Engineer Doctrine for Joint Operationsnassauer.org/NRANEU/others/jp-doctrine/jp3_34(2000).pdf · operations. 2. Purpose This publication has been prepared under the direction of the

5 July 2000

Joint Publication 3-34

Engineer Doctrinefor

Joint Operations

PREFACE

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1. Scope

This publication provides the guidance andprocedures necessary to plan, coordinate, andconduct timely and tailored joint engineeroperations across the range of militaryoperations.

2. Purpose

This publication has been prepared underthe direction of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine to governthe joint activities and performance of theArmed Forces of the United States in jointoperations and provides the doctrinal basis forUS military involvement in multinational andinteragency operations. It provides militaryguidance for the exercise of authority bycombatant commanders and other jointforce commanders and prescribes doctrine forjoint operations and training. It providesmilitary guidance for use by the Armed Forcesin preparing their appropriate plans. It is notthe intent of this publication to restrict theauthority of the joint force commander (JFC)from organizing the force and executing themission in a manner the JFC deems mostappropriate to ensure unity of effort in theaccomplishment of the overall mission.

3. Application

a. Doctrine and guidance established inthis publication apply to the commandersof combatant commands, subunifiedcommands, joint task forces, and subordinatecomponents of these commands. Theseprinciples and guidance also may apply whensignificant forces of one Service are attachedto forces of another Service or whensignificant forces of one Service supportforces of another Service.

b. The guidance in this publication isauthoritative; as such, this doctrine (or JTTP)will be followed except when, in the judgmentof the commander, exceptional circumstancesdictate otherwise. If conflicts arise betweenthe contents of this publication and thecontents of Service publications, thispublication will take precedence for theactivities of joint forces unless the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally incoordination with the other members of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, has provided morecurrent and specific guidance. Commandersof forces operating as part of a multinational(alliance or coalition) military commandshould follow multinational doctrine andprocedures ratified by the United States. Fordoctrine and procedures not ratified by theUnited States, commanders should evaluateand follow the multinational command’sdoctrine and procedures, where applicable.

C. W. FULFORD, JR.Lieutenant General, US Marine CorpsDirector, Joint Staff

For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

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Intentionally Blank

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. v

CHAPTER IJOINT ENGINEER FUNDAMENTALS

• The Role of Engineer Operations in Unified Action .................................................. I-1• Engineer Operations and the Principles of War .......................................................... I-1• Engineer Battlespace Functions ................................................................................. I-3• Capabilities ............................................................................................................... I-5• Decisive Operations at Lower Costs .......................................................................... I-8• Conclusion ................................................................................................................ I-8

CHAPTER IICOMMAND AND CONTROL

• Organization ............................................................................................................ II-1• Command and Control Options ................................................................................ II-1• Engineer Staff .......................................................................................................... II-6• Staff Placement Options ........................................................................................... II-9• Engineer Boards ..................................................................................................... II-10• Contingency Engineering Management Organizations ........................................... II-11• Conclusion ............................................................................................................. II-11

CHAPTER IIIPLANNING

• Strategic, Operational, and Tactical Planning.......................................................... III-1• The Planning Process ............................................................................................. III-2• Planning Considerations ......................................................................................... III-8• Conclusion ............................................................................................................ III-18

CHAPTER IVOPERATIONS

• Engineering Functions ........................................................................................... IV-1• Engineer Operations in Wartime ............................................................................. IV-7• Engineer Support to Military Operations Other Than War .................................... IV-12• Posthostilities Operations ..................................................................................... IV-17• Specialized Engineer Functions ............................................................................ IV-17• Conclusion ........................................................................................................... IV-17

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APPENDIX

A Engineer Organizations ..................................................................................... A-1B References ......................................................................................................... B-1C Administrative Instructions ................................................................................ C-1

GLOSSARY

Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................... GL-1Part II Terms and Definitions .............................................................................. GL-4

FIGURE

I-1 Engineers in the Joint Force ........................................................................... I-2I-2 Engineer Battlespace Functions ...................................................................... I-4I-3 Decisive Operations at Lower Costs ............................................................... I-8II-1 Possible Components in a Joint Force ............................................................ II-2II-2 Notional Engineer Staff ................................................................................. II-7II-3 Engineer Staff Functions ............................................................................... II-8III-1 Engineer Planning ....................................................................................... III-1III-2 Operation Plan Annexes .............................................................................. III-5III-3 Key Engineer Intelligence Requirements ..................................................... III-9IV-1 Topographic Engineering ............................................................................ IV-7IV-2 Warfighting Operations ............................................................................... IV-9IV-3 Military Support to Disaster Relief Under the Federal Response Plan ........ IV-15IV-4 Engineer Support to Disaster Relief ........................................................... IV-16

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDER’S OVERVIEW

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Covers Authorities and Responsibilities for EngineerOperations

Provides Joint Engineer Fundamentals

Discusses Command and Control Options for Engineer Forces

Provides Planning Considerations for Engineer Operations

Provides Guidance on the Conduct of Engineer Operations

Role of Engineer Operations

Engineer operations are asignificant force multiplierfor the joint forcecommander (JFC).

Engineer operationssupport operationalmovement, maneuver, andforce projection.

Engineer operations assistthe joint force throughthree functions:

Combat engineering

General engineering

Topographic engineering

Service engineercapabilities are leveragedto support jointoperations.

By shaping the conditions under which military forces mustoperate, engineer operations are a significant force multiplierfor the joint force commander (JFC). In joint operations,engineer operations support the development of thebattlespace for maneuver, enhance strategic and operationalmovement, and provide infrastructure for force projection. Thetotal engineer force of military active and reserve, civilian,contractor, host nation, and allies constitutes the resourcesfrom which JFCs can draw to accomplish the engineer mission.

Engineer operations assist the joint force in achieving theassigned objectives and end state through three functions.Combat engineering enables the JFC to freely maneuver thejoint force (mobility), attack the enemy’s ability to maneuver(countermobility), and support force protection (survivability).General engineering provides for the facilities andinfrastructure that play a critical role in shaping the battlespaceand are essential to force projection for decisive operations.Topographic engineering provides the geospatial informationand services, including analysis and visualization of the terrainwithin the area of operations, that enhances the commonoperational picture within the theater. Engineer units of eachService maintain critical capabilities within each of thebattlespace functions that may be combined or leveraged tosupport joint operations.

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The JFC’s engineerorganization must achieveunity of effort.

Simplicity and clarity ofcommand relationships forengineer forces areparamount.

JFCs should establishcommand and controlrelationships that takeadvantage of engineerflexibility.

Service componentcommand structure is bestsuited when engineerforces are in direct supportof Service componentmissions.

In a functional componentcommand structurecommand relationships forengineer forces are basedon engineer missionrequirements.

A joint engineer task forcemay be established tobetter orchestrate engineerforces.

JFCs should establish anengineer staff tocoordinate the keyengineer functions.

When organizing force engineer assets, the JFC must considerhow best to achieve unity of effort, centralized planning, anddecentralized execution. JFCs establish command relationshipsfor engineer forces based on the requirement for engineermissions and establish supporting relationships betweencomponents to accomplish required tasks. Simplicity and clarityof command relationships are paramount to efficient andeffective use of engineer forces due to the varied nature ofengineer tasks, units, and capabilities.

The JFC organizes assigned forces to most effectively useavailable resources. Engineer forces are adaptable and can betailored to best meet mission requirements. JFCs shouldestablish command and control relationships that takeadvantage of this flexibility.

In the Service component command organizational structure,Service component commanders maintain operational controlof their Service engineer forces. This structure is best suitedwhen engineer forces are in direct support of Service componentmissions. The JFC may direct engineer forces from one Servicecomponent to support another Service component for specificmissions or tasks. The JFC may also organize to accomplishthe mission using one or more functional componentcommands. In this organizational structure, the JFC establishescommand relationships for engineer forces based on therequirement for engineer missions. The JFC also establishesappropriate relationships between components to accomplishthe required tasks.

Engineer-intensive operations may require numerous engineerassets to complete a multitude of tasks. To consolidaterequirements and better orchestrate forces, JFCs mayestablish a joint engineer task force as a special purposesubordinate task force to control extensive engineer operationsand/or missions. This option provides a coordinated approachfor addressing engineer responsibilities.

JFCs should establish a joint force engineer staff for engineeringmatters. The joint force engineer staff coordinates combatengineering, general engineering, and topographicengineering requirements needed to ensure mission success.When extensive coordination and project management are

Command and Control of Engineer Operations

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Executive Summary

Engineer planning isconducted at the strategic,operational, and tacticallevels.

The engineer staff shouldparticipate in all aspectsof planning for jointoperations.

Engineer planners shouldconsider a wide range ofrequirements.

Early planning of engineeroperations is essential tothe successful engineerpreparation of the theaterfor joint operations.

necessary, the combatant commander or subordinate JFC mayestablish a contingency engineering management organizationto assist the joint force engineer and staff. The engineer staffis also responsible for support to planning, operations, andintelligence. JFCs may organize engineers within theOperations Directorate staff, Logistics Directorate staff, oras a special staff depending on the focus of engineer effort inthe joint operation. Topographic engineers may also beorganized within the Intelligence Directorate.

Application of engineer operations within all operating systemsrequires engineer planning at all levels across the range ofmilitary operations. Engineer planners must determine themobilization, deployment, employment, sustainment, andredeployment requirements of the combatant commander’sconcept of operations. Operational planning merges theoperation plan of the joint force, specific engineer missionsassigned, and available engineer forces. Tactical planningoccurs primarily at the unit level specified to accomplish thetask or mission. The Service components can also accomplishtactical planning.

Involvement of the engineer staff in all aspects of planning isan absolute requirement in all phases of joint operations. Whenplanning joint operations, engineer planners should considera wide range of diverse requirements in preparation for requiredengineer support operations. Key engineer planningconsiderations include geospatial information, intelligencerequirements, topographic engineer support, constructionsupport, countermine operations, force protection, host nation(HN) forces, multinational operations, interagency operations,contractor and/or HN support, materiel acquisition, operationalphases, environmental considerations, and funding andresource management.

Successful engineer support to the joint force requires earlyinvolvement of engineers in the planning process in all phasesof joint operations. Understanding how engineers supportthe joint force and enhance air, land, and maritime operationsprovides the essential background for planning engineeroperations. Early development of a comprehensive plan forengineer operations ensures the ready availability of engineerforces, equipment, and materiel in support of joint operations.

Engineer Planning Considerations

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Executive Summary

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Engineer operations enhance the JFC’s ability to conduct jointoperations by maximizing force projection, enhancing the useof key terrain and infrastructure, and sustaining the force.Engineer capabilities enhance the JFC’s capability to move,maneuver, and achieve objectives by efficiently usingresources through the three key engineering functions;combat engineering, general engineering, and topographicengineering.

Combat engineering enhances operational movement,maneuver, and force protection by facilitating mobility,countermobility, and survivability operations. Generalengineering encompasses the construction and repair of linesof communications, main supply routes, airfields, and logisticfacilities to support joint military operations. Topographicengineering provides JFCs with terrain visualization,operational and tactical terrain analysis, digitized terrainproducts, nonstandard map products, and baseline surveydata.

Engineers assist in preparing the theater for military operationsby providing intelligence support, necessary facility and realestate acquisition, and improving theater access. In militaryoperations other than war, engineer operations play a significantrole in foreign humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, andhumanitarian civic assistance. In missions such asnoncombatant evacuation operations, enforcement of exclusionzones, enforcement of sanctions, and peace operations,engineer operations may be required to provide infrastructureand base camp construction. In combating terrorism, engineeroperations help reduce vulnerability of important assets. Indomestic support operations, engineer operations providedisaster response in support of the Federal Response Plan.Engineer operations also facilitate the transition toposthostilities operations.

By shaping the conditions under which military forces mustoperate, engineer operations are a significant force multiplierfor the JFC. Engineer operations assist the joint force inachieving the assigned objectives and end state through threecritical functions: combat engineering, general engineering,and topographic engineering. Engineer operations support the

Engineer operationsenhance the commander’sability to conduct jointoperations.

Combat engineeringenhances operationalmovement, maneuver, andforce protection.

General engineeringimproves infrastructure.

Topographic engineeringprovides terrainvisualization.

Engineer operations assistthe joint force across therange of militaryoperations.

CONCLUSION

Conduct of Engineer Operations

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Executive Summary

development of the battlespace for maneuver, enhance strategicand operational movement, and provide infrastructure forpower projection. The implications of engineer operationsshould be considered in the JFC’s plans for all phases of jointoperations.

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CHAPTER IJOINT ENGINEER FUNDAMENTALS

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1. The Role of EngineerOperations in Unified Action

Successful joint operations depend on howeffectively commanders employ all resourcesacross the entire range of military operations.Commanders must be able to visualize andcreate the best fit of all available forces toproduce immediate effects and achieve thedesired results. This integrated orchestrationof all the instruments of national andmultinational power is unified action. Byshaping the conditions under which militaryforces must operate, engineer operations area significant force multiplier for the joint forcecommander (JFC).

a. Within the context of the jointoperational environment, engineer operationssupport the development of the battlespacefor maneuver, enhance strategic andoperational movement, and provideinfrastructure for force projection. Engineeroperations also provide support to logisticand sustainment operations (includingenvironmental functions); create, update, andmanage geospatial information, provideterrain visualization, construct protectivefortifications, enhance quality of life, andprepare for termination operations andtransition to posthostilities.

“Engineers, both Army and Seabees, were under Commander ConstructionTroops who, in turn, was under the Island Commander, Major General FredC. Wallace, USMC. Airfield construction and supply roads had priority; otherbase developments could wait until the island was secured. The face of theisland was changed more than it had been for thousands of years by multi-lane roads, traffic circles, water points, Quonset villages, tank farms, storagedumps, and hospitals.”

Okinawa Secured, Victory in the PacificSamuel Eliot Morison

History of US Naval Operations in World War II

b. The JFC employs a broad mix ofengineering capabilities to support the conceptof operation. If the experiences of the GulfWar, Somalia, Haiti, Hurricane Andrew, andBosnia are repeated in future militaryoperations, engineer operations will includemany Department of Defense (DOD)civilians, as well as the services ofnongovernmental organizations (NGOs),private voluntary organizations (PVOs),international organizations (IOs), other USGovernment (USG) agencies, and contractors.

c. The total engineer force of militaryactive and reserve, civilian, contractor, hostnation (HN) and allies and coalition partnersconstitutes the primary resources commanderscan draw upon to accomplish the engineermission. Figure I-1 illustrates the role ofengineers in unified action across the rangeof military operations as depicted in theuniversal joint task list.

2. Engineer Operations and thePrinciples of War

The nine principles of war guidewarfighting at the strategic, operational, andtactical levels. The principles are thecontinuing foundation of joint doctrine.Engineer operations are an important combat

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JP 3-34

multiplier for the JFC and enhance the abilityto apply these principles to conduct jointoperations.

a. Objective. Direct every militarymission toward a clearly defined, decisive,and attainable objective. Commandersdirect the use of available combat powertoward clearly defined, attainable, anddecisive goals. In joint operations, the jointforce engineer develops an engineeringestimate of supportability based on an analysisof how best to support the stated objectivesand proposed courses of action (COAs). Thisanalysis can greatly assist the JFC inaccomplishing the assigned objectives duringwar and other contingency operations. TheJFC then establishes the priorities and tasksfor all engineer activities.

b. Offensive. Seize, retain, and exploitthe initiative. Offensive action is the mosteffective and decisive way to attain a clearlydefined common objective. Engineeringoperations enhance the mobility of the jointforce to seize and hold the initiative whilemaintaining freedom of action to achievedecisive results.

c. Mass. Concentrate the effects ofcombat power at the place and time toachieve decisive results. Engineer operationsenable the joint force to deploy andconcentrate combat power by providing forceprojection infrastructure and shaping thebattlespace without a loss of momentum.

d. Economy of Force. Allocate minimumessential combat power to secondary

Figure I-1. Engineers in the Joint Force

ENGINEERS IN THE JOINT FORCE

Enhance OperationalMovement & Maneuver

Provide OperationalSupport

Force Beddown

Base Camp Development

Real Estate Management

Construction and Repair of

Infrastructure

Facilities Operation and

Maintenance

Environmental Considerations

Develop OperationalIntelligence

Terrain Visualization

Digitized Mapping

Site Surveys

Employ OperationalFirepower

Shaping Operations

Obstacle Effects

Provide OperationalProtection

HardeningField Fortification Support

Lines of Communications and/orMain Supply Routes

Combat Roads and Trails

Intermediate Staging Bases

Barriers and Obstacles

Breaching and CountermineOperations

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Joint Engineer Fundamentals

efforts. Engineer forces must be judiciouslyemployed and distributed on the battlefield.Allocating engineer resources to secondarymissions such as limited attacks, defense,delays, deception, or even retrogradeoperations should be weighed againstachieving mass elsewhere at the decisive pointand time on the battlefield. Sometimes themost essential tasks to support the main effortinclude having engineers support secondaryefforts to release combat power for the maineffort. Because engineering resources arelimited, JFCs should ensure that engineeroperations concentrate on the most essentialtasks in order to support the main effort.

e. Maneuver. Place the enemy in aposition of disadvantage through theflexible application of combat power.Engineer operations support the JFC’s schemeof maneuver by shaping the battlespace, e.g.,enhancing mobility of friendly forces whiledegrading the mobility of enemy forces.

f. Unity of Command. Ensure unity ofeffort under one responsible commanderfor every objective. Engineers at all levelsmust ensure that their units are fullyintegrated into the joint force. Engineeroperations require precise integration andsynchronization to achieve the desired effects.

g. Security. Never permit the enemy toacquire unexpected advantage. Protection— a dynamic of combat power — enhancesthe fighting potential of a force so that thecommander can apply it at the decisive timeand place. Engineers play a major role insupport of force protection, e.g., facilityhardening, field fortification support,camouflage, concealment, and deception.

h. Surprise. Strike at a time or a placeor in a manner for which the enemy isunprepared. Engineer operations supportingmobility and countermobility are designed tosupport the principle of surprise. Engineersprovide the mobility to strike the enemy

rapidly before they can react. Engineers alsoplan and execute obstacles to disrupt theenemy’s tempo and freedom of maneuver.

i. Simplicity. Prepare clear, uncomplicatedplans and concise orders to ensurethorough understanding. Engineer plannersmaintain simplicity by ensuring that taskorganizations and responsibilities allow forsmooth transitions. Units are provided clear,concise mission taskings with maximumopportunity for centralized planning anddecentralized execution.

3. Engineer BattlespaceFunctions

Engineer operations assist the joint forcein achieving the assigned objectives and endstate through three functions: combatengineering (mobility, countermobility, andsurvivability), general engineering, andtopographic engineering (see Figure I-2). Inconcert with other elements of the joint force,these functions serve to shape the battlespacein which the joint force will operate.

a. Combat Engineering. The componentsof combat engineering are mobility,countermobility, and survivability.

• Mobility. Mobility is a quality and/orcapability that enables the JFC to freelymaneuver the joint force intoadvantageous positions. As a componentof combat engineering, mobilityencompasses operations ranging fromcountermine operations to theconstruction of combat roads and trails.

• Countermobility. Countermobility isthe construction of obstacles designed toblock, fix, turn, or disrupt the enemyforce. These operations attack theenemy’s ability to maneuver, addingdepth in terms of space and time to thejoint force operation. Joint Publication(JP) 3-15, Joint Doctrine for Barriers,

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Obstacles, and Mine Warfare, identifiesmany specific operations available to thejoint force to hinder the enemy’s abilityto maneuver. Countermobility tasksrange in complexity from theemplacement of a minefield obstacle bysappers to the destruction of an enemymain supply route (MSR) throughairpower.

• Survivability. Survivability includes allaspects of protecting personnel,equipment, and supplies throughout the

operational area while simultaneouslydeceiving the enemy of the intentions ofthe joint force. Survivability operationsrange from employing camouflage,concealment, and deception to thehardening of facilities, command andcontrol (C2) nodes, and criticalinfrastructure.

b. General Engineering. Generalengineering encompasses the construction andrepair of lines of communications (LOCs),MSRs, airfields, utility systems, and logistic

Figure I-2. Engineer Battlespace Functions

ENGINEER BATTLESPACE FUNCTIONS

JLOTS joint logistics over-the-shore

COUNTERMOBILITY

Obstacle developmentand integration

SURVIVABILITY

Fighting positionsForce protectionconstruction support

CamouflageConcealmentDeception

MOBILITY

Countermine operationsAssault bridgingCombat roads and trailsForward aviation combat

engineeringEngineer reconnaissance

GENERALENGINEERING

Terrain analysisMap production(tailored mapproducts)Geodetic surveycontrol for precisepositioningData development,management, anddissemination

TOPOGRAPHICENGINEERING

COMBATENGINEERING

Airfields and heliportsRoad construction,maintenance, and repairBridgingRailroad construction,maintenance, and repairSupport to JLOTSoperationsPort construction,maintenance, and repairEnvironmental supportEnemy prisoner of warfacilitiesFacilities for dislocated

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facilities to support joint military operations,and may be performed in direct support ofcombat operations such as battle damagerepair. Facilities are fundamental to thesuccess of force projection and the conductof joint operations and play a critical role inshaping the theater battlespace andinfrastructure to support the joint force. Whenfacilities and real estate can be obtainedthrough host-nation support (HNS),commercial leases, or through internationalagreements (e.g., status-of-forces agreements(SOFAs)), facilities acquisition and real estatemanagement become an important componentof general engineering for the JFC.

For further information on generalengineering, see JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine forCivil Engineering Support.

c. Topographic Engineering. Topographicengineering support is provided based onrequirements that are determined andvalidated by the geospatial information andservices (GI&S) officer. Topographicengineering encompasses those tasks thatprovide geospatial information and servicesto commanders and staffs across the full rangeof military operations. Topographicengineering provides terrain analysis, terrainvisualization, digitized terrain products,

nonstandard map products, and baselinesurvey data, all of which contribute to acommon operational picture within the jointforce. The National Imagery and MappingAgency (NIMA) digitizes and provides unitswith digital terrain and feature data. Thetopographic engineer can customize thestandard NIMA products to meet particularoperational requirements. This support isdeveloped and provided during all phases ofan operation throughout the theater inaccordance with JP 2-03, Joint Tactics,Techniques, and Procedures for GeospatialInformation and Services Support to JointOperations.

4. Capabilities

a. Military Capabilities. Each Service hasengineering units and capabilities to meetspecific operational needs. The engineeringcapabilities of each Service component arerarely a perfect match to meet all joint forcemission requirements. The JFC, with theassistance of the joint force engineer, mustanalyze mission requirements in order todetermine optimal force tailoring toaccomplish the mission.

• Army Engineers. Army engineersprovide a full range of engineering

Army “sappers” conduct breaching operations.

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JP 3-34

capabilities to the JFC. The US Armymaintains forces that have the capabilityto perform most operations within theengineer battlespace functions (combat,general, and topographic engineering).Generally, engineer units at the divisionlevel and below focus on mobility taskswith limited capability to conductcountermobility and survivabilityoperations. Engineers at corps level andabove reinforce the combat engineeringcapability within the division as well asretain various construction units thatperform general engineering operations.Topographic engineering capabilities oraccess to special topographic productsexist at brigade level and higher.

• Navy Engineers. Navy engineers haverapidly deployable units of various sizesand configurations. These units provideadvanced base construction, battledamage repair, underwater andamphibious construction, and logisticfacilities construction. Navy engineerunits are tailorable to provide effectiveand efficient construction to enhanceforce sustainability for the JFC.

• Marine Corps Engineers. The USMarine Corps maintains engineer forces

that perform combat engineering (e.g.,mobi l i ty, countermobi l i ty, andsurvivability) and general engineering(expeditionary airfield construction, bulkpetroleum operations, bulk waterproduction, MSR improvements) tosupport Marine air-ground task forces(MAGTFs) across the range of militaryoperations.

• Air Force Engineers. The Air Forcemaintains engineer forces organized asPrime Base Engineer Emergency Force(Prime BEEF) or RED HORSE units.These units provide support across therange of military operations. Capabilitiesinclude airfield construction,maintenance, repair, and sustainmentoperations, and other specializedfunctions such as explosive ordnancedisposal (EOD), fire, and limited nuclear,biological, and chemical (NBC)detection and response capability. Theseunits have limited combat engineeringcapabilities available to focus on thedefense of deployed forces and basedenial. Air Force engineering units candeploy either as part of an airexpeditionary force (AEF) or as detachedunits operating in support of specificmissions and operational taskings.

Marine engineers performing road and bridge construction.

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• Construction Contracting. The USArmy Corps of Engineers (USACE) andthe Naval Facilities EngineeringCommand (NAVFACENGCOM) alsoprovide to the JFC a significantengineering capability to be leveragedin joint operations. USACE andNAVFACENGCOM are the Departmentof Defense’s principal engineerorganizations to plan, design, construct,and acquire (lease or buy) facilities andreal estate. The Air Force also maintainslimited capability in contract constructionin contingencies, and facility and realestate acquisition in England, Turkey,Spain, and Israel. Inherent in theirmission support capabilities is a planningand engineering capability for theateradvanced base and infrastructure

development. These organizations alsomaintain associated in-depth expertise inengineering research and development.Commanders of combatant commands(CINCs) may use USACE andNAVFACENGCOM to provide technicalengineering assistance and ascontingency contract construction agents(CCAs) for design and award ofconstruction contracts in support ofmilitary operations.

b. Other Capabilities. In addition to USmilitary engineering forces, the HN may havecertain engineering capabilities specificallyadapted to the local environment. Contractorsand allied and coalition partner militaryengineers can provide valuable capabilities inan immature theater. This mixture ofcapabilities may change during the phases ofan operation; therefore, they may requiremanagement across Service lines to ensurethat the JFC has appropriate forces in place toconduct the mission. Due to their wide varietyof expertise and funding resources,interagency organizations have capabilitiesthat can be leveraged to support the joint force.Although they increase the resources engagedin a given operation, they also significantlyincrease and complicate the coordinationnecessary.

Specific Service capabilities are outlined inAppendix A, "Engineer Organizations," JP3-33, Joint Force Capabilities, and JP 4-04,Joint Doctrine for Civil Engineering Support.

See JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for CivilEngineering Support, for information onspecific engineering capabilities ofgovernmental organizations, NGOs, PVOs,IOs, and contractors.

For details on working with nonmilitaryagencies, see JP 3-08, InteragencyCoordination During Joint Operations.

Air Force civil engineers engaged in baserecovery training operations.

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5. Decisive Operations at LowerCosts

Engineering preparation of the battlespacesets the stage for subsequent decisiveoperations and provides to the JFC thepotential to reduce the cost of achieving thedesired operational and strategic end state (seeFigure I-3). Specifically, adequate engineerpreparation can preserve US and alliedresources by capitalizing on existinginfrastructure and constructing only thosefacilities critical to the operation. Expandingfacilities and infrastructure capabilities atseaports of debarkation (SPOD) and aerialports of debarkation (APOD) as well asimproving MSRs for onward movement andintegration of forces, equipment, and materiel

will facilitate logistic support and forcebuildup. Engineer preparation can minimizeforce footprints through contingencycontracting, e.g., the Army’s LogisticsCivilian Augmentation Program (LOGCAP),the Navy’s Construction Capabilities Contract(CONCAP), and the Air Force ContractAugmentation Program (AFCAP), and realestate management activities for land and/orfacility leases. Identifying intermediatestaging bases (ISBs), making necessaryimprovements to LOCs and/or MSRs, andconstructing combat roads and trails tofacilitate throughput of forces will ensure thatneeded resources are available forcampaign execution. Hardening of mission-critical facilities and construction of other fieldfortification support such as physicalperimeter defense measures will enhanceforce protection. Engineer preparation willhelp expedite decisive operations byimproving the JFC’s situational awarenesswith expertise on barriers and obstacles,breaching and countermine operations,topographic support (e.g. , terrainvisualization, mapping and site surveys) andassisting the joint force Operations Directorate(J-3) with shaping operations on how best toemploy operational firepower in order to limitdamage to facilities potentially required forsubsequent operations. Effective engineerpreparation of the battlespace can alsosupport war termination and/or transitionoperations by providing emergency repairsto utilities and infrastructure and enabling asmooth transition to follow-on forces,interagency organizations, and the HN.

6. Conclusion

Engineering operations support the jointforce via the engineer battlespace functionsof combat, general, and topographicengineering. Through these functions,engineers are significant force multipliers forthe JFC as they shape the battlespace bycreating and improving necessaryinfrastructure. Topographic engineering

DECISIVEOPERATIONS ATLOWER COSTS

Adequate engineer preparationcan....

Preserve

Facilitate

Facilitate

Minimize

Ensure

Enhance

Expedite

Support

US and allied resources

logistical support

force buildup

force footprint

needed resources areavailable for campaign execution

force protection

decisive operations

war termination/transition operations

Figure I-3. Decisive Operations atLower Costs

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provides analysis and visualization of theterrain within the operational area thatenhances the common operational picture.Engineer units of each Service maintaincritical capabilities within each of thebattlespace functions that may be combinedor leveraged to support the joint force.Typically, in-theater engineering support

ENGINEER SUPPORT BATTALIONS IN ACTION

(Marine Brigadier) General Krulak at the Direct Support Command dispatchedan engineering team . . . to the west and north of Kibrit (Saudi Arabia) to beginsurveying sites. He also placed all the command’s earthmoving equipment onalert. As soon as General Boomer settled on the new breach plan, about 1130on 6 February, he gave Krulak the go-ahead to build the new combat servicesupport area. Within minutes, the 7th and 8th Engineer Support Battalions (REIN)departed Kibrit . . . The battalions’ many feats of construction over the next 14days included 38 kilometers of blastwall berm, which contained, among otherthings, the Marine Corps’ largest-ever ammunition supply point, 151 cells in768 acres; a 5,000,000 gallon fuel farm; and a naval hospital with 14 operatingrooms. The complex also included two 5,700-foot dirt airstrips capable ofhandling C-130 transports.

SOURCE: US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991

requirements may exceed availableengineering resources; therefore, it is essentialthat the proper combination of joint,contractor, and host and allied nationengineering capabilities is leveraged to mosteffectively assign tasks and meet the JFC’sobjectives.

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CHAPTER IICOMMAND AND CONTROL

II-1

1. Organization

JFCs organize joint forces to bestaccomplish the assigned mission based upontheir concept of operations. The organizationdeveloped should be sufficiently flexible tomeet the planned phases of the contemplatedoperation. JP 0-2, Unified Action ArmedForces (UNAAF), states that JFCs may alsoconduct operations through the Servicecomponent commanders, or at lower echelonsthrough Service force commanders. Inaddition, JFCs may establish functionalcomponent commands to conduct operations.These functional component commands maybe appropriate when forces from two or moreMilitary Services must operate in the samedimension or medium, or to accomplish adistinct aspect of the assigned mission. Mostoften, however, joint forces are organized witha combination of Service and functionalcomponent commands with operationalresponsibilities. The JFC’s engineerorganization must consider how best toachieve unity of effort, centralized planning,and decentralized execution for assignedengineer forces. Simplicity and clarity ofcommand relationships of the engineerorganization are paramount to the effectiveand efficient use of engineer forces due to thevaried nature of engineer tasks, units, andcapabilities.

Joint command relationships are discussed indetail in JP 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces(UNAAF).

“Warfare will continue to evolve and command and control processes,organization, and supporting systems will continue to change, but the basicconcept of command and control will remain the key . . . More than everbefore, a command and control system is crucial to success . . . .”

Fleet Marine Force Manual 3, Command and Control

2. Command and ControlOptions

The JFC organizes assigned forces to mosteffectively use available resources.Engineering forces are extremely adaptableand can be tailored to best meet missionrequirements. Therefore, the different optionspresented in this chapter for C2, derived fromlessons learned, are designed to takeadvantage of this flexibility. In addition, thestructure that is developed is likely to changeas the operation matures. Possibleorganizational structures are depicted inFigure II-1.

a. Service Component Command.Under this organizational option, Servicecomponent commanders normally maintainoperational control (OPCON) over theirService engineer forces. This concept isillustrated in the top portion of Figure II-1.This structure maintains traditional commandrelationships and is best used when the JFCchooses to conduct operations through theService component commanders and engineerforces are used in direct support of Servicecomponent missions. A Service componentcommand may be delegated tactical control(TACON) of engineer forces of anotherService in order to accomplish assignedmissions or tasks. In addition, the JFC mayestablish support relationships betweensubordinate commanders to aid, protect,complement, or sustain another force. Navyengineer forces may be attached OPCON to

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JP 3-34

the Marine component commander forengineer support.

b. Functional Component Command.The JFC may also organize to accomplish themission using one or more functionalcomponent commands. This concept isillustrated in the lower portion of Figure II-1.Using this organization, the JFC establishescommand relationships for engineer forcesbased on the requirement for engineermissions. The JFC is responsible forestablishing appropriate relationships betweencomponents to accomplish required tasks. Forexample, Air Force or Navy engineers maybe attached TACON to the joint force landcomponent commander. In this case, engineerunits may be controlled by a component otherthan their own Service and respond directlyto the supported component’s requirements.Use of general engineering forces either in

direct support or attached to a functionalcomponent commander is a viable optionwhen providing capabilities tied directly tothe functional component’s mission. Thefunctional component will not normally beresponsible for providing common logisticsupport (e.g., beddown construction) to thejoint force. When the joint force aircomponent commander (JFACC) does nothave engineer forces assigned, the JFACC willcoordinate for this support through thecomponent forces. Similarly, when the jointforce special operations componentcommander (JFSOCC) does not haveengineer forces assigned, the JFSOCC willalso coordinate through the component forcesfor engineer support requirements.

c. Subordinate Joint Task Force. Somejoint force operations are extremely engineer-intensive, requiring numerous engineer assets

Figure II-1. Possible Components in a Joint Force

POSSIBLE COMPONENTS IN A JOINT FORCE

JOINT FORCECOMMANDER

NAVYCOMPONENT

AIR FORCECOMPONENT

MARINE CORPSCOMPONENT

NAVY FORCES(NAVFOR)

AIR FORCEFORCES (AFFOR)

MARINE CORPSFORCES (MARFOR)

ARMYCOMPONENT

ARMY FORCES(ARFOR)

FORCES/CAPABILITYMADE AVAILABLE



Command Relationships determinedby the Joint Force Commander

Operational Control


JOINT FORCE SPECIALOPS COMPONENT

JOINT FORCE AIRCOMPONENT

JOINT FORCE LANDCOMPONENT

JOINT FORCE MARITIMECOMPONENT

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Command and Control

to complete a multitude of tasks required toaccomplish the mission. To consolidaterequirements and better orchestrate forces,the JFC may opt to establish a subordinatejoint task force (JTF) to control extensiveengineer operations and/or missions. Thisoption provides a coordinated approach toaddress engineer responsibilities. The JFCdesignates the military engineercapabilities that will be made available fortasking and the appropriate commandrelationships. Engineer forces could be

OPERATION FUERTE APOYO ENGINEER COMMAND AND CONTROL

In late October 1998, Hurricane Mitch slammed into Central America, severelyaffecting the region from Costa Rica to Southern Mexico. High winds andexcessive rain caused wide scale flooding, landslides, and destruction toregional infrastructure. Bridges and roads were washed out, leaving largeareas and populations isolated and unreachable except by helicopter. Housingwas destroyed, leaving an estimated two million people homeless. Hondurasand Nicaragua were the most heavily impacted, with El Salvador and Guatemalaalso receiving heavy infrastructure damage.

USCINCSOUTH’s mission was to employ multiple JTFs to conduct disasterrelief operations in support of US relief efforts in the Central American regionin order to mitigate near-term human suffering and accelerate long-termregional recovery. The combatant commander decided to employ two groundbased, task organized joint task forces (JTFs) to support disaster reliefoperations. The first was JTF-Bravo, already on the ground and operatingfrom Soto Cano Air Base, Honduras. JTF-Bravo was reinforced with aviation,engineering, and medical elements and was responsible for disaster relief andhumanitarian assistance (DR/HA) operations in Honduras. The second, JTFAguila, was built around an Army Corps Support Group headquarters,augmented by engineering and medical units, and based at the internationalairport in El Salvador. JTF Aguila was responsible for DR/HA operations in ElSalvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala.

Priority of effort for the engineers focused on emergency repair of critical linesof communication, repair of critical infrastructure nodes, and then keyhumanitarian civic assistance projects. Developing an effective command andcontrol structure for the engineering units was a significant challenge due tothe extensive engineering effort required over four countries. Where therewas an established joint headquarters (JTF-Bravo in Honduras), forces wereneeded quickly to give JTF-Bravo immediate engineering capability.Consideration was given to units that could deploy to Honduras the fastestsince Honduras was the most devastated country and was designated as thehighest priority for disaster relief. In this instance, the units were a Navyconstruction engineer (SEABEE) air detachment followed by the remainderof the SEABEE battalion, an Army combat support equipment company (CSE),

attached OPCON, TACON, or in asupporting relationship, depending on thedegree of control that the JFC desires todelegate to the subordinate JTF. Theengineer assets attached to the subordinateJTF will normally be made up of engineerassets from the various Services. If thesubordinate JTF is to provide a commonsupport capability, it will require a specificdelegation of directive authority from thecombatant commander for the commonsupport capability that is to be provided.

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and a Marine combat service support detachment (CSSD) which included abridge platoon and water purification units. All US military engineers inHonduras worked for JTF-Bravo, with its existing small J-7 engineer staff.As the forces began to flow in, JTF-Bravo requested US Southern Command(USSOUTHCOM) to either augment their staff or send a headquarters elementto provide command and control of the engineer forces. USSOUTHCOMidentified the requirement to the US Atlantic Command, and The Commanderin Chief, Atlantic Fleet was tasked to form a naval construction regiment(NCR) headquarters element. The naval mobile construction battalioncommander assumed the duties as the NCR commander. As the forces weredrawn down and the SEABEE battalion was redeployed, the NCR was stooddown as well and overall control of the remaining engineer forces (Marinebridge platoon, water purification units, and the Army CSE Company) wasgiven to the Marine CSSD. JTF-Bravo was also required to provide commandand control of all disaster relief forces in Central America until the new taskforce, JTF Aguila, was stood up. This consisted primarily of assessment teamsin Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala.

OPERATION FUERTE APOYOENGINEER COMMAND AND CONTROL

USSOUTHCOMENGINEERMiami, FL

JTF-B J7Soto Cano, HO

JTF-Aguila EngineerComalapa, ES

(I Corps Engineer Staff)

USCINCSOMiami, FL

CDR JTF-BSoto Cano, HO

CDR JTF-AguilaComalapa, ES

22nd NCR (Fwd)Soto Cano, HO

NMCB SevenHonduras

68th CSE CoHonduras

CSSD 68Honduras

ProjectTeam

En Co,46th En Bn

55th En Co,MGB

63rd En Co(CSE)

En Co,48th En Bn

ProjectTeam

ProjectTeam

ProjectTeam

TF Build Hope(36th Engr Group)

Nicaragua

819/820thRed HorseGuatemala

48thEngineer Bn

CSSD 69

KEY

CSECSSDEn BnEn CoJTFMGBNCRNMCB

USSOUTHCOMTFUSCINCSO

Army Combat Support Equipment CompanyMarine Combat Service Support DetatchmentEngineer BattalionEngineer CompanyJoint Task ForceMedium Girder Bridge (Company)Naval Construction RegimentNaval Mobile Construction Battalion

US Southern CommandTask ForceCommander in Chief,USSOUTHCOM

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Command and Control

d. Command, Control, Communications,and Computers (C4) Support for EngineerForces. How engineer forces will besupported with C4 systems for effective C2is an essential consideration for the JFC andthe joint force engineer. Engineer forces haveorganic C4 capabilities within Servicechannels up to their component headquarters.When operating in a joint environment,engineer units retain their organic C4capabilities, but may also require additionalsupport from their Service component, otherService components, or the joint force C4Systems Directorate. Specific C4 requirementswill depend on the C2 arrangement of theengineer forces within the joint force, missiontasking, and geographic location in theoperational area. The following descriptionof capabilities may be helpful in developingthe C4 concept for engineer forces supportingthe joint force.

• Air Force engineer forces’ C4requirements beyond unit level capabilityare provided by deployed installationcommunications elements. Thesecommunications elements are embodiedin the Base Information Infrastructure(BII). Developed as part of the AirForce’s Expeditionary Aerospace Forceconcept, BII packages are scalable,modular communications supportpackages that offer deployed personnelaccess to such standard services as secureand unsecure telephones/facsimiles,Unclassified but Sensitive InternetProtocol Router Network (NIPRNET)and/or SECRET Internet ProtocolRouter Network (SIPRNET), and landmobile radio repeaters. When operatingout of an Air Force, joint, or combinedoperations center, Air Force engineerforces can gain access to a wide range

A different approach was taken for JTF Aguila, which was newly establishedin El Salvador to provide command and control for the efforts in a jointoperations area (JOA) that included Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El Salvador.Since this JTF was being created from scratch, there was much more concernabout providing sufficient command and control of the engineer forces, so anengineer group headquarters was requested to take control of the engineerforces being assigned to the JTF. The engineer group ended up with an Armycombat heavy engineer battalion, an Air Force RED HORSE squadron, an Armymedium girder bridge (MGB) Company, an Army CSE Company, and waterpurification units assigned to the JTF. It was anticipated that the engineergroup headquarters would be used to maintain command and control of allengineer effort in the JOA, while the combat heavy battalion and RED HORSEsquadron, which initially deployed to Nicaragua and Guatemala respectively,would be assigned to subordinate task forces. The JTF commander did notorganize his forces that way. Because operations and missions were organizedby country, with the bulk of the effort in Nicaragua, the JTF Aguila commanderdecided to further organize all his engineer forces into subordinate task forces.He retained his own small engineer staff element, which was a cell from theArmy’s I Corps staff, established the RED HORSE squadron in Guatemala asthe nucleus of a task force in Guatemala, and used the 36th Engineer Groupas the subordinate task force headquarters for the main effort in Nicaragua.In both cases, the engineer unit headquarters, with some augmentation, formedthe nucleus of task forces that included medical, aviation, and other combatsupport and combat service support elements.

SOURCE: USSOUTHCOM Engineer StaffMarch 1999

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of mission support systems. Thesesystems provide linkage to the GlobalCommand and Control System (GCCS),Joint Operation Planning and ExecutionSystem (JOPES), and other intelligence,surveillance, and reconnaissance systemsnecessary for mission planning andoperations.

• Army engineers use the Army GCCS(GCCS-A) at corps level and above, andthe Army Battle Command System(ABCS) at corps and below. TheManeuver Control System, a sub-function of the ABCS, is used down tothe divisional battalion level toaccomplish C2. At the brigade level andbelow, Army engineers rely on organiccommunication assets that includeencrypted frequency modulation,satellite, facsimile, phone and digitizedtactical e-mail. When operating in a jointforce, Army engineers rely on organiccommunications capability. The GCCS-A affords engineers access to JOPES andthe ability to communicate with the JFC’sheadquarters and other elements of thejoint force.

• Naval Construction Force (NCF)engineers have sufficient capability toperform all internal C4 operations andto communicate with subordinate,adjacent, and higher headquarters. Navalconstruction regiments can maintainvoice communications with subordinateunits and higher authority by telephone,very high frequency (VHF), highfrequency (HF), and limited ultra highfrequency (UHF). They can transmit dataand achieve limited NIPRNET andSIPRNET access via UHF or satellitephone. Battalion level units have internalclient and/or server tactical data networkcomputer systems and can transmitinformation and achieve limitedNIPRNET and SIPRNET connectivityvia UHF or satellite phone. When

operating in a joint force, NCF engineersrely on organic communicationscapability but may also require additionalsupport.

• Marine Corps engineers have sufficientcapability to perform all internal C4operations and to communicate withsubordinate, adjacent, and higherheadquarters at the division level andbelow. Marine Corps engineer units canmaintain voice communications withsubordinate units and higher authority bysecure telephone, VHF, HF, and limitedUHF. They can transmit data and achievelimited NIPRNET and SIPRNET accessvia UHF satellite communications.Marine Corps engineers have access tothe GCCS at the Marine expeditionaryforce (MEF) level and above. Whenoperating in a joint force, Marine Corpsengineers rely on organic communicationscapability but may also require additionalsupport.

3. Engineer Staff

The JFC should establish a joint forceengineer staff for engineering matters. Whena functional component command employsforces from more than one Service, the staffshould reflect each Service represented.Because of the engineering requirementsthrough all phases of operations across thebattlespace, the joint force engineer shouldhave an understanding of the commander’sintent. The engineer staff coordinates combatengineering, general engineering, andtopographic engineering (with the GI&Sofficer) requirements needed to ensure jointforce mission success. The engineer staff isnot only responsible for facilities, real estate,and environmental considerations, but is alsoresponsible for support to planning,operations, intelligence, and special functionsas discussed below. A notional engineer staffis depicted in Figure II-2, and key engineerstaff functions are noted in Figure II-3.

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Command and Control

a. Plans. The engineer staff participatesin the planning process through representationon the joint planning staff (e.g., PlansDirectorate, joint planning group). Theengineer planner addresses all potentialengineer requirements during the planningprocess.

b. Operations. The engineer staffmonitors the deployment, employment,mission, and redeployment status of majorsubordinate Service component engineerforces. The primary focus of engineeroperations is to achieve the commander’sintent through combat engineering, generalengineering, and topographic engineeringoperations. The engineer staff works directlywith the operations staff (e.g., representationin the Joint Operations Center). It providesengineer representation on the Joint TargetingCoordination Board (JTCB) to preventdestruction of key infrastructure essential to

future operations and provides guidance onemplacing obstacles, barriers, and mines.

See JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations,JP 2-01.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, andProcedures for Intelligence Support toTargeting, and JP 3-35, Joint Doctrine forDeployment and Redeployment Operations,for details.

c. Intelligence. Throughout theintelligence cycle, the engineer staff assiststhe Intelligence Directorate (J-2) incoordinating intelligence requirements andproviding geospatial products to supportoperations. The engineer staff providestechnical assistance in identifying,prioritizing, and validating engineerintelligence needs and assists in coordinatingcollection of engineer information. The jointforce engineer, joint force J-2, and joint forcelegal staffs should coordinate for the use of

Figure II-2. Notional Engineer Staff

NOTIONAL ENGINEER STAFF

FacilitiesOperations Plans Environmental Logistics

lines of coordination

Special Areas

Deputy JointForce

Engineer

Real Estate Design andConstruction

Real PropertyMaintenance

ContractConstruction

Agent

JOINT FORCEENGINEER

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intelligence from both classified and opensources in addressing environmentalconsiderations and considering potentialcollateral damage associated with targeting.

See Chapter III, "Planning," for additionalinformation on engineer intelligencerequirements and environmentalconsiderations. See JP 2-0, Doctrine for

Figure II-3. Engineer Staff Functions

ENGINEER STAFF FUNCTIONS

Develops and coordinates combat engineering, general engineering,and topographic engineering requirements for the joint force.

Acts as the intermediary, facilitator, and coordinator between jointtask force elements, including nonmilitary elements, requestingengineer services. Receives guidance and reports actions to JointCivil-Military Engineer Board (JCMEB) if established.

Develops and coordinates tasks for component engineer forces.

Coordinates and facilitates the Joint Facilities Utilization Board(JFUB), JCMEB, and Joint Environmental Management Board.Integrates actions from these boards, assigns tasking based onboard recommendations, and monitors completion.

Screens, validates, and prioritizes all engineering projects andmission assignments.

Plans, programs, and controls facility utilization. Receives guidanceand reports actions to JFUB if established.

Prepares logistic reports on engineer resources using the JointOperation Planning and Execution System.

Develops the Civil Engineering Support Plan.

Plans and coordinates the distribution of construction and barriermaterials and engineer munitions based on established priorities.

Functions as the primary interface between the joint force, hostnation, and contingency contractors, and other theaterconstruction organizations.

Establishes the statement-of-work, development of contracts, andemployment of services.

Develops and coordinates combat engineering, general engineering,and topographic engineering requirements for the joint force.

Acts as the intermediary, facilitator, and coordinator between jointtask force elements (including nonmilitary elements) requestingengineer services. Receives guidance and reports actions to JointCivil-Military Engineering Board (JCMEB) if established.

Develops and coordinates tasks for component engineer forces.

Coordinates and facilitates the Joint Facilities Utilization Board(JFUB), JCMEB, and Joint Environmental Management Board.Integrates actions from these boards, assigns tasking based onboard recommendations, and monitors completion.

Screens, validates, and prioritizes all engineering projects andmission assignments.

Plans, programs, and controls facility utilization. Receives guidanceand reports actions to JFUB if established.

Prepares logistic reports on engineer resources using the JointOperation Planning and Execution System.

Develops the Civil Engineering Support Plan.

Plans and coordinates the distribution of construction and barriermaterials and engineer munitions based on established priorities.

Functions as the primary interface between the joint force, hostnation, and contingency contractors, as well as other theaterconstruction organizations.

Establishes the statement-of-work, development of contracts, andemployment of services.

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Command and Control

Intelligence Support to Joint Operations, JP2-03, Joint Tactics, Techniques, andProcedures for Geospatial Information andServices Support to Joint Operations, and JP3-60, Doctrine for Joint Targeting, forinformation on the intelligence cycle.

d. Special Functions. The joint forceengineer may have staff responsibility for thefollowing areas dependent on the Servicecapabilities. These functions reside within theengineer capability of at least one Service.These functions may include:

• Topographic engineering support;

• EOD;

• Fire protection; and

• Support to NBC monitoring, reporting,decontamination, and recoveryoperations within Service limitations.

“A properly functioning staff extendsthe eyes, ears, and will of a commanderby learning the commander’s policiesand working within them; keeping thecommander informed of pertinentinformation; developing basic decisionsinto adequate plans; anticipating futureneeds and drafting tentative plans tomeet them; translating plans intoorders; transmitting orders tosubordinate commands; ensuringcompliance with these orders throughconstructive inspection andobservation; and supplementing thecommander’s efforts to ensure unity ofeffort throughout the command.”

The Joint Staff Officer’s Guide,1997

4. Staff Placement Options

The JFC develops the staff based on missionrequirements. The range of militaryoperations in the modern battlespace requiresthat the JFC have a full understanding and

visibility of the multitude of availablecapabilities. Regardless of the option orhybrid of options, the requirement for the staffengineer remains, as does the need forconstant communication, liaison, andcoordination throughout the entire staff.Inherent in the three following options, thecombatant commander or subordinate JFCmay establish a contingency engineeringmanagement organization when extensivecoordination and project management arenecessary. When established, thecontingency engineering managementorganization is led by the combatantcommand or joint force engineer andcoordinates daily operations to ensure thedelivery of engineering services to the jointforce. The contingency engineeringmanagement organization also functions asthe clearinghouse for engineering plans,reports, and external coordination. Thecontingency engineering managementorganization directly interfaces with thecomponent engineer staffs and JFC. Inhandl ing topographic engineer ingrequirements, the JFC may choose to organizetopographic engineers within the J-2 staff.

See paragraph 6 of this chapter for additionalinformation on contingency engineeringmanagement organizations.

a. Special Staff. When the engineer effortis a significant focus of the operation, the JFCmay establish an engineer special staff elementthat reports directly to the JFC. This specialstaff option provides the greatest flexibilityin orchestrating diverse engineer operationsand allows for the greatest visibility ofengineer capabilities, requirements, andresponsibilities throughout the staff.

b. Operations Directorate Staff. Whenthe focus of engineer effort predominantlysupports operational movement andmaneuver, fires, and force protection, the JFCshould consider placing the engineer staff as

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a cell within the J-3 to coordinate combatengineering requirements. During theseoperations, this option will provide the fastestexchange of information during crisis actionplanning and optimize the use of supportingcapabilities.

c. Logistics Directorate (J-4) Staff.When the engineer effort predominantlysupports force sustainment, engineer issuestend to revolve around missions that supportlogistic operations. During these operationsthe JFC may be best served by placing theengineer staff or cell as an element under theJ-4 to facilitate the planning and coordinationof these requirements.

5. Engineer Boards

Boards serve as the forum to address issuesoutside of daily operation and to ensurecoordination at the leadership level. In theengineer arena, three typical boards are theJoint Facilities Utilization Board (JFUB),Joint Civil-Military Engineering Board(JCMEB), and Joint EnvironmentalManagement Board (JEMB). All three boardsmeet as necessary to address specific topics.

JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for Civil EngineeringSupport, provides additional information.

a. Joint Facilities Utilization Board. Thegeographic combatant commander orsubordinate JFC may establish a JFUB toassist in managing facilities. The JFUB ischaired by the combatant command orsubordinate joint force J-4 or engineer, withmembers from the joint staff as required,components, and any other required specialactivities (e.g., legal and civil affairs). TheJFUB evaluates and reconciles componentrequests for real estate, use of existingfacilities, inter-Service support, andconstruction to ensure compliance withpriorities established by the JCMEB. Mostof the JFUB’s work is handled by the jointforce engineer with assistance from other

selected board members. Unresolved issuesare forwarded to the JCMEB. The JFUB alsoprovides administrative support and functionsas the executive agency for the taskings ofthe JCMEB.

b. Joint Civil-Military EngineeringBoard. The JCMEB is a temporary board,activated by the geographic combatantcommander, chaired by the combatantcommand J-4 or engineer, and staffed bypersonnel from the components and DODagencies or activities in support of thecombatant command. The JCMEBestablishes policies, procedures, priorities, andoverall direction for civil-militaryconstruction and engineering requirements inthe theater. The board gauges mission impactfrom engineering activities and recommendsactions as needed. A primary concern of theboard is to deconflict requirements betweenthe military and civilian portions of a jointoperation. The JCMEB arbitrates issuesreferred to it by the JFUB. The JCMEB willcoordinate its activities with the combatantcommand’s engineering staff. Constructionand engineering requirements that the JCMEBcannot satisfy from within the joint forceresources will be elevated to the nextappropriate level for support. The JCMEBalso provides guidance on development of theCivil Engineer Support Plan (CESP) to anoperation plan (OPLAN) and/or operationorder (OPORD) and, if appropriate, assumesresponsibility for preparation of the CESP.

See Chapter III, "Planning," subparagraph2c for information on the CESP.

c. Joint Environmental ManagementBoard. The geographic combatantcommander or subordinate JFC may establisha JEMB to assist in managing environmentalrequirements. The JEMB is a temporaryboard, chaired by the combatant command orsubordinate joint force J-4 or engineer, withmembers from the joint staff (as required),components, and any other required special

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activities (e.g., legal, medical, and civilaffairs). The board establishes policies,procedures, priorities, and the overall directionfor environmental management requirementsin the operational area. The JEMB willcoordinate its activities with the combatantcommand or subordinate joint forceengineering staff. The JEMB also providesguidance on development of Annex L,"Environmental Considerations," to anOPLAN or OPORD and, if appropriate, assumesresponsibility for preparation of this annex.

See Chapter III, "Planning," subparagraph2c and 3m for additional information onAnnex L, "Environmental Considerations."

6. Contingency EngineeringManagement Organizations

Experiences in recent contingencyoperations have emphasized the importanceof timely planning and preparation inproviding essential engineer supportrequirements to the joint force. Combatantcommand and subordinate joint force engineerorganizations should be tailored and trainedin peacetime for operations across the rangeof military operations. The combatantcommander or subordinate JFC may form acontingency engineering managementorganization as an option to augment the jointforce staff, providing additional Serviceengineering expertise to support bothdeliberate and crisis action planning andprovide construction management incontingency and wartime operations. Thecombatant commander may form a theatercontingency engineering management

(TCEM) cell, and similar organizations maybe formed at subordinate levels of command(e.g., regional contingency engineeringmanagement (RCEM) cell and/or joint taskforce contingency engineering management(JTFCEM) cell). These contingencyengineering management organizationsshould be staffed with expertise across thethree engineer battlespace functions; combatengineering, general engineering, andtopographic engineering. Service componentengineer personnel should be assigned to thesecontingency engineering managementorganizations to facilitate coordination. TheTCEM, RCEM, and JTFCEM organizationssupport OPLAN and CESP development aswell as management of contingencyengineering operations.

See JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for CivilEngineering Support, for detailed informationon contingency engineering managementorganizations and concepts.

7. Conclusion

The JFC establishes command and staffrelationships to meet the demands of themission. The options presented in this chapterare not all-inclusive, but provide a frameworkfor understanding the responsibilities of theengineer staff and its relationships within jointcommands. Regardless of the mission,command relationship, or placement of theengineer staff within the joint force staff, theJFC should organize the engineer forces toensure unity of effort, centralized planning,and decentralized execution of engineer tasksto support mission requirements.

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Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER IIIPLANNING

III-1

1. Strategic, Operational, andTactical Planning

The challenges of planning successfulengineer operations in support of jointoperations within diverse theaters are vast andvaried (see Figure III-1). The engineer staff

“No one starts a war — or rather no one in his senses ought to do so —without first being clear in his mind what he intends to achieve in that warand how he intends to conduct it.”

Major General Carl von ClausewitzOn War, 1832

must be involved in planning from the initialstage of the process. Understanding howengineers affect air, land, and maritimeoperations equips the planner with thebackground to form a comprehensive plan ofengineer actions. This universal applicationof engineers is crucial at all levels of war. The

Figure III-1. Engineer Planning

ENGINEER PLANNING

The challenges of planning successful engineer operations insupport of joint operations within diverse theaters are vast andvaried. The engineer staff must be involved in planning from theinitial stage of the process.

Operational planning merges the operation plan of the joint force,specific engineer missions assigned, and available engineerforces to achieve success.

Service components are the primary tactical planners.is the art and science of employing available

means to win battles and engagements and includes theordered arrangement and maneuver of units in relation toone another and the enemy in order to use their fullpotential.

Tactics

Engineer planners must determine the basic, yet broad, mobilization,deployment, operational, and sustainment requirements of the combatantcommander's concept of operations.

STRATEGIC

OPERATIONAL

TACTICAL

LEVELS

OF

WAR

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JP 3-34

omission of engineer considerations in anyphase of an operation may adversely impactthe entire plan.

a. Strategic and Operational Planning.The combatant commander’s engineerplanning concepts focus on the relationshipof geography and force-projectioninfrastructure to the concept of operations.Engineer planners must determine the basicyet broad mobilization, deployment,employment, and sustainment requirementsof the combatant commander’s concept ofoperations. Operational planning merges theOPLAN of the joint force, specific engineermissions assigned, and available engineerforces to achieve success.

b. Tactical Planning. Tactical planningis normally accomplished by the commandersor planners of the unit or units specified toaccomplish the task or mission. The Servicecomponents can also accomplish tacticalplanning. Engineer planners must determinethe best methods to accomplish assignedmissions or tasks that are detailed and usuallylocal in nature through the employment oftasked engineering forces and other forcesmade available. The JFC should ensure thatengineering forces are placed properly in thisarrangement and employed to influence thejoint force battlespace.

2. The Planning Process

The particular procedures used in jointplanning depend on the time available toaccomplish them. Engineering considerationsare similar for both deliberate and crisis actionplanning. Engineering considerations in thedeliberate planning steps encompass the sameengineering considerations in the crisis actionplanning steps. A correlation of the crisisaction planning steps is provided after eachdeliberate planning step. Engineerconsiderations are outlined in the followingphases of the deliberate planning process.

The different methods of planning aredescribed in JP 5-0, Doctrine for PlanningJoint Operations, and JP 5-00.2, Joint TaskForce Planning Guidance and Procedures.

a. Initiation (Situation Development,Crisis Assessment, and COA Development).During this phase, the joint force engineerassembles the resources required to supportmission analysis and COA development tasksfor the concept development phase.

b. Concept Development (COADevelopment). The supported commanderand staff responsible for developing the planaccomplish this phase of planning.

AN UNUSUAL PLAN

The (2nd Marine) Division’s breaching plan was elegantly simple, a factor thathelped overcome the lack of time for planning and training. MG Keyes and hisstaff used an amphibious assault as a model, even though this particular assaultwas going to be conducted on land. Combat engineers laid out six lanes fromsix departure and penetration points that went through the berm along a12-kilometer front. These were named like beaches: from left to right ran Red1, Red 2, Blue 3, Blue 4, Green 5, and Green 6…each lane was marked aboutevery kilometer by appropriately colored plastic garbage pails spray paintedwith lane numbers and phase lines.

SOURCE: US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991

III-3

Planning

• Mission Analysis. The end product ofthe mission analysis process is a restatedengineer mission statement and thedevelopment, preparation, and issuanceof planning guidance to the staff andsubordinate commands. Development ofan engineer end state and a clearunderstanding throughout the chain ofcommand contribute to missionaccomplishment and achieving thedesired objectives. Engineer considerationsduring this step of planning include, butare not limited to:

•• Terrain analysis in support ofbattlespace visualization;

•• Infrastructure and facilitiesassessment;

•• Availability of HNS;

•• Digital mapping requirements;

•• Capabilities of assigned engineerforces;

•• Engineer requirements;

•• Assessment of multinational engineercapabilities;

•• Threat engineer capabilities; and

•• Engineer end state.

•• Environmentally sensitive areas.

• Planning Guidance Development.During this phase, the engineer assessesall available information derived from themission analysis process to provide thecommander with input required todevelop the initial COAs. The joint forceengineer uses this combined assessmentto identify the resources required tos u p p o r t e a c h C O A , t o m a k erecommendations based upon availabletime and resources, and to recommendforce tailoring to best support thecombatant commander’s intent. Thisassessment is the linchpin of successfulengineer integration into operations.During COA development, the engineermay consider the following.

•• Options for joint force operationalmovement, maneuver, and protection.

•• C2 options to best employ theengineer capabilities of the joint force.

•• Recommendations on ISB, forwardoperating bases, forward logistic supportsites, and avenues of approach.

•• MSRs and available LOC facilities.

• Staff Estimates. As part of staffestimates, the engineer develops adetailed assessment of each COA and its

PREPLANNING TO RESTORE HOPE

In December 1992, the joint task force (JTF) engineer approached the JTFcommander of Operation RESTORE HOPE in Somalia to obtain thecommander’s intent and guidance on facility and road construction. Hepresented multiple options with varied construction standards. Each optionhad an associated resource requirement affixed to the level of work and anexpected completion date.

SOURCE: Operation RESTORE HOPEAfter-Action Report

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supportability from an engineerperspective. At this point in planning theengineer considers the following.

•• Specific engineer tasks necessary tosupport each COA.

•• Availability of engineer capabilities tomeet requirements. Use of engineerplanning factors, e.g., equipment,personnel, and unit capabilities, isessential in determining engineer supportfor each COA.

See JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for CivilEngineering Support, for more informationon engineer planning factors.

•• Engineer logistic requirements tosupport each COA.

•• Engineer actions and capabilities, plusthe resources needed during transition ortermination of operations.

• Commander’s Estimate. During thisphase of planning, the engineerparticipates in wargaming, analyzing, andcomparing available COAs to produce acommander’s estimate. At a minimum,the engineer evaluates the following.

•• Criteria for risk assessment.

•• Resource requirements.

•• Resources available.

•• Advantages and disadvantages ineach of the engineer battlespacefunctions.

• CINC’s Strategic Concept. During thisstep, the commander selects a COA,which is further expanded into theCINC’s strategic concept. During thisphase, the engineer ensures that allrequirements developed during themission analysis and staff estimateprocesses are accounted for in the COAand supportable from an engineeringperspective.

• Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff(CJCS) Approval. The strategicconcept developed in the planningprocess is submitted to the Chairman ofthe Joint Chiefs of Staff for review andapproval. If the concept is approved bythe Chairman, the CINC’s staff willadvance the concept into the plandevelopment phase.

Navy SEABEEs improving main supply routes.

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Planning

c. Plan Development (COA Developmentand Selection). During plan development,a CJCS-approved concept is expanded into acomplete OPLAN, operation plan in conceptformat (with or without time-phased force anddeployment data (TPFDD)), or functionalplan. The process is the same for all plantypes. To support this phase, the engineerprovides input for the appropriate annexes andappendices of the plan, as found in CJCSManual (CJCSM) 3122.03, Joint OperationPlanning and Execution System Vol II:(Planning Formats and Guidance). Engineersare responsible for preparing Annex D,"Logistics," of Appendix 6, "CivilEngineering Support Plan," as well as AnnexL, "Environmental Considerations." Inaddition to the CESP and Annex L, the jointengineer staff usually provides input(depending on the mission and combatantcommander’s intent) to the annexes and

appendices shown in Figure III-2. Thefollowing annexes and appendices requireengineer input.

Refer to JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for CivilEngineering Support, for further informationon the CESP and Annex L, "EnvironmentalConsiderations."

• “Task Organization,” Annex A.Engineers review Annex A to ensuresufficient capability to meet identifiedrequirements. Additionally, plannersprovide input to the flow of the engineerforce as detailed on the TPFDD.

• “Air Base Operability” (ABO),Appendix 8, Annex C. Engineerconsiderations may factor heavily intothe overall concept of ABO, includingthe concepts of the five basic functions

Figure III-2. Operation Plan Annexes

OPERATION PLAN ANNEXES

SUBJECT

Task Organization

OperationsApp 8, Air Base OperabilityApp 13, EODApp 15, Force Protection

LogisticsApp 5, (CESP)

Civil Affairs

EnvironmentalConsiderations

Geospatial Informationand Services

A

C

D

G

L

M

Command, Control, andCommunications

CESP EODCivil Engineering Support Plan Explosive Ordnance Disposal

Space Operations

Personnel

Meteorological

Public Affairs

Command Relationships

Host Nation Support

Execution Checklist

Special TechnicalOperations

Medical Services

Distribution

Intelligence

K

N

E

H

F

J

P

X

S

Q

Z

B

SUBJECTANNEX ANNEX

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to defend (installations), survive (provideexpedient protection), recover (assessdamage, effect repairs), generate (work-arounds for damaged systems), andsupport (the recovery effort).

• “Explosive Ordnance Disposal,”Appendix 13, Annex C. This appendixshould provide an outline of expectedEOD operations in support of the plan.EOD personnel assist in the identificationand removal of unexploded ordnance tosupport mission requirements and/orreturn facilities to a usable status.

• “Force Protection,” Appendix 15 toAnnex C. The combatant commandermay require the joint force engineer toprovide a list of the forces available tosupport the protection plan. Based onthe commander’s intent, activities of theenemy, and the predominant threat, thejoint force engineer may provideappropriate assistance, including thefollowing: facility hardening, revetments,berms, and installation securityimprovements (barriers, perimeterfencing, monitors, and cameras).

• “Civil Affairs,” Annex G. Engineersshould focus on areas affecting dislocatedcivilians, government stability, and thedegree of destruction or degradation ofcivilian infrastructure. Engineers play akey role in providing shelter (tent cities)and performing essential repairs tofacilities and utilities (water, sanitation,and power production). Engineeringpersonnel can also help identify localindigenous resources available to assistin civil-military operations.

• “Geospatial Information andServices,” Annex M. This annexidentifies the topographic engineeringforces assigned or attached, their mannerof employment, and the required

geospatial products and services.Engineers assist the combatantcommander in identifying geospatialassets available to support the plan.Engineers should review availablegeospatial products and services foradequacy and recommend additionalgeospatial support.

• “Operations,” Annex C. Although notincluded in CJCSM 3122.03, JointOperation Planning and ExecutionSystem Vol II: (Planning Formats andGuidance), engineers should seriouslyconsider preparing an engineer appendixto Annex C. Major opera t ionalengineering considerations may affect thesuccess of a joint operation. Emphasisshould focus on the overall priority ofengineer effort by phase as well as anyunique C2 considerations and supportrelationships between combat engineersand supporting theater-level engineers.

• Development of Time-Phased Forceand Deployment Data. Additionally,engineers should be involved in thedevelopment of the OPLAN TPFDD,one of the most time-consuming andintensely managed aspects of plandevelopment. Engineer participation indeveloping the TPFDD is critical as itensures that:

•• Engineer capabilities (units) arrive inthe operational area in a manner thatsupports the desired shaping of thebattlespace; and

•• Facilities required to support forceprojection and joint reception, staging,onward movement, and integration(JRSOI) are in place and available todeploying units.

JP 4-01.8, Joint Tactics, Techniques, andProcedures for Reception, Staging,

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Planning

Onward Movement, and Integration,provides guidelines for planning andexecuting JRSOI.

d. Plan Review (COA Selection andExecution Planning). During this phase, theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff conducts

a final review of the OPLAN submitted bythe supported commander. The review is alsointended to identify unresolved shortfalls inforce and resource capabilities. From anengineering perspective, this may includethose facilities required to support forceprojection into the theater.

TASK FORCE CASTLE

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY in Haiti required one of the largest OCONUS[outside the continental United States] deployments of engineer forces sincethe end of the Gulf War. The 20th Engineer Brigade from Fort Bragg, NorthCarolina, served as the headquarters for Task Force Castle, a joint engineertask force of over 2500 personnel. Task Force Castle spent almost two monthsin Haiti providing force bed-down, survivability, mobility, and generalengineering support to a joint and combined force of over 20,000 soldiers,airmen, and Marines. The XVIII Airborne Corps was given overall authority forplanning the intervention into Haiti. During the XVIII Airborne planning process,OPLAN [operation plan] X, a forced-entry operation was being parallel plannedwith OPLAN Y, a permissive-entry operation planned by the 10th MountainDivision with the 41st Engineer Battalion as the lead engineer element. On 11September 1994 the 20th Engineer Brigade received an execution order forOPLAN Z, a merging of OPLANs X and Y. While the conditions for the twooperations differed significantly, many of the engineering specific issuesremained the same, including:

• The military engineer end state.

• Size of the engineer force.

• Upgrading and maintaining lines of communications.

• Where the force would live.

• Transition responsibilities.

The flow of engineers into the theater was decentralized. Elements of the 41stEngineer Battalion conducted air assault operations into Haiti off the aircraftcarrier USS Eisenhower. The battalion conducted an air assault into theinternational airport and port facility to clear and secure these facilities forfollow-on forces. Engineer sweep teams cleared the main runway, apron, andtaxiway, while an element of the 1st Brigade Combat Team, with sappers,cleared the port facility. After these missions were accomplished, engineersbegan force protection missions and construction of foxholes, fightingpositions, berms, and wire obstacles. Since there was no opposing force,engineer focus soon transitioned to base camp development and force bed-down in the joint operations area.

SOURCE: Task Force Castle, Engineer Magazine, April 1995

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assets. When coupled with threat analysis,environmental effects, weather, terrain, thefriendly situation, and the logistic situation,geospatial information may lead toidentification and location of operationalcenters of gravity (both friendly and enemy)and a more accurate view of the battlespace.Accurate visualization of the area in whichjoint forces conduct operations allowscommanders to plan for branches to currentoperations. Engineer analysis contributes to:

• Development of maneuver options;

• Selection of high-payoff targets;

• Acquisition of precise, deep-targetinformation; and

• Development of a common operationalpicture through terrain visualization.

See CJCSI 3901.01A, Requirements forGeospatial Information and Services, andJP 2-03, Joint Tactics, Techniques, andProcedures for Geospatial Informationand Services Support to Joint Operations,for additional information.

“I directed the 6th Marine Regiment toprepare to conduct the breach. Wewould do a one-regiment breach, witheach battalion, in turn, cutting two lanesthrough the barrier. We moved the 6thMarines into a sterile area and startedto construct an exact replica of thebarrier line we would have to breach.We gathered all the intelligence wecould on the area. We sent peopleback to [US Central Command]Headquarters, and we even sent theDivision Engineer back to the DefenseIntelligence Agency in Washington foranything they could find.”

LtGen William M. Keyes, USMCCG, 2nd Marine Division

Operations DESERT SHIELD andDESERT STORM

Interview, November 1991

e. Supporting Plans (COA Selection,Execution Planning, and Execution).During this final phase of the deliberateplanning process, the supported commanderdirects the completion and submission ofsupporting plans. As required by the CINC’stask assignment, component commanders,JTF commanders, supporting commanders, orother agencies develop supporting plans.Many of the engineer considerations discussedabove apply to and should be accounted forby subordinate components.

f. Engineers should review the entire planfor adequacy, feasibility, acceptability, andconsistency with joint doctrine.

See CJCSM 3141.01, Procedures for Reviewof Operation Plans, for additionalinformation.

3. Planning Considerations

During joint operations, engineer plannersshould consider such things as geospatialinformation, intelligence requirements,topographic engineer support, constructionsupport (including construction safetyrequirements and safety criteria), countermineoperations, force protection, HN forces,multinational operations, interagencyoperations, contractor support, materielacqu i s i t i on , ope ra t i ona l phase s ,environmental considerations, and fundingand resource management.

a. Geospatial Information. Requirementsfor geospatial information are determined andvalidated by the GI&S officer duringdeliberate and crisis action planningprocesses. Geospatial information, thefoundation for battlespace visualization, isrequired for many military functions such asnavigation, mission planning, missionrehearsal, targeting, and analysis. Engineerssignificantly aid in battlespace visualization,particularly through theater topographic

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Planning

b. Intelligence Requirements. Engineerintelligence requirements need to beintegrated into the joint force intelligencecollection plan. The intelligence requiredvaries with the size of the force, staff level,engineer unit, and mission. The basicprinciples for engineer intelligence are liaisonwith other engineer technical information andintelligence-gathering elements, brevity,accuracy, and timeliness. Some key engineerintelligence requirements are shown in FigureIII-3.

c. Topographic Engineer Support. Jointoperations may be conducted in areas thathave limited up-to-date topographic coveragefrom NIMA, US Geological Survey, and othercivilian, allied, and HN sources. Whenproviding topographic support to the jointforce, the engineer should coordinate thefollowing with the GI&S officer.

• Evaluating the availability of standardand nonstandard map products in theoperational area. If shortfalls exist, theengineer and the GI&S officer shoulddefine specific requirements andcoordinate the collection and creation ofnecessary data to build the joint forcetopographic database.

• Coordinating with the GI&S officerfor early collection of terrain informationin the operational area throughreconnaissance, topographic survey, andsatellite imagery.

• Requesting digital geospatial informationfrom NIMA immediately after missionrequirements are established in acontingency. NIMA produces a varietyof digital geospatial data sets. Duringpeacetime, combatant commands mayestablish a basic requirement for thesestandard data sets. As contingenciesarise, data sets tailored to the specificoperation should be requested early in theplanning process to ensure that theseproducts will be available to the jointforce. The request should also includedata sets for all the subordinate unitsinvolved in the operation.

• Ensuring that terrain analysis andtopographic reproduction capabilities areavailable to the joint force early in theoperational area or through split-basingcapabilities from continental UnitedStates locations.

• Establishing a topographic productstorage and distribution capability in theoperational area, in conjunction with theJ-2 and J-4.

• Establishing special topographic-productprocedures with special operations forcesand other deployed forces.

Figure III-3. Key EngineerIntelligence Requirements

Enemy engineer capabilities andequipment

Enemy obstacles

Infrastructure information

Engineer construction materials

Hydrographic information

Meteorological conditions

Topographic information

Environmental factors of militarysignificance

KEY ENGINEERINTELLIGENCE

REQUIREMENTS

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d. Construction Support. Engineers areoften required to establish some type of bare-base infrastructure that supports deployedforces or dislocated civilians with minimal lifesupport and a protected, healthy, and safeenvironment.

• Problems in a contingency-operationatmosphere may include the following.

•• Sanitary conditions may becompromised.

•• Infrastructure may be degraded.

•• Airfields and ports may not beoperating at full capacity due to damage.

•• Civil government may lapse.

• When providing construction support toa joint force, the engineer planner shouldconsider the following.

•• Determining the status, safety, andavailability of existing infrastructurefacilities, utilities, airfields, ports, roads,and construction materials in theoperational area.

•• Estimating minimum engineerconstruction standards for life support,safety, and force protection, including theneed for base-camp packaging.Construction standards are as follows.Initial Standard — Characterized byaustere facilities requiring minimalengineer effort. Intended for immediateaustere operational use by units uponarrival in theater for a limited timeranging up to 6 months (depending onthe specific facility). May requirereplacement by more substantial ordurable facilities during the course ofoperations. Temporary Standard —Characterized by minimum facilities.Intended to increase efficiency ofoperations for use extending to 24months. Provides for sustainedoperations. Replaces initial standard insome cases where mission requirementsdictate. Temporary standard constructioncan be used from the start of an operationif directed by a combatant commander.

Refer to JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for CivilEngineering Support, for detailedinformation on construction standards.

Navy SEABEEs constructing base camp facilities in support ofdeployed forces in Kosovo.

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Planning

•• Defining the construction end statewith the JFC.

•• Determining what construction US orHN military engineers or civiliancontractors will conduct, based ondeployment time lines and threat level.

•• Ensuring that the joint force hasadequate construction-managementcapability to support the operational area.

•• Establishing real estate acquisitionpolicies and programs in support of theoperational area.

•• Coordinating with J-4 to ensure thatrequired construction materials areprocured and shipped in a timely mannerto meet initial deployed force-protectionand life-support needs.

•• Ensuring that construction safetyrequirements and safety criteria (e.g.,explosive safety distances, and airfieldclearances) are addressed in the planningprocess.

e. Countermine Operations. Theengineer should consider the following when

providing countermine support to the jointforce. These considerations and proceduresshould be included with established rules ofengagement.

• At the strategic and operational levels,the combatant command engineer shouldbe concerned with enemy barriers,obstacles, and mines that may adverselyimpact the deployment and employmentof the joint force in the operational area.For example, the combatant commandengineer, working with the J-2, J-3, andJ-4, should recommend alternatives and/or actions to alleviate or mitigate thethreat posed by enemy mining or otheradverse actions against key APODs,SPODs, and LOCs.

• Working closely with the J-2 to determinethe land mine threat for the operationalarea.

• Publishing mine-recognition handbooks,and land mine recognition and warningposters for deploying forces.

• Exploiting all sources of intelligence toidentify mined areas in the operationalarea.

Military engineers provide force protection enhancements incontingency operations.

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• Ensuring that deployed forces are trainedto identify, mark, and report encounteredland mines.

• Conducting land-mine detection,marking, and removal training for forcesconducting countermine missions.

• Establishing, disseminating, andenforcing route and area land-mineclearance and marking procedures for theoperational area.

See JP 3-15, Joint Doctrine for Barriers,Obstacles, and Mine Warfare, foradditional information.

f. Force Protection. Commanders andstaff planners always consider forceprotection. The HN may provide securityforces, US forces (including combat support(CS) and combat service support (CSS)personnel) may augment security forces, or acombination of the two may occur. If the latteroccurs, all of the involved units and agencieswill have to closely coordinate their missionplans. Some types of military operations otherthan war (MOOTW) may indicate a low threatlevel; however, any threat is a significantconcern to deployed forces. Hostile elements,with initiative and in their own environment,can inflict damage or disrupt operations withminimal effort. A major concern is theprotection of engineering personnel andconstruction equipment. Therefore, plannersmust consider physical and personnel securityat every level of planning. Engineers haveunique equipment and personnel capabilitiesthat can be used to support deployed forceprotection efforts across the range of militaryoperations. Engineers construct protectivefacilities, bunkers, emplacements, vehiclebarriers, fences, and other structures neededto protect the force. When providing forceprotection construction support to the jointforce, engineer planners should consider thefollowing.

• Establishing the required level ofprotection needed in the operational area,based on the expected threat, incoordination with the JFC.

• Developing force protection constructionstandards for operating and life-supportbases, including the need for securityfencing, lighting, obstacles, and guardposts.

• Ensuring that early entry forces haveadequate force protection constructionmaterials, materials handling equipment,and holding areas. Service componentengineers should review these materialsannually to ensure the theater stockagelevel for force protection is sufficient tomeet initial entry requirements.

• Establishing facility security-inspectionprocedures with military and local law-enforcement personnel to quicklyidentify and repair breaches.

• Delineating force protection constructionresponsibilities between engineer unitsand supported units.

• Developing force protection constructionstandards for the joint force. The joint reararea coordinator (JRAC) may establish therequirement for subordinate elements tomeet force protection standards forinstallations spread across many countries.The joint force engineer and staff couldassist the JRAC in establishing forceprotection construction standards.

CJCSM 3122.03, Joint OperationPlanning and Execution System Vol II:(Planning Formats and Guidance),Appendix 15 to Annex C, "ForceProtection," and Appendix 6 to AnnexD, "Civil Engineering Support Plan,"provide additional guidance.

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Planning

g. HN Forces. Doctrine, operationalcompetence, training, experience, types andquality of equipment, and types of units canvary substantially among HN military forces.To facilitate matching missions withcapabilities, JFCs implement measures toassess the capabilities, strengths, andweaknesses of HN forces. Where HNengineer forces have unique or specialcapabilities, they should be appropriatelyintegrated into operations. Specific planningconsiderations for coordinating HN plans andoperations include:

• Considering the need for interpreters andcommunications interoperability;

• Obtaining available informationconcerning threat mine and obstacle data,construction materials, soils data, andfacilities; and

• Providing engineer liaison officers to theHN where and when appropriate.

h. Multinational Operations. Closecooperation is ensured when the United Statesand its allies preplan engineering activities thatcollectively support the commander’s intent.Specific planning considerations forcoordinating multinational engineer plans andoperations include the following.

• Establishing multinational engineerstructure and logistic requirements.

• Establishing engineer staff links throughthe joint engineer staff.

• Establishing funding policies andagreements to finance projects.

• Identifying standards to be achieved inthe construction of facilities.

• Providing engineer liaison officers whereand when appropriate.

• Developing multinational commandrelationships that will assist the JFC inleveraging engineer capabilitiesthroughout the operational area.

JP 3-16, Joint Doctrine for MultinationalOperations, provides basic informationon planning considerations forcombined operations.

During Operation UPHOLDDEMOCRACY in Haiti, a Canadian-American Engineer Battalion, called the“Can-Am Engineer Battalion” wasformed under the UN flag. In that unitthe United States provided thebattalion-level command and controland the horizontal constructioncapabilities while the Canadiansprovided the vertical constructioncapability. This battalion did most ofthe bed-down construction at multiplebase camps around the country.

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY

i. Interagency Operations. Manyinteragency organizations will participate orlead activities in certain contingencies. JFCsshould assure coordination of engineer assetswith these agencies to create unity of effort andsynergy and to avoid duplication of effort. Forexample, during consequence managementengineers might provide support in the cleanupwithin Service limitations, which requires closecoordination with other USG agencies.

JP 3-08, Interagency Coordination DuringJoint Operations, provides in-depthin format ion regard ing p lanningconsiderations for interagency involvement injoint operations.

j. Contractor Support. The challenge forengineer planners is to achieve the optimalmix of engineering capabilities, which mayinclude contractor support. Some planningconsiderations influencing the use ofcontractors include the following.

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• Duration, scope of work, security, andstability within the operational area.

• Availability of local resources (labor andconstruction materials).

• Impacts on intratheater lift and portfacilities.

• Availability of funding.

• Impact on local area political andeconomic stabilization.

• Impact of force limitation imposed byforce caps which could limit the numberof military engineering forces.

A WELL-ORCHESTRATED EVENT: JOINT FORCE ENGINEERING SUPPORT

Operation RESTORE HOPE in Somalia demonstrated how well joint engineercapabilities can be used to meet joint force requirements. Early planningidentified a large military engineer requirement for both combat andconstruction support missions. Planners decided to use a mix of engineercapability from the US Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. Time-phasingof this support was well orchestrated based on available lift and missionrequirements.

• Air Force RED HORSE airfield repair teams had been maintaining airfieldsthroughout Somalia since 16 August 1992.

• A vertical construction detachment from the 40th Naval MobileConstruction Battalion (NMCB 40) (SEABEE) opened up the Mogadishuairfield and constructed troop bed-down and logistic support facilitiesthroughout Mogadishu on D+1.

• On D+5, a company of combat engineers from the 1st Marine CombatEngineer Battalion (1CEB), 1st Marine Division, supported the expansionof Marine operations in Mogadishu by clearing obstacles and sweepingfor mines. The battalion then supported Marine lodgment efforts in Baidoa,Baledogle, and Kismayo and began upgrading the road from Baidoa toBardera.

• Elements of the Marine 7th Engineer Support Battalion (7th ESB) arrivedoffshore on D+5. The battalion augmented SEABEE horizontal constructioncapability and constructed and operated redeployment facilities.

On D+7, horizontal construction equipment from the 1st Naval MobileConstruction Battalion (NMCB 1) arrived along with command and controlelements from the 30th Naval Construction Regiment (30th NCR). NMCB 1repaired airfields and constructed base camp facilities at outlying humanitarianrelief centers, and opened up main supply routes out of Mogadishu. Jointengineer forces also executed civic action projects as personnel, equipment,and construction materiel resources allowed. Work included carpentry,electrical wiring, plumbing, and water-well refurbishing projects.


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Planning

Refer to JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for CivilEngineering Support, for detailedinformation on planning considerationsfor use of contractors.

k. Materiel Acquisition. Engineersrequire a variety of materiel and need toincorporate the most cost-effective acquisitionstrategy that meets the JFC’s intent. Materielmay be obtained from many sources, eitherlocal or imported. Engineer planners shoulddetermine sources of engineer materiel andincorporate an acquisition strategy into theplan. Planning may include timetables forturning over materials and contract servicesto the HN, USG organizations, or IOs.

l. Operational Phases. The conduct ofcurrent operations sets the stage for futureoperations. Engineers need to consider follow-on phases throughout the planning process inorder to have sufficient force structure,facilities, and materials in place to meet futureoperational requirements. In order to meetthe commander’s objectives and shape thebattlespace for the JFC, engineer effortnormally starts before decisive actions begin.During the planning and execution phase,commanders must understand thatredeployment can be a significant engineerchallenge, particularly when terminatingoverseas contingencies. Engineers focus onconstructing or repairing redeploymentfacilities and staging areas, to include washracks and equipment-holding and customs-inspection facilities. JFCs should identifyposthostilities requirements as early aspossible to best accomplish engineer missionsand simultaneously redeploy assets no longerneeded in accomplishment of the mission.

m. Environmental Considerations.Successful planning and execution of jointengineering operations and exercises requiresever-increasing attention to environmentalconsiderations. Environmental considerationsextend far beyond the engineer and logisticcommunities. Operators, intelligence staffs,

medical representatives, legal counsel, andother members of a JFC’s staff have a sharedresponsibility to ensure that environmentalconsiderations are incorporated intooperations and exercise planning. Anenvironmental site survey should beconducted prior to deployment wheneverpossible to document current environmentalconditions. Coordination with preventivemedicine functions assessing environmentalhealth risks to deployed personnel is essential.Joint force engineers develop Annex L,"Environmental Considerations," toOPLANs in coordination with other staffelements, to include medical, logistic,operations, intelligence, legal, civil affairs,and other joint staff members as appropriate.Coordination with other DOD agencies (suchas Defense Logistics Agency) and other USGdepartments (such as the Departments ofState and Energy) may also be necessary. Inthe event other nations are involved in theoperations or exercises, coordination withappropriate allied and coalition partnercounterpart staff agencies must also beconsidered. Requirements related toenvironmental considerations may be foundin numerous sources, which include but arenot limited to the following.

• Provisions of US environmental lawapplicable overseas.

• Executive orders.

• DOD Directives (DODDs), regulations,and policies.

• HN laws.

• SOFAs.

• International treaties, protocols, andconventions.

• Specific examples include the OverseasEnvironmental Baseline GuidanceDocument; Final Governing Standards;

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JP 3-34

security interests are involved, eitherDOD actions may be exempted fromenvironmental planning requirements, orapplicable requirements may bemodified. Legal counsel should beconsulted to determine applicablerequirements.

“The American people will continue toexpect us to win in any engagement,but they also expect us to be moreefficient in protecting lives andresources while accomplishing themission successfully. Commanders willbe expected to reduce the cost andadverse effects of military operations,from environmental disruptions intraining to collateral damage incombat.”

Joint Vision 2010

• Natural and Cultural Resources. Jointoperations have the potential to adverselyaffect natural and cultural resources. Asrequired by law (or as practicable andconsistent with operational requirements),planners should identify these resources,including endangered or threatenedspecies, historic and archeologicalresources, and other cultural or natural

Executive Order 12088, FederalCompliance with Pollution ControlStandards; Executive Order 12114,Environmental Effects Abroad of MajorFederal Actions; and the BaselConvent ion on the Cont ro l o fTransboundary Movements of HazardousWastes and Their Disposal.

• Environmental Planning. ExecutiveOrder 12114, Environmental EffectsAbroad of Major Federal Actions, andDODD 6050.7, Environmental EffectsAbroad of Major Department of DefenseActions, provide policy guidanceregarding environmental planning whenmajor federal actions have significanteffect on the environment outside thegeographic territory of the United Statesand its possessions. For operationswithin the United States, its territories,and jurisdictions, environmentalplanning must be accomplished asrequired by the National EnvironmentalPolicy Act, the implementing regulationsof the Council on Environmental Quality,and DOD Instruction 4715.9,Environmental Planning and Analysis.In cases of emergency, or where national

Air Force engineers perform drum sampling — environmental considerations mayinclude measures to protect the environment and safeguard human health.

III-17

Planning

resources in the operational area,whether overseas or in the United States,so that appropriate action can be takento minimize the potential damage tothese resources.

Refer to JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for CivilEngineering Support, for additionalinformation on environmentalconsiderations.

n. Funding and Resource Management.A lack of knowledge of funding authorities,interpretations, and references can precludeprovision of timely engineering support. Thefirst critical step in initiating constructionoperations is understanding the necessaryauthorities and references; without statutoryauthorization and appropriation of funds,the Department of Defense is notauthorized to undertake construction orexpend funds. Comptrollers, legal personnel,and engineers should be familiar withpeacetime construction authorities andprocedures. Personnel dealing withcontingency and wartime construction mustknow and apply proper funding authoritiesand Service procedures. The importance ofunderstanding the funding process cannot beoveremphasized as the funding authority maydictate materials, methods, and approvalprocedure. Joint force engineer personnelshould pay particular attention to fundingauthorities associated with the following.

• Emergency Military Construction (USCode (USC) Title 10, Section 2803).

• Contingency Construction (USC Title10, Section 2804).

• Unspecified Minor Construction (USCTitle 10, Section 2805).

• Construction Authority in the Event ofa Declaration of War or National

Emergency (USC Title 10, Section2808).

• Restoration or Replacement of Damagedor Destroyed Facilities (USC Title 10,Section 2854).

• Humanitarian Assistance (USC Title 10,Section 2551).

• Foreign Assistance (USC Title 22,Sections 2292 and 2318).

• DOD Emergency, Contingency, andOther Unprogrammed ConstructionProjects (DODD 4270.36).

JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for CivilEngineering Support, provides detailedinformation on construction funding andresource management authority andpolicy.

o. Military Operations Other ThanWar. MOOTW are generally unifiedoperations that integrate joint, interagency,and multinational operations to achieve thestrategic end state. Effective engineer liaisonwith all involved military units and civilianagencies is critical to the successful conductof MOOTW. While many of the key planningconsiderations for high- to mid-intensitycombat still apply to the engineer planner(e.g., the need to locate a water source andprovide purified water), in MOOTW therequirement will most likely be much greater;not only to sustain the force, but also tosupport humanitarian needs. Someconsiderations for MOOTW are unique, suchas determining routes, road clearing, bridgeconstruction, and repair requirements to permitthe flow of supplies in support of foreignhumanitarian assistance or disaster reliefoperations. Regardless of the type of operation,the unique aspects of the operation should beconsidered early in the planning process.

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4. Conclusion

Involvement of the engineer staff in allaspects of planning is an absolute requirement.Successful engineer preparation of the theaterdepends upon the ready availability of units,equipment, and materiel. Engineers mustbe involved early in the planning of all phasesof joint operations.

“Lieutenant General Johnston, the JTFcommander during OperationRESTORE HOPE in Somalia,established the standards for the areaof operations and the end state forengineer activities. This end statebecame the benchmark for all USunilateral activities within the theater.The end state not only served as theinitial negotiation point for the transferof responsibilities from the US to theUN, but it also became the operationaldate for initiation of the retrograde ofUS personnel and equipment from theregion.”

Operation RESTORE HOPEAfter-Action Report

CHAPTER IVOPERATIONS

IV-1

1. Engineering Functions

Engineer operations enhance thecommander’s ability to conduct operations bymaximizing force projection, sustaining theforce, and enhancing the ability to use keyterrain, roads, airfields, seaports, and LOCs.Engineer capabilities enhance the JFC’scapability to move, maneuver, and achieveobjectives by efficiently using resourcesthrough combat engineering, generalengineering, and topographic engineering.

The power to maneuver, whetherstrategically or tactically, is essential tosuccess. The side which, from anycause, loses the power of maneuver instrategic combinations will be at adisadvantage in the decisive battles. Ifit further loses the power of tacticalmaneuver, final defeat is inevitable.

Note on Field Fortifications, 1914

a. Combat Engineering. Operationalmovement, maneuver, and force protectionrequire the full spectrum of combat engineercapabilities. Combat engineering facilitatesmobility, countermobility, and survivabilityoperations in both offensive and defensivepostures.

• Examples of combat engineering includethe following.

•• Combined arms breaching, bridging,and diving operations to overcomemanmade and natural obstacles.

“Joint force commanders synchronize the actions of air, land, sea, space,and special operations forces to achieve strategic and operational objectivesthrough integrated, joint campaigns and major operations. The goal is toincrease the total effectiveness of the joint force, not necessarily to involveall forces or to involve all forces equally.”

JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations

•• Construction of protective positionsto enhance the protection of the jointforce.

•• Emplacement of obstacles to denymobility to enemy forces.

•• Shaping the battlespace andenhancing the effects of joint fires.

•• Constructing combat trails andforward arming and refueling points(FARPs) to enhance the mobility of thejoint force.

•• Destruction of military infrastructure,equipment assets, and munitions to denythem to the enemy should friendly forcesneed to withdraw before hostilities areover. (Destruction should be necessary,proportional, and not present harm tononcombatants. Military infrastructureselected for destruction should beevaluated for importance to futureoperations.)

•• Support for force protection efforts byconstructing berms and other methods ofimproving cover and concealment for keyfacilities beyond the supported unit’scapabilities.

• Mobility. Mobility enables the JFC tomaneuver forces into advantageouspositions. Mobility is enhanced throughcombinations of counterobstacle efforts(including countermine), gap crossing

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(assault bridging, both standard andnonstandard, fixed, and float bridging),forward aviation engineering,construction and maintenance of combatroads and trails, and engineerreconnaissance. At the operational level,the commander relies on mobility to massat the critical time, achieve surprise, andmaintain momentum.

JP 3-15, Joint Doctrine for Barriers,Obstacles, and Mine Warfare, details

specific counterobstacle operations usedto enhance mobility.

• Countermobility. Countermobilityshapes manmade and natural terrain withobstacle systems to support the JFC’sconcept of operations. Countermobilityadds depth to the battle, in space and time,by attacking the enemy’s ability tomaneuver its forces. With its movementdisrupted, turned, fixed, or blocked, theenemy is vulnerable to US forces,

Army engineers reinforce a damaged timber trestle bridge with an armoredvehicle launched bridge and . . .

. . . Navy SEABEEs assemble a Bailey bridge in Bosnia.

IV-3

Operations

providing time for target acquisition bydirect and indirect fire systems. Byexercising obstacle C2 and focusing onobstacle emplacement authority,engineers ensure that obstacles areintegrated with the JFC’s scheme ofmaneuver and fire to create a decisivebattlefield effect. The engineer must bepart of the JTCB to prevent destructionof key infrastructure essential to futureoperations, and provide guidanceconcerning emplacement of obstacles,barriers, and mines. JP 3-15, JointDoctrine for Barriers, Obstacles, andMine Warfare, identifies many specificoperations used to limit or hamper theenemy’s ability to maneuver. For landoperations, these include: land mines,demolition obstacles, flame fieldexpedients, and special munitions (e.g.,stand-off land attack missile and Hornet).

• Survivability. Engineers providesupport for cover, concealment,camouflage, and deception effortsbeyond the supported unit’s capabilitiesto counter enemy intelligence operationsand to protect the force from the effectsof enemy fires. In joint operations, forceprotection is a principal concern ofleadership at all command levels.

Regardless of the scenario, commanderscan employ engineers to assist insafeguarding the force. Engineersprovide survivability support tomaneuver forces, to include buildingbunkers, protective obstacles, protectiveberms, and vehicle fighting positions.

“It is certain that in future wars, evenmore than in the past, endeavors willbe made by every possible means toprevent or delay the march of theenemy’s troops by throwing obstaclesin the way and by cutting such lines ofcommunications as they might use.”

Douglas MacArthur(1880-1964)

b. General Engineering. Generalengineering encompasses the construction andrepair of LOCs, MSRs, airfields, and logisticfacilities to support joint military operations.General engineering may also be performedin direct support of combat operations, e.g.,battle damage repair. These operationsinclude both horizontal and verticalconstruction and may include use of bothexpedient repair methods and more deliberateconstruction methods characterized by theapplication of design criteria, advancedplanning, and preparation, depending on the

ENGINEERS AND OPERATIONAL MOBILITY

Operation DESERT STORM provides an excellent example of operationalmobility. As it became apparent that Saddam Hussein’s forces were contentto occupy Kuwait and brace for the liberating attack, CINC [combatantcommander] planners formulated the offensive plans for the sweep north,which included two Army corps. The end around Kuwait required thedisplacement of XVIII Airborne Corps from its defensive positions in CentralSaudi Arabia to the northwest on the Iraqi border. Marshalling areas to uploadtrack and road enhancements allowed for the rapid displacement of the corpsinto tactical assembly areas without providing Iraqi forces with even a hint ofthe coalition’s intentions. Engineers aided in the breach of the elaboratedefensive system Hussein’s forces had emplaced, thereby allowing the tacticalengineers to remain integrated with the maneuver force.

SOURCE: Operation DESERT STORMAfter-Action Report

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mission requirements. General engineeringtasks are usually resource and time-intensive,demanding a high degree of preplanning inorder to meet operational requirements.

JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for Civil EngineeringSupport, contains additional informationabout general engineering.

• General Engineering Tasks. Engineerunits identify, assess, upgrade, repair, andconstruct facilities required for forceprojection, sustainment, and JRSOI.During deployment and conduct ofoperations, either one or all Serviceengineer units provide specializedcapabilities such as the following.

•• Construction and repair of airfieldsand ports.

•• Construction and maintenance ofLOCs.

•• Erection of bare base facilities.

•• Power generation and distribution.

•• Construction of fuels and water supplyfacilities.

•• Facilities engineering andmanagement.

•• Real estate management.

ASSET PROTECTION IN SOMALIA

A 19 member RED HORSE team was deployed to Mogadishu, Somalia, toconstruct bin-type revetments to provide splinter protection for millions ofdollars worth of Air Force ground support equipment and Army aviation assets.A total of 12,636 linear feet (approximately 2.4 miles) of revetment materialswere installed. Revetments are primarily installed to protect fighter aircraft.However, in this case the majority of the revetments were used to protectArmy aviation assets such as Blackhawk and Cobra attack helicopters.

SOURCE: Air Force Civil Engineer Magazine, November 1993

Marine engineers construct expedient roadway.

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Operations

•• Baseline environmental survey andenvironmental support.

•• Fire protection.

•• Water well-drilling.

•• Underwater construction.

•• Explosive ordnance disposal.

•• Construction and operation of sanitarywaste treatment facilities.

Refer to Appendix A, "EngineerOrganizations," for specific informationregarding Service engineer capabilities.

• Construction Contracting. During anytype of military operation, engineerrequirements will be numerous, while

military engineers will be a limitedcommodity. Both HN and US civiliancontractors are an effective and essentialoption for the JFC in order to accomplishrear area general engineering andconstruction. Civilian contractors are apowerful force multiplier, allowingmilitary engineers to concentrate onengineering missions in high-threat areas.

•• The DOD construction agents (seeDODD 4270.5, Military ConstructionRespons ib i l i t i e s ) a re USACE,NAVFACENGCOM, or other suchapproved DOD activity. Theirresponsibilities include design, award,and management of constructioncontracts for projects associated withthe peacetime military constructionp rog ram. Ove r sea s , USACE,NAVFACENGCOM, and the Air Forceare assigned specific geographical areasunder DODD 4270.5, Mili taryConstruction Responsibilities.

•• The CINC may also use USACE andNAVFACENGCOM as contingencyCCAs for design, award, andmanagement of construction contracts insupport of military operations. Forgeographical areas where there is nodesignated DOD construction agent, theCINC will usually designate a CCA forsupport in a contingency. USACE andNAVFACENGCOM also providefacilities planning, contract administration,and technical engineering support toJFCs (e.g., advanced base masterplanning, topographic engineering, forceprotection engineering, and cold-weathermobility).

•• Contracting engineer support throughcivil augmentation programs such as theArmy’s LOGCAP, the AFCAP, and theNavy’s CONCAP can play a significantrole in mission accomplishment. Civilaugmentation contracts provide the JFC

Air Force fire fighters provide aviation andstructural fire fighting services.

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with additional options and flexibility inachieving timely engineer and logisticsupport.

•• Regardless of the type of operation,carefully planned, supported, andexecuted engineer support using abalanced mix of engineer capabilities willenhance the success of the mission.

• Real Estate. Real estate operationsinvolve the acquisition, management, anddisposal of land and facilities to supportjoint operations. The JFC determineswhat real estate is needed to satisfyoperational requirements. Acquisition ofland and facilities not owned by the USGis accomplished through assignment,international agreements such as SOFAs,memoranda of agreement, leasing fromthe HN, or direct leasing from the privatesector. Within the Department ofDefense, the Secretaries of the MilitaryDepartments are authorized to acquire bylease in foreign countries structures andreal property relating to structures thatare needed for urgent military purposes(see Title 10, USC 2675). Real estateplanning should be initiated ascontingency plans are developed toidentify land and facility requirementsneeded in support of joint operations.Real estate acquisition requires specialcontracting procedures that are performed

by USACE, NAVFACENGCOM, or adesignated executive agent. Deploymentof real estate personnel is essential earlyin an operation to ensure that needed landand facilities are acquired in a timelymanner.

Refer to JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for CivilEngineering Support, for additionalinformation on construction contractingsupport and real estate support.

• Force Protection. Engineering plays animportant role in force protectionoperations, helping protect the force froma variety of threats — including crimesof opportunity against US personnel andproperty, deliberate environmentalcontamination, terrorist acts, andweapons of mass destruction. Engineersanalyze existing terrain and advise onits optimal use for force protection.Engineers also support the forceprotection effort through the constructionof protective structures such as berms,revetments, obstacles, fortifications,specially designed and reinforcedbuildings, and sophisticated facility alarmsystems. Engineers are also members offorce protection assessment teams.

c. Topographic Engineering. Topographicengineering provides commanders withterrain visualization, which improves

ERECTING AN AIR BASE

On 25 November 1990, RED HORSE and Prime BEEF personnel went to workat Al Karj Air Base, Saudi Arabia. The engineers built a pad 12 inches thick,compacting more than 200,000 cubic yards of red clay to serve as a foundationfor a tent city. Eventually, 630 personnel tents, four kitchens, a gymnasium,twenty-one latrines, and twenty-six shower/shave units were erected orconstructed. They constructed a sanitary system, and a power plant ofseventeen 750-kw turbine generators, assembled an air-transportable hospital,and built six K-span structures. Al Karj was ready for aircraft in early January,and by the beginning of the war, the base was home to 4,900 personnel.

SOURCE: Gulf War Air Power Survey Vol. III

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Operations

situational awareness. Topographic unitsprovide operational and tactical terrainanalysis, terrain visualization, digitized terrainproducts, nonstandard map products, andbaseline survey data to combat, CS, and CSSforces in all phases of operations throughoutthe operational area. Examples of informationthat can be obtained are shown in Figure IV-1.

2. Engineer Operations inWartime

a. Theater Preparation. Engineers assistin preparing the theater by providingintelligence support, necessary facility andreal estate acquisition, and preplanned theateraccess.

• Intelligence Preparation of theBattlespace (IPB). Engineers play amajor role in the IPB process byanticipating and providing terrainanalysis products of likely contingencyareas. Engineers assess availableinfrastructure for possible generalengineering requirements, includingairfields, MSRs, ports, utilities, logisticfacilities, and local sources ofconstruction material and equipment.Engineer reconnaissance andtopographic operations provide currentbattlespace information that assists thecommander in planning and conductingtactical operations. Topographicengineering operations also contribute to

Figure IV-1. Topographic Engineering

TOPOGRAPHIC ENGINEERING

Topographic engineering provides commanders withterrain visualization, which improves situationalawareness. Examples of information which can beobtained are:

Topographic engineering provides commanders withterrain visualization, which improves situationalawareness. Examples of information which can beobtained are:

Avenues and routes for joint forces, as well as likelyenemy avenues of approach

Obstacle-zone locations

Potential engagement areas

Unit positions

Maneuver options

High-payoff targets

Deep-target information

Communications line of sight

Locations of lines of communications and main supplyroutes and potential locations of base camps

Avenues and routes for joint forces, as well as likelyenemy avenues of approach

Obstacle-zone locations

Potential engagement areas

Unit positions

Maneuver options

High-payoff targets

Deep-target information

Communications line of sight

Locations of lines of communications and main supplyroutes and potential locations of base camps

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IPB by assisting the JFC in identifyingpotential avenues of approach andpriority targeting information.

• Acquisition of Real Property. Forceprojection requires infrastructure such asairfields, medical structures, ports, roadsand bridges, water sources, electricalpower, using either adequate preexistinginfrastructures or rehabilitating and/orconstructing new facilities, and acquiringland as required. Facilities arefundamental to JRSOI, logisticsustainment, and some combatoperations. If the HN infrastructure doesnot support initial or sustainedoperations, engineers will construct,improve, and maintain required facilities.If local governments are capable ofmaintaining or improving existinginfrastructure, agreements may bedeveloped for their support. Facilityacquisitions should emphasize the use ofexisting assets over new construction. Tothe maximum extent possible, facilityrequirements should be met from thesecategories in the following priority order:(1) US-owned, -occupied, or -leasedfacilities; (2) US-owned facilitysubstitutes pre-positioned in theater; (3)HN, allied and coalition support where

an agreement exists for the HN, alliedor coalition nation to provide specifictypes and quantities of facilities atspecified times in designated locations;(4) facilities available from commercialsources; (5) US-owned facilitysubstitutes stored in the continentalUnited States; and (6) construction offacilities that are considered shortfallafter an assessment of the availability ofexisting assets.

See CJCSM 3122.03, Joint OperationPlanning and Execution System Vol II:(Planning Formats and Guidance),Appendix 6, "Civil Engineering SupportPlan," to Annex D, "Logistics."

• Theater Access. The CINC isresponsible for planning, coordinating,and constructing facilities within the areaof responsibility. Engineers support theCINC’s strategy through use ofdeployments for training, exercises,military construction, and HNconstruction that focus on preparingpotential future battlespace. Examplesof these types of engineer operationsinclude water well drilling, pre-positioned war reserve materiel siteconstruction, airfield upgrades and

SUPPORTING THE OBJECTIVE

One regiment, four battalions, one tailored NCFSU [naval construction forcesupport unit], two CBUs [construction battalion unit], and one UCT [underwaterconstruction team] deployed in support of Navy and Marine forces duringDesert Shield/Desert Storm (1990-1991). The SEABEEs constructed 4,750buildings (some K-span), aircraft hangers, six million square feet of aircraftparking aprons, 14 galleys to feed 75,000 people, and a 40,000-man enemyPOW [prisoner of war] camp. They also maintained 200 miles of unpaveddesert four-lane divided highway as main supply routes, erected fences andsteel security towers, installed major electrical distribution systems andsanitation facilities, constructed thousands of meters of concrete decks andwalls and fabricated mock artillery pieces and tank turrets in support of thecommander’s objectives.

SOURCE: Engineer Magazine, 1994

IV-9

Operations

expansions, road construction, and portfacilities construction.

b. Warfighting Operations. A basicunderstanding of the capabilities and strengthsof individual Service and multinationalengineer forces enhances mission success, asengineers play a significant role in each phaseof a warfighting operation (see Figure IV-2).Engineers contribute to the followingwarfighting operations.

• Permissive Entry. After initiallyclearing beaches, ports, roads, andairfields of obstacles, engineers continueto improve these areas to facilitate entryof follow-on forces and a rapid buildupof combat support throughput. Engineersimprove the areas by upgrading road

and egress systems, constructingexpeditionary ammunition depots andmaterial staging yards, developing fuelstorage farms, and making otherimprovements to support thesustainability of combat operations.

• Forcible Entry. The role of the combatengineer in an opposed entryenvironment is to keep the offensemoving forward. The JFC will be facedwith natural and manmade obstaclesintended to restrict or halt movement thatallow the enemy to mass its forces andrepulse the assault. Engineers facilitateinsertion of assault forces and prepare theonward movement to the objective byclearing beaches, roads, and airfieldsof mines and obstacles. Limited

WARFIGHTING OPERATIONS

Isolation ofthe EnemyPermissive

Entry

Forcible Entry

SustainedLand

Operations

AmphibiousOperations

Battle DamageRepair

AirbaseSustainmentOperations

Engineers contribute to amyriad of warfighting

operations including....

Figure IV-2. Warfighting Operations

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construction may be performed both toenhance beach egress during anamphibious assault, and to support thearrival of initial combat and combatsupport elements through airfield repair.

• Sustained Land Operations. Prolongedand sustained land operations requirecontinuous and simultaneousemployment of all three engineerbattlespace functions (combatengineering, general engineering, andtopographic engineering) to support thejoint force. Engineers increase rates ofadvance, modify terrain, participate indeception activities, increase forcesurvivability, and ensure sustainability ofcombat operations.

• Amphibious Operations. Theamphibious operation, an attack launchedfrom the sea by Navy and landing forces,embarked in ships or craft involving alanding on a hostile or potentially hostileshore, is a decisive tool of forceprojection. Engineers provide terrainproducts and analysis during operationplanning, including location suitabilityevaluations and level-of-effort estimatesfor various amphibious scenarios andsites. Imagery and maps can be provided

by intelligence units, and hydrographicsurveys can be provided by Navy specialoperations forces (SOF) and selectedMarine reconnaissance assets. NavySOF clear and breach natural andmanmade obstacles from the three andone-half fathom curve (a depth of 21 feet)to the high-water mark. Combatengineers clear and breach natural andmanmade obstacles from the high-watermark to the objective area. Engineersare critical in developing andmaintaining beach support areas andbeach throughput and enhancing JRSOI.Engineers construct and maintainhelicopter landing zones, FARPs,casualty evacuation stations, enemyprisoner of war holding facilities, andmulticlass supply dumps. Engineerscontinue supporting force projectionfrom the sea by sustaining the logisticoperations ashore.

• Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore(JLOTS) Operations. Specializedengineers support JLOTS operations byconstructing elevated causeway systemsand further improving beaches and portfacilities to increase cargo and personnelthroughput. Engineers also support sea-delivered bulk fuel and water systems

Navy SEABEEs place airfield matting for helicopter apron duringOperation DESERT STORM.

IV-11

Operations

such as the offshore petroleum dischargesystem (OPDS) and amphibious assaultfuel system.

• Airbase Sustainment Operations.Engineers are essential to ensuring thecontinuous operation of airfields in thewarfighting environment. Engineersconstruct, operate, and maintain forward-deployed airbase facilities; ensureuninterrupted utility system support;support NBC defense operations withinService limitations; and provide crash firerescue and recovery, postattackmunitions clearance, and FARPs.Critical to airbase operations is the abilityto continue air operations soon afterattack by conventional or NBC weapons.Engineers are the focal point for theseairbase recovery operations, providingbattle damage repair (including rapidrunway repair).

• Expeditionary Airfield Construction.Use of expeditionary airfield systemsenhances an operational commander’sability to conduct aircraft operations byproviding flexible, rapid responsecapability to support the warfighter’sforward operating base requirements.

Engineers support the installation ofexpeditionary airfield systems thatinclude: AM-2 matting; airfield lighting;minimal operating lighting systems andfield marking lighting systems; aircraftterminal guidance systems; and aircraftarresting gear. Use of one or more ofthese systems provides the operationalcommander with the ability to conductand support flight operations fromexisting airfields, highways, parking lots,roof tops, and open fields. Engineers caninstall expeditionary airfield systems toprovide a fully operational airfield.Engineers can also place AM-2 mattingto repair battle damaged aircraftoperating surfaces.

• Battle Damage Repair. Engineersupport is the focal point of recoveryoperations after hostile actions. Themajor engineer tasks of battle damagerepair include rubble clearance, fireprotection services, electrical powerproduction and restoration, andinfrastructure repair. Engineers assessand repair those facilities deemedmission-essential by the JFC forcontinuing force projection. Repair ofairfields, fueling and electrical systems,

Army engineers install culvert in El Salvador.

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MSRs, defense emplacements, and keyC2 facilities are some of the high-priorityprojects.

• Destruction of Military Infrastructure.Engineers provide support for destructionof military infrastructure, equipmentassets, and munitions in order to denythem to the enemy should friendly forcesneed to withdraw before hostilities areover. (Destruction should be necessary,proportional, and should not presentharm to noncombatants. Militaryinfrastructure selected for destructionshould be evaluated for importance tofuture operations.)

3. Engineer Support to MilitaryOperations Other Than War

Often MOOTW occur in areas of the worldthat lack sufficient infrastructure to supportjoint forces, requiring much of the force’ssustainment system to be brought to theoperational area. Engineer versatility providesthe JFC with capabilities to support the jointforce and conduct engineer operations thatcontribute directly to the economic andpolitical stability of a region faced with naturalor manmade disasters, internal conflict, orcrisis. The joint force engineer advises the

JFC to ensure that engineer missions receivethe right mix of support at the right time.Engineer forces and construction materialsmay be in high demand during these situationsand must be carefully prioritized andmanaged.

JP 3-07, Joint Doctrine for MilitaryOperations Other Than War, describes a widevariety of military operations associated withMOOTW.

a. Engineers play a significant role inforeign humanitarian assistance, disasterrelief, and humanitarian and civicassistance. In these types of MOOTW,important engineer capabilities that directlysupport the JFC’s mission include repair ofkey infrastructure (roads and utility systems),construction of shelters for dislocatedcivilians, construction of basic sanitationfacilities, construction of rudimentary surfacetransportation systems and public facilities,and drilling of water wells. Engineer rapidresponse capabilities and the ability ofengineers to work with HN forces areespecially effective in quickly mitigatinghuman suffering and stabilizing the situation.

b. In missions such as noncombatantevacuation operations, enforcement of

Navy SEABEEs clear route to access crash site of civilian airliner on Guam.

IV-13

Operations

exclusion zones, enforcement of sanctions,and various types of peace operations,engineers may be required to provide supportin the form of infrastructure and base campconstruction for combat forces, roadimprovements for rapid troop movement,force protection for joint forces and civilianpersonnel, and mobility and countermobilityefforts.

c. In combatting terrorism, engineersprovide direct antiterrorism engineering toreduce vulnerability of friendly assets (bothpersonnel and infrastructure) and providelogistic engineering support, in the form ofbase camp infrastructure construction, to theprimary counterterrorism units. Additionaloperational assistance can be provided in theform of topographic engineering support and

construction of operation rehearsal areas andfacilities.

d. The remaining MOOTW missionsdiscussed in JP 3-07, Joint Doctrine forMilitary Operations Other Than War, have alimited engineer role due to their shortduration, small “footprint,” or minimalengineering tasks involved with the operation.Engineer tasking in these types of operationsmay consist of topographic support,construction of operation rehearsal andtraining sites, and engineer training providedto HN forces involved in the operations. Aswith all operations, in particular thoseconducted in hostile environments, forceprotection must be continuously reviewed toensure adequate protection of joint forces.Examples of limited engineering MOOTWinclude the following.

ENGINEERING A NEW ERA

On 9 December 1992, an amphibious landing of US Marines in Mogadishusignaled the beginning of Operation RESTORE HOPE. It also ushered in anew era in US military engineering operations — support of humanitarian relief.US Central Command led the execution of Operation RESTORE HOPE. USforces in Somalia provided a secure environment for civilian relief workers todistribute aid. Engineering operations, e.g., construction, road improvements,etc., played a significant role in Operation RESTORE HOPE.

SOURCE: Joint Task Force for Operation RESTORE HOPE,Center for Naval Analysis, CRM 93-114, March 1994

HOW IMPORTANT IS PREPARATION?

Army engineers built six 500-man base camps in Somalia during OperationRESTORE HOPE. Facilities in general were both semipermanent andpermanent. One of the considerations was providing force sustainmentfacilities for follow-on UN peacekeeping forces in addition to current demands.This included well drilling, showers, latrines, contracted laundry, etc. However,initial units deployed with minimal Class IV and little engineer equipment dueto aircraft limitations. In addition, there was limited Class IV material on pre-positioned ships. This limited the timely construction of support facilities andcreated force-protection problems due to inadequate barrier materials.


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• Freedom of navigation.

• Arms control.

• DOD support to counterdrug operations.

• Protection of shipping.

• Strikes and raids.

• Recovery operations.

• Nation assistance and support tocounterinsurgency.

• Show-of-force operations.

e. Domestic Support Operations (DSO).The predominant form of DSO for theDepartment of Defense is military supportto civil authorities, specifically disasterresponse under the Federal Response Plan(FRP) managed by the Federal EmergencyManagement Agency (FEMA). When adisaster exceeds the capabilities of state andlocal authorities, the Governor will requestassistance from the President of the UnitedStates. When the President directs federalassistance, the Director of FEMA willimplement the FRP committing the uniquecapabilities of 12 emergency supportfunctions (ESFs) to support FEMA during afederal disaster response. DOD involvementin disaster relief begins with a Presidentialdeclaration. FEMA designates a Federalcoordinating officer to coordinate on-sceneFederal effort at a Federal disaster field office.Requests best suited for the military are

forwarded to the Secretary of the Army asthe DOD executive agent. The Secretary ofthe Army has designated the Director ofMilitary Support (DOMS) as the executingagent. At the direction of the DOMS, thesupported CINC appoints a defensecoordinating officer (DCO) to coordinate allDOD support (except for support providedby USACE as the lead planning andoperating agent for ESF 3 – Public Worksand Engineering under the FRP). In turn,the DOMS coordinates the request with theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff andthe Office of the Secretary of Defense andthen directs the supported CINC to providethe requested support. Relationships areshown in Figure IV-3.

For further information, refer to JP 3.07.7,Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures forDomestic Support Operations.

• Most DOD support is focused onresponse operations, with a declininglevel of support to recovery operations.The key DOD objectives are to takeimmediate actions to save lives andproperty, assist in stabilizing the disasterarea, and withdraw as quickly as possible.Federal response and recovery under theFRP focuses on two basic areas —infrastructure (engineer dominant) andhuman services (engineer support).Engineers are part of the primary effortin major disaster response operations.Engineer operations focus on theinfrastructure response and recoverymissions. Engineers should be among

OPERATION SEA SIGNAL, GUANTANAMO BAY CUBA, 1994

Two SEABEE Air Detachments worked closely with an Air Force RED HORSEunit, Army Logistics Task Force 64 personnel, an Air Force Prime BEEF unit,and Marine engineers to construct migrant camps, security, and sanitationfacilities for more than 40,000 Cuban and Haitian refugees.

SOURCE: Engineer Magazine, 1994

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Operations

the first to deploy as the completion ofengineer emergency response missionsare required in order for other responseorganizations to execute their missions.

• In disaster response and recoveryoperations, engineer operations are partof the critical support provided byUSACE and the JTF. Relationships areshown in Figure IV-4. Upon activationof ESF 3 by the FEMA, USACE deploysan Emergency Response and RecoveryOffice (ERRO) to commence planningand execution of ESF 3 tasking fromFEMA. Under the FRP, USACE’s 249th

Engineer Battalion (Prime Power) canconduct power assessments and installgenerators to provide emergency power.Contractors can clear debris, buildtemporary shelters, conduct emergencyrepairs to public facilities, and also installgenerators to provide emergency power.

• The JTF engineers may conductimmediate response missions as follows.

•• Emergency debris clearance fromcritical transportation facilities.

•• Emergency repairs to public facilities.

Figure IV-3. Military Support to Disaster Relief Under the Federal Response Plan

MILITARY SUPPORT TO DISASTER RELIEFUNDER THE FEDERAL RESPONSE PLAN

Disaster Field Office

GOVERNOR CJCSJOINTSTAFF

DIRECTOROF FEMA

FEDERALCOORDINATING

OFFICERCINC

JTF

STATECOORDINATING

OFFICERFCO

ESFs

Request CoordinationTasking Command

CINCCJCSDCODepSecDefDOMSESFs

FCOFEMAJTFSECARMYSecDef

Combatant CommanderChairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffDefense Coordinating OfficerDeputy Secretary of DefenseDirector of Military SupportEmergency Support Functions

Federal Coordinating OfficerFederal Emergency Management AgencyJoint Task ForceSecretary of the ArmySecretary of Defense

DCO

STATEEMERGENCY

MANAGEMENTAGENCY

PRESIDENT SecDefDepSecDef

SECARMY

DOMS

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•• Emergency power for critical publicfacilities.

• The major infrastructure recoverymissions for the engineers are as follows.

•• Perform emergency debris removalfrom roads and transportation facilities.

•• Clear, reduce, and dispose of debris.

•• Provide temporary housing.

Figure IV-4. Engineer Support to Disaster Relief

•• Provide temporary roofing forhousing.

• Under standard FRP procedures,USACE provides requests for JTFengineer support to the DCO andsubsequently provides ESF 3 missionsfor task force engineer units to execute.However, in order to coordinate andeffectively manage engineer activities,the USACE commander should have amore direct linkage to JTF engineers.

ENGINEER SUPPORT TO DISASTER RELIEF

HQUSACEFederal

EmergencyManagement

Agency

Director ofMilitarySupport

CombatantCommander

Joint TaskForce

FCO

DCO

ESFESF 3

ERRO

DIV Fwd

DIVISION

DFODFOArea of Operations

COMMANDTASKINGCOORDINATION

DCODFOERROESF 3

FCOUSACE

Defense Coordinating OfficerDisaster Field OfficeEmergency Response and Recovery OfficeEmergency Support Function 3(Public Works and Engineering)

Federal Coordinating OfficerUS Army Corps of Engineers

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Operations

The most effective way to assure unityof effort between USACE, itscontractors, and JTF engineers is for theexecuting USACE Commander of theERRO to coordinate assignment ofpotential ESF 3 missions for the JTF withthe JTF engineer and the DCO.

4. Posthostilities Operations

Military engineer operations support thetransition to posthostilities operations (PHO)and may become the focal point for theseoperations. During redeployment of the force,engineers undertake preparation of facilitiesfor retrograde, including close out ofconstruction projects, refurbishment andturnover of property and real estate to the HN,construction of wash racks and otherredeployment facilities, and preparation ofcollection points for disposal of hazardouswaste. Environmental related supportoperations may be required during PHO. Inaddition, engineers may be tasked to providesupport to the HN such as infrastructure repairand improvement to support a more rapidtransition to civilian control. The magnitudeof engineer support to foreign governmentsis determined by US interests and objectivesin the stabilization of the region.

See JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for CivilEngineering Support, for additionalinformation.

“Commanders and staffs must workwith the local civilian leadership earlyin the process to establish workpriorities. Local fire, police, water,sewage, electrical, and telephoneservice agencies all play critical rolesin reestablishing order and control. Besure to also consult relief agenciessuch as the Red Cross, Salvation Armyand United Way to help identifypriorities.”

Engineer Magazine, April 1994Lessons Learned: Operations

Other Than War

5. Specialized EngineerFunctions

Service component engineers have uniquecapabilities above and beyond what isconsidered typical engineering.

Appendix A, "Engineer Organizations,"provides details on the functions andcapabilities of Service engineer units.

6. Conclusion

Engineers are an integral and essential partof the joint force, executing diverse engineeroperations across the entire battlespace andrange of military operations.

IV-18

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JP 3-34

Intentionally Blank

APPENDIX AENGINEER ORGANIZATIONS

A-1

1. Introduction

Each branch of the military organizes,trains, equips, and provides engineering unitsin support of JFC requirements and a widevariety of operational missions. While eachService can conduct independent engineeringoperations in virtually any environment, oftentimes engineers are called upon to participatein joint and multinational operations in concertwith HN engineers, contractors, and otherorganizations. Therefore, a clearerunderstanding of Service engineer units andcapabilities allows commanders to tailor theright force for the operation. Commandersshould also appreciate joint, multinational, andinteragency engineer capabilities in order tointegrate operational planning and executionof engineer support. This appendix providesa brief description of the engineer capabilitiesresident within the Services and otherpotential supporting agencies.

Additional information on engineercapabilities is provided in JP 4-04, JointDoctrine for Civil Engineering Support.

2. Army Capabilities

a. Army engineer units are organized on avariety of levels to support both combatengineering, general engineering, andtopographic engineering requirements. Armyengineers operate as an integral member ofthe combined-arms team in peace and war toprovide a full range of engineeringcapabilities. Engineers execute mobility,countermobility, and survivability missionsand provide general engineering andtopographic engineering throughout theoperational area.

• Types of engineer units include engineercombat battalions (wheeled, mechanized,

airborne, and light). These all have thecapability of: fighting as infantry whenrequired; providing C2 and staffsupervision for attached and assignedunits; constructing tactical obstacles,defensive positions, fixed and floatingbridges; and repairing command posts(CPs), LOCs, tactical routes, culverts,fords and other horizontal and verticalconstruction related tasks. They can alsoprovide engineer support in river crossingoperations, assist in assaulting fortifiedpositions, and conduct breachingoperations. The airborne and air assaultengineer battalions also have the uniquecapability to employ air-dropable rapidrunway repair kits.

• Combat heavy battalions are capable ofconstructing, rehabilitating, repairing,maintaining and modifying landingstrips, airfields, CPs, MSRs, supplyinstallations, building structures, bridges,and other related structures as required.They can also perform repairs and limitedreconstruction on railroads and water andsewage facilities.

• The combat heavy battalion’s capabilitycan be expanded significantly with theattachments of specialized personnel andequipment. Such an attachment couldbe a construction support company whichprovides the assets for bituminous mixingand paving, quarrying and crushing, andmajor horizontal construction projectssuch as highways, storage facilities, andairfields. Other attachments couldinclude a pipeline construction supportcompany and a port opening company.

• The engineer prime-power companygenerates electrical power and providesadvice and technical assistance on all

A-2

Appendix A

JP 3-34

aspects of electrical power anddistribution systems. It has a limitedelectrical engineering capability (designand analysis), provides electrical surveys,and can operate, maintain, and performminor repairs to other electrical power-production equipment, to include HNfixed plants.

• A combat support equipment (CSE)company supports combat operations byaccomplishing general engineeringtasks. CSEs are capable of constructing,rehabilitating, maintaining, repairing,and modifying landing strips, MSRs,CPs, airfields, and LOCs.

• Some of the other specialized unitsinclude bridging companies (multi-rolebridge, assault float bridge , and mediumgirder bridge), dump truck companiesand port opening companies. Smallerspecialized teams are organized tosupport such functions as engineer divingoperations, firefighting, quarryoperations, utilities, well drilling, andtopographic engineering.

For further details, see Army FM-5-100,Engineer Operations.

b. Army engineering units have specializedcapabilities in the following areas.

• Topographic engineering, includingterrain and digital imagery analysis.

• Rear-area operations (to include infantrycombat missions) within the limitationsof organic weapons and equipment.While combat engineer units have thecapability to fight as infantry, the JFCshould carefully weigh the gain ininfantry strength against the loss inengineer support.

• Facilities engineering teams to assist inreal estate acquisition, design, andconstruction support.

• Pipeline construction companies toconstruct and rehabilitate pipelinesystems.

• Railroad and railroad support systemsrepair and construction management.

c. Engineering technical and contractsupport is provided by a variety of supportingorganizations. USACE provides a broadrange of engineering service support to theMilitary Departments, Federal agencies, stategovernments, and local authorities. Theservices range from wetlands and waterwaysmanagement to large-scale civil constructionprojects and disaster relief. USACE alsooperates the US Army Engineer DevelopmentCenter, a comprehensive network oflaboratories and centers of expertise, toinclude the Engineer Waterways ExperimentStation, Cold Regions Research andEngineering Laboratory, ConstructionEngineering Research Laboratories, and theTopographic Engineering Center. USACEcan also provide a fixed and deployable tele-engineering capability that provide bothsecure and nonsecure real time video, audio,and data transfer of information.

3. Navy Capabilities

a. The Naval Construction Force,organized primarily as Navy constructionengineer (SEABEE) units, performs bothgeneralized and specialized constructionmissions in support of the Navy and MarineCorps component commanders. SEABEEunits provide construction support for theNavy component commander in theestablishment of forward logistic sites andadvanced logistics support sites. SEABEEunits possess general engineering capabilities

A-3

Engineer Organizations

employable across the range of militaryoperations. Naval mobile constructionbattalions (NMCBs) have extensive heavyhorizontal and vertical constructioncapabilities. NMCBs can be tasked toconstruct roads and bridging for supply routes,construct or extend airfield pavements,establish ammunition supply points, buildexpeditionary airfields and advanced bases,and erect all types of force beddown facilities.SEABEE units are trained in force protectionoperations (to include work party security) andin limited defensive combat. SEABEEs alsoprovide battalion- and regimental-level C2 tofacilitate the proper utilization of SEABEEforces in the operational area. Operationally,SEABEE units are task tailorable androutinely operate as detachments. Thisflexible C2 allows SEABEEs to respond withthe right level of engineering expertise at theright time in the right place. The foundationof SEABEE tailorability begins with theNMCB air detachment, which is a team ofapproximately 90 SEABEEs ready to deployto provide engineering support in 48 hours.SEABEEs are expeditionary in nature and areself-sustaining in the field, requiring onlysustainment supplies and class IV materialsfor project execution. SEABEEs also possessspecialized capabilities to include water welldrilling, quarry operations, and concrete andasphalt paving operations.

b. Navy engineer units have specializedcapabilities for performing engineering workat the water and shore interface in support ofamphibious operations or other beachoperations. Amphibious constructionbattalions possess the capability to operate andmaintain causeway barge ferries for ship-to-shore logistics operations, erect the elevatedcauseway, modular, install OPDS, install theamphibious assault bulk fuel/water system andprovide construction, engineering, campservices and defense for the naval supportelement during assault echelon, assaultfollow-on echelon, maritime pre-positioningforce, Navy logistics over-the-shore and

JLOTS operations. Underwater constructionteams provide construction diving expertiseto facilitate port opening or closing operationsas well as beach and port surveys.

c. The NCF provides general engineeringsupport to the Marine Corps. NCF units arenecessary to reinforce and augment theMarine Corps’ limited general engineeringcapability. The normal employment of theNCF is as a major subordinate element withinthe MAGTF to maximize engineeringcapabilities available to the MAGTFcommander. SEABEEs are an essentialsupport element to any sized MAGTF androutinely deploy and exercise with MarineCorps units. The NCF constructs andmaintains base facilities, repairs battledamaged facilities, accomplishes disastercontrol and recovery efforts, and conductslimited defensive operations as required bythe circumstances of the deployment situation.

d. Engineering technical and contractsupport is provided by a variety of supportingorganizations. NAVFACENGCOM andsubordinate engineering field divisions andactivities provide engineering planning,design engineering, project management,construction, and operations and maintenancefor shore-based and ocean facilities. Inparticular, NAVFACENGCOM has mobileutilities support equipment teams, whichprovide temporary or short term utilitysupport. Typical missions include disasterrecovery, utility plant repair support, pier sideship support, and emergency operations. Theofficer-in-charge of construction or residentofficer-in-charge of construction provides theability to award and administer contracts andprovide real estate support for contingencies.Technical engineering support forenvironmental issues and military engineeraugmentation for JFC staffs are availablethrough reserve environmental engineeringunits and the Naval Reserve ContingencyEngineering Program. The Naval FacilitiesEngineering Service Center provides a variety

A-4

Appendix A

JP 3-34

of technical expertise in amphibious deliverysystems and ocean and deep ocean facilities.

4. Air Force Capabilities

a. Air Force engineer units, organized asPrime BEEF or RED HORSE units, providesupport ranging from expeditionary civil togeneral engineering across the range ofmilitary operations. The primary mission ofAir Force engineers is to provide mission-ready base systems for the projection of airpower for both in-garrison and deployedlocations. Both units have limited combatengineering capabilities centered on thedefense of deployed forces, force protection,camouflage, survivability, and base denial.Air Force engineering units can deploy eitheras part of an AEF, or as detached unitsoperating in support of specific missions andoperational taskings. Prime BEEF forces areorganized and deployed according to unit typecodes (UTCs) designated “lead,” “follow,”and “special,” and are tailorable to meetspecial deployment taskings. UTC lead teamsdeploy with necessary command, control, andcommunications to conduct independentengineer, fire protection, readiness (NBC andforce protection), and EOD operations.Follow UTC teams augment lead teams orprovide support to limited deployments. AllPrime BEEF UTCs are rapidly deployable viaairlift with team kits to support initial beddowntaskings. Sustainment supplies and projectmaterials can be procured from pre-positionedstockpiles, war reserve materiel depots, orcontract sources. RED HORSE squadrons areorganized and deployed for austere,independent operation into four echelons tooperate on a hub-and-spoke concept. Theconcept is to deploy the entire squadron,including augmentees to a single area ofresponsibility with the capability of the hubsupporting two spokes simultaneously. REDHORSE capabilities include all of thefunctions of Prime BEEF teams, plus waterwell drilling, quarry operations, heavyhorizontal and vertical construction, and water

purification. RED HORSE 1, Advance Team,deploys within 12 to 16 hours to prepare sitesfor main body arrival. They establish liaisonwith HN and allied military forces, conductsite survey, design base layout, establishcommunications, and test soil and watersupply. RED HORSE 2 provides limitedhorizontal and vertical construction capability,RED HORSE 3 provides heavy horizontal andlight vertical construction capabilities, andRED HORSE 4 provides heavy vertical andlight horizontal construction capabilities, eachprovide engineering and support forces andcommand elements. Their priority tasksinclude airfield obstruction clearance,installation of aircraft arresting systems,construction of sewage lagoons, constructionof ammunition storage sites, roadconstruction, installation of airfield lighting,and hardening of shelters. Support forcesinclude medical, vehicle maintenance,services, and logistics.

b. Air Force engineer units havespecialized capabilities to support all aspectsof airfield operations ranging from early entryoperations to war damage repair. Specializedfunctions include the following.

• En route base opening and operationalsupport for strategic airlift.

• Installation, operation, and maintenanceof deployable airfield lighting systems.

• Installation, operation, and maintenanceof mobile aircraft arresting systems.

• Design and construction of runways,taxiways, and parking aprons, includingassociated facilities.

• Automatic building machine (k-span),tension fabric structure, and inflatablebuilding operations.

• Specialized shelter support and powergeneration for deployable aerospace

A-5

Engineer Organizations

command, control, and communicationsystems.

c. Engineering technical and contractsupport for Air Force mobility forces areprovided by a variety of other supportingorganizations separate from Prime BEEF andRED HORSE units. The Air Force CivilEngineering Support Agency (AFCESA)provides technical support and training, andadministers the AFCAP. Additionally,AFCESA provides specialized teams to assesspavement and runway conditions along withteams to conduct in-field maintenance andrepair specialized power generationequipment. The Air Force Center forEnvironmental Excellence provides full rangeenvironmental program support, baseplanning, and contract services.

5. Marine Corps Capabilities

a. The Marine Corps is an expeditionaryforce-in-readiness. By its very expeditionarynature the Marine Corps must be light to travelquickly anywhere around the world on shortnotice. Marine Corps engineers, by nature oftheir organization and mission, focus onexpeditionary engineering support to theMAGTF. Each MAGTF contains task-organized elements from each of the followingengineer organizations.

• A combat engineer battalion (CEB)enhances the mobility, countermobility,and survivability of the Marine divisionthrough close combat engineeringsupport. The CEB also provides limitedgeneral engineering support to theMarine Division.

• A Marine wing support group (MWSG)provides essential aviation ground

support requirements to each Marineaircraft wing. The MWSG contains fourMarine wing support squadrons, eachtask-organized to provide all essentialground support and engineer supportrequirements to aid designated fixed-wing or rotary-wing components of aMarine aviation combat air station.

• An engineer support battalion (ESB)increases the combat effectiveness of theMAGTF by accomplishing generalengineering missions. ESB is organic tothe force service support group, butsupports the entire MAGTF. Themajority of the MEF’s heavy equipment,utilities, and construction capabilities areresident in the ESB.

b. Specialized Capabilities. The Marineengineers have the unique capability of beingcompletely integrated with their combatelements under the MAGTF concept ofoperations. The forward-deployed MAGTFenables rapid response with heavy equipmentand a broad range of initial operationalcapability. However, the force is designed forlimited duration and focused taskings, notoverall control of the theater. Marineengineers provide the following specializedcapabilities.

• Fixed and float bridging and rafting.

• Mobile electric power.

• Production and storage of potable water.

• EOD.

• Bulk fuel storage (up to 600,000 gallons)and dispensing systems.

A-6

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Intentionally Blank

APPENDIX BREFERENCES

B-1

The development of JP 3-34 is based upon the following primary references.

1. Joint Publications

a. JP 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).

b. JP 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary for Military and Associated Terms.

c. JP 2-0, Doctrine for Intelligence Support to Joint Operations.

d. JP 2-01, Joint Intelligence Support to Military Operations.

e. JP 2-01.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Intelligence Support to Targeting.

f. JP 2-03, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Geospatial Information andServices Support to Joint Operations.

g. JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations.

h. JP 3-07, Joint Doctrine for Military Operations Other Than War.

i. JP 3-07.2, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Antiterrorism.

j. JP 3-07.3, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Peace Operations.

k. JP 3-07.6, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Foreign HumanitarianAssistance.

l. JP 3-07.7. Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Domestic Support Operations.

m. JP 3-08, Interagency Coordination During Joint Operations, Vol. I and II.

n. JP 3-15, Joint Doctrine for Barriers, Obstacles, and Mine Warfare.

o. JP 3-16, Joint Doctrine for Multinational Operations.

p. JP 3-33, Joint Force Capabilities.

q. JP 3-35, Joint Doctrine for Deployment and Redeployment Operations.

r. JP 3-57, Joint Doctrine for Civil-Military Operations (under development).

s. JP 3-57.1, Joint Doctrine for Civil Affairs (under development).

B-2

Appendix B

JP 3-34

t. JP 3-58, Joint Doctrine for Military Deception.

u. JP 3-60, Doctrine for Joint Targeting.

v. JP 4-0, Doctrine for Logistic Support to Joint Operations.

w. JP 4-01.6, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore(JLOTS).

x. JP 4-01.8, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Reception, Staging, OnwardMovement, and Integration.

y. JP 4-04, Joint Doctrine for Civil Engineering Support.

z. JP 5-0, Doctrine for Planning Joint Operations.

aa. JP 5-00.2, Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures.

bb. JP 6-0, Doctrine for C4 Systems Support to Joint Operations.

cc. JP 6-02, Joint Doctrine for Employment of Operational/Tactical C4 Systems.

2. Service Publications

a. AFDD 1, Air Force Basic Doctrine.

b. AFDD 2, Organization and Employment of Aerospace Forces.

c. AFDD 2-1, Air Warfare.

d. AFDD 2-3, Military Operations Other Than War.

e. AFDD 2-4, Combat Support.

f. AFDD 2-4.3, Civil Engineering.

g. AFDD 2-4.4, Bases, Infrastructure and Facilities.

h. Prime BEEF Implementation Guide.

i. Air Force Handbook 10-222, Volumes 1-6.

j. Air Force Environmental Handbook for Contingency Operations.

k. FM 5-33, Terrain Analysis.

l. FM 5-71-2, Armored Task-Force Engineer Combat Operations.

B-3

References

m. FM 5-71-100, Division Engineer Combat Operations.

n. FM 5-100, Engineer Operations.

o. FM 5-100-15, Corps Engineering Operations.

p. FM 5-101, Mobility.

q. FM 5-103, Survivability.

r. FM 5-104, General Engineering.

s. FM 5-105, Topographic Operations.

t. FM 5-114, Engineer Operations Short of War.

u. FM 5-116, Engineer Operations: Echelons Above Corps.

v. FM 5-170, Engineer Reconnaissance.

w. FM 5-490, Engineer Diving Operations.

x. FM 6-20-10, TTP for the Targeting Process.

y. FM 20-32, Mine/Countermine Operations.

z. FM 20-400, Military Environmental Protection.

aa. FM 34-3, Intelligence Analysis.

bb. FM 34-130, Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield.

cc. FM 41-10, Civil Affairs Operations.

dd. FM 90-7, Combined Arms Obstacle Integration.

ee. FM 90-13-1, Combined Arms Breaching Operations.

ff. MCWP 3-17, MAGTF Engineer Operations.

gg. MCWP 3-17.1, River Crossing Operations.

hh. MCWP 3-17.2, MAGTF EOD Operations.

ii. MCWP 3-17.3, MAGTF Breaching Operations.

jj. MCWP 3-17.4, Engineer Reconnaissance.

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Appendix B

JP 3-34

kk. Naval Warfare Pub 4-04, Naval Civil Engineering Operations.

ll. Naval Warfare Pub 4-04.1/Marine Corps Warfare Pub 4-25.2, Seabee Operations in theMAGTF.

mm. Naval Warfare Pub 4-04.2, Naval Civil Engineering Operations for the ComponentCommanders.

nn. Naval Warfare Pub 4-11, Environmental Protection.

oo. NAVFAC P315, Naval Construction Force Manual.

3. Executive Orders, Directives, Instructions and Manuals

a. Executive Order 12088, Federal Compliance with Pollution Control Standards.

b. Executive Order 12114, Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions.

c. Executive Order 12656, Assignment of Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities.

d. DOD Directive 2000.13, Civil Affairs.

e. DOD Directive 3025.1, Military Support to Civil Authorities.

f. DOD Directive 4270.36, DOD Emergency, Contingency, and Other UnprogrammedConstruction Projects.

g. DOD Directive 4270.5, Military Construction Responsibilities, as amended by the Officeof the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Logistics) letter of 20 March 1986.

h. DOD Instruction 4715.9, Environmental Planning and Analysis.

i. DOD Directive 5100.46, Foreign Disaster Relief.

j. DOD Directive 6050.7, Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Department of DefenseActions.

k. DOD Directive 6050.16, Policy for Establishing and Implementing EnvironmentalStandards at Overseas Installations.

l. Joint Staff Instruction 3820.01B, Environmental Engineering Effects of DOD Actions.

m. CJCSI 3901.01A, Requirements for Geospatial Information and Services.

n. CJCSM 3122.03, Joint Operation Planning and Execution System Vol. II: (PlanningFormats and Guidance).

B-5

References

o. CJCSM 3141.01, Procedures for Review of Operation Plans.

p. Overseas Environmental Baseline Guidance Document (OEBGD).

q. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes.

r. Federal Response Plan.

B-6

Appendix B

JP 3-34

Intentionally Blank

APPENDIX CADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

C-1

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to:Commander, United States Joint Forces Command, Joint Warfighting Center Code JW100,116 Lake View Parkway, Suffolk, VA 23435-2697. These comments should addresscontent (accuracy, usefulness, consistency, and organization), writing, and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent for this publication is the US Army. The Joint Staff doctrine sponsor forthis publication is the Director for Logistics (J-4).

3. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: CSA WASHINGTON DC//DAMO-SSP//INFO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J7-JDD//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans andInteroperability (J-7), JDD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, DC 20318-7000.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff that would change source document information reflected in thispublication, that directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as anenclosure to its proposal. The Military Services and other organizations are requestedto notify the Director, J-7, Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected inthis publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes:

CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTEDNUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Appendix C

JP 3-34

4. Distribution

a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publicationcenters.

b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands,Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any classified joint publication to foreigngovernments or foreign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (DefenseAttaché Office) to DIA Foreign Liaison Office, PSS, Room 1A674, Pentagon,Washington, DC 20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assignedadministrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988,Support of the Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.

Army: US Army AG Publication Center SL1655 Woodson RoadAttn: Joint PublicationsSt. Louis, MO 63114-6181

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Naval Inventory Control Point700 Robbins AvenueBldg 1, Customer ServicePhiladelphia, PA 19111-5099

Marine Corps: Commander (Attn: Publications)814 Radford Blvd, Suite 20321Albany, GA 31704-0321

Coast Guard: Commandant (G-OPD), US Coast Guard2100 2nd Street, SWWashington, DC 20593-0001

CommanderUSJFCOM JWFC Code JW2102Doctrine Division (Publication Distribution)116 Lake View ParkwaySuffolk, VA 23435-2697

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications isunrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified jointpublications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R, InformationSecurity Program.

GLOSSARYPART I — ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

GL-1

ABCS Army Battle Command SystemABO air base operabilityAEF air expeditionary forceAFCAP Air Force Contract Augmentation ProgramAFCESA Air Force Civil Engineering Support AgencyAPOD aerial port of debarkation

BII Base Information Infrastructure

C2 command and controlC4 command, control, communications, and computersCCA contract construction agent (DOD)CEB combat engineer battalionCESP Civil Engineering Support PlanCINC commander of a combatant commandCJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffCJCSM Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ManualCOA course of actionCONCAP Construction Capabilities Contract (Navy)CP command postCS combat supportCSE combat support equipmentCSS combat service support

DCO defense coordinating officerDOD Department of DefenseDODD Department of Defense DirectiveDOMS Director of Military SupportDSO domestic support operations

EOD explosive ordnance disposalERRO Emergency Response and Recovery OfficeESB engineer support battalionESF emergency support function

FARP forward arming and refueling pointFEMA Federal Emergency Management AgencyFRP Federal Response Plan (USG)

GCCS Global Command and Control SystemGCCS-A Army Global Command and Control SystemGI&S geospatial information and services

GL-2

Glossary

JP 3-34

HF high frequencyHN host nationHNS host-nation support

IO international organizationIPB intelligence preparation of the battlespaceISB intermediate staging base

J-2 Intelligence Directorate of a joint staffJ-3 Operations Directorate of a joint staffJ-4 Logistics Directorate of a joint staffJCMEB Joint Civil-Military Engineering BoardJEMB Joint Environmental Management BoardJFACC joint force air component commanderJFC joint force commanderJFSOCC joint force special operations component commanderJFUB Joint Facilities Utilization BoardJLOTS joint logistics over-the-shoreJOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution SystemJP joint publicationJRAC joint rear area coordinatorJRSOI joint reception, staging, onward movement and integrationJTCB Joint Targeting Coordination BoardJTF joint task forceJTFCEM joint task force contingency engineering management

LOC line of communicationsLOGCAP Logistics Civilian Augmentation Program (Army)

MAGTF Marine air-ground task forceMEF Marine expeditionary forceMOOTW military operations other than warMSR main supply routeMWSG Marine wing support group

NAVFACENGCOM Naval Facilities Engineering CommandNBC nuclear, biological, and chemicalNCF Naval Construction ForceNGO nongovernmental organizationNIMA National Imagery and Mapping AgencyNIPRNET Unclassified but Sensitive Internet Protocol Router NetworkNMCB naval mobile construction battalion

OPCON operational controlOPDS offshore petroleum discharge systemOPLAN operation planOPORD operation order

GL-3

Glossary

PHO posthostilities operationsPrime BEEF Prime Base Engineer Emergency ForcePVO private voluntary organization

RCEM regional contingency engineering management

SEABEE Navy construction engineerSIPRNET SECRET Internet Protocol Router NetworkSOF special operations forcesSOFA status-of-forces agreementSPOD seaport of debarkation

TACON tactical controlTCEM theater contingency engineering managementTPFDD time-phased force and deployment data

UHF ultra high frequencyUSACE United States Army Corps of EngineersUSC United States CodeUSG United States GovernmentUTC unit type code

VHF very high frequency

base development (less force beddown).The acquisition, development, expansion,improvement, and construction and/orreplacement of the facilities and resourcesof an area or location either to supportforces employed in military operations ordeployed in accordance with strategicplans. (JP 1-02)

battlespace. The environment, factors, andconditions which must be understood tosuccessfully apply combat power, protectthe force, or complete the mission. Thisincludes the air, land, sea, space, and theincluded enemy and friendly forces,facilities, weather, terrain, theelectromagnetic spectrum, and theinformation environment within theoperational areas and areas of interest. (JP1-02)

civil engineering. Those combat support andcombat service support activities thatidentify, design, construct, lease or providefacilities, and which operate, maintain, andperform war damage repair and otherengineering functions in support of militaryoperations. (JP 1-02)

combat engineering. Those engineeringtasks that assist the tactical and/oroperational commander to “shape” thebattlespace by enhancing mobility, creatingthe space and time necessary to generatemass and speed while protecting the forceand denying mobility and key terrain to theenemy. These tasks include breaching,bridging, and emplacement of obstacles todeny mobility to the enemy. (This termand its definition are approved for inclusionin the next edition of JP 1-02.)

contingency engineering managementorganization. An organization that maybe formed by the combatant commander,

or subordinate joint force commander toaugment the combatant command, orsubordinate joint force staffs to provideadditional Service engineering expertise tosupport both deliberate and crisis actionplanning and to provide constructionmanagement in contingency and wartimeoperations. The combatant commandermay form a theater contingency engineeringmanagement cell, and similar organizationsmay be formed at subordinate levels ofcommand (e.g., regional contingencyengineering management cell and/or jointtask force contingency engineeringmanagement cell). These organizationsshould be staffed with expertise in combatengineering, general engineering, andtopographic engineering. (This term andits definition are approved for inclusion inthe next edition of JP 1-02.)

countermobility operations. Theconstruction of obstacles and emplacementof minefields to delay, disrupt, and destroythe enemy by reinforcement of the terrain.The primary purpose of countermobilityoperations is to slow or divert the enemy,to increase time for target acquisition, andto increase weapons effectiveness. (Thisterm and its definition are approved forinclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

DOD construction agent. The Corps ofEngineers, Naval Facilities EngineeringCommand, or other such approvedDepartment of Defense activity, that isassigned design or executionresponsibilities associated with militaryconstruction programs, facilities support,or civil engineering support to thecombatant commanders in contingencyoperations. (JP 1-02)

environmental considerations. Thespectrum of environmental media,

PART II — TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

GL-4 JP 3-34

resources, or programs that may impact on,or are affected by, the planning andexecution of military operations. Factorsmay include, but are not limited to,environmental compliance, pollutionprevention, conservation, protection ofhistorical and cultural sites, and protectionof flora and fauna. (JP 1-02)

exercise. A military maneuver or simulatedwartime operation involving planning,preparation, and execution. It is carried outfor the purpose of training and evaluation.It may be a combined, joint, orsingle-Service exercise, depending onparticipating organizations. (JP 1-02)

facility. A real property entity consisting ofone or more of the following: a building, astructure, a utility system, pavement, andunderlying land. (JP 1-02)

facility substitutes. Items such as tents andprepackaged structures requisitioned throughthe supply system that may be used tosubstitute for constructed facilities. (JP 1-02)

final governing standards. Acomprehensive set of country-specificsubstantive environmental provisions,typically technical limitations on effluent,discharges, etc., or a specific managementpractice. (This term and its definition areapproved for inclusion in the next editionof JP 1-02.)

force beddown. The provision of expedientfacilities for troop support to provide aplatform for the projection of force. Thesefacilities may include modular or kit-typefacility substitutes. (JP 1-02)

forward aviation combat engineering. Amobility operation in which engineersperform tasks in support of forwardaviation ground facilities. Tasks includereconnaissance; construction of low

altitude parachute extraction zones,landing strips, and airstrips; and providingberms, revetments, and trenches forforward arming and refueling points.(This term and its definition areapproved for inclusion in the next editionof JP 1-02.)

general engineering. Encompasses theconstruction and repair of lines ofcommunications, main supply routes,airfields, and logistic facilities to supportjoint military operations and may beperformed in direct support of combatoperations, such as battle damage repair.These operations include both horizontaland vertical construction, and may includeuse of both expedient repair methods andmore deliberate construction methodscharacterized by the application of designcriteria, advanced planning, andpreparation, depending on the missionrequirements. (This term and its definitionare approved for inclusion in the nextedition of JP 1-02.)

infrastructure. A term generally applicableto all fixed and permanent installations,fabrications, or facilities for the support andcontrol of military forces. (JP 1-02)

joint operations. A general term to describemilitary actions conducted by joint forces,or by Service forces in relationships (e.g.,support, coordinating authority), which, ofthemselves, do not create joint forces. (JP1-02)

mobility. A quality or capability of militaryforces which permits them to move fromplace to place while retaining the ability tofulfill their primary mission. (JP 1-02)

operation. A military action or the carryingout of a strategic, tactical, service, training,or administrative military mission; theprocess of carrying on combat, including

GL-5

Glossary

GL-6

Glossary

JP 3-34

movement, supply, attack, defense andmaneuvers needed to gain the objectivesof any battle or campaign. (JP 1-02)

operational environment. A composite ofthe conditions, circumstances, andinfluences which affect the employment ofmilitary forces and bear on the decisions ofthe unit commander. Some examples are:a. permissive environment—operationalenvironment in which host country militaryand law enforcement agencies have controland the intent and capability to assistoperations that a unit intends to conduct.b. uncertain environment—operationalenvironment in which host governmentforces, whether opposed to or receptive tooperations that a unit intends to conduct,do not have totally effective control of theterritory and population in the intended areaof operations. c. hostile environment—operational environment in which hostileforces have control and the intent andcapability to effectively oppose or react tothe operations a unit intends to conduct. (JP1-02)

operational level of war. The level of war atwhich campaigns and major operations areplanned, conducted, and sustained toaccomplish strategic objectives withintheaters or areas of operations. Activitiesat this level link tactics and strategy byestablishing operational objectives neededto accomplish the strategic objectives,sequencing events to achieve theoperational objectives, initiating actions,and applying resources to bring about andsustain these events. These activities implya broader dimension of time or space thando tactics; they ensure the logistic andadministrative support of tactical forces,and provide the means by which tacticalsuccesses are exploited to achieve strategicobjectives. (JP 1-02)

Overseas Environmental BaselineGuidance Document. A set of objectivecriteria and management practicesdeveloped by the Department of Defenseto protect human health and theenvironment. Contains procedures for useby the Department of Defense to establishthe final governing standards for aparticular geographic area or to providestandards for environmental compliancewhere no final governing standards havebeen established. Also called OEBGD.(This term and its definition are approvedfor inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

real property. Lands, buildings, structures,utilities systems, improvements, andappurtenances, thereto. Includesequipment attached to and made part ofbuildings and structures (such as heatingsystems), but not movable equipment (suchas plant equipment). (JP 1-02)

RED HORSE. Air Force units wartime-structured to provide a heavy engineercapability. They have a responsibilityacross the operational area, are not tied toa specific base, and are not responsible forbase operation and maintenance. Theseunits are mobile, rapidly deployable, andlargely self-sufficient for limited periodsof time. (This term and its definition areapproved for inclusion in the next editionof JP 1-02.)

strategic level of war. The level of war atwhich a nation, often as a member of agroup of nations, determines national ormultinational (alliance or coalition) securityobjectives and guidance, and develops anduses national resources to accomplish theseobjectives. Activities at this level establishnational and multinational militaryobjectives; sequence initiatives; define

GL-7

Glossary

limits and assess risks for the use of militaryand other instruments of national power;develop global plans or theater war plansto achieve these objectives; and providemilitary forces and other capabilities inaccordance with strategic plans. (JP 1-02)

survivability. Concept which includes allaspects of protecting personnel, weapons,and supplies while simultaneouslydeceiving the enemy. Survivability tacticsinclude building a good defense; employingfrequent movement; using concealment,deception, and camouflage; andconstructing fighting and protectivepositions for both individuals andequipment. (This term and its definitionare approved for inclusion in the nextedition of JP 1-02.)

sustainment. The provision of personnel,logistic, and other support required tomaintain and prolong operations or combat

until successful accomplishment orrevision of the mission or of the nationalobjective. (JP 1-02)

tactical level of war. The level of war atwhich battles and engagements are plannedand executed to accomplish militaryobjectives assigned to tactical units or taskforces. Activities at this level focus on theordered arrangement and maneuver ofcombat elements in relation to each otherand to the enemy to achieve combatobjectives. (JP 1-02)

topographic engineering. Thoseengineering tasks that provide geospatialinformation and services to commandersand staffs across the range of militaryoperations. These tasks include terrainanalyses, terrain visualization, digitizedterrain products, nonstandard mapproducts, and baseline survey data. (Thisterm and its definition are approved forinclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

GL-8

Glossary

JP 3-34

Intentionally Blank

Assess-ments/

Revision

CJCSApproval

TwoDrafts

ProgramDirective

ProjectProposal

J-7 formally staffs withServices and CINCs

Includes scope ofproject, references,milestones, and who willdevelop drafts

J-7 releases ProgramDirective to Lead Agent.Lead Agent can beService, CINC, or JointStaff (JS) Directorate

STEP #2Program Directive

The CINCs receive the JP andbegin to assess it during use

18 to 24 months followingpublication, the Director J-7,will solicit a written report fromthe combatant commands andServices on the utility andquality of each JP and theneed for any urgent changes orearlier-than-scheduledrevisions

No later than 5 years afterdevelopment, each JP isrevised

STEP #5Assessments/Revision

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ENHANCEDJOINT

WARFIGHTINGCAPABILITY

Submitted by Services, CINCs, or JointStaff to fill extant operational void

J-7 validates requirement with Services andCINCs

J-7 initiates Program Directive

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STEP #1Project Proposal

All joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchy asshown in the chart above. is in the series of joint doctrinepublications. The diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:

Joint Publication (JP) 3-34 Operations

JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHYJOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

JP 1-0 JP 2-0 JP 3-0

PERSONNEL

JP 4-0 JP 5-0 JP 6-0

LOGISTICSINTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS C4 SYSTEMSPLANS

JOINTDOCTRINE

PUBLICATION

Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to JointStaff

Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub,makes required changes and prepares pubfor coordination with Services and CINCs

Joint Staff conducts formal staffing forapproval as a JP

STEP #4CJCS Approval

Lead Agent selects Primary ReviewAuthority (PRA) to develop the pub

PRA develops two draft pubs

PRA staffs each draft with CINCs,Services, and Joint Staff

STEP #3Two Drafts

JP 1

JOINTWARFARE

JP 0-2

UNAAF

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Documents

Engineer Doctrine for Joint Operationsnassauer.org/NRANEU/others/jp-doctrine/jp3_34(2000).pdf · operations. 2. Purpose This publication has been prepared under the direction of the