ENGINEERING PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY

LAB MANUAL

Year : 2017 - 2018

Course Code :

AHS104

Regulations :

IARE - R16

Class :

B.Tech I Semester

Branch : CSE / IT / ECE / EEE

Prepared by

PHYSICS

Dr. A Jayanth Kumar, Professor

Dr. Rizwana, Professor

Ms. Y Sowmya, Assistant Professor

CHEMISTRY

Ms. V Anitha Rani, Assistant Professor

Mr. B Raju, Assistant Professor

Ms. G Satya Kala, Assistant Professor

FRESHMAN ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

Vision

To bring forth professionally competent and socially sensitive engineers, capable of working across cultures meeting the global standards ethically.

Mission To provide students with an extensive and exceptional education that prepares them to excel in their profession, guided by dynamic intellectual community and be able to face the technically complex world

with creative leadership qualities.

Further, be instrumental in emanating new knowledge through innovative research that emboldens

entrepreneurship and economic development for the benefit of wide spread community.

Quality Policy Our policy is to nurture and build diligent and dedicated community of engineers providing a professional and unprejudiced environment, thus justifying the purpose of teaching and satisfying the stake holders.

A team of well qualified and experienced professionals ensure quality education with its practical application in all areas of the Institute.

Philosophy The essence of learning lies in pursuing the truth that liberates one from the darkness of ignorance and

Institute of Aeronautical Engineering firmly believes that education is for liberation.

Contained therein is the notion that engineering education includes all fields of science that plays a

pivotal role in the development of world-wide community contributing to the progress of civilization.

This institute, adhering to the above understanding, is committed to the development of science and technology in congruence with the natural environs. It lays great emphasis on intensive research and

education that blends professional skills and high moral standards with a sense of individuality and

humanity. We thus promote ties with local communities and encourage transnational interactions in order to be socially accountable. This accelerates the process of transfiguring the students into complete human

beings making the learning process relevant to life, instilling in them a sense of courtesy and

responsibility.

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LABORATORY

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this lab is to teach students the importance of physics / chemistry through involvement in

experiments. This lab helps to have knowledge of the world due to constant interplay between observations

and hypothesis, experiment and theory in physics / chemistry. Students will gain knowledge in various areas

of physics / chemistry so as to have real time applications in all engineering streams.

OUTCOMES:

After completing this course the student must demonstrate the knowledge and ability to:

1. Understand the world around us.

2. Understand the concept of error and its analysis.

3. Develop experimental skills

4. Design new experiments in Engineering.

5. Compare the theory and correlate with experiment.

6. Identify the appropriate application of particular experiment.

7. Understand and apply fundamental electronic circuits.

8. Analyze the experimental result.

9. Understand the applications of physics / chemistry experiments in day to day life.

10. Examine ideas about the real world.

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

Program Outcomes

PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering

problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system

components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health

and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods

including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to

provide valid conclusions.

PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering

and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of

the limitations.

PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,

health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional

engineering practice.

PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in

societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable

development.

PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse

teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and

design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage

projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent

and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

Program Specific Outcomes - Computer Science and Engineering

PSO1 Professional Skills: The ability to research, understand and implement computer programs in the

areas related to algorithms, system software, multimedia, web design, big data analytics, and

networking for efficient analysis and design of computer-based systems of varying complexity.

PSO2 Problem-Solving Skills: The ability to apply standard practices and strategies in software project

development using open-ended programming environments to deliver a quality product for

business success.

PSO3 Successful Career and Entrepreneurship: The ability to employ modern computer languages,

environments, and platforms in creating innovative career paths, to be an entrepreneur, and a zest

for higher studies.

Program Specific Outcomes - Information Technology

PSO1 Professional Skills: The ability to research, understand and implement computer programs in the

areas related to algorithms, system software, multimedia, web design, big data analytics, and

networking for efficient analysis and design of computer-based systems of varying complexity.

PSO2 Software Engineering practices: The ability to apply standard practices and strategies in

software service management using open-ended programming environments with agility to

deliver a quality service for business success.

PSO3 Successful Career and Entrepreneurship: The ability to employ modern computer languages,

environments, and platforms in creating innovative career paths, to be an entrepreneur, and a zest

for higher studies.

Program Specific Outcomes - Electronics and Communication Engineering

PSO1 Professional Skills: An ability to understand the basic concepts in Electronics & Communication

Engineering and to apply them to various areas, like Electronics, Communications, Signal

processing, VLSI, Embedded systems etc., in the design and implementation of complex

systems.

PSO2 Problem-solving Skills: An ability to solve complex Electronics and communication

Engineering problems, using latest hardware and software tools, along with analytical skills to

arrive cost effective and appropriate solutions.

PSO3 Successful Career and Entrepreneurship: An understanding of social-awareness &

environmental-wisdom along with ethical responsibility to have a successful career and to sustain

passion and zeal for real-world applications using optimal resources as an Entrepreneur

Program Specific Outcomes - Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PSO1 Professional Skills: Able to utilize the knowledge of high voltage engineering in collaboration

with power systems in innovative, dynamic and challenging environment, for the research based

team work.

PSO2 Problem-Solving Skills: Can explore the scientific theories, ideas, methodologies and the new

cutting edge technologies in renewable energy engineering, and use this erudition in their

professional development and gain sufficient competence to solve the current and future energy

problems universally.

PSO3 Successful Career and Entrepreneurship: The understanding of technologies like PLC, PMC,

process controllers, transducers and HMI one can analyze, design electrical and electronics

principles to install, test , maintain power system and applications.

ATTAINMENT OF PROGRAM OUTCOMES & PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

Expt. No. Program Outcomes Attained Program Specific Outcomes Attained

CSE ECE EEE IT

I PO1, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO11, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO1, PSO2, PSO3 PSO1, PSO2, PSO3 PSO1, PSO2

II PO1, PO4, PO9, PO11, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO1, PSO2, PSO3 PSO1, PSO2 PSO1, PSO2

III PO1, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO11, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO1, PSO2, PSO3 PSO1, PSO2, PSO3 PSO1, PSO2

IV PO1, PO2, PO4, PO9, PO11, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO1, PSO2, PSO3 PSO1, PSO2, PSO3 PSO1, PSO2

V PO1, PO2, PO4, PO9, PO11, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO1, PSO2, PSO3 PSO1, PSO2, PSO3 PSO1, PSO2

VI PO1, PO4, PO9, PO11, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO1, PSO2, PSO3 PSO1, PSO2, PSO3 PSO1, PSO2

VII PO1, PO2, PO3, PO5 PSO1, PSO2 PSO3 PSO2 PSO2

VIII PO1, PO2, PO3, PO5 PSO1, PSO2 PSO3 PSO2 PSO2

IX PO1, PO2, PO3, PO5 PSO1, PSO2 PSO3 PSO2 PSO2

X PO1, PO2, PO3, PO5 PSO1, PSO2 PSO3 PSO2 PSO2

XI PO1, PO2, PO3, PO5 PSO1, PSO2 PSO3 PSO2 PSO2

XII PO1, PO2, PO3, PO5 PSO1, PSO2 PSO3 PSO2 PSO2

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

CCeerrttiiffiiccaattee

This is to certify that it is a bonafied record of practical work done by

Sri/Kum. _____________________________________ bearing

the Roll No. ______________________ of ____________ class

_______________________________________ branch in the

____________________________ laboratory during the academic

year ___________________ under our supervision.

Head of the Department Lecturer In-Charge

External Examiner Internal Examiner

Index

S. No. List of Experiments Page No. Date Remarks

I Study of characteristics of LED and Laser diode 01

II Magnetic field along the axis of current carrying coil-

Stewart and Gee’s method

05

III Study of characteristics of solar cell. 08

IV Time constant of an R - C circuit 10

V Evaluation of numerical aperture and bending losses of

given fiber

13

VI Estimating energy gap of given semiconductor diode 15

VII Preparation of Aspirin and Thiokol rubber 17

VIII Conductometric titration of strong acid vs strong base 19

IX Potentiometric titration of strong acid vs strong base 21

X Determination of viscosity and surface tension of liquids 23

XI Estimation of hardness of water by EDTA method 27

XII Determination of pH

of solutions by pH

meter 29

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LABORATORY

DO’s

1. Conduct in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.

2. Keep the work area clean, neat and free of any unnecessary objects.

3. Read the description, procedure and precautions of the experiment in the lab manual.

4. Place all sensitive electronic equipment safely on experimental table.

5. Before using the equipment one must read the labels and instructions carefully.

6. Set up and use the equipment as directed by the lab instructor.

7. Circuit connections are to be done only in power off mode.

8. Checkout the circuit connections before switching on the power.

9. Increase the power readings from minimum to maximum.

10. All procedures and experimental data should be recorded in the lab observation notebook.

11. Switch of the power in the circuit after completion of the experiment.

12. Any failure / break-down of equipment must be reported to the instructor.

13. Return the material properly after the completing the experiment.

14. Replace the materials in proper place after work.

15. Be careful when handling optical items like prisms, gratings etc.

DON’Ts

1. Do not wear loose clothing and do not hold any conducting materials in contact with skin when the

power is on.

2. Do not touch any equipment or other materials in the laboratory area until instructed by instructor.

3. Do not modify or damage the laboratory equipment in any way unless the modification is directed by

the instructor.

4. Do not handle electrical equipment and connections with wet hands.

5. Do not try to connect power in to the circuit without proper understanding of the circuit diagram.

6. Do not look directly into laser source.

7. Do not short any battery box or power supply, it may damage retina in your eye.

8. Never switch on the power button of the circuit until it has been approved by instructor.

SAFETY NORMS

1. The lab must be equipped with fire extinguisher.

2. Never rewire or adjust any element of a closed circuit.

3. Avoid dangling electrical cords as they can cause electrical shocks and injuries.

4. Make sure all heating devices and gas valves are turned off before leaving the laboratory.

5. Exercise caution when handling liquids in the vicinity of electrical equipment.

6. Use gloves to pick broken pieces of glass or ceramics.

7. Handle hot equipment with tongs, safety gloves and other appropriate aids.

8. Follow all other safety measures provided on the instrument.

1

Chemistry Lab Do’s and Don’ts

The chemistry laboratory must be a safe place in which to work and learn about chemistry. Most of these involve

just using common sense.

1. Wear chemical splash goggles at all times while you are in the laboratory.

2. Wear a chemical-resistant apron.

3. Be familiar with your lab assignment before you come to lab. Follow all written and verbal instructions

carefully. Observe the safety alerts in the laboratory directions. If you do not understand a direction or part of

a procedure, ask the teacher before proceeding.

4. When entering the lab/classroom, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials without being

instructed to do so. Perform only those experiments authorized by the instructor.

5. No student may work in the laboratory without an instructor present. Work only with your lab partner(s). Do

not venture to other lab stations for any reason.

6. Do not wear bulky or dangling clothing.

7. Never eat or drink in the laboratory. Don't chew on the end of a pen which was lying on the lab bench.

8. Wash acid, base, or any chemical spill off of yourself immediately with large amounts of water. Notify your

teacher of the spill.

9. Clean up spills immediately. If you spill a very reactive substance such as an acid or base, notify the people in

the area and then obtain assistance from your teacher. Acid spills should be neutralized with baking soda,

base spills with vinegar before cleaning them up.

10. If chemical substances get in your eye, wash the eye out for 15 minutes. Hold your eye open with your fingers

while washing it out.

11. If you take more of a chemical substance from a container than you need, you should not return the excess to

the container. This might cause contamination of the substance remaining. Dispose of the excess as your

teacher directs.

12. When weighing never place chemicals directly on the balance pan. Never weigh a hot object.

13. Never smell anything in the laboratory unless your teacher tells you it is safe. Do not smell a substance by

putting your nose directly over the container and inhaling. Instead, waft the vapors toward your nose by

gently fanning the vapors toward yourself.

14. Do not directly touch any chemical with your hands. Never taste materials in the laboratory.

15. If you burn yourself on a hot object, immediately hold the burned area under cold water for 15 minutes.

Inform your teacher.

16. Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all times. Only lab

notebooks or lab handouts should be out on the table while performing an Experiment. Books and book bags

should not be on the lab table. Passageways need to be clear at all times.

17. Always replace lids or caps on bottles and jars.

18. If your Bunsen burner goes out, turn the gas off immediately.

19. Constantly move a test tube when heating it. Never heat a test tube that is not labeled Pyrex and never point

the open end at anyone.

20. Always add acid to water and stir the solution while adding the acid. Never add water to an acid.

21. Report all accidents to your teacher.

22. Absolutely no running, practical jokes, or horseplay is allowed in the Laboratory.

23. Thoroughly clean your laboratory work space at the end of the laboratory Session. Make sure that all

equipment is clean, and returned to its original place.

1

EXPERIMENT – I

STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF LED AND LASER DIODE

Aim:

To study the V-I characteristics of light emitting diode and find the threshold voltage and forward resistance of LED.

Apparatus:

Light emitting diode, 0-5V variable supply, 0-10V Voltmeter, 0-50mA DC Ammeter.

Theory:

In a PN junction charge carrier recombination takes place when the electrons cross from the N-layer to the P-

layer. The electrons are in the conduction band on the P-side while holes are in the valence band on the N-

side. The conduction band has a higher energy level compared to the valence band and so when the electron

recombine with a hole the difference in energy is given out in the form of heat or light. In case of silicon or

germanium, the energy dissipation is in the form of heat, whereas in case of gallium-arsenide and gallium phosphide, it is in the form of light. This light is in the visible region. Germanium and silicon, which have Eg

about 1ev, cannot be used in the manufacture of LED. Hence Gallium arsenide, Gallium phosphide which

emits light in the visible region is used to manufacture LED.

Procedure for V-I characteristics:

1. Connect the Light emitting diode as shown in figure.

2. Slowly increase forward bias voltage in steps of 0.1 volt.

3. Note the current passing through the LED.

4. Do not exceed 30mA current.

5. Plot a graph of voltage vs. current in LED.

Circuit diagram:

Model graph:

2

Observations:

Calculations:

Result:

V-I characteristics of given LED are studied.

Calculated threshold voltage, Vth = ________V.

Forward resistance, Rf = _______Ω.

Viva questions:

1. What is forward biased diode?

2. What are p-type and n-type semiconductors?

3. Define threshold voltage.

4. What is depletion layer?

S. No. Voltage (Volts) Current (mA)

S. No. Voltage (Volts) Current (mA)

3

Aim:

To study L-I characteristics of a laser diode.

Apparatus:

Laser diode, 0-5 V variable supply, 20mW digital optical power meter, 20V digital voltmeter, 200mA DC

digital ammeter.

Theory:

In a PN junction charge carrier recombination takes place when the electrons cross from the N-layer to the P-

layer. The electrons are in the conduction band on the P-side while holes are in the valence band on the N-side. The conduction band has a higher energy level compared to the valence band and so when the electron

recombine with a hole the difference in energy is given out in the form of heat or light. In case of silicon or

germanium, the energy dissipation is in the form of heat, whereas in case of gallium-arsenide and gallium

phosphide, it is in the form of light. This light is in the visible region. Germanium and silicon, which have Eg

about 1ev, cannot be used in the manufacture of laser diode. Hence Gallium arsenide, Gallium phosphide

which emits light in the visible region is used to manufacture laser diode.

Procedure for L-I Characteristics:

1. Connect the laser diode as shown in figure.

2. Slowly increase supply voltage using variable power supply coarse and fine knobs.

3. Note down the optical power measured by the optical power meter in mW at increasing current through the laser diode of 1mA to 20mA at 1mA step.

4. Do not exceed current limit of 30mA.

5. Plot a graph of laser diode intensity vs. current in laser diode.

6. Calculate the slope of this curve.

7. This slope is efficiency of laser diode in terms of mcd/mA.

Circuit diagram: Model graph:

4

Observations:

Calculations:

Result:

L-I characteristics of given laser diode are studied.

Viva questions:

1. What is laser, explain?

2. What is the difference between laser light and ordinary light?

3. Explain basic principle involved in the laser.

4. What are the applications of laser?

S. No. Current (mA) Intensity (mcd)

5

EXPERIMENT - II

MAGNETIC FIELD ALONG THE AXIS OF CURRENT CARRYING COIL -

STEWARTAND GEE’S METHOD

Aim:

To determine the field of induction at several points on the axis of a circular coil carrying current using

Stewart and Gee’s type of tangent galvanometer.

Apparatus:

Stewart and Gee’s galvanometer, battery eliminator, ammeter, commutator, rheostat, plug keys, connecting

wires.

Principle:

When a current of i-amperes exists through a circular coil of n-turns, each of radius a, the magnetic induction

B at any point (P) on the axis of the coil is given by

B = 𝛍₀𝐧𝐢𝐚

𝟐

𝟐(𝐱𝟐+𝐚𝟐)𝟑/𝟐 ____________(1)

Where B is the magnetic induction on the axial line of the coil

𝛍₀= 4π X 10-7 H/m (permeability of free space)

n is number of turns in the coil

i is the current through the coil

a is the radius of the coil (in cm)

x is the distance from the center of the coil (in cm)

When the coil is placed in the magnetic meridian, the direction of the magnetic field will be perpendicular to

the magnetic meridian; i.e., perpendicular to the direction of the horizontal component of the earth’s field; say

Be When the deflection magnetometer is placed at any point on the axis of the coil such that the centre of the magnetic needle lies exactly on the axis of the coil, then the needle is acted upon by two fields B and Be,

which are at right angles to one another. Therefore, the needle deflects obeying the tangent law,

B = Be tanӨ ____________(2)

Be the horizontal component of the earth’s field is taken from standard tables. The intensity of the field at any

point calculated from equation (2) and verified using equation (1).

Figure:

6

Procedure:

With the help of the deflection magnetometer and a chalk, a long line of about one meter is drawn on the

working table, to represent the magnetic meridian. Another line perpendicular to this line is also drawn. The

Stewart and Gee’s galvanometer is set with its coil in the magnetic meridian, as shown in the figure. The

external circuit is connected, keeping the ammeter, rheostat away from the deflection magnetometer. This

precaution is very much required because, the magnetic field produced by the current passing through the

rheostat and the permanent magnetic field due to the magnet inside the ammeter affect the magnetometer

reading, if they are close to it

The magnetometer is set at the centre of the coil and rotated to make the aluminum pointer read (0, 0) in the

magnetometer. The key, K, is closed and the rheostat is adjusted so as the deflection in the magnetometer is

about 60o. The current in the commutator is reversed and the deflection in the magnetometer is observed. The deflection in the magnetometer before and after reversal of current should not differ much. In case of

sufficient difference say above 2o or 3o, necessary adjustments are to be made.

The deflections before and after reversal of current are noted when d = 0. The readings are noted in table 1.

The magnetometer is moved towards east along the axis of the coil in steps of 5 cm at a time. At each

position, the key is closed and the deflections before and after reversal of current is noted. The mean

deflection be denoted as Tan ӨE. The magnetometer is further moved towards east in steps of 5cm each time

and the deflections before and after reversal of current are noted, until the deflection falls to 30o.

The experiment is repeated by shifting the magnetometer towards west from the centre of the coil in steps of

5cm, each time and deflections are noted before and after reversal of current. The mean deflection is denoted

as Tan ӨW.

It will be found that for each distance (X) the values in the last two columns are found to be equal verifying

equation (1) and (2).

A graph is drawn between distance 'X' on x-axis and the corresponding Tan ӨE and Tan ӨW along y-axis. The

shape of the curve is shown in the figure. The points A and B marked on the curve lie at distance equal to half

the radius of the coil (a/2) on either side of the coil.

Graph:

A B tan θW tan θE

(West) X (East) X

Precautions:

1. The ammeter, voltmeter should keep away from the deflection magnetometer because these meters will affect the deflection in magnetometer.

2. The current passing through rheostat will produce magnetic field and magnetic field produced by the

permanent magnet inside the ammeter will affect the deflection reading.

Observations:

1. Number of turns in the coil, n =

2. Current through the coil, i =

3. Radius of the coil, a =

4. Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field, Be = 0.34 x 10-4 T

5. 𝛍₀= 4π X 10-7

H/m (permeability of free space)

7

Calculations:

Result:

The theoretical and calculated values are approximately same.

Viva questions:

1. Define magnetic field induction.

2. Write units of magnetic field induction.

3. What is the principle behind the experiment?

4. Define the tangent law.

S.No

Distance of

deflection

magnetometer

from centre of

the coil(X) in

meters

Deflection in the magnetometer East

side

Deflection in the magnetometer West

side

Θ =

𝜽𝑬

+𝜽𝑾

𝟐

T

an

θ

B =

Be

tan

θ

B =

𝝁₀ 𝒏

𝒊 𝒂𝟐

𝟐(𝒙𝟐

+𝒂𝟐

)𝟑𝟐

θ1

θ2

θ3

θ4

Mea

n 𝜽

E

Ta

n 𝜽

E

θ1

θ2

θ3

θ4

Mea

n 𝜽

W

Ta

n 𝜽

W

8

EXPERIMENT - III

STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR CELL

Aim:

To study the characteristics of solar cell.

Apparatus:

Solar cell trainer kit, solar panel, variable light source, variable load resistance and multimeter.

Theory:

Incident sunlight can be converted into electricity by photovoltaic conversion using a solar panel. A solar

panel consists of individual cells that are large-area semiconductor diodes, constructed so that light can

penetrate into the region of p-n junction. The junction formed between the n-type silicon wafer and the p-

type surface layer governs the diode characteristics as well as the photovoltaic effect. Light is absorbed in

the silicon, generating both excess holes and electrons. These excess charges can flow through an

external circuit to produce power.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. Switch on the trainer kit.

2. Place the solar cell in front of the light source and connect the output of solar cell to the front panel

of trainer kit (connect +ve & -ve polarity accordingly).

3. Switch on the light source, keep the intensity high and note the voltage. This is the maximum voltage

‘Voc’ produced by the solar cell. (vary with intensity)

4. Now short the output terminals of the solar cell through the ammeter and note the current. This is the

short circuit current ‘Isc’. In this case, the current will be maximum and voltage will be minimum.

Record both of them in table.

5. Now connect the variable resistance as per the diagram given below, starting from lower to higher so

that the voltage increases from zero toward open circuit voltage. Measure the voltage and current for

different resistance and tabulate them. (resistance can be measured using a multimeter keeping one

end open)

6. Use the data from table to plot a graph I versus V manually.

7. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 in different intensities tabulate them and plot the graphs.

8. Repeat the steps 2 to 5 at different tilting angles of the solar panel and observe the best angle to track

the maximum power.

9. Using the table plot graphs V versus I & P versus V (P = V.I) of the solar cell.

9

Table:

Load resistance

(Ohms)

Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)

0 (S.C)

Graph:

Calculations:

Result:

Solar cell characteristics are verified.

Viva questions:

1. What is the solar cell?

2. What is the photovoltaic cell?

3. What is the difference between photodiode and solar cell?

4. How does the photon proceed in a solar cell?

10

EXPERIMENT - IV

TIME CONSTANT OF AN R-C CIRCUIT

Aim:

To study the charging and discharging of voltage in a circuit containing resistance and capacitor and

compare the experimental RC time constant with theoretical RC time constant.

Apparatus:

Power supply, resistors, capacitors, voltmeter, stop watch, connecting wires.

Principle:

Theoretical time constant of RC circuit t =RC.

Where

t – Time constant

R - Resistance

C – Capacitance

Circuit Diagram:

Graph:

11

Procedure:

This circuit is connected as shown in figure taking one set of R and C values.

Charging:

When the terminal1 is connected to A, the capacitor will change with time. This changing in charge is

noted as a voltage across the capacitor with time. The change in charging voltage is noted for every 5sec

with help of stop watch and recorded in the observation table. The graph is drawn between time on x-axis and voltage on y-axis. The time constant is calculated from the graph by calculating the time

corresponding to 63% value of maximum value and comparing with theoretical value of time

constant(RC).

Discharging:

When the terminal1 is connected to B, the charged capacitor will be discharged with time. The decayed

voltage across the capacitor is noted with 5sec time interval up to zero voltage. The graph is drawn

between the voltage across the capacitor and time on x-axis. The time constant is calculated at 36% of

maximum voltage across the capacitor and comparing with theoretical value of time constant (RC).

This experiment is repeated with different set of R and C values.

Observations:

S. No

SET-1 R = C = SET-2 R = C =

VOLTAGE

(Volts)

TIME

(Seconds)

VOLTAGE

(Volts)

TIME

(Seconds)

Calculations:

12

Applications:

1. When a capacitor is charged by a DC Voltage, the accumulation of charge on its plates is a method

of storing energy which may be released at different rates. An example of the energy storage

application is the photo-flash capacitor used in flashguns of photographic cameras. 2. The charging time and discharging time is calculated for an R.C circuit and is connected to series

of decorative bulbs.

3. Capacitors are of two types; a) fixed and b) variable, both of which are used in a wide range of

electronic devices. Fixed capacitors are further divided into electrolytic and non-electrolytic.

Result:

SET R in Ohms C in farads Theoretical value of 't'

(t = RC)

Practical value of 't'

(from graph)

1

2

Viva questions:

1. Define resistance

2. Define capacitance.

3. Define RC time constant.

4. Give applications of RC circuit.

13

EXPERIMENT – V

EVALUATION OF NUMERICAL APERTURE OF A GIVEN FIBRE

Aim:

To determine the numerical aperture of a given optical fiber.

Apparatus:

Step index fiber optic cable 1 or 2m length, light source, N.A. measurement jig.

Description:

The schematic diagram of the fiber optic trainer module is shown in figure.

Theory:

The numerical aperture of an optical system is a measure of the light collected by an optical system. It is

the product of the refractive index of the incident medium and the sine of the maximum angle.

Numerical Aperture (NA) = nisinθmax ……………….. (1)

For air ni = 1

For a step index fiber, the N.A. is given by:

NA = ( n2

core - n2

cladding )1/2 ……………….. (2)

For small differences in refractive indices between the core and cladding, equation (2) reduces to

NA = ncore(2Δ)1/2

……………….. (3)

Where Δ is the fractional difference in the refractive indices of the core and the cladding i.e.

Δ = [ncore- ncladding]/ ncore

Light from the fibre end ‘A’ falls on the screen BD.

Let the distance between the fibre end and the screen = AO = L From the Δ AOB sinθ = OB/AB

OB = r and AB = [r2 + L2]1/2

NA = sin θ = r / [r2 + L

2]

1/2

Knowing r and L, the N.A. can be calculated.

Substituting this value of N.A. in equation (1),

the acceptance angle θ can be calculated.

14

Procedure:

1. LED is made to glow by applying about 1.5 V DC power supply.

2. Light is allowed to propagate through an optical fiber cable whose NA is to be determined.

3. The output is screened on a concentric circles of known diameter is placed at a distance of 4, 8 and

12 mm and corresponding radius of the concentric circles is noted.

4. The experiment is repeated for different lights.

Observations:

S.No. L (mm) r (mm) N.A. = r / [ r2 + L

2 ]

1/2 θ (degrees)

Applications:

1. Optical fibers may be used for accurate sensing of physical parameters and fields like pressure,

temperature and liquid level.

2. For military applications like fiber optic hydrophones for submarine and underwater sea application

and gyroscopes for applications in ships, missiles and air craft’s.

Calculations:

Result:

The NA of the optical fiber is ……………………..

The Acceptance angle θ is ……………………..

15

EXPERIMENT - VI

ESTIMATING ENERGY GAP OF GIVEN SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE

Aim:

To determine the width of the forbidden energy gap in a semiconductor material by reverse bias pn-

junction diode method.

Apparatus:

Power supply, heating arrangement, thermometer, micro ammeter, germanium diode.

Principle:

The width of the forbidden Energy gap [𝐸𝑔 ] = 2.3026 x 103 x K x m eV

K=Boltzmann constant

M=slope of the line from the graph drawn between logI0 and 103/T

Eg = 2.3026 x 2 x k x slope (m)

1.6 x10−19 eV

Eg = 1.9833 x 10-4 x m (slope) eV

Procedure:

1. Sufficiently long wires are soldered to the diode terminals and the diode is connected into the circuit

as shown in the figure.

2. The diode is immersed in an oil bath which in turn is kept in a heating mantle. A thermometer is

also kept in the oil bath such that its mercury bulb is just at the height of the diode.

3. The power supply is switched on and the voltage is adjusted to say 5 volts. The current through the

diode and the room temperature are noted.

4. The power supply is switched off. The heating mantle is switched on and the oil bath is heated up to

900.

5. The heating mantle is switched off when the temperature of the oil bath reached 900. The current

corresponding to this temperature is noted. With a decrease of every 50 the current is noted.

6. As the temperature decreases the current through diode decreases. And the observations are noted in the table.

7. A graph is plotted taking 103/T on X-axis and logI0 on Y-axis. A straight line is obtained.

8. The slope of the straight line is determined and hence the energy band gap is calculated.

Circuit diagram :

16

Precautions:

1. The diode and the thermometer are placed at the same level in the oil bath.

2. The maximum temperature of the diode is not allowed to go beyond 90oC.

Observations:

Voltage, V =

S.No Current ( I ) µA Temperature

(t) oC

Temperature

T= ( t+273) K

𝟏

𝐓𝐗10

3 R=V/I Log

10R

Calculations:

Result:

The energy gap of given semiconductor diode is found to be _____________ eV.

Viva questions:

1. What is a semiconductor?

2. What is intrinsic semiconductor?

3. What is extrinsic semiconductor?

4. Explain formation of p-n junction

5. Define energy gap.

17

EXPERIMENT- VII

PREPARATION OF ASPIRIN AND THIOKOL RUBBER

AIM:

To prepare Aspirin from salicylic acid.

APPARATUS:

Conical flask, Beakers, glass rod, funnel etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:

1. Salicylic acid - 2.5gm (MW= 138)

2. Acetic anhydride - 3.5ml

3. Con.H2SO4 - 3-4drops

PRINCIPLE:

Salicylic acid is a phenolic acid. The phenolic group can be easily acetylated using acetic anhydride. This is an example of Nucleophilic substitution reaction. Phenolic hydroxyl group of

salicylic acid acts as a Nucleophile and lone pair of electrons on the Oxygen atom attacks the

carbonyl group of acetic anhydride to form Aspirin.

PROCEDURE:

Take all the three chemical compounds in a given 250ml conical flask. Shake the mixture thoroughly and warm the reaction mixture at 50-60

oC for 15 min. on a water bath with

continuous stirring with glass rod and allow the reaction mixture to cool. Add nearly 100ml of

distilled water. Stir thoroughly and filter the product.

RECRYSTALIZATION:

Dissolve the product in 20ml alcohol and pour the solution into warm water, If solids separate warm it to dissolve the solids and clear the solution and allow it to cool slowly to get beautiful

needles of Aspirin(MW=180) is formed.

RESULT:

Percentage yield of product ______%

18

AIM:

To synthesize Thiokol rubber using sodium polysulphide with 1, 2-Dichloroethane.

APPARATUS:

Beakers, glass rod, funnel etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:

1. Sodium hydroxide

2. Powered Sulphur

3. 1, 2-Dichloroethane

4. 5% H2SO4, etc

THEORY:

It is a rubbery white substance and is obtained by treating sodium polysulphide with

1, 2-Dichloroethane.

S8 + 2 NaOH → Na2S8

n(Cl-CH2-CH2-Cl) + nNa2S8 → [-CH2-CH2-S-S-]n + 2n NaCl

1, 2- Dichloro Ethane Sodium poly sulphide Thiokol Rubber

PROCEDURE:

1. In a 100ml beaker dissolve 2gms NaOH in 50-60 ml of water.

2. Boil the solution and to this add in small lots with stirring 4gm of powdered sulphur. During

addition and stirring, the yellow solution turns deep red.

3. Cool it to 60-70 0C and add 10ml of 1, 2-Dichloroethane with stirring. Stir for an additional

period of 20 min White rubber polymer separated out as lump.

4. Pour out the liquid from the beaker in the sink to obtain Thiokol rubber. Wash under the tap

5. Dry in the fold of filter paper, the yield is about 1.5gm. Determine the solubility of the polymer

in Benzene, Acetone, 5% H2SO4 and HNO3 etc.

RESULT:

Yield obtained = _________ gm.

19

EXPERIMENT - VIII

CONDUCTOMETRIC TITRATION OF STRONG ACID VS STRONG BASE

AIM :

To determine the strength of the strong acid by titration with strong base Conductometrically.

APPARATUS :

Digital Conductivity meter, Conductivity cell, Burette, Beakers, Measuring Cylinder Burette Stand etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED :

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

PRINCIPLE :

At first solution contain H+ and Cl- ions. Since H+ions posses greater mobility it follows that the

conductivity is mainly due to H+ ions. The addition of NaOH is represented by the equation.

HCl + NaOH ————> NaCl + H2O

As NaOH is added the H+ ions are removed. The conductivity decreases as Na+ ions do not process much mobility. As the neutralization point and solutions contains Na+ions and Cl- ions and will have minimum

conductance value. If NaOH is further added this will add OH- ions and so the conductivity increases.

PROCEDURE :

A standard solution of 0.2N NaOH is prepared. Similarly 0.1N HCl is prepared. 20 ml of HCl is taken in

a 100 ml beaker and to it 20 ml of distilled water is added and kept in a thermostat. The conductivity cell

is washed with distilled water and rinsed with acid soln. The cell is kept in acid containing beaker and it

is connected to the bridge. The conductivity of the soln is measured by adjusting the reading. NaOH soln

is taken into burette and add 1 ml of soln to acid, stirred well and conductance is measured. Each time 1

ml of base is added to acid stirred well and the conductance is measured. For every instance. Equal numbers of values are taken on either side of the point of maximum. Repeat the procedure of addition of

1 ml NaOH and noting the conductivity of the resulting solution. Take 20-25 readings

GRAPH:

20

CALCULATIONS :

S. No Volume of NaOH (ml) Observed conductance (ms)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

FORMULA:

N1V1 = N2V2

RESULT:

The normality of strong acid (HCl) determined by titrating against a strong base (NaOH) =________N

21

EXPERIMENT - IX

POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION OF STRONG ACID VS STRONG BASE

AIM:

To determine the strength of the strong acid by titration with strong base Potentiometrically.

APPARATUS:

Potentiometer, Platinum electrode, Calomel electrode, Burette, Beakers, Standard flask, pipette, Burette

Stand etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:

Sodium hydroxide, Hydrochloric acid and Quinhydrone powder etc.

PRINCIPLE:

The cell will have certain emf depending upon pH value of the solution, on adding small portions of

alkali to an acid. The acid potential changes slowly at first since the change in electrode depends on the

fraction of hydrogen ions removed. After addition of certain amount of alkali the titration of hydrogen

ions removed by alkali increases, correspondingly there is a rapid decrease in emf on addition of excess

of alkali. The emf again shows a flow change. If a graph is plotted by taking volume of alkali added on

X- axis and change in emf by point of intersection on Y-axis, a curve is obtained.

HCl + NaOH ————> NaCl + H2O

The cell can be represented as

H2, Pt/Acid soln // KCl (aq) / Calomel electrode

PROCEDURE:

Calibrate the instrument before starting the experiment. Approximately 0.1N HCl is prepared and

standard decinormal solution of NaOH is prepared. Exactly 20 ml of the acid is pipette out into a clean

100ml of beaker and a pinch of Quinhydrone is added which acts as indicator. Platinum electrode and

calomel electrodes are dipped in the solution.

The alkali (NaOH) against which the acid is being titrated is taken in burette. The solution is stirred well

with a glass rod. The end reading is taken after adding definite amount of alkali. Finally after knowing the

range in which the end point can be located, the whole experiment is repeatedly adding in steps of 1 ml in

the end point.

GRAPH:

Two graphs are plotted of which one is between volume of alkali and observed emf and other is between

volume of alkali and E/ V Sigmoid curve

EMF

(mv)

Vol. of NaOH (ml)

22

CALCULATIONS:

S. No Volume of NaOH (ml) Observed EMF (mv)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

FORMULA:

N1V1 = N2V2

RESULT:

The normality of strong acid (HCl) determined by titrating against a strong base (NaOH) =________N

23

EXPERIMENT - X

DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY AND SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUIDS

AIM:

To determine the absolute viscosity of a liquid by using Oswald’s viscometer.

APPARATUS:

Oswald’s viscometer, stop watch, density bottle, rubber bulbs, Beakers, etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:

Standard liquid (water), test liquid etc.

PRINCIPLE: (POISEUILLE'S PRINCIPLE)

If a liquid flows with in a uniform velocity at a rate of 'V' in 't' seconds through a capillary tube

of radius 'r' and length 1cm under a driving pressure 'p' dynes/ cm2. Then,

The co-efficient of viscosity is given as =

= r4 t P/ 8VL

Viscosity of liquid in poise

P pressure head i.e. dynes/ cm2.

r radius of inner layer of capillary tube

L length of capillary tube

V volume of capillary tube

t flow time in seconds

The poiseulles law is applicable only to linear flow or stream line flow. For a given Oswald’s

viscometer the length, radius and volume of liquids are constants and at end are combined to a single constant. The above equation can be written as

= k t P in this equation P depends on

I. Density of liquid to be measured II. Acceleration due to gravity

III. the difference due to gravity is constant Then

The viscosity of liquid may be expressed as

1= kt1 1 (viscosity Standard liquid (water))

2=kt2 2(viscosity of test liquid)

Relative viscosity 1/ 2= t1 1/ t2 2

Units: (CGS) dynes-sec/cm2 or centi poise (CPS)

PROCEDURE:

24

Clean thoroughly and dry the Oswald’s viscometer, a definite volume of standard liquid is allow

to flow into 'A ' arm such that it raises above the values X and Y. The same procedure is repeated with the test liquid and note the time by stop clock

CALCULATIONS:

S. No Standard liquid (t1) Test liquid (t2)

TRIAL-I

TRIAL-II

TRIAL-III

Weight of empty density bottle (W1) = _________ gm

Weight of empty bottle + water (W2) = _________ gm

Weight of empty bottle +liquid (W3) = _________ gm

Density of water ( 1) = _______

Density of liquid ( 2) = _______

Viscosity Standard liquid ( 1) at 25oC= 1.0019cps

2

=t2

2

t1 1

×

1

RESULT:

Absolute viscosity of a given liquid (2) = ________ cps

25

AIM:

To determine surface tension of liquids by using stalagmometer.

APPARATUS:

Stalagmometer, Density bottle, Thermometer, Beakers, Burette Stand etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:

Distilled water, Acetone, Test liquid etc.

PRINCIPLE:

The force in dynes acting on a surface at right angles at any line of unit length is called Surface

tension.

Surface tension ( ) = 𝐹

𝐿

THEORY:

DROP NUMBER METHOD:

It is the simplest method for determination of surface tension of liquids in the laboratory. This

method is based on the principle that a fixed volume (weight of liquid W) of the liquid is delivered as freely falling from Capillary tube held vertically. Surface tension is directly

proportional to weight i.e. W

Circumference of drop = 2 r is equal to length of the bar .Hence, the equation is represented

as

= F/2 r

= mg/2 r

If ‘V’ volume contains 'n' drops then weight of a single drop is 2 r = vg/n

If density of two liquids 1and 2 the no. of drops of two liquids be n1 and n2 of the same

volume of liquids from two fixed points respectively. Applying equation and radius of tube is

same.

= v g/2 r n

1= v 1g/2 r n1----------- (1)

2= v 2 g/2 r n2----------- (2)

Formula 1 / 2 = 1 n2 / 2 n1

1 density of water (0.998 at 25oC)

1 density of given sample

1 Surface tension of water at room temp. I.e. 72.8 dynes/cm

2 Surface tension of liquid to be determined

n1, n2 no. of drops of water and liquid by stalagmometer.

26

PROCEDURE:

a) Thoroughly clean the density bottle and stalagmometer using chromic acid and purified

water b) Stalagmometer must be mounted in vertical plane using burette stand

c) Fill the purified water in the instrument and count the number of drops falling between

two points of instrument then Repeat this step at least three times

d) Rinse the stalagmometer using the same liquid whose surface tension is to be determined e) Fill the stalagmometer by liquid and count the number of drops falling down between the

two points as in step (c) and Repeat step (e) at least three times

f) Density of water and liquid is determined using density bottles

CALCULATIONS:

S. No SAMPLE NUMBER OF DROPS DENSITY SURFACE

TENSION I II III MEAN

Weight of empty density bottle (W1) = _________ gm

Weight of empty bottle + water (W2) = _________ gm

Weight of empty bottle +liquid (W3) = _________ gm

Density of water ( 1) = _______

Density of liquid ( 2) = _______

2

=

2 n1

1

n2 ×

1

RESULT:

Surface tension of given liquid at room temperature = ________ dynes/cm

27

EXPERIMENT - XI

ESTIMATION OF HARDNESS OF WATER BY EDTA METHOD

AIM :

To estimate the total hardness, permanent hardness and temporary hardness of water by using standard

solution of EDTA

APPARATUS :

Burette, pipette, Conical flask, Beakers, Standard flask, Burette stand and funnel etc.,

CHEMICALS REQUIRED :

Magnesium sulphate, Buffer, Disodium salt of EDTA, Eriochrome black-T or Solochrome balck -T etc.

PRINCIPLE :

Hard water which contains Ca2+ andMg2+ ions which forms wine red color complex with the indicator

Ca2+ (or) Mg2+ + EBT ———> Ca-EBT (or) Mg-EBT

(Wine red colour complex)

EDTA forms a colour less complex with the metal ions (Ca2+ andMg2+)

Ca-EBT (or) Mg-EBT + EDTA———> Ca-EDTA (or) Mg-EDTA + EBT

(Wine red colour complex) Colorless stable complex) (Blue)

When free ions are not available, EDTA extracts the metal from (ion) metal ion indicator complex, there by

releasing the free indicator.

PROCEDURE :

STEP-I

PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTION OF MgSO4:

Weigh the approx 0.25gm of MgSO4 and transfer into 100ml standard flask through the funnel and dissolve in minimum quantity of distilled water. Make up the solution up to the mark with distilled water and shake

the flask well for uniform concentration then calculate the Molarity of MgSO4

Molecular Weight of MgSO4 = 246.48gm

Molarity of MgSO4=0.01M

STEP-II

STANDARDISATION OF EDTA SOLUTION:

Pipette out 20ml of MgSO4 solution into a clean conical flask. Add 2ml of buffer solution and add 2 to 3

drops of EBT indicator and it gets wine red color solution Take EDTA solution in a burette after titrate with EDTA solution till wine red color changes to blue color. Note the burette reading and repeat the titration to

get concurrent values.

S. No Volume of MgSO4

in ml

Burette Reading (ml) Volume of EDTA

consumed (ml) Initial Final

1 20

2 20

3 20

M1 = MgSO4 molarity M2 = EDTA molarity

28

V1 = volume of MgSO4 V2 = volume of EDTA consumed

M1V1 = M2V2

M2= M1V1/ V2

STEP-III

STANDARDISATION OF HARD WATER:

Pipette out 20ml of tap water into a 250ml conical flask add 2 ml of buffer solution and add 2-3drops of

EBT indicator. Titrate the wine red color solution with EDTA taken in burette, till a blue color end point is

obtained. Repeat the titration to get concurrent values.

S. No Volume of Hard water

in(ml)

Burette Reading (ml) Volume of EDTA

consumed (ml) Initial Final

1 20

2 20

3 20

M3 = molarity of hard water M2 = EDTA molarity

V3= volume of Hard water V2l = volume of EDTA consumed

M3V3 = M2V2l

M3 = M2V2l/ V3

Total hardness= M3X100X1000 = -----------PPM

STEP-IV

STANDARDISATION OF PERMANENT HARDNESS OF WATER :

Pipette out 100ml of hard water sample into a beaker containing 250ml and boil the water till volume

reduces to 50ml (all the bicarbonates of Ca2+, Mg2+ decomposes toCaCO3and Mg(OH)2 respectively). Cool

the solution and filter the water into beaker then pipette out 20ml of this cool water sample in to 250ml

conical flask add 2ml of buffer solution and 2-3 drops of EBT indicator. Titrate the wine red color solution

with EDTA taken in the burette, till a blue colored solution end point is obtained. Repeat the titration to get concurrent values.

S. No Volume of Hard water

in (ml)

Burette Reading(ml) Volume of EDTA

consumed(ml) Initial Final

1 20

2 20

3 20

M4 = molarity of hard water M2 = EDTA molarity

V4 = volume of hard water V2ll = volume of EDTA consumed

M4V4 = M2 V2ll

M4 = M2 V2ll/ V4

Permanent hardness = M4X100X1000 = --------------PPM

RESULT:

1) Total hardness in _______ PPM

2) Permanent hardness in _______ PPM

29

3) Temporary hardness in _______ PPM (Total hardness – Permanent hardness)

EXPERIMENT - XII

DETERMINATION OF pH

OF SOLUTIONS BY pH

METER

AIM :

To determine the p

H of a given solution by p

H meter.

APPARATUS :

pH meter, Glass electrode, Beaker, Glass rod.

CHEMICALS :

pH = 4, p

H = 7, p

H = 9.2

THEORY :

The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution is expressed by the pH scale which is a series

of numbers between 0 to 14. The term pH was first coined in the year 1909 by Sorensen and

was defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration expressed in molarity.

pH = - log[H

+]

However, it is realized that instead of concentration, it is the activity of the ion that

determines the e.m.f of a galvanic cell of the type commonly used to measure pH Hence p

H

may be defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity.

PROCEDURE :

1. Connect the instrument to mains and allow the instrument to warm up for about 10

minutes.

2. Prepare three buffer solution; 9.2 pH,4 p

H and 7 p

H using standard buffers in distilled

water. 3. Adjust the temperature dial to the room temperature of the solution and also put the

MODE switch in pH position.

4. Dip the electrode fully (reference tip also has to be immersed) in 7.00 pH solution and

wait for reading to be stabilized. Adjust the Asymm. Pot. Knob(with screwdriver) to get a

reading of 7.00

5. Now immerse the electrode in either 9.2 pH or 4 p

H buffer and adjust the ‘SLOPE’ knob

so that display reads the pH of the buffer and tighten the nut.

6. Repeat step 4 and 5 again, each time electrodes are to be washed in distilled water.

7. To check, immerse the electrode in third buffer to verify.(Stirrer may be put ON for better

results) 8. Now wash the electrode with distilled water. Then insert the electrode in the beaker

containing unknown pH solution. Note down the p

H reading.

IMPORTANT :

For good result, calibration should be done with 7.00 pH buffer and 9.2 p

H buffer while

working with solution lying between 7 to 14 pH and 4.00 p

H buffer and 7.00 p

H buffer should

be used for 0-7 pH working.

30

OBSERVATIONS :

S. No Name of the

sample

pH

Value

(at 30 0C)

Remarks pH

Value

(at 50 0C)

Remarks

1

2

3

4

5

6

RESULT

The pH of a given solution =

31

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

VISION

To build a strong community of dedicated graduates with expertise in the field of aeronautical science and

engineering suitable for industrial needs having a sense of responsibility, ethics and ready to participate in

aerospace activities of national and global interest.

MISSION

To actively participate in the technological, economic and social development of the nation through academic

and professional contributions to aerospace and aviation areas, fostering academic excellence and scholarly

learning among students of aeronautical engineering.

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

VISION

The Vision of the department is to produce competent graduates suitable for industries and organizations at

global level including research and development with Social responsibility.

MISSION

To provide an open environment to foster professional and personal growth with a strong theoretical and practical background having an emphasis on hardware and software development making the graduates industry

ready with social ethics.

Further the Department is to provide training and to partner with Global entities in education and research.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

VISION

The Department envisions to become a Center of Excellence in Information Technology with a strong teaching and research environment that produces competent graduates and to inculcate traits to make them not only good

professionals but also kind, committed and socially oriented human beings.

MISSION

To promote a teaching and learning process that includes latest advancements in information technology, that

provides strong practical base for the graduates to make them excellent human capital for sustainable

competitive edge and social relevance by inculcating the philosophy of continuous learning and innovation in

the core areas.

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VISION

To produce professionally competent Electronics and Communication Engineers capable of effectively and

efficiently addressing the technical challenges with social responsibility.

MISSION

The mission of the Department is to provide an academic environment that will ensure high quality education,

training and research by keeping them abreast of latest developments in the field of Electronics and

Communication Engineering aimed at promoting employability, leadership qualities with humanity, ethics, research aptitude and team spirit.

32

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VISION

The vision of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering department is to build a research identity in all related

areas of Electrical Engineering uniquely. Through core research and education, the students will be prepared as

the best professional Engineers in the field of Electrical Engineering to face the challenges in such disciplines.

MISSION

The Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department supports the mission of the College through high quality

teaching, research and services that provide students a supportive environment .The department will make the best effort to promote intellectual, ethical and technological environment to the students. The department

invokes the desire and ability of life-long learning in the students for pursuing successful career in engineering.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VISION

The Department of Mechanical Engineering envisions value based education, research and development in the

areas of Manufacturing and Computer Aided Engineering as an advanced center for Mechanical Engineering,

producing graduates of world-class competence to face the challenges of global market with confidence,

creating effective interface with various organizations.

MISSION

The mission of the Mechanical Engineering Department is to prepare effective and responsible engineers for

global requirements by providing quality education & to improve pedagogical methods employed in delivering

the academic programs to the needs of the industry and changing world by conducting basic and applied

research and to generate intellectual property.

CIVIL ENGINEERING

VISION

The Vision of Civil Engineering Department is to produce eminent, competitive and dedicated Civil Engineers

by imparting latest technical skills and ethical values to empower the students to play a key role in the planning

and execution of infrastructural & developmental activities of the nation.

MISSION

To provide State-of-the-Art facilities for conducting experiments in the field of Civil Engineering as well as

providing high quality research with latest technological knowledge so that the graduates present themselves as

efficient and potential candidates for government and private sector organizations within and outside the

country.

FRESHMAN ENGINEERING (I B.Tech)

VISION

To witness the aspiring engineers reach the summit of their career having equipped them with theory, inquiry,

facts, discovery and solutions to real world problems there by providing a strong foundation to the technical

students.

MISSION

To endeavor to offer a strong base in Engineering and Technology, where students, faculty and staff work

collaboratively for the expansion of knowledge in the basic disciplines of providing a foundation that is appropriate to their career goals, equipping well with knowledge and skills that will allow them to function as

responsible and contributing members of society.

33