The study of law Studij prava

The study of law is intellectually stimulating and chalenging and can lead to a varieti of interesting careers.In the UK and USA, law degree programmes usually take three years to complete. In the UK these programes typically include core subjects such as criminal law, contract law, tort law, land law, equity and trusts, administrative law, and constitutional law.In addition, students are often required to take courses covering skills such as legal writing and resarch.

Pravni studij je zahtjevan i intelektualno stimulativan, te nudi veliki izbor razlicitih zanimljivih karijera.U VB u SAD obično su potrebne tri godine da bi se ovaj studijski program završio i stekla diploma. U VB on se obično sastoji od običnih pravnih predmeta kao što su krivično, ugovorno , deliktno, zemljišno, zatim kompanijsko, upravno i ustavno pravo.Čak šta više od studenata se često traži da uzimaju dodatne predmete kako bi stekli vještine kao što su pravno pisanje i pravno istraživanje ( traženje po slučajevima anglo.)

There is also a variety of optional ( elective) courses available. Since many law students go on to become lawyers, students often take courses that will be useful to them during their future careers.Someone wishing to run a small partnership or to work alone as a sole practitioner in a smol town may decide to take subjects such as family law, employment law, and housing law.Those wishing to work in a large law practice will consider subjects such as company law, commercial law and litigation and arbitration. Takođe postoji veliki broj izbornih predmeta.Budići da mnogi studenata prava postanu advokatim oni se često odlučuju za smjerove koji će im biti od koristi u njihovim budućim karijerama.Neki žele da vode malu partnersku advokatsku kancelariju ili da rade sami kao samostalni praktičari u malom gradu , odlučuju se za predmete kao što su porodično pravo, radno pravo ili stambeno pravo.Oni pak koji žele da rade u velikim pravnim firmama će uzeti u obzir predmete kao što su kompanijsko, privredno te parničenej i arbitraža.

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Many universities also offer courses on legal practice. Courses like this give students the opportunity to experience the work of a lawyer before deciding on a career in the law. Another way of finding out more about law in practice is to get involved with a voluntary advice centre or law clinic. These clinics offer free legal assistance to the local community and provide a useful introduction to some of the day to day work of lawyer.

Mnogi univerziteti nude i smjerove pravničke prakse . Ovakvi smjerovi nude studentima priliku da iskuse rad kao advokati prije nego li se odluče za pravničku karijeru. Još jedan način da se više sazna o pravničkoj praksi j euključivanje u jedan od besplatnih savjetodavnih centara ili pravnih klinika. Ove klinike nude besplatnu pravnu pomoć u lokalnoj zajednici i na taj način obezbjeđuju korisno upoznavanje sa svakodnevnim poslovima jednog pravnika.

For students wishing to work in a commercial practice, knowledge of foreign languages is essential. When law firms hire newrecruits, they generally look at four things: education, personality work experiance and language ability. Since English is the lanhuage of the internationallegal community, law firms increasingly expect graduates to have a good command of English.

Za studente koji žele da rade u komercijalnoj praksi ( privredi), znanje stranih jezika je od presudne važnosti. Kada pravne firme angažuju nove radnike, obično obraćaju pažnju na četiri stvari: obrazovanje, karakterne osobine, radno iskustvo i poznavanje stranih jezika.Budući da je engleski jezik zvanični jezik međunarodne pravne zajednice, pravne firme sve više očekuju od diplomaca da posjeduju dobro vladanje engleskim jezikom.

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The barker Rose Graduate Recruitment ProgrammeProgram angažovanja diplomaca fifme Barker Rose

For the ambitious graduate wishingto train as a commercial lawyer, we offer trainees first-rate work in an informative, chalenging and busy atmosphere, where your contribution counts from day one. We require approximately 15 exceptionaltrainee solicitors each year to contribute to our future growth, in both uor London and Manchester offices.

Za ambiciozne diplomce koji imaju želju da stažiraju kao komercijalni pravnici ( u privredi) nudimo prvoklasan rad u informativnoj zahtjevnoj i zaposlenoj sredini gdje se vaš doprinos računa od prvog dana. Svake godine nam je potrebno oko 15 izuzetnih pripravnika da daju svoj doprinos našem rastu, kako u našoj londonskoj tako i u mančesterskoj kancelariji.

Training programme Program stažiranja

We handle only commercial matters, offering training in company, commercial an finance, commercial litigation, employment , media, energy, trade and commodities, shipping and properti law, and in the business skills essential to success as a solicitor.

Mi se isključivo bavimo komercijalnim stvarima te nudimo praksu iz kompanijske, privredne, poslovno-finansijske , i komercijalne advokature, radnog , medijskog, energetskog, trgovinsko uslužnog prava, svojinskog i prava prevoza, te iz poslovnih vještina koje su od vitalne važnosti da uspijete kao advokat.

Minimum qualifications Uslovi

Strong academic qualifications, including a 2.1 degree ( any discipline ). We take a flexible approach and are willing to progress candidates whose application othervise demonstrates first-rate personal qualities and experience.

Visoke akademske kvalifikacije, uključujući diplomu minimalno trećeg stepena.Naš pristup je fleksibilan i spremni smo kandidatima, iz cijih se aplikacija vide vrhunski lični kvaliteti i iskustvo, dati šansu da napreduju dalje dalje u našem procesu izbora.

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When and how to apply Kako i gdje se prijaviti

Apply by 31st July two yoears before the start of the traning contract.To apply online , please click on this link:www.barkerrose.co.uk

Prijave se primaju do 31. Jula, dvije godien prije početka programa stažiranja.Za prijavu preko interneta kliknite na ovaj link.

Sponsorship Stipendiranje

We will pay your full course fees for both the GDL and LPC, pls maintenance of ₤6,000 during your GDL and ₤7,000 trought your LPC study year.

Mi snosimo pune troškove za oba ispita ( GDLC i LPC ) plus stipendiju u iznosu od 6000 funti tokom vašeg GDL i 7000 funti tokom LPC godine studiranja.

Further information Dodatne informacija

If you would like further information, please contact Graham Matthews, our Graduate Recruitment and Trainee Manager, on 0650 581 8967 or by email at graduate.recruitment@barkerrose.co,ukBarker Rose will be presenting its Graduate Recruitment Programme at the University of London Law Fair on 15 May at 2.30 p.m. in the John Adams lecture theatre.

Za sve dodatne informacije molimo kontaktirajte nas preko Grahama Metjusa, menadžera za praksu i primanje diplomaca na broj 0650 581 8967 ili preko mail adrese graduate.recruitment@barkerrose.co.uk Barker Rose će predstaviti svoj program primanja diplomaca na Univerzitetu londonskog Pravnog Sajma 15. Maja sa početkom u 14:30 u Džon Adams teatru.

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Contract law

Contract law deals with promises which create legal rights. In most legal systems, a contract is formed when one party makes an offer that is accepted bythe other party. Some legal systems require more, for example that the parties give each other, or promise to give each other , something of value. In common law systems , this promise is know as consideration. In those systems , a one-sided promise to do something ( e.g. a promise to make a gift) does not lead to the formation of an enforceable contract, as it lacks consideration.

Ugovorno pravo se bavi obećanjima koja stvaraju zakonska prava. U većini pravnih sistena, ugovor je formiran kada jedna stranka daje ponudu koja je prihvaćena od strane druge stranke. Neki pravni sistemi zahtjevaju više , na primjer, da stranke daju jedna drugoj ili da obećaju da će dati jedna drugoj nešto od vrijednosti. U većini pravnih sistema ovo obećanje je poznato kao konsideracija. U tim sistemima jednostrano obećanje da se nešto uradi ( npr. Da se napravi poklon= ne dovodi do formiranja pravosnažnog ugovora, jer nedostaje konsideracija.

When is contract is negotiated the offer and acceptance must match each other for the contrakt to be binding. This means that one party must accept exactly what the other party has offered. If the offer and acceptance do not match each other, then the law says that the second party has made a counter-offer ( that is, a new offer to the first party wich then may be accepted or rejected)

Kada se pregovara o ugovoru, ponuda I saglasnost se moraju podudariti kako bi ugovor bio obavezujući. Ovao znači da jedna stranka mora prihvatiti tačno ono što je druga stranka ponudila. Ako se ponuda i saglasnost ne podudaraju, onda zakon kaže da je druga stranka napravila kontra-ponudu (a to je nova ponuda prvoj stranci koja onda može biti prihvaćena ili odbačena)

For there to be valid contract, the parties must agree on the essential terms.These include the price and the subject matter of the contract.

Da bi ugovor bio validan strake se moraju složiti oko osnovnih uslova. Oni podrazumjevaju cijenu i predmet ugovora.

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Contract may be made in writing or by spoken words. If the parties make a contrack by spoken words, it is called an oral contract. In some jurisdictions, certain special types of contracts must be in writing or they are not valid (e.g. the sale of land).

Ugovor može biti u pisanoj ili usmenoj formi. Ako stranke sklope ugovor usmeno , onda se taj ugovor zove usmeni ugovor. U nekim jurisdikcijama izvjesni tipovi ugovora moraju biti u pisanoj formi , inače nisu validni (npr prodaja zemlje)

Contracts give both parties rights and obligations. Righrs are something positive which to get from a contract (e.g. the right to payment of money). Obligations are something which a party has to do or give up to get those rights (e.g. the obligations to do work)

Ugovori daju objema stranama prava i obaveze. Prava su nešto pozitivno što stranka želi da dobije od ugovora (npr. Pravo na isplatu novca). Obaveze su nešto što stranka mora da uradi ili se nečeg odreći da bi dobila ta prava (npr. obaveza na rad)

When a partry does not it is requred to do under a contarct, that arty is said to have breached the contract. The other party may file a lawsuit against the breaching party for breach of contract. The non-breaching party (sometimes called the injured party) may try to get a court to award damages for the breach. Damages refers to money which the court orders the breaching party to pay to the non.breaching party in compensation.Other remedies include specific performance, where a court orders the breaching party to perform the contract ( that is to do what is promised to do).

Kada stranka ne uradi ono što je potrebno da uradi na osnovu ugovora , za tu straku se kaže da je prekršila ugovor. Druga stranka može podnijeti tužbu za kršenje ugovora protiv strane koja je prekršila ugovor. Stranka koja nije prekršila ugovor (koju još zovemo i oštećeni) može pokušati da od suda nadoknadi štetu za povredu ugovora. Šteta se odnosi na novac koji, odlukom suda , oštećenom treba da plati stranka koja je prekršila ugovor. Ostale žalbe, uključujući izvršenje ugovora u kojima sud naređuje stranci koja je prekršila ugovor da taj isti izvrši (da uradi što je obećala da ćeuraditi)

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A party may want to transfer its rights under a contract to another party. This is called as assignment. When a party assigns (“gives”) its rights undes the contract to another party, the assigning party is called the assignor and the party who gets the rights is called the assignee.

Stranka može da poželi da prenese svoja prava na osnovu ugovora na neku drugu stranku. Ovo se zove cesija. Kada stranka prenosi („daje”) svoja prava na osnovu ugovora na drugu stranku, stranka koja prenosi se zove ustupalac, a stranka koja stiče prava se zove ovlašćenik.

The termination of your contract with Drexler Inc.Raskid Vašeg ugovora sa Dreksler korporacijom

Dear Mr McKendrick

Thank you for coming to see me on 30 May when we discussed the termination of your contract with Drexler Inc. I am writng to summarise our discussion and to confirm your instructions.

Poštovani gdine MekKenndrik

Hvala vam što ste došli 30. maja kada smo razgovarali o raskidu vašeg ugovora sa Dreksler korporacijom. Pišem vam da bi smo rezimirali našu diskusiju i da potvrdite vaša uputstva.

You told me that Drexler Inc. agreed to purchase a large quantity of goods (exact amount unspecified) from your firm, Export Threads. Under clause 2a of the contract, Drexler were to give you two days notice of the date of shipment so that you could arrange a lorry for the transportation of the goods. You now wish to terminate the contract

Rekli ste mi da se Dreksler korporacija složila da kupi veliku količinu robe (tačna količina nepoznata) iz vaše firme, Export Threads. Pod klauzulom 2a ugovora, Drexler vas je morao dva dana ranije obavjestiti o datumu isporuke da bi ste mogli organizovati kamion za transport robe. Niste to mogli organizovati jer vas Drexler nije obavjestio o ugovorenom datumu. Sada želite da raskinete ugovor.

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The legal issue here is whether or not Drexler’s breach is enough to allow Export Threads to terminate the contract without being liable for damages. If the contract term in question can be shown to be a condition, you will be able to terminate the contract without fear of damages being awarded against you. If the term is simply a warranty, you will be able to claim damages to cover any costs you have incurred as a result of the breach, but may not actually terminate the contract.

Pravno pitanje je da li je Drexlerova povreda ugovora dovoljna da omogući Export Threadsu da raskine isti bez odgovaranja za stetu. Ako se propisi ugovora pokažu kao uslov, moći ćete da raskinete ugovor bez straha da će se obeštećenje vama pripisati. Ako je propis samo garancija, moći ćete zahtjevati naknadu štete da pokrijete sve troškove koji su nastali kao rezultat ove povrede ugovora, ali nećete moći i da ga raskinete.

Recent case law suggests that if you do choose to terminate the contract, and if Drexler subsequently decide to sue you, the courts would rule against you . Your contract involves a chain of sales and in such cases, the need for ceartainty is very important. You were unable to arrange the loading of the goods as a direct consequence of Drexler’s breach of clause 2a, and this term would be interpreted as a condition.

Današnaj sudska praksa pokazuje da, ako se ipak odlučite da raskinete ugovor, I ako Drexler zatim odluči da vas tuži , sud neće presuditi u vašu korist. Vaš ugovor uključuje lanac prodaje, a u takvim slučajevima, potreba za pouzdanošću je veoma bitna. Niste bili u mogućnosti da obezbjedite utovar robe što je direktna posljedica Drexlerove povrede klauzule 2a ugovora, i ovaj propis bi se mogao tumačiti kao uslov.

I will write a letter to Drexler Inc. outling the above and notifying them of your intention to renegotiate the contract. I will request confirmation from Drexler that they accept our interpretation both of the events and of the relevant law, and that your termination of the contract will not lead to any unnecessary legal action on their part. I will be in touch again shortly. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions. With kind regards Charles Dawe

Napisaću pismo Drexler korporaciji u kom ću definisati sve gore navedeno i obavjestiti ih o vašoj namjeri da ponovo pregovarate o ugovoru. Tražiću potvrdu od Drexlera u kojoj prihvataju naše tumačenje oba događaja i relevantnih zakona, i da vaš raskid ugovora neće dovesti do nepotrebnih tužbi sa njihove strane. Uskoro ćemo opet biti u kontaktu. Molim vas da ne oklevate da me kontaktirate ukoliko imate bilo kakvih pitanja.S’ poštovanjem Charles Dawe

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Client – Berlingua Language School (Joanna Staines)Other party-Simon Burnett, Burnett TV Supplies

FactsMs Staines (Director of Studies, Berlingua) bought a new satellite system (including built-in hard drive) at 50% of the normal price from Burnett TV Supplies for educational use. She mainly wanted to use it to record foreign-language TV programmes for use during lessons.

ČinjeniceGosp. Staines (director studija u Belingo Školi jezika) je kupila novi satelitski system (uključujući I uređaj hard disk) po 50% jeftinijoj cijeni od Burnett TV potrepštine za obrazovne svrhe. Glavni cilj joj je bio da snima TV programe na stranim jezicima i da ih koristi tokom predavanja.

When she first set it up and tried to record, she realised that the timer function was broken. This means someone has to physically press record and stop whenever they want to record something.

Kada ga je prvi put uključila i pokušala da snima program, shvatila je da je funkcija tajmera pokvarena. Ovo znači da je potrebno da neko fizički pritišće „ snimi-stop” dugme svaki put kada treba nešto snimiti.

Ms Staines has asked for a replacement, but was told that she couldn’t expect it to workperfectly at such a cheap price. They have refused to replace it , but have offered to repair it at a cost of ₤130.

Gđa.Staines je tražila zamjenu ali joj je pri tom rečeno da ne može ni očekivati da radi savršeno po tako niskoj cijeni. Zamjena je odbijena ali je ponuđeno da se uređaj popravi uz cijenu od 130 funti.

Legal issues

Defect not pointed out at time of purchase; if reduction due to imperfections, seller MUST inform client (Sale of Goods Act).

Pravna pitanja

Nedostatak nije istaknut u vrijeme kupovine; ako je cijena snižena uslijed nedostatka prodavac MORA o tome informisati kupca (deklaracijom o prodaji stvari)

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Advice /Action Ms Staines is entitled to either a full refund or a replacement system (her choice). I outline the options, Ms Staines is considerating which to go for. I’m pretty sure that it will only take one letter from us before Burnett backs down-he’d have no chance in the small claims court!

Savjet / Postupanje Gđa. Staines ima pravo ili na puni povrat novca ili na zamjenu sistema (njen izbor).Ja sam joj saopštio koje su njene mogućnosti i ona razmatra koju da iskoristi. Prilično sam siguran da je samo jedno pismo dovoljno i da će se Burnett povući, nema nikakve šanse pred sudom za mala potraživanja.

Tort law

A tort is a civil wrong that can be remedied by awarding damages (other remedies may also be available). These civil wrongs result in harm to a person or property that forms the basis of a claim by the injured party. The harm can be physical, emotional or financial. Examples of torts include medical negligence, negligent damage to private property and negligent misstatements causing financial loss.

„A tort” je građanski prekršaj koji se moše ispraviti dodjelom odštete (mogući su i drugi vidovi naknade). Građanski delikti ove vrste mogu rezultovati štetom ka osobi ili imovini na čemu se zasniva tužba oštećene strane. Šteta može biti fizičke, emotivne ili finansijske prirode. Primjeri delikata su medicinski nemar, nemar na tuđoj imovini kao i namjerne lažne informacije koje uzrokuju finansijske gubitke.

There are many specific torts, such as trespass, assault and negligence .Busniess torts include fraudulent misrepresentation, interference in contractual relations and unfair busnies practices.

Postoje mnogi specifični delikti poput povrede privatnog posjeda, napad I nemar. Poslovni delikti obuhvataju neovlašteno lažno predstavljanje, uplitanje u ugovorne odnose i nelojalno poslovanje.

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Torts fall into three general categories: intentional torts (e.g. unfair competition), negligent torts (e.g. causing an accident by failing to obey traffic rules) and strict liability (e.g. liability for making and seling defective products).

Građanski delikti potpadaju pod generalnu kategorizaciju I to : namjeran delikti (npr nelojalna konkurencija) delikt nemara (npr, izazivanje saobraćajne nesreće, nepoštovanjem saobraćajnih pravila) kao i stroge delikte odgovornosti (npr. Odgovornost za proizvodnju I stavljanje u promet neispravnih proizvoda)

Why some wrongs are dealt with by tort law (or the law of torts) and others considered criminal offences is the subjects of some debate. However, there are certainly overlaps between tort law and criminal law. For example, a defendant can be liable to compensate for assault and battery in tort and also be punished for the criminal law offence of assault.

Zašto neki delikti spadaju u građanske delikte a drugi su krivični delikti , predmet je mnogih rasprava.. Međutim, između ove dvije sfere zasigurno postoje određena preklapanja. Npr optuženi se može smatrati odgovornim za nanošenje teške tjelesne povrede u sferi delikta i biti kažnjen za napad po krivičnom pravu.

Differences between tort law and criminal law include: the parties involved (the state brings an action in crime, a private individual brings an action in tort); the standard of proof ( higher in criminal law) and the outcomes (a criminal action may result in a conviction and punishment, whereas an action in tort may result in liability on the part of the defendant and damages awarded to the claimant)

Razlike između tort low I krivičnog prava su: sukobljene strane (država tereti po krivičnom a privatno lice po tort low osnovu); standard dokazivanja (težinski prednjači u krivičnom pravu) Ishodi procesa (krivični process rezultuje presudom I kaznom dok se tort low odgovornost može završiti samo na odgovornosti tuženog I odšteti za tužioca).

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The primary amis of tort law are to provide rellef for the harm suffered and deter other potential tortfeasors from coming from committing the same harms. The injured person may sue for both an injunction to stop the tortuous conduct and for monetary damages.

Primarni cilj tort low su obezbjeđivanje naknade za pretrpljenu štetu kao i odvraćanje potencijalnih počinilaca delikta od vršenja istih djela. Oštećena strana ima pravo tužiti I za zabranu kojom se zaustavlja deliktno ponašanje kao i za materijalnu naknadu.

Depending on the jurisdiction , the damages awarded will be either compensatory or punitive. Compensatory damages are intended, as far as it is possible, to put the victim in the position he or she would have been in had the tort not occurred. Punitive damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer. As well as compensation for damage to property, damages may also be awarded for: loss of earnings capacity, future expected losses, pain and suffering and reasonable medical expenses.

U zavisnosti od nadležnosti, dodjeljene odštete će biti ili kompenzacione ili kaznene. Kompenzacione odštete imaju za cilj vraćanje oštećenog u situaciju u kojoj bi bio da se delikt nije dogodio. Kaznene odštete se donose kako bi se kaznio počinilac. Kao i u slučaju kompenzacije za oštećenje imovine, odšteta se može dodijeliti za: gubitak mogućnosti zarade, izmaklu dobit, bol i patnju kao i za razumne troškove liječenja.

Palsgraff v. The Long Island Railroad Company, 248 N.Y.339;162 n.e.99; Court of Appeals of New York (1928)

Plaintiff was standing on a platform of defendant’s railroad when a train moved off from the platform. Even though it was already moving, a passenger ran to catch the train. The man who was carrying a package wrapped in paper, appeared to lose his balance while trying to board the moving train. An employee of the railroad reached out to help him. This act caused the package in the man’s arm to fall onto the rails. Unknown to the employee, th package contained fireworks. When it fell, the fireworks exploded, causing some large equipment on the platform to strike and injure the plaintiff. The plaintiff sued the railroad, claiming thather injury resulted from the negligence of the employee.

Podnosilac zahtheva je stajao na platformi tuženikove pruge kada je voz krenuo. Iako je voz već bio u pokretu, putnik je potrčao da ga uhvati. Čovjek koji je nosi o paket umotan u papir, pokušavajući da se ukrca u voz u pokretu, izgubio j eravnotežu. Zaposlenik željeznice je pružio ruku da ga uhvati. Ova njegova činidba uzrokovala je da paket iz putnikovih ruku ispadne na šine. Zaposlenik nije znao da paket sadrži vatromet. Kada je pao paket je eksplodirao usled čega su komadi teške opreme na platformi poletjeli, udarili i povrijedili podnosioca zahtjeva. On je tužio željeznicu tvrdeći da je uzrok njene povrede nemar zaposlenika željeznice.

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PROCEDURAL HISTORY: The trial court found for the plantiff. Defendants appealed, and the appellate court affirmed the judgment. The railroad then appealed to this court.

ISTORIJA SLUČAJA: prvostepeni sud je donio presudu u korist podnosioca zahtjeva. Tuženi se žalio ali je drugostepeni sud potvrdio presudu. Željeznica je onda podnijela žalbu ovom sudu.

LEGAL ISSUE: Did the railroad’s negligence proximately cause plaintiff’s injuries?

PRAVNA PITANJA: Da li je nemar željeznice I približno izazvao povredu podnosioca zahtjev?

RULING: No. The Court of Appeals of New York reversed the decision.

PRESUDA: Ne Apelacioni sud države Njujork j eponištio presudu I odbacio tužbu.

REASONING: Negligence is not a tort unless it results in the commission od wrong. If the harm was not deliberate, it must be shown that the act could have been dangerous. Since in this case the harm to the plaintiff was not willful on the part of defendant, it had to be shown that the act of droping a package had the apparent possibility of danger. As there was nothing on the outside of the package which would cause the reasonable person to belive it contained explosives, there was no negligence. It was the explosion that was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injuries, an act which could not have been foreseen. Therefore railroad was neither negligent nor the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injuries. The judgment of the appellate court was reversed.

OBRAZLOŽENJE: Nemar nije delikt ako nije rezultirao u činjenju nepravde (zla ili nezakonitog djela). Ako štete nije nanesena namjerno, ora se pokazati da je činidba bila opasna. Budući da u ovom slučaju, šteta podnosioc zahtjeva nije nije nanesena voljno (sa predumišljajem) moralo se dokazati da sam čin ispuštanja paketa nosi potencijalnu opasnost. Pošto na omotu paketa nije postojalo ništa što bi razumnoj osobi ukazalo da sadrži eksploziv, nije postojao nemar. Eksplozija je ta koaj je neposredni uzročnik povrede podnosioca zahtjeva, događaj koji se nije mogao predvidjeti. S toga željeznica nije iskazala nemar niti je neposredni uzročnik povreda podnosioca zahtjeva. Presuda drugostepenog suda je poništena i tužba odbačena.

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The Kent Law Clinic

Kent Law school was the first in Britain to open a law clinic and to develop a clinical legal studies’ programme as part of its undergraduate curriculum. A new Kent Law Clinic was established in 1992, and it offers a unique opportunity for law students to practice law while still undergraduates. Students regulary represent clients in a wide range of tribunals an have, in recent years, successfully assisted litigants-in-person in the Court of Appeal.

Pravna škola Kent je bila prva škola u Britaniji koja je otvorila studije u sklopu klinike pri svom diplomskom studiju. Nova Kent Pravna Klinika je uspostavljena 1992. godine i nudila je studentim ajedinstvenu priliku da steknu pravničk upraksu iako još nisu stekli diplomu. Studenti su redovno zastupali klijente pred različitim sudovima, a u nekoliko zadnjih godina uspješno asistiraju i strankama koje biraju da same sebe zastupaju pred apelacionim sudom.

The clinic offers free legal adviced to its clients, with a legal work being done by law students under the supervision of qualified lawyers. You deal with real clients rather than with fictional seminar problems, which means you can develop and refine your legal skills and learn other practical skills, such as interviewing, negotiating and advocacy. Equally importantly, you have the opportunity experience the actual (rather than the theoretical) way the law and the…

Klinika nudi besplatne pravne savjete svojim klijentima, gdje sav pravnički posao obavljaju studenti koje nadziru kvalifikovani advokati. Ovdje se radi sa pravim klijentima a ne sa teorijskim problemima na predavanjima, što znači da ste u mogućnosti da razvijete i izbrusite pravničke I ostale vještine kao što su intervjuisanje, pregovaranje I zastupanje. Od iste važnosti je prilika da iskusite pravi način na koji pravo i ...

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Criminal law

Criminal law sometimes (altrough rarely) called penal law, involves the prosecution by the state of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime. This contrast with civil law, which involves private individuals and organizations seeking to resolve legal disputes. Prosecutions are initiated by the state trough a prosecutor, whil in a civil case the victim brings the suit. Some jurisdictions also allow private criminal prosecutions.

Krivično pravo ponekad (mada rijetko) se naziva I kazneno pravo, podrazumjeva gonjenje od strane države osobe koja je počinila djelo koje je određeno kao krivično.Ovo se razlikuje od građanskog prava koje uključuje fizička I pravna lica koja žele da razriješe svoje pravne nesuglasice. Krivično gonjenje se realizuje preko države kroz državnog tužioca, dok u građanskim stvarima tužbu podiže žrtva(oštećeni) Neki pravni sistemi dozvoljavaju I privatne krivične tužbe.

Depending on the offence an the jurisdiction, various punishments are available to the courts to punish an offender (see Exercise 12). A court may sentence an offender to execution, corporal punishment or loss of liberty (imprisonment or incarceration); suspend the sentence; impose a fine; put the offender under government supervision trough parole or probation; or place them on a community service order.

U zavisnosti od prekršaja ( k.djela) i nadležnosti , sudovima su na raspolaganju različite kazne za počinioce. Sud može osuditi počinioca na pogubljenje, tjelesnu kaznu i oduzimanje slobode (kazna zatvora ili smještanje u neku slicnu ustanovu), uslovnu kaznu, novčanu kaznu, staviti počinioca pod pojačan nadzor države uz pomoć uslovne slobode ili im odrediti društveno koristan rad.

Criminal law commonly proscribes-that is, it prohibits- several categories of offences: offences against the person (e.g. assault), offences against property (e.g. burglary), public-order crimes (e.g. prostitution) and business, or corporate, crimes (e.g. insider dealing).

Krivično pravo obično propisuje-zabranjuje nekoliko kategorija krivičnih djela:djela protiv ličnosti (npr.napad) djela protiv imovine (npr.pljačka) djela protiv javnog poretka (npr.prostitucija) te privredna krivična djela (npr.insider dealing)

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Most crimes (with the exception of strict liability crimes such as statutory rape and certain traffic offences) are charasteristed by two elements: a criminal act (actus reus) and criminal intent (mens rea). To secure a conviction, prosecutors must prove that both actus reus and mens rea were present when a particular crime was committed.

Većina krivičnih djela (sa izuzetkom djela za koja se ne zahtjeva postojanje namjere da bi bila inkriminisana kao npr.sexulani odnos sa maloljetnikom ili neki saobracajni prekrsaj) određena je sa dva elementa: protivpravnom radnjom (actus reus) i namjerom da se nanese štetna posljedica (mens rea).Da bi osigurali donošenje osuđujuće presude, tužioci moraju dokazati da su i actus reus i mens rea postojali u trenutku izvršenja delikta.

In criminal cases, the burden of proof is often on the prosecutor to persuade the trier (whether judge or jury) that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of every element of the crime charged. If the prosecutor fails to prove this, a verdict of not guilty is rendered. This standard of proof contrasts with civil cases, where the claimant generally needs to show a defendant is liable on the balance of probabilities (mere then 50% probable). In USA, this is referrd to as the preponderance of the evidence.

U krivičnim djelima, teret dokazivanja je često na strani tužioca gdje on treba pokazati onome ko sudi, bila to porota ili sudija pojedinac, da je optuženi kriv, za svaki element djela za koje se tereti, van svake razumne sumnje. Ako tužilac u ovome ne uspije, izriče se presuda da niej kriv (oslobađajuća). Ovaj standard dokazivanja se razlikuje u odnosu na građanske slučajeve, gdje je obično dovoljno da tužilac dokaže da je tuženi odgovoran do granice vjerovatnoće (više od 50%)U SAD se ovo naziva prevagom dokaza.

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Some jurisdictions distinguish between felonies (more serious offences, such as rape) and misdemeanours (less serious offences, such as petty theft).It is also worth nothing that the same incident may sometimes lead to both a criminal prosecution and an action in tort.

U pojedinim pravnim sistemima se pravi razlika između prekršaja (težih krivičnih djela kao što je silovanje) I prekršaja lakše prirode (npr. Sitna krađa)Nema prepreka da jedno isto djelo dovede I do krivične tužbe I do građanskog zahtjeva za naknadu usljed pretrpljenog fizičkog ili duševnog bola.

FSA fines auditor for market abuse

The Financial Services and Markets Tribunal has upheld a Financial Services Authority (FSA) case against Mr Arif Mohammed, a former Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PwC) audit manager, who was fined ₤10,000 for committing market abuse. This is the first time the market abuse provisions in the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA) have been the subject of a Tribunal decision.

Finansijsko tržišni sud je potvrdio odluku Finansijske Revizije kojom je Arif Muhamed, bivši revizor u “ Pricewaterhouse Coopers” kažnjen sa 10000 funti zbog tržišne prevare. Ovo je prvi put da su odredbe o tržišnim prevarama iz Akta o Finansijama i Tržištu iz 2000. bile predmet odluke ovog suda.

Mr Mohammed bought shares in Delta plc, a London Stock Excange listed electrical and engineering services company, based on his knowledge that the company intended to sell its electrical division. Mr Mohamed become aware of this confidential information because Delta’s electrical division was on audit client of PwC, and Mr Mohammed worked on the company’s audit.

Gdin. Muhamed je kupio dionice “Delta plc” firmi koja se bavi inženjeringom i elektronikom I koja je registrovana na londonskoj berzi, a sve znajući da firma planira da proda svoje elektro odjeljenje. Gdin.Muhamed je došao do ove informacije jer je „Delta plc” klijent njegove revizorske kuće, gdin.Muhamed je lično radio reviziju.

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In July 2002. Mr Mohammed first became aware of the proposed sale of Delta’s electrical division. He was told that this information was confidential and not to be discussed with company officials. Although Mr Mohammed began handing over the responsibility for elements of Delta’s audit in September 2002. he remained on the audit team assigned to Delta throughout the period leading up to the disposal announcement. In particular, Mr Mohammed remained responsible for planning staff to work on Delta and had reason to know about the sale’s progress because of its impact on resource planning.

U Julu 2002. gdin. Muhamed je saznao za prodaju elektro odjeljenja Delta. Rečeno mu je da je to povjerljiva informacija i da ne smije o tome pričati sa zvaničnicima njegove kompanije. Iako je gdin. Muhamed predao odgovornost za pojedine elemente Deltine revizije u septembru 2002. god. on j eipaj ostao član revizorskog timasve do zvanične objave prodaje jednog dijela firme. Gdin. Muhamed je ostao zadužen za tim osoblja koji je Delti radio strateško planiranje i imao je razloga da zna o napretku procesa prodaje jer taj proces utiče na planiranje resursa.

At the end of November 2002. Mr Mohammed was ongoing and was getting close to agreement. Based on this information, he purchased 15,000 shares in Delta on 29 November 2002 at 80p each. Delta announced the disposal on 9 December 2002, and Mr Mohammed sold his shares the following day at 105p each making a profit of ₤3,750.

Krajem novembra 2002. godine, gdin. Muhamed je bio svjestan dfa je process prodaje u toku i da se bliži postizanje dogovora. Na osnovu ove informacije, on je kupio 15 000 dionica Delte 29.nov.2002. po cijeni od 80 penija za svaku akciju. Delata je objavila prodaju 9. decembra 2002. pa je gdin. Muhamed prodao svoje dionice sledećeg dana po cijeni od 105 penija po akciji, pribavljajući tie sebi korist od 3750 funti.

The Tribunal held that the information Mr Mohammed had about the proposed deal was sufficient and preices enough to be considered as relevant information according to the market abuse provisions.

Sud smatra da su informacije koje je gdin. Muhamed imao o predloženom ugovoru precizne i dovoljne da se smatraju relevantnim po propisima o tržišnim prevatama.

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Company law

Company law is the law which deals with the creation and regulation of busniess entities. The most common forms of bussnies entity are companies and partnerships.

Kompanijsko pravo je pravo koje se bavi formiranjem I regulisanjem poslovnih subjekata. Najčešći oblik poslovnih entiteta su kompanije i partnerske firme.

A company is a group of people which is treated as a legal person of a separate identity from its shareholding members. It can own property, enter into contracts, sue others and be sued. This contrasts with a partnership, which is not considered to be a legal person and is not able to own property in its own name.

Kompanije je grupa ljudi koja ima status pravnog lica i različit identitet od svojih osnivača-akcionara. Može posjedovati imovinu, zaključivati ugovore, tužiti i biti tužena. Ovo se razlikuje od partnerskog društva koje se ne tretira kao pravno lice i ne može imati imovinu upisanu na svoje ime.

Because of the limited liability of the members of a company for its debts, as well as its separate personality an tax treatment, the company has become the most popular from of business entity in most countries in the world..

Zbog ograničene odgovornosti članov akompanje za njene dugove, kao I odvojenom pravnom subjektivitetu I poreskom statusu, kompanije su postale najpopularniji oblik poslovnih subjekata u većini zemalja svijeta.

Companies have an inherent flexibility which can let them grow;there is no legal reason why a company initially formed by a sole proprietor cannot eventually grow to be a publicly listed company, but a partnership will generally have a limited number of partners.

Kompanije imaju urođenu fleksibilnost koja im dopušta da rastu; s toga, ne postoje pravni razlozi zašto jedna kompanija koja je osnovana od strane samostalnog preduzetnika ne može vremenom izrasti u kompaniju od društvenog značaja dok partnerska firma će uvijek imati ograničen broj članova-partnera.

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A company has shareholders (those who invest money in it and get shares in return), a board of directors (people who manage the affairs of the company) and creditors (those to whom the company owes money). Company law deals with the relationships between companies and their shareholders, creditors, regulators and third parties.

Kompanija ima vlasnike dionica (ljude koji ulažu novac u nju a za uzvrat dobijaji dionice), upravni odbor (ljudi koji se brinu za poslove kompanije) i ulagače (one kojima kompanija duguje novac). Kompanijsko pravo se bavi međusobnim odnosima između kompanija I njihovih dioničara, ulagača, nadzornih tijela I drugih zainteresovanih strana.

The process of registring a company is known as company formation. Companies can be created by individuals, specialized agents, attorneys or accountants. Today, the majority of companies formed in the UK and the USA are formed electronically. In the UK, a certificate of incorporation is issued once the company’s constitutional documents and statutory forms have been filed.

Proces registracije kompanije poznat kao formiranje kompanije. Kompanija može biti formirana od strane pojedinca, specijalizovanih ageneta, advokata ili računovođa. Danas većina kompanija u V Britaniji i SAD se formiraju elektronskim putem. U Vbritaniji, rješenje o upisu u javni registar kompanija se izdaje kada kompanija preda svoje osnivačke dokumente u zakonskoj formi.

The constitution of a company consists of two documents. The memorandum of assoclation states the principal object of the company. The second document, the articles of association, regulates the company’s internal management and administrative affairs, including matters such as the rights and obligations of shareholders and directors, conduct of meetings and corporate contracts.

Formiranje kompanije se sastoji od dva dokumenta. Osnivački akt predočava glavne ciljeve kompanije. Drugi dokument je statut koji reguliše kompanijsko unutrašnje uređenje i administrativne poslove, uključujući stvari kao što su prava i obaveze dioničara i direktora, održavanje sastanaka i ugovore kompanije.

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Company law

This module concentrates on UK company law in the context of modern capitalism and the wider global economy. A series of introductory lectures and seminars will provide students with an understanding of , inter alia, the rules governing incorporation, funding an corporate finance, corporate governance and fundamental changes to the structure of a company (including corporate insolvency and winding up).

Ova oblast je najviše usmjerena na kompanijsko pravo Velike Britanije u kontekstu modernog kapitalizma i globalne ekonomije. Serija ovodnih predavanja i seminara omogućiće studentima da razumiju , između ostalog, pravila po kojim posluju preduzeća, finansiranje i finansije preduzeća, vođenje preduzeća i suštinske promjene u strukturi kompanije (uključujući insolventnost i gašenje).

We will also consider the more general operationof this particular from of busniess vehicle. During the second half of the course, we will examine the concepts of corporate personality, corporate rights and members’ rights in more depth before turning to the newly introduced directors’ duties under the Companies Act 2006.

Takođe ćemo razmotriti i opštije forme poslovnih kretanja. Tokom druge polovine semestra razmotrićemo i koncepte karaktera preduzeća, prava preduzeća i prava članova preduzeća detaljnije prije nego li se okrenemo novim pravilima koja određuju dužnostidirektora koja su predstavljena u Aktu o Kompanijama iz 2006.

Finally, we will consider how progressive lawyers might work with businesses in order to ensure that direcrots meet their responsibilities to their shareholders, non-affiliated stakeholders, the environment, and the communities in which they operate. One way of encouraging such a commitiment is trough the careful drafting of the memorandum and articles, on which topic two optional half-day sessions are now offered as a supplement to the company-law module.

Konačno ćemo razmotriti I načine na koje advokati mogu raditi sa biznisom da bi osigurali da direktori ispoštuju svoje obaveze prema svojim akcionarima, sporednim akcionarima, prema prirodnoj sredini I lokalnim zajednicama u kojima vode posao. Način na koji se obezbjeđuje ovakva posvećenost je kroz pažljivo pravljenje dokumenata i članaka, n akoju će temu biti ponuđena dva izborna poludnevna predavanja kao dodatak oblasti kompanijskog prava.

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