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University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Engineered Biochar: Synthesis, Characterization, & Potential Applications
Bin Gao
Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering
University of Florida
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
• A black carbon derived from Thermal Conversion of carbon-rich biomass in an inert atmosphere
• Soil amendment & other environmental applications
Biochar
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Low-Cost Adsorbents ?
Biochar costs about $200-500 per ton. Activated carbon costs about $1000-3,000 per ton
Unique physicochemical properties, particularly after further engineering
Low secondary pollution risk and no need for regeneration
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Activated Carbon
Physical/Chemical Activation
Air and Water Filtration (Organic Pollutants)
Phosphate & Other Nutrients
Biochar as AC Precursor
Engineered Biochar
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Engineered Biochar
Biochar Technology
Bio-& Nanotechnolgy
• Pristine Biochar (PBC)
• Biologically-Activated Biochar (BABC)
• Nano-Engineered Biochar (NEBC)
• Surface Modified Biochar (SMBC) Including Activated Carbon (AC)
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Pristine Biochar Woody & Grass Materials
• Wood and grass including invasive species
• Forestry residues
• Sawdust & lumber residues
Agricultural Residuals• Shells, hulls, tailings, and other residuals
• Animal wastes
• Citrus residuals
Solid Waste• Plastics
• Yard trashes
Pyrolysis• Dry (fast, slow, & microwave)
• HTC
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Biologically Activated Biochar
Bacterial Digested Biomass Biofuel residuals
Anaerobically digested
Animal/human waste
Bacterial
Digestion
Digested
Biomass
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Nano-Engineered Biochar Feedstock treatment (introducing precursors)
Nano metal oxyhydroxides
Graphene, CNT, & other carbon nanomaterials
Biochar modification (nano impregnations) Nano metal oxyhydroxides
Graphene, CNT, & other carbon nanomaterials
Nano Zero Valent Iron (nZVI)
Other engineered/natural colloids/nanoparticles
Bacterial
Digestion
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Surface Modified Biochar Surface Activation/Modification
Activated carbon
Oxidization
Coating
Biochar Based Composites Impregnation
Clay minerals, granular iron, & other low-cost adsorbents
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Create Engineered Biochars
BABC, NEBC, and SMBC
CharacterizationsPre- and Post- Application
OptimizationOptimization
Low-Cost AdsorbentsEnvironmental Applications
Research Strategy
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Kiln
Oil
Engineering
Engineering
Biochar Production
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Physicochemical Properties Elemental Composition & Ash Content
Surface Area & Pore Volume
Surface Potential, pH, & Functionality
Thermal Stability
FTIR & Raman, SEM/TEM/AFM, EDX/XRD, XPS
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700W
eigh
t (%
)Temperature (℃)
BGfeedstock
HBG200
BG300
BG450
BG600
b
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Sorption of Heavy Metals
Heavy Metal
Removal Pb Removal
Mechanisms
e.g., Inyang et al., 2010, 2011, 2012; Xu et al. 2013; Ding et al. 2014; Xu et al. 2016
Strong sorption
of cations
Various sorption
mechanisms
PBC & BABC
Ash content &
precipitation
mechanism
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Sorption of Organics
e.g., Zhang et al. 2012; Yao et al., 2012; Ding et al. 2013; Fang et al. , 2015, 2016;
Yi et al. 2016
Strong sorption
of organics
Various sorption
mechanisms
PBC & SMBC
(AC)
Surface area
p = 0.000
levofloxacin
methylene blue
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Sorption of Nutrients
e.g., Zhang et al. 2012b, 2013a, b, c, 2014; Yao et al., 2011a, b, 2013a, b; Xue et al.
2016
Only engineered
biochar
Surface
charge/potential
Electrostatic
Interactions & Ion
Exachange
NEBC (nanosized
metal oxides, LDH)
Reclaim Nutrients
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 50 100 150
So
rbed
Co
ncen
trati
on
(
mg
/g)
Equilibrium Concentration (mg/L)
Phosphate
Data
Freudlich model
Langmuir model
Nonlinear Langmuir model
Doubel Langmuir model
Langmuir Freudlich model
Nitrate
Low Cost
Soil
Improvement
Efficient
No need
regenerate
/dispose
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
CO2 Capture
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80
Am
ou
t o
f C
O2
Ad
sorb
ed
( m
g g-1
)
Time (minutes)
aBG300
BG450
BG600
Model
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 50 100 150
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
oC
)
Am
ou
nt
of
CO
2A
dso
rbe
d (
mg
g-1)
Time (minutes)
CO2 Adsorbed
Temperature
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Biofuel Production
Biomass
Fu
el
Residue
Biochar Production
Bio
char
Engineering
Engineered
Biochar
Water Treatment
Clean
Water
Waste
Biochar
Land Application
Carb
on
Cred
it
Waste
Water
Biochar & Sustainability
Biomass
Fu
el
Bin
der
Fer
tiliz
er
Wat
erAgicultural Waste
Energy Crops
University FloridaEnvironmental Nanotechnology Lab @ ABE
Thank You!