Engineering Tharmodaynamics

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Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Opposite Amul Dairy, Civil Court Road, Post Box No. 65, ANAND 388 001 IndiaTelephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: [email protected], Website: www.cphbooks.com

ByDr. S. S. Khandare

` 150.00

1: INTRODUCTION2:GASLAWSANDPROPERTIES

3:THERMODYNAMICPROCESSES

4: AVAILABILITY

5:AIRSTANDARDCYCLES

6: PROPERTIESOFSTEAMANDSTEAMCYCLE

7:FLOWPROCESSES

8:FUELSANDCOMBUSTION

APPENDIxA:SHORTqUESTIONSFORVIVA-VOCE

APPENDIxB:STEAMTABLES

INDEx

ENGINEERING

THERMODYNAMICS

Edition :2ndEdition:2011

ISBN :81-85594-21-X

Size :170mmx240mm

Binding :PaperbackwithFourColorJacketCover

Pages :320+16(WithMollierdiagram)

ThisbookonEngineeringThermodynamiccontainsbasicprinciplesandfundamentallawsofThermalEngineering.Itdealswiththegaslawsandpropertiesofuidslikepressure,temperatureandvolume.Thebookdiscussesthethermodynamicprocesseslikeisothermal,isentropicandpolytropicprocesses.Thenewconceptofavailabilityandirreversibilityhasbeenincludedinthebook.

Thevariouspropertieslikeenthalpy,entropy,internalenergyof steamarediscussed.Thetopicsonpropertiesofsteamandsteamcycleslikerankine,modiedrankinecyclesarealsopresentedinthebook.

The various air standard cycles are analysed and numerical problems are presentedthroughoutthebook.

Thekeytopicsinthebookare:

*Gaslawsandproperties*Thermodynamicprocess*Availabilityofairstandardcycles*Propertiesofsteamandsteamcycles*Flowprocesses*Fuelsandcombustion*Shortuestionsforvivavoce*Steamtableswithmollierdiagramenthalpy-entropycharts,etc.

Thebookcontains:

*141Solvednumericaleamples*426Eercisesforpractice*219Objectiveuestions*115Self-eplanatoryandneatlydrawnsketches

*40Usefultables.

Thebookisintendedtoserveasanintroductorytet-bookforthestudentsofEngineeringreadingforDegreeEaminationsofalmostalltheUniversitiesofIndia,DiplomaEaminationsconductedbyvariousBoardsofTechnicalEducation,Certicatecourses,aswellasfortheU.P.S.C.andA.M.I.E.Eaminations.

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Chapter 1 INTRODuCTION

1-1. Heat engines

1-2. Engineeringthermodynamics

1-3. Workingfluids andthermodynamicsystem

1-4. Thermodynamicstate andthermodynamic process

1-5. Systemofunits

(i) SI system

(ii) Metric system

1-6. Unitsoflength, area andvolume

1-7. Specificvolume

1-8. Units ofmass

1-9. Units of force

1-10. Unitsofworkandpower

1-11. Unitsofenergy

1-12. Measurements of properties of fluid

1-12-1. Pressure

Exercises 1-1

1-12-2. Temperature

1-13. Zeroth lawofthermodynamics

1-14. Temperaturemeasurement1-15. Pyrometers

1-15-1. Thermo-electric pyrometer

1-15-2. Radiationpyrometer

1-15-3. Opticalpyrometer

1-15-4. Pyrometric cone or seger cone pyrometer

1-16. Absolutetemperaturescale and absolutezero

Exercises 1-2

1-17. NTPandSTPconditions

1-18. Volume

1-19. Work

1-20. HeatExercises 1-3

1-21. Properties of substances

Objective questions

Exercises 1-4

Chapter 2 GAS LAwS AND PROPERTIES

2-1. Perfectgas

2-2. Vapour

2-3. Boyles l aw

Exercises 2-1

2-4. Charles law

Exercises 2-22-5. CombinationoflawsofBoyle andCharles

2-6. VanderWaalsequation

2-7. Units of R

2-8. Universalgasconstant

2-9. Avogadros l aw

Exercises 2-3

2-10. Accountability of energy

2-11. Jouleslaw of internal energy

2-12. Enthalpy

2-13 Entropy

2-14. Intensiveand extensiveproperties

2-15. Thermodynamicsystem

2-16. Conservationofenergy

2-17. Firstlaw of thermodynamics

Exercises 2-4

2-18. Concepts of thesecondlaw of thermodynamics

2-18-1. Kelvin-Plank statement

2-18-2. Clausiusstatement

Exercises 2-5

2-19. Specificheats ofa gas

2-20. Ratioof specific heats

2-21. Relationbetweenthetwospecificheatsofagasand

thespecificgasconstant

2-22. Generalequation for entropychangesforidealgases

2-23. Properties of gasmixtures

Objective questions

Answers to objective questions

Exercises 2-6

Chapter 3 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES

3-1. Expansionandcompressionof gases

3-2. Pointandpathfunctions

3-3. Process

3-4. Constantvolumeprocess

3-5. Constantpressureprocess

Exercises 3-13-6. Isothermalprocess

Exercises 3-2

3-7. Isentropicprocess

Exercises 3-3

3-8. Polytropicprocess

3-9. Determinationoftheindexofexpansionorcompression

3-10. Comparisonofworkdonebya gasduring expansion

forvariousprocesses

3-11. Mean effectivepressure

3-12. Summaryofequations forgas processes

Exercises 3-4

3-13. Otherimportant processes3-13-1. Hyperbolic expansion

3-13-2. Freeexpansion

3-13-3. Throttling

3-14. Gas tables

3-15. Approximationfor heat absorbed

Exercises 3-5

3-16. Typicalexamples

Objective questions


Exercises 3-6

Chapter 4 AvAILAbILITY

4-1. Reversibility

4-2. Available energy and availability

(i) Heatwithdrawn f roman infinite reservoir

(ii) Heatwithdrawn f roma finite reservoir

4-2-1.Decrease in available energy

4-2-2.Availabilityof a finite system

4-2-3.Availabilityinaclosedsystem

4-3. Effectiveness

4-4. Irreversibility

4-5. Available energy and physicalconcept ofentropy

Exercises 4-1

Chapter 5 AIR STANDARD CYCLES

5-1. Introduction

5-2. Heatmachine

5-3. Usefulwork

5-4. Efficiencyofcycle

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5-5. Air standardefficiencyof cycle

5-6. Assumptionsinthe thermodynamiccycles

5-7. Thermodynamiccycles

5-8. Carnotcycle

Exercises 5-1

5-9. Ottocycle

5-10. Meaneffective pressure

Exercises 5-2

5-11. Diesel cycle5-12. Dual combustioncycle

Exercises 5-3

5-13. Stirlingcycle

Exercises 5-4

5-14. Ericssoncycle

Exercises 5-5

5-15. Braytoncycle

Exercises 5-6

5-16. Comparison of ideal cycles

5-17. ReversedBraytoncycle(BellColemancycle)

5-18. Coefficient of performance (COP)

Objective questionsAnswers toobjectivequestions

Exercises 5-7

Chapter 6 PROPERTIES Of STEAM AND STEAM

CYCLE

6-1. Properties of steam

6-2. Conservation of form

6-3. Phasediagram

6-4. Effect ofpressureon the boilingpoint ofwater

6-5. Temperature-pressurecurvefor steam

6-6. Generationofonekgofsteamatagivenpressurefrom

water initiallyat 0C

(1) Introducing stage

(2) Warming stage

(3) Evaporating stage

Exercises 6-1

6-7. Conditions of steam

6-8. Saturatedsteam

6-9. Drysaturated steamandwetsteam

6-10. Superheated steam

6-11. Supersaturated steam

6-12. Properties of steam

6-13. Dryness fractionof saturated steam

6-14. Use ofsteamtables

6-15. Sensibleheat

6-16. Latent heatof vaporization

6-17. Enthalpyofwet steam

6-18. Enthalpyof superheated steam

6-19. Specificvolumeof steam

6-20. Internalenergyof steam

Exercises 6-2

6-21. Entropyofvapours

(1) Entropy of water

(2) Entropy of evaporation

(3) Entropy of superheated steam

Exercises 6-36-22. Temperatureentropydiagram

6-23. Heat entropy chart (mollierchart)

6-24. Pressure-enthalpychart

6-25. Heatingand expansionof vapours

(1) Constant volume process

(2) Constant pressure process

(3) Constant temperature ( Isothermal)process

(4) Hyperbolic (PV= constant)p rocess

(5) Polytropic process

(6) Reversibleadiabaticor Isentropicprocess

(7) Throttling process

6-26. Methodsof determinationof drynessfractionof steam

6-27. Bucket calorimeter

Exercises 6-4

6-28. Separating calorimeter

Exercise 6-5

6-29.Throttlingcalorimeter

Exercises 6-6

6-30. Combinedseparatingandthrottling calorimeter

Exercises 6-7

6-31. Steam cycle

6-32. Carnot cycle

6-33. Rankinecycle

6-34. ComparisonofRankineandCarnotcyclesontemperature-entropydiagram

6-35.Work done during Rankine cycle on pressure-volume

diagram

6-36. ModifiedRankinecycle

Objective questions

Answers toobjectivequestions

Exercises 6-8

Chapter 7 fLOw PROCESSES

7-1. FlowProcesses

7-2. Steadyflowenergyequation

(1) Internal energy

(2) Kinetic energy

(3) Potential energy

(4) Flowwork

(5) Work

(6) Heat

7-3. Controlvolumeandflowwork

7-4. Flowworkofs teadyflowsystem

7-5. Applications of steady-flowenergyequation

(1) Steam turbines

(2) Boilers

(3) Heat exchangers

(4) Nozzles (5) Throttle valves

(6) Reciprocating compressor

(7) Gas turbine

(8) Water turbine

(9) Centrifugal compressor

(10)Centrifugal water pump

Objective questions


Exercises 7-1

Chapter 8 fuELS AND COMbuSTION

8-1. Classificationoffuels

8-2. Solid fuels

8-3. Liquid fuels

8-4. Hydrocarbons

8-5. Gaseous fuels


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8-6. Calorific valueoffuels

8-7. Theoreticaldetermination of calorific valueoffuel

Exercise 8-1

8-8. Calorificvalueofgaseousfuels

8-9. Experimentaldeterminationofcalorificvalueofafuel

8-10. Bomb calorimeter

Exercises 8-2

8-11. Calorificvalue of liquid fuels

8-12. Calorificvalue of gaseousfuels

8-13. Junkers gascalorimeter

Exercises 8-3

8-14. Combustionofafuel

8-14-1. Combustion of carbon

8-14-2. Combustion of carbonmonoxide

8-14-3. Combustion ofhydrogen

8-14-4. Combustion of sulphur

8-15. Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio

8-16. Excessa ir

Exercises 8-4

8-17. Determination of the flue gas analysis by mass and

byvolume

Exercises 8-5

8-18. Determinationofairsuppliedfromvolumetricanalysis

offluegases

8-19. Determinationofair leakageinboilerflues

8-20. Determinationof thequantity of air supplied per kg

offuelfromtheanalysisoffluegaseswhengivenby

mass

Exercises 8-6

8-21. Chemically correctair fuel ratio

8-21-1. Combustion ofhydrogen

8-21-2. Combustion of carbonmonoxide

8-21-3. Combustion ofmarsh gas

8-21-4. Excess aircoefficient

Exercises 8-7

8-22. Determinationoffluegasanalysisbyvolumeandby

massincaseofgaseousfuel

Exercises 8-8

8-23. Determinationofquantityofairsuppliedperm3

ofgasfromdryfluegasanalysisincaseofgaseousfuels

Exercises 8-9

8-24. Calculationofheatlosses

8-25. Exhaustgasanalysis

8-25-1. Conventionalmethod

8-25-2. Modernmethods

(1) Gas chromatography

(2) Non-destructive infra red analyzer

(3) Flame ionization detector

(4) Measurement of smoke

8-26. Determination of air-fuel ratio with the help of dry

fluegasanalysis

Objective questions


Exercises 8-10

Appendix A SHORT QuESTIONS fOR vIvA-vOCE

Appendix b STEAM TAbLES

Table B-I : Propertiesofsaturatedsteamandsaturatedwater

(temperaturebase)

TableB-II: Propertiesofsaturatedsteamandsaturatedwater

(pressurebase)


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Engineering Tharmodaynamics