diversity, or many types, of life in the oceans.One of the things particularly special about sharks is they have been around a long time.Sharks have lived in the oceans since dinosaurs roamed the Earth about 64 million years ago!Scientists believe there may have even been shark relatives living 400 million years ago.Sometimes, sharks are described as primitive because they have existed for so many years,

and they have not changed much since then. It is amazing how long sharks have been livingin the ocean! Sharks are very different animals, and there are many things people can learnabout them.Questions:

1.) Which human organ is most similar to a sharks gills?

A. Heart.B. Lungs.C. Brain.D. Kidneys.

2.) The word diversity as it is used in the passage meansA. Important.B. Variety.C. Alike.


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D. Dangerous.

3.) What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Sharks are unusual creatures.B. Sharks live in all the oceans.C. Fish are just like sharks.D. Sharks are at the top of the food chain.

4.) Which of the following statements is most likely true based on this passage?

A. Sharks have bones like people.B. Sharks are only found in a few places around the world.C. Fish and sharks use gills to breathe.D. Fish do not have teeth.

5.) Which of the following is a fact not an opinion?

A. Sharks have cartilage like people.B. Sharks are scary.

C. Sharks are mean.D. Studying sharks is interesting.

*How to express sympathy:

formal): I'm extremely sorry to hear that.)(general) : I'm sorry to hear that.(informal): I'm ever so sorry.


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Unit (7)


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At the Movies

It was one of those terribly hot days in Baltimore. We always had those for about a monthbetween July and August. They were the days that were so hot that they made you regretever wishing it would be summer. That day in particular was hotter than I could remember it

being. The weatherman on the radio said it would get up to 104!Needless to say, it was too hot to do anything outside. But it was also scorching in ourapartment. This was 1962, and I would not live in a place with an air conditioner for anotherten years. So my brother and I decided to leave the apartment to find someplace indoors. Isuggested the drug store, because I wanted to get a soda or malt. But he reminded me that thedrug store would not let you sit there all day, especially once the afternoon rush started. My

brother instead suggested we could see a movie. It was a brilliant plan.Movie theaters were one of the few places you could sit all day andmost importantsit

in air conditioning. In those days, you could buy one ticket and sit through both movies of adouble feature. Then, the theater would show the same two movies again after that. If youwanted to, you could sit through them twice. Most people did not do that, but the manager atour theater, Mr. Bellow, did not mind if you did.That particular day, my brother and I sat through both movies twice, trying to escape the

heat. We bought three bags of popcorn and three sodas each. Then, we sat and watched TheMusic Man followed by The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Wed already seen the secondmovie once before. It had been at the theater since January, because Mr. Bellow lovedanything with John Wayne in it. Watching it again was better than going outside, and at least

The Music Man was new to us.We left the theater around 8, just before the evening shows began. Mr. Bellow was

expecting a big crowd for the premier of Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm, so heinsisted that we leave. But we returned the next day and saw the same two movies again,twice more. And we did it the next day too. Finally, on the fourth day, the heat wave broke.Still, to this day I can sing half the songs in The Music Man and quote half of John Wayneand Jimmy Stewarts dialogue from The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance! Those memoriesare some of the few I have of the heat wave of 1962, and theyre not really my memories.Theyre really memories of the screen, not memories of my life.

Questions:1)Based on its use in paragraph 2, the word scorching most nearly means

A. very hotB. very dryC. very humidD. very affordable

2) According to the passage, when did the narrator first live in a place with an air

conditioner?

A. 1952B. 1962C. 1972


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D. 19823) It can be assumed from the passage that the narrator saw The Man Who Shot LibertyValance

A. three timesB. five timesC. six timesD. more than six times4) Which of the following statements best explains why the narrator and his or her brotherchose to see the same movies multiple times?

A. The drug store would not let them inside.B. They wanted to avoid the heat outside.C. The manager at the theater was friendly.D. They were huge fans of John Wayne.5) What does the narrator mean when he or she writes that the memories are not really my

memories in the final paragraph?

A. that he or she is remembering scenes from a film, not scenes from his or her life

B. that the only days of the summer of 1962 that he or she remembers are those days spent inthe movie theater

C. that the memories are actually those of the narrators brother, not the narrator himself or

herselfD. that he or she saw the films too many times and now can only remember what happenedin them.

*How to accept one's offer:

(formal): With pleasure.(general) : Yes, please.(informal): Oh, please.

*How to say offer:

formal): Could I offer you)

(general) : Would you like a cake?(informal): Take some*How to reject one's offer:

(formal): That's very kind of you, but I won't.(general) : Not for me, thank you.(informal): No, thanks.


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Unit (8)

Authors Purpose

Have you ever wondered why authors write? Sometimes they are inspired to create stories.Other times they write to provide information about an interesting topic. Some authors writeto convince us about something. Whatever the circumstances, authors have reasons forwriting; this is called, the authors purpose. The three most common types of authors

purpose are: to entertain, to inform, and to persuade.Think about the last time a story made you laugh, cry, or tremble with fright. These types ofstories are written with a particular purpose in mind: to entertain the reader. Authors writemany kinds of stories to entertain, including humorous fiction, realistic fiction, fantasy, fairytales, and fables. While fiction entertains, non-fiction has a different purpose.

Many non-fiction writings or texts are written with the purpose of giving information aboutan interesting topic. Authors who write to inform must research their subject to ensure thatthey convey accurate information to the reader. Some examples of texts that inform areencyclopedia entries, news articles, expository non-fiction books, and interviews. All ofthese types of writing give information about certain topics.Sometimes authors write because they want to convince their readers about something. Thisis called argumentative, or persuasive, writing. Oftentimes, texts that are meant to persuadeuse specific techniques to make the reader care about the subject, and to think about it in acertain way. These techniques might be found in letters to the editor, argumentative essays,

or persuasive speeches.Next time you read a text, see if you can figure what the author is trying to tell you. It mightbe easier than you think. Just ask yourself: what is the authors purpose?

Questions:

1) Which of the following is most likely the title of a passage in which the authors purpose is

to entertain?

A. Why Dogs are Smarter than Cats

B. An Interview with J.K. Rowling

C. The Adventures of Waldo WizardD. An Argument for Shorter Classes

2)According to the passage, authors who write to inform want to

A. provide information about a certain topicB. make the reader laugh, cry, or screamC. convince the reader to do somethingD. invite the reader to critique their work

3) The authors purpose in writing this passage is

A. to persuadeB. to convinceC. to entertainD. to inform


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4)Based on its use in paragraph 3, it can be understood that the word convey belongs towhich of the following word groups?

A. document, chronicle, noteB. communicate, pass on, relayC. hide, obscure, coverD. detect, locate, discover

5)Imagine that Bills favorite thing to read is the Letters to the Editor section of his local

newspaper, in which readers submit letters to the editor that are intended to make the editor

think about something in a certain way. Using the information in the passage, it can be

understood that Bill likes to read passages whose authors' purpose is toA. correct the other doctors mistakes

B. let everyone use the system she createdC. keep trying until she found something that workedD. question the accepted way of doing things

6)According to the passage, texts that are meant to persuade often

A. do not get as much attention as texts that entertain or informB. are very entertaining because they convince readers to laughC. use specific techniques to make the reader care about the subjectD. require a lot of research in order to ensure accuracy of information

*How to accept someone's offer

of help

(formal): You are most kind.(general) : That's very kind of you.(informal): Just what I needed.

*How to help:

formal): Perhaps I could assist insome way?)

(general) : If you like I could..(informal): Need some help?* How to reject someone's offer of help

(formal): Please don't trouble yourself about.

(general) : No. it's all right.(informal): No, it's ok thanks.


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Unit (9)

Avalanche!

Most people know that an avalanche is a large mass of snow that detaches from amountainside and rushes down the slope, often at a very high speed. However, not everyonerealizes that there are many different kinds of avalanches, with various causes and effects.Avalanches are categorized based on whether the snow is wet or dry, and whether or not it iscompacted. The four most common types are: dry snow, wet snow, wet slab, and dry slab.The least dangerous type is a dry snow avalanche, which is made up of powdery snow. A

dry snow avalanche most often occurs on steeper slopes during a snowstorm when thetemperatures are below freezing. Despite the fact that they can reach speeds of up to 225miles per hour, these avalanches tend to be small, and their snow is loose, not compacted, so

they are less dangerous. Yet even a dry snow avalanche can cause harm under the rightconditions.A wet snow avalanche differs from a dry snow avalanche in that it consists of loose,

partially melted snow and water. Wet snow avalanches generally occur during the springtimewhen temperatures are consistently above freezing and there is an abundance of bothsunshine and rainfall. The warmer temperatures and the sun melt the outer layers of snow.The increased springtime rainfall saturates the snow with water, weakening the cohesivelayers beneath the surface. The combination of these factors results in unstable conditions.Wet snow avalanches are the least common type of avalanche, and they are much slower

than dry snow avalanches, typically traveling at speeds of only 10-20 miles per hour.Like a wet snow avalanche, a wet slab avalanche most often occurs during the spring, due

to melting snow and increased rainfall. The additional moisture weakens the bonds betweenthe water molecules of the snow. Daytime melting and nighttime refreezing of the ice andsnow create ideal conditions for a wet slab avalanche. This type of avalanche is the slowest,generally traveling at a speed of no more than 10 miles per hour. But because the snow iscompacted, not loose, a wet slab avalanche is still quite dangerous even at this slow speed.The last type, a dry slab avalanche, is the most dangerous of all. It occurs when substantialsnowfall accumulates over a layer of existing snow in a very short period of time. The stress

caused by the weight of the newly fallen snow can make the compacted layer underneathbreak away. This creates a dry slab avalanche, which travels at speeds of 60-80 miles perhour. Dry slab avalanches account for roughly 90% of all avalanche-related casualtiesannually.

Millions of avalanches happen around the world each year, the vast majority of which occur

naturally. However, nearly all of the avalanches that result in fatalities are triggered by either

the victim or someone in the victims party. Each year, approximately 150 people become

casualties of an avalanche. Sadly, most of these avalanche accidents are preventable. The

first step in preventing avalanche related fatalities is to be better informed about the various

types of avalanches and the conditions under which they occur.

Questions:

1)The main purpose of this passage is to


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A. communicate the dangers of avalanchesB. show how preventable an avalanche can beC. describe the four basic types of avalanchesD. define what an avalanche is

2)In paragraph 2 the author writes, "Yet even a dry snow avalanche can cause harm under

the right conditions." The purpose of this statement is to

A. contradict a previous ideaB. support a later pointC. qualify an earlier statementD. introduce a larger idea

3)As used in paragraph 3, which is the best synonym for saturates?

A. soaks

B. damagesC. coversD. dehydrates

4)According to the passage, the main causes of wet snow and wet slab avalanches are

A. melting snow and increased rainfallB. decreased rainfall and warmer temperaturesC. warmer temperatures and longer days

D. shorter nights and melting snow

5)As used in paragraph 4, which is the best antonym for ideal?

A. predictableB. flawedC. unstableD. suitable

6)Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that which of the followingstatements is true?

A. Because it can travel at very high speeds, the dry snow avalanche is the most dangeroustype.B. All avalanches, whether they are traveling at 10 miles per hour or 225 miles per hour, can

be very dangerous.C. The speed at which an avalanche travels shares a direct correlation with the degree ofdanger it poses.

D. Most casualties occur from wet slab avalanches.

7)Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that wet slab avalanches and dryslab avalanches are the only two types that


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Unit (10)

Bully Research

ARE YOU A BULLY?Researchers at Compass Academy have been asking this questionfor the last eight months, and according to a recent experiment they believe they have foundthe answer. Experiments show that one's propensity for being a bully is probably not the

product of ones personality or background. Bullying may be a natural response to specific

situations, hard-wired into the human brain. Given the right environmental conditions,anyone, even the most easygoing person, can quickly turn mean.To arrive at this conclusion, researchers examined thirty sample populations, or "teams,"

consisting of twenty individuals each. In each of these teams, a leader was selected. Not justany leader would do. The population of leaders selected had to be very diverse; theresearchers did not want their results to be skewed because all team leaders were white malesaged 1518, for example. Therefore, leaders were selected so to represent a variety of traits.Each leader had a different age and gender, as well as different economic, social, and ethnic

backgrounds.After the teams had been established, researchers began the experiment. The teams were

given a goal of forming a line from shortest to tallest, using every person on the team.Sounds pretty simple, right? But there was a catch: the leader was the only one allowed tomove team members into position. Absolute power was given solely to the team leader, andteam members had to obey him or her no matter what. What is more, in order to incentivize

the teams, they were told that a $2000 prize was to be awarded to the team that managed toform a perfect line in the least amount of time.Given the relatively large team size, there was almost always a case in which the leader had

to make a tough decision regarding who was taller. And, upon the decision, there was likelydisagreement on behalf of the team members. Given that a $2000 payoff was at stake, thingsoften became rather heated. In the shuffle, it was not uncommon to hear team members uttersuch criticisms as, "Great, we're never going to win now," and "Who picked our teamleader?" Researchers found that in roughly 80% of all cases in which such remarks weremade, the team leader immediately entered bully mode, disparaging ornery team members

with remarks such as "Shut up," and "Just do what I say and keep your mouth shut, okay?" Inone such occasion, the team leader was recorded saying, "There's a reason I'm the boss here,

buddy," when in actuality, there wasn't. In a particularly tense exchange, the team leader wasoverheard asking the team member if he "wanted to get hurt"a classic bullying tacticandresearchers were forced to intervene. Unsurprisingly, this group did not win the prize.What are we to glean from such a study? The belief that some people are born bullies is

certainly shaken; it seems anyone can be a bully, no matter his or her background. So thenext time you feel the bully within yearning to come out, don't let it. If you see someone else

being a bully, don't judge him or her so quickly. Instead, realize that their bullying behavior

doesn't just come from within. Rather, one study shows that it may very well come fromwithout.


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Questions:

1) Based on its use in paragraph 1, it can be inferred that the word propensity belongs to

which of the following word groups?

A. inclination, proclivity, tendencyB. decision, action, affirmationC. ability, aptitude, capacityD. tug, gravity, pull

2) Based on information in the passage, it can be understood that something that is "hard-

wired" into the brain is

A. attached to the brain via physical wiresB. a result of one's environmentC. a product of the imaginationD. an inborn trait

3) Which of the following sentences from the passage best summarizes the main idea of the

passage?A. "Researchers at Compass Academy have been asking this question for the last eightmonths, and according to a recent experiment, they believe they have found an answer."B. "Given the right environmental conditions, anyone, even the most easygoing person,

can quickly turn mean."C. "One team leader was actually recorded saying, "There's a reason I'm the boss here,

buddy" when in actuality, there wasn't."D. "The belief that some people are born bullies is certainly shaken; it seems anyone can

be a bully, no matter his or her background."

4) In paragraph 2, the author writes, "The population of leaders selected had to be verydiverse; the researchers did not want their results to be skewed because all team leaders

were white males aged 15 18, for example." Given the context of this quotation, it can be

understood that the author means to say that the researchers wanted to

A. ensure that their experiment was designed to test whether personality traits had ageneral correlation with bullying

B. avoid the risk of failing to include a certain social demographic in their experimentC. eliminate the possibility that the public would view their experiment as racially

prejudiced and therefore invalid

D. guarantee that no certain leader would feel excluded or left out5)As used in paragraph 4, the word disparaging most nearly means

A. inflicting physical harmB. verbally abusingC. challengingD. firmly replying


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*How to accept:

(formal): It's really of no importance.

(general) : Please don't worry.(informal): Forget it.

*How to apologize:

(formal): Please accept my apologies.

(general) : I'm so sorry for.(informal): Oh, sorry.


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Unit (11)


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The Seven Ancient Wonders of the World

The ancient Greeks made a list of places they thought people should see. This list was namedthe Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Greeks chose seven wonders, because in theirculture this number symbolized perfection. The only one of the ancient wonders that stillexists is in Giza, Egypt. This wonder is the Great Pyramid of Giza. It was one of three great

pyramids built around 2500 B.C. It is the oldest wonder of the seven. People do not knowhow these pyramids were built but we know that they took over 20 years to complete. For along time, the Great Pyramid was believed to be the tallest structure in the world. Pyramidswere built as tombs for the leaders of Egypt called Pharaohs. Many travelers still visit theGreat Pyramid today.The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are another ancient wonder. This wonder is special

because people do not know for sure if it existed. Old books say the garden was built around600 B.C. It was located on the bank of the Euphrates River. Today, this area is nearBaghdad, Iraq. These gardens were built by a king for his wife. Living in the desert, she

missed the plants at her old home. The king wanted to make his queen like their new homemore. It may never be known if the Hanging Gardens of Babylon truly existed, but thedescriptions of this beautiful place have made their place in history.The Greeks also added a couple of their own structures on the list of ancient wonders. The

Statue of Zeus was built in Olympia, Greece in 457 B.C. This statue was built to honor theGreek god Zeus. The statue was as tall as a four-story building! It was made of wood anddecorated with gold and ivory. Unfortunately, the statue was destroyed by a fire and nolonger exists for us to see.In addition to Zeus, the Greeks also built a very big statue to honor the Greek sun god,

Helios. This wonder is known as the Colossus of Rhodes. The Colossus of Rhodes tooktwelve years to build. It was finished in 226 B.C. It was 110 feet high. That is about the samesize as the Statue of Liberty. Also like the Statue of Liberty, the Colossus of Rhodes was

placed at the entrance to a harbor.Built around 550 B.C., the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was considered the most beautiful

structure on earth. It was built to honor the goddess of hunting, nature, and fertility. Ephesuswas an ancient city that was located in what is now Turkey. The temple was made of marbleand had many bronze statues. People used to come from all over the world to worshipArtemis. The temple was later burned down and now there is only a marshy field where this

wonder once stood.Another wonder was also located in what is now Turkey. It was the Mausoleum at

Halicarnassus. This tomb was built for King Mausolus of Caria. Some of the best artists andcraftsmen of the time period helped build and decorate this beautiful tomb. The mausoleumwas finished around 350 B.C. Later, several earthquakes damaged the mausoleum. A groupcalled the Knights of St. John later used the ruins to build a castle. King Mausoluss name

and his connection with such a special tomb led people to use the word mausoleum.The only wonder built for a practical use was the Pharos of Alexandria. This was a

lighthouse off the coast of Egypt. It was once the tallest building in the world. There was a

very large mirror inside this lighthouse. It was used to reflect sunlight to help warn ships thatthey were getting close to the shoreline. At night, a fire was lit inside the Pharos ofAlexandria to help sailors. The design and building of this lighthouse started in 290 B.C. It


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was later ruined by earthquakes. However, it remained longer than any of the wonders, otherthan the Great Pyramid.The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World are unknown to many people because most of

these structures were destroyed so long ago. While it is sad people cannot see most of thesewonders in person, the detailed stories about them help people know how special they were.Questions:1. Which of the following countries did not have one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the

World?

A. GreeceB. United StatesC. EgyptD. Turkey

2. What is a mausoleum?

A. A large tombB. CoffinC. A kind of fabric

D. A country3. Why were the places and structures described in the passage considered wonders?

A. They were extraordinary.B. People would visit them to think.C. They were holy.D. They were old.

4. Based upon the passage you know that ALL of the Seven Wonders were:

A. Built by the GreeksB. Built by humans

C. Destroyed by natural disastersD. Made of wood

5. Why cant people visit most of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the Ancient World?

A. They no longer exist.B. They are imaginary.C. It is dangerous to go to those places.D. They are well guarded.

*How to accept:

(formal): I should be delighted.(general) : Yes, of course.(informal): sure.

*How to request:

(formal): Would it be possible for youto?

(general) : Could I ask you to..?(informal): Can you.?


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Unit (12)

In The Shadow of the Pines Old Shoes


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A few days before school was to start Alfred and Prentice were crossing the road betweenGrandpa Buds cabin and their own. They saw the Watkins Peddler pushing his cart downthe road, and they waved their greeting and called howdy to him. The peddlers cartcontained quite a conglomeration: scissors, pans, medicines, spices, needle and thread. Ifanyone would buy it, he would carry it.During the Depression, more people were surviving on the barter system. When you barterfor goods, you dont actually use money. A farmer might ex-change some eggs for somecloth to make curtains. A person living in town might exchange curtains they had made forsome eggs. Of course, the peddler had to get some of the eggs and some of the cloth too.Since many farmers had no cash, the Watkins Peddler Cart had expanded. It now had crateson the side to hold chickens or geese, or hound puppies, or any other item that had been

bartered for.When the boys reached their yard, Mary Joy came skipping up to them. The peddler was

here; the peddler was here, she called. The kids went into the house together and found

Mama making lunch in the kitchen. There was an old gunny sack on the table.The children crowded around the table. Out of the sack came two pairs of shoes, a girls pair

and a boys pair. They werent new, but they were still in fairly good condition.They fit just great, and room to grow too, chirped Velma as she tried her pair on.

But there was more. She had a pencil for Prentice. He smiled at his mother. With Al fredsoutgrown shoes and a pencil, he would now be ready for school too.Was that it? Was there nothing for the little three? Mama looked at the little ones and pulledout three ripe peaches.Holy cow! Mary Joy exclaimed. Then she clapped her hand over her mouth.

But how had Mama bought all these treasures? Alfreds eyes glanced on the near empty shelfwhere Mamas canned fruits had been - then he glanced down at the shoes he had just put on

moments before. There would be no jam or fruit to eat this winter. But he was happy. He andVelma and Prentice would be ready for school.Questions:

1. In the first paragraph it states that the peddlers cart contained a conglomeration.

Which is the best definition of conglomeration?

A. A variety of unrelated thingsB. A group of dangerous itemsC. Expensive things only rich people can afford2. How would you explain the barter system.

A. Peddlers would steal things from people.B. People traded what they had for what they didnt have without using money.

C. People bought used clothes and shoes.D. Farmers could get rich using the barter system.3. Sometimes stories imply something that is not stated directly. The reader is expected to

understand something that was not said. What does this passage imply?A. Mary Joy does not like peaches.B. Peddlers sell a lot of different objectsC. Mother sold her canned fruits to buy used shoes.


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Unit (13)

One School at a Time

Greg Mortenson is an adventurer who once loved to climb mountains. Born in 1957, he grewup on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Africa. After his sister Christa died in 1992,he decided to try climbing Pakistans K2, the second-highest mountain in the world, in hermemory. Although Mt. Everest in the Himalaya Mountains is higher, K2 is considered moredifficult and treacherous to climb. During an attempt to climb the mountain in 1993, snow,ice, and bad weather forced Mortenson to turn back.Mortenson recovered from frostbite and exhaustion in the rural Pakistani village of Korphe.There he saw a group of children writing in the dirt with sticks. He learned that they had no

pens or pencils, no booksnot even a school or a teacher. Mortenson promised to buildthem a school, even though he had no idea how he would accomplish it.

It took years to raise the money to build the school. Some of the contributions toMortensons cause came as pennies donated by American schoolchildren. Mortenson evensold his own belongings to raise cash. The Korphe School was finished in 1996.Since then, Mortenson has established more than 75 schools in rural Pakistan andAfghanistan. His schools educate both boys and girls in an area where schooling for girls isvery rare. Mortensons aim is touse education to promote peace in this often dangerous andviolent area, one school at a time.Questions:

1. Based on information in the passage, which word best describes what K2 is like?

A) familiarB) beautifulC) comfortingD) dangerous2. Which word best describes Mortensons behavior in paragraph 1?

A) adventurousB) hopefulC) recklessD) fearful

3. How did the village of Korphe change Mortensons life?A) It inspired him to become a teacher.B) It motivated him to climb mountains.C) It inspired him to build schools.D) It motivated him to create a memorial for his sister.4. Mortensons actions in paragraphs 2 and 3 show that he is .A) stubborn and argumentativeB) caring and determinedC) clever and ambitiousD) frustrated and angry


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*How to say someone to do

something:

(formal): If I were in your position, Iwould.(general) : I would., if I wereyou.(informal): Why don't you

*How to consult:

(formal): Could I ask you for your advice

on..(general) : I need your advice.(informal): Any idea about..?

* How to say someone not to do something:

(formal): If I were in your position, I wouldn't.

(general) : If I were you, I wouldn't.(informal): You'd better not.


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Unit (14)

Two New Superheroes Make Their Debut

Have you ever created your own superhero? I have! My superheroes are named Clockworkand Chrysalis. Like most comic book heroes, my superheroes fight for truth and justice.They deliver criminals to the police and have secret identities. Clockwork spends his days asHenry Kadosh, a geeky, mild-mannered science teacher who frequently ruins hisexperiments in class. No one suspects hes really a brilliant scientist who has discovered how

to travel through time. The youngest of eight children, Henry has always idolized his oldestbrother Raul, also a scientific genius. After Raul was hurt in a lab accident, Henry helped hisbrother by taking over Raulswork. Eventually, Henry discovered the secret to making timetravel possible. Now, as Clockwork, he serves humanity by traveling back in time andstopping crimes before they happen. Chrysalis was born a Cherokee in 1833. During a forced

march from her peoples ancestral homeland, Chrysaliss father slipped and twisted hisankle. As Chrysalis kneeled on the ground to help her father, she was simultaneously stung

by a scorpion and bitten by a rattlesnake. The combination of the venoms gave her the abilityto change into different animals and use their powers. For instance, she can temporarily blindenemies by becoming an octopus and shooting ink in their eyes. Or she can stun her enemiesthe way an electric eel does. She can also see as well as a hawk does. Chrysalis channels heranger into fighting crimes against the environment. Once, after shape-shifting into an arcticclam to eavesdrop on whale hunters, she gained the clams ability to live for centuries.Chrysalis has countless secret identities.Questions:1. According to the passage, how are Clockwork and Chrysalis like other superheroes?

A) They wear special costumes.B) They stop crimes before they happen.C) They change their shapes.D) They fight for truth and justice.

2. What did both Clockwork and Chrysalis experience before they became superheroes?A) Both were bitten by animals.

B) Both gained their powers while trying to help a family member.C) Both were forced from their homes.D) Both admired an older sibling.

3. How are Clockwork and Chrysalis different?

A) Clockwork is geeky and bungling, and Chrysalis is good-natured and calm.B) Chrysalis uses her abilities for good, but Clockwork uses his abilities for evil.C) Chrysalis upholds the law, while Clockwork tries to change the laws.D) Clockwork is mild-mannered, while Chrysalis is angry.

4. How are Clockwork and Chrysalis alike?

A) Both travel back in time to fight crime.


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B) Both are scientists.C) Both have secret identities.D) Both assume other shapes and forms.

*How say your comments:

(formal): My own view of that is(general) : As I see it,

(informal):Well, to my mind...

*How to ask one's comment:

(formal): Have you got any commenton.?

(general) : What do you feel about..?(informal): How do you see?*How to say we have no opinion:

(formal): I can't say I have any views on the subject.(general) : I really don't have any opinion about it.(informal): I don't know.


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Unit (15)

Castles

Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against

attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of aking or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both majestic and well-fortified,

the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed,

developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the fascination of our

culture.

Castles were originally built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the

Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had

taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by

English rebellion. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troopswere summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served

both offensive and defensive roles in military operations. Not limited to military purposes,

castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom.

That is to say, the lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially

beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they governed and pay

tribute to the lord. They would address disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities.

In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also

served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites overlooking the surrounding areas,castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants lives and served as a daily

reminder of the lords strength.

The first castles constructed in England were made from earth and timber. Those who

constructed them took advantage of natural features, such as hills and rivers, to increase

defenses. Since these castles were constructed from wood, they were highly susceptible to

attacks by fire. Wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased

the strength of these fortifications; however, being made from stone did not make thesecastles entirely fireproof. Attackers could hurl flaming objects into the castle through the

windows or ignite the wooden doors. This led to moving the windows and entrances off of

the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access.

As the nobility accumulated wealth, England became increasingly attractive to those who

sought to plunder. Raids by Vikings and other marauders increased in regularity. In response

to these attacks, castle defenses were updated and improved. Arrow-slits were added. These

were small holes in the castle, large enough for an arrow to fit through, which allowed

defenders to fire from nearly invulnerable positions. Towers were built from whichdefenders could provide flanking fire. These towers were connected to the castle by wooden


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bridges, so that if one tower fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend. Multiple rings

of castle walls were constructed, so that even if attackers made it past one wall, they would

be caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls. Advances such as these greatly

increased the defense of castles.

The demise of castles can ultimately be attributed to gunpowder. Gunpowder was first

introduced to Europe during the 14th century, but the first gunpowder weapons were

unreliable, inaccurate, and weak by later standards. During the 15th century, artillery became

powerful enough to break through stone walls. This greatly undermined the military role of

castles. Castles were then replaced by artillery forts that had no role in civil administration,

and country houses that were indefensible. Though castles no longer serve their original

purposes, remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year from those who wish to

experience these majestic vestiges of a time long passed.

Questions:

1. Which of the following is nota function of castles as expressed in the text?

a. Castles served both offensive and defensive purposes militarily.b. Castles served as symbols of power.c. Castles were important social centers in medieval England.d. Castles were places where knights would keep their best horses

2. Which of the following best describes the main idea in paragraph 2?

a. It describes how and why William the Conqueror took control of England.

b. It explains why castles were first built in England and the military purposes theyserved.c. It shows how Norman lords were often scared and frequently retreated.d. It details all of the purposes that English castles served.

3. Which best explains why the original castles were first made from earth and timber?

a. It takes a lot more time and energy to build a stone castle.b. It did not occur to people to build castles out of stone.c. People did not realize how weak wooden castles would be against fire.

d. Wooden castles were prettier than dirty stone castles.

4. Which of the following is nota true statement according to the text?

a. Palaces are designed for luxury, not fortification.b. Fortresses are designed for fortification, not luxury.c. Castles are designed for luxury and fortification.d. Palaces are designed for luxury and fortification.

5. Which best explains why wooden castles were converted to stone castles.

a. Wooden castles take a long time to build.b. Wooden castles are uncomfortable.c. Stone castles offer better defense.


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d. Stone castles stay cooler in the summer.

6. Which of the following best describes the structure of the text in the fifth paragraph?

a. Compare and contrast b. Order of importancec. Cause and effect d. Chronological order

7. Which is notdescribed in the text as an improvement in castle defenses?

a. Towers attached to the main castle by wooden bridgesb. Deep ditches dug around the castle walls and filled with waterc. Multiple castle walls providing layers of defensesd. Windows and entrances raised off of the ground floor

8. Which best explains how gunpowder ended the role of traditional castles?

a. Wars were fought with guns and hiding in castles was no longer necessary.b. Artillery forts with large cannons became more stylish than traditional castles.c. Defending castles grew difficult, since attackers could just shoot castle defenders.

d. Cannons were able to knock down stone walls, so castles offered little protection.

9. Which of the following titles would best describe the content of this passage?

a. William the Conqueror: Bringing Castles to Englandb.Defending the Castle: Technologies Used to Defend Medieval Castlesc.A Short History of Castles: The Rise and Fall of Castles in Englandd.Fancy Living: Learning about Castles, Palaces, and Fortresses

10. Which of the following is an opinion?a. Stone is more resistant to fire than wood.

b. William the Conqueror built the first castles in England.c. It is unfortunate that castles no longer serve their original purposes.d. Castles were used as offices of administration during the Middle Ages.

*How to complain:

formal): I really do object to...)

(general) : Can you do anything about?

(informal): for goodness sake!


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