Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Using Biodiesel PptV

Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Using Biodiesel As Fuel In CI Engines

Gautam Kumar

Supervisor : Prof. Anoop Kumar

National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur

Outline

1. Literature Review

2. Discussion/ Gap

3. Proposed Work Plan/ Problem Formulation

4. References

Flow chart of biodiesel Alcohal + Catalyst

(Methyl Alcohal) (NaOCH3)

Heating and stirring in Reactor

65-70o C

Vegetable oil

Transesterification Glycerol

Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)

Vegetable Oil

Methyl Ester

Washing (Distillation Water and Blown air)

Drying

Non Edible Vegetable Oils Available in India

There are some non-edible vegetable oil in India those production is sufficient amount.

Jatropha oil 15000 tonsKaranja oil 55000 tonsMahua oil 180000 tons Rice bran oil 474000 tonsNeem oil 100000 tonsKusum oil 25000 tonsSal 180000 tons

S.N Year/Country Author Setup Results

1 2009/India GVNSR Ratnakara Rao

Single cylinder, 4 stroke, variable compression ratio C.I.engine (13.2 to 20.2), Max. Power 3.75KW

Mahua Oil and its blend with diesel

VCR (13.2, 13.9, 14.8, 15.7, 16.9, 18.1, 20.2)

1. Highest BTE 27.98% with CR of 15.7 at peak load.

2. Min. 16.24% (13.2).3. EGT 4050C.4. BSFC is found to be 1.32 kg/hr.5. Smoke density is also low

(15.7)


2 2008 Kapilan N. NADAR

1 cylinder, Water cooled engine,Max. BHP 7 at 1500 rpmInjection timing 27 deg bTDC

Mahua oil methyl ester

1. Engine runs smoothly with the pilot fuel quantity of 5 and 6.11 mg per cycle and at the injector opening pressure of 200 bar.

2. Knocking was observed at the pilot fuel quantity of 7.22 mg per cycle, for all the injector pressure.

3. The combination of pilot fuel quantity of 5 mg per cycle and the injection opening pressure of 200 bar results in higher brake thermal efficiency and lower CO, HC emission. But this combination results in higher NOx emission.


3 2009/India S.Jindal 1 Cylinder, water cooled, 4 stroke, VCR diesel engine.Speed -1600 rpm VCR (16, 17, & 18)IP (150, 200 & 250) bar

Jatropha methyl ester

The highest engine performance BSFC-10% reductionBTHE -8.9% (when CR-18 & IP 250 bar).increase compared to dieselIn emission aspectHC & Exhaust temp. Increase when CR is increase.But CO & Smoke decrease.NOx (165 ppm) are unaffected due to high IP.


4 2009/India Y.V.Hanumantha Rao

1 cylinder, water cooled, DI diesel engine, 4 stroke5-BHP, 3.68 capacitySpeed -1500 rpm

Jatropha methyl ester and blends with diesel

1. Brake thermal efficiencies of engine operating with biodiesel mode were 22.2, 30.6 and 37.5 percent at 2, 2.5 and 3.5 kw load conditions.

2. At 3.5 kw load cond. Exhaust gas tem. is 19% higher.

3. CO2 increased with increase of load.

4. CO is min. at 1.5kw load (610mg/kg) & max. 3.5 kw (898mg/kg).

5. NOx is slightly increase in jatropha methyl ester and its blends.


5 2008/India Purnanand V Bhale

Cylinder liner, piston ring, friction coefficient, friction force, wear, pin on disc,

Jatropha oil methyl ester and diesel

1. Coefficient of friction for biodiesel blending is almost 63% lower than that for diesel blending.

2. The value of wear (µm) for biodiesel is 55% lower than that of diesel under similar operating conditions.


5 2008/India Purnanand V Bhale

Cylinder liner, piston ring, friction coefficient, friction force, wear, pin on disc,

Jatropha oil methyl ester and diesel

1. Coefficient of friction for biodiesel blending is almost 63% lower than that for diesel blending.

2. The value of wear (µm) for biodiesel is 55% lower than that of diesel under similar operating conditions.


6 2008/Korea Chang Sik Lee 1-cylinder, DI diesel engine,IP-50, 100 (MPa)Engine speed-1000, 1500, 2000 (rpm)

Soybean methyl ester

1. Injection rate-biodiesel fuel showed slightly shorter injection delay and higher max injection rate by 2.79% compared to those obtained by diesel fuel.

2. Lowest NOx was found at 2000 rpm.

3. HC & CO emission was found lower at all speed.

4. Effect of EGR.


7 2008/USA V. Nagaraju and N.Henein

HSDI diesel engine1500 rpm engine speedVariable injection pressure.

Soybean methyl ester (20) and ULS diesel

1. Max. rate of heat release for B-20 was 8% higher than that of B-00.

2. Exhaust gas temperature is higher for B-20 than B-00.

3. Indicated specific fuel consumption was higher with the B-20 as compared to B-00.

4. B-20 decrease NOx by 4%.5. B-20 decrease HC by 9%,

smoke by 10% and CO by 3%.


8. 2004/India H. Raheman Single cylinder, 4-stroke, DI, water cooled diesel engine,Rated output-7.5 kw at 3000 rpm.CR-16.1

Karanja methyl ester and diesel

1. The torques produced in case of B-20 and B-40 is 0.1-1.13% which is higher than diesel. And B-60 and B-80 is 4-23% reduce that mean it is lower than diesel.

2. BSFC in case of B-20 and B-40 was 0.8-7.4% which is lower than diesel. But on B60 and B100 the BSFC was higher that is 11-48% higher.

3. Max BTE was obtained to be 26.79 % on B20 (24.62% for diesel).

4. CO, Smoke density and NOx was reduced by 80%, 50% and 26% upto B40 blends with diesel.


9. 2009/India M. Pandian 4-stroke twin cylinder DI water cooled CI engine, Rated speed-1500 rev/min.

Pongamia biodiesel (B40) and diesel.

1. The BSEC increased by 3.11% on advancing the injection timing to 300 CA bTDC and on using 180 CA it will reduced by 6.27%.

2. On advancing the injection timing say 300 CA bTDC the BTE increased by 5.07% and it will decrease by 3.08% on 180 CA bTDC.

3. The CO and HC emissions were reduced by 32% and 14.44% respectively when advancing the injection time to 300 CA bTDC

4. NOx is reduced by 35% on advancing the injection timing 300 CA bTDC.


10. 2006/India Deepak Agarwal

A two cylinder, air-cooled, constant speed-1500 rpm Direct injection diesel engine.Rated power- 9kwInjection pressure-210 bar

Rice bran oil methyl ester and diesel

1. A 20% biodiesel blend with 15% EGR is found to be optimum concentration for biodiesel, which improves the thermal efficiency, reduces the exhaust emissions and the BSEC.


11 2006/India K.C. Velappan Single cylinder, 4 stroke, water cooled, rated power-3.7kw at 1500 rpmInjection pressure-240 barFuel injection timing-24 BTDC

Rice bran oil methyl ester and diesel

1. RBOBD showed 15% increase in SFC.

2. 25% increase in BTE.3. 60% reduction in HC.4. More than 75% reduction in

CO.5. Minimum of 10%reduction in

NOx.6. 30% sound reduction.7. The particle size in the smoke

of RBOBD is less than 0.5 µm.

Properties Mahua oil methyl ester

Karanja methyl ester

Jatropha curcas biodiesel

Sunflower oil methyl ester

Rapeseed oil methyl ester

Cotton oil methyl ester

Soybean oil methyl ester

Palm oil methyl ester

Polang-a oil methyl ester

Rubber seed oil methyl ester

Tallow methyl ester

Babass-u oil methyl ester

Linseed oil methyl ester

Diesel

Density 150C 880 885 881 882 917 885 878.7

Viscosity (mm2/s) at 400C

5.2 9.60 4.80 4.693 4.5 4.0 4.08 0.5 4.92 5.81 4.908 3.6 2.83 2.85

Calorific value (MJ/Kg)

36.9 36.12 39.23 37.20 37 40.32 39.76 39.07 38.66 36.50 17.144 31.8 40.84 42.50

Flash point (0C)

127 187 135 191 170 70 69 229 140 130 113 127 415 85

Cloud point (0C)

5 -2 -11 to 16

1 -4 -2 9 13.2 4 19 4 1

Pour point (0C)

6 -6 2 -3 -12 -15 -3 4 4.3 -8 16 -5 -9

Cetane number

51 48 46-70 49 54.7 46 45 62 43 58 63 56.10

Acid value mg KOH/g

0.5 0.10 0.20 0.27 0.15 0.24 0.118 0.32 0.03

Carbon residue %

0.20 0.4 0.20 0.98 >0.3 0.18 0.8 1.83 0.4222 0.17

Sulphur,ppm %

0.02 0.004 0.003 0.0096 0.03 0.02 0.003 0.05

Specific gravity

0.865 0.876 0.878 0.882 0.874 0.885 0.877 0.874 0.870 0.883

Iodine value 94 125.5 97.4 123 35-61 35-48 10-18 Ash content (%)

0.01 0.02 0.012 0.0014 0.015 0.063 0.063 0.03 0.001 0.034 0.156

Physico-chemical properties of various Biodiesel fuel

Discussion on Literature review

1. BTE, BSFC, Brake power and emission for various load has been estimated for various biodiesel.

2. Effect of CR on various parameters such as BTE, BSFC, EGT and emissions has been studied for different type of biodiesel.

3. Effect of injection timing on various parameters such as BTE, BSFC, EGT and emissions studied for different type of biodiesel.

4. Effect of injection pressure on various parameters such as BTE, BSFC, EGT and emissions studied for different type of biodiesel.

5. Effect of preheating on various parameters such as BTE, BSFC, EGT and emissions studied for different type of biodiesel.

GAP

1. There is no such studies conducted in which more than three parameters have been studies.

2. No such thermal model is available which helps in to run biodiesel system (CI engine) runs efficiently.

3. There is no such relation available by which the performance of the biodiesel system should be optimized.

Research Plan

1. Literature review2. Experimentation using selected four oil, these are (a). Jatropha oil (b). Mahua oil (c). Karanja oil (d). Rice bran oil3. To study the effect of following parameters on the output a) Injection Pressure b) Injection Timing c) CR d) Load e) Speed f) Quantity of fuel injected

4. Based upon experimentation a co-relation will

be developed to identify BTE, BSFC, EGT and emissions for the above given input parameters.

5. Validation of results with the help of software/Previous literatures.

1000 1500 2000 2500 30000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4x 10

-5

Engine Speed,rpm

Ma

ss F

low

Ra

te,k

g/s

Figure 1: Mass Flow Rate vs Speed at 3.68kW load

CDFJatro

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 30000

1

2

x 10-4

Engine Speed,rpm

Spec

ific F

uel C

onsu

mptio

n,kg/k

J.h

Figure 2: Specific Fuel Consumption vs Speed at 3.68kW load

CDFJatro

1000 1500 2000 2500 30000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Engine Speed,rpm

Effi

cie

ncy

,%Figure 3:Efficiency vs Speed at 3.8kW load

CDFJatro

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

Engine Speed,rpm

To

rqu

e,N

mFigure 4: Torque vs Speed at 3.68kW load

CDFJatro

-100 -50 0 50 100-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6x 10

6

Crank angle (degrees)

dP

/dO

(P

a/r

ad

)

Graph derivative pressure vs crank angle

CDF

-100 -50 0 50 100-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Crank angle(degrees)

dQ

n/d

O (

Pa

/ra

d)

Graph derivative heat net vs crank angle

CDF

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Thank you

Documents

Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Using Biodiesel PptV