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ENERGY SITUATION AND NUCLEAR POWER ENERGY SITUATION AND NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIADEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA
Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional (BATAN)/ National Nuclear Energy Agency, PO BOX: 4390 Jakarta 12043, Indonesia
Tel. +62-21-5255213, Fax. +62-21-5251110, E-mail: [email protected]
Presented at : Tsuruga Summer Institute on Nuclear Energy 2008, September 8 – 12, 2008, Tsuruga, Japan.
ADIWARDOJO
CONTENTSCONTENTS1. Introduction
1.1. Foundation Philosophy.
1.2. Activities Related to Nuclear Power Pant (NPP) Introduction.
2. Act, Decree, Regulation & International Nuclear Arrangements.
2.1. Act, Decree, Regulation relating to NPP Development in Indonesia.
2.2. Indonesian Status to the International Nuclear Arrangements.
3. Current Energy Condition.
4. Energy Policies.
5. Issues of the Nuclear Development Program in Indonesia.
5.1. Current Electricity Condition & National Electricity General Planning.
5.2. Nuclear as a Option for long Term Energy Supply.
5.3. Infrastructure Development Program.
5.4.Utilization of Nuclear Technology and Activities Relating to NPP .
5.5.Current Influencing Factors.
6. Conclusion.
1.1. Foundation Philosophy.
1.2. Activities Related to Nuclear Power Pant (NPP) Introduction.
1. INTRODUCTION1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 FOUNDATION PHILOSOPHY 1.1 FOUNDATION PHILOSOPHY
• APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IS FOR PEACEFUL USES ONLY
• SAFETY & SECURITY IS THE PRIME CONSIDERATION
• DEMAND DRIVEN AND STAKEHOLDER SATISFACTION
• APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IS FOR PEACEFUL USES ONLY
• SAFETY & SECURITY IS THE PRIME CONSIDERATION
• DEMAND DRIVEN AND STAKEHOLDER SATISFACTION
1954ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE COMMITEE FOR RADIOACTIVITY RESEARCH 1958ESTABLISHMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY COUNCIL AND ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
1964ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (BATAN)
1965OPERATIONS OF TRIGA MARK II RESEARCH REACTOR: 250 KW
1970NPT SIGNED BY GOVT
1971OPERATION OF TRIGA MARK II RESEARCH REACTOR 1 MW
1972ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISION FOR PREPARATION OF NPP CONSTR
NPT RATIFICATION BY PARLIAMENT
1979 OPERATION OF KARTINI RESEARCH REACTOR 100 kW
1987
GOVT DECISION FOR NPP DEVELPOMENT
OPERATION OF RSG RESEARCH REACTOR 30 MW
1991
1998 ESTABLISHMENT OF BATAN AND BAPETENOPERATION OF TRIGA MARK II RESEARCH REACTOR 2 MW, Advanced Si Core for RSG RR
1996
STARTING OF NPP FEASIBILITY STUDY
1997
Act No 31 Yr 1964
Act No 10 Yr 1997 NUCLEAR ENERGY ACT
FINISHING OF NPP FEASIBILITY STUDY
ECONOMIC CRISISECONOMIC CRISIS
1978
NUCLEAR ACCIDENT NUCLEAR ACCIDENT –– CHERNOBYL 1986CHERNOBYL 1986
2003 SUBMISSION OF ENERGY PLANNING STUDY RESULT “CADES” TO PRESIDEN OF R.I.
1988 OPERATION OF RAD. WASTE MNG. INSTALLATION
1989 OPERATION OF Power Reactor Experimental FE Installation
1990 OPERATIONS OF RMI, ESI, NMEI
1995 WHOLE INDONESIAN CORE FOR 30 MW RESEARCH REACTOR
START OF ENERGY PLANNING STUDY, FINISHED 2002, NPP FEASIBLE
1.2. Activities Related to NPP Introduction
2006
2000
2005 NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GENERAL PLANNING 2005-2025, NUCLEAR POWER INCLUDED
NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY 2005–2025, PRESIDENTIAL REG NO 5 YEAR 2006 – NUCLEAR INCLUDED2007 Act No 17 Year 2007 on National Long-Term Development Planning – Introduction of NPP ( 2015-2019 ).
2.1. Act, Decree, Regulation relating to NPP Developmentin Indonesia.
2.2. Indonesian Status to the International Nuclear Arrangements.
2. Act, Decree, Regulation & International Nuclear Arrangements
2. Act, Decree, Regulation & 2. Act, Decree, Regulation & International Nuclear ArrangementsInternational Nuclear Arrangements
� Act No. 10 Year 1997 on Nuclear Energy � Act No. 17 Year 2007 on National Long-Term Development Planning 2005-
2025.� Act No. 30 Year 2007 on Energy � Government Regulation No 43 Year 2006 on Licensing of Nuclear
Reactor� Presidential Regulation No 5 Year 2006 on National Energy Policy .� National Electricity General Planning (RUKN) 2006-2026, MOEMR 2006.� Guidance for the Application and Development of Sustainable Nuclear
Energy System in Indonesia
2.1. Act, Decree, Regulation relating to NPP Development in Indonesia
No INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR TREATY AND CONVENTION STATUS
1. �Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)�Safeguard Agreement with IAEA�Additional Protocol to Safeguards
�Ratified : Act No.8 / 1978�Signed (Valid)�Signed (Valid)
2. Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and its Amendment
Ratified : President Decree No.49 / 1986
3. Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident Ratified : President Decree No.81 / 1993
4. Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency
Ratified : President Decree No.82 / 1993
5. Treaty on the South East Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Ratified : UU No.9 / 1997
6. Convention on Nuclear Safety Ratified : President Decree No.106 / 2001
7. Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) Signed 1996
8. Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management
Signed (1997)
9. Protocol to Amend the Vienna Convention Signed (1997)
10. Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage Signed (1997)
11. Bilateral Cooperation and Supply Agreement (s) Signed (1997)
2.2. Indonesian Status to the International Nuclear Arrangements.
SAFEGUARDS CONCLUSIONS :SAFEGUARDS CONCLUSIONS :
•For 13 States ( Australia, Croatia, Ghana, the Holy See, Hungary, Indonesia, Jordan, Monaco, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Slovenia and Uzbekistan ) having both Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (CSA) and Additional Protocol (AP) in force, the IAEA concluded that all nuclear material had been placed under safeguards and remained in peaceful nuclear activities.
•Indonesia recognized by IAEA as the first three countries ( Australia and Norway ) applying CSA and AP ( IAEA GC-2005 ).
Source : International Atomic Energy AgencySource : International Atomic Energy Agency
3.Current Energy Conditions3.Current Energy Conditions
5
Lex GeneralistLex SpecialistSectoral Treatment8.
Demand Side Management(DSM)
Supply Side Management(SSM)
Policy Priority9.
Substitution subsidyPrice policySubsidy Reduction7.
Oil and commercial energyOil and traditional energyAccessibility to Energy4.
HighLowEnergy Demand Growth5.
25 – 35 % 50 – 75 % Fiscal Influence (APBN)2.
Oil dependencyOil dominantMomentum beginning1.
- Pro Poor- Pro Job- Pro Growth
- Pro Growth- Pro Job- Pro Poor
Contribution to National Development
10.
Oil and energy alternativeOilPrimary Energy Production3.
II (2006)I (1966)
THE ERA OF ENERGY RESURGENCE IN INDONESIASUBJECT
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIAENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA3.1
Source : DGEEU-MEMR
3.2 Growth of Primary Energy3.2 Growth of Primary Energy
The average growth of primary energyThe average growth of primary energy :1970-2005 = � 8,5 %/ annum
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Hydro
Geothermal
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2004 2005
Year
thou
sand
SB
M
Source : DGEEU-MEMR
3.3. Consumption of Crude oil and Fuel Oil are High (2006)
Primary Energy Final Energy
Coal15.34%
Natural Gas28.57%
Crude Oil51.66%
Geothermal1.32%
Hydro3.11%
Coal8.85%
Oil54.82%
Natural Gas 25.28%
Electricity9.62%
LPG1.44%
Source : DGEEU-MEMR
4. Energy Policies4. Energy Policies
4.1. National Energy Policy4.1. National Energy Policy
19
NATIONAL ENERGY POLICYNATIONAL ENERGY POLICY
SUPPLY SIDE POLICY
SUPPLY SIDE POLICY
DEMAND SIDE POLICY
DEMAND SIDE POLICY
SECURITY OF SUPPLY
SECURITY OF SUPPLY
SOCIETY AWARENESS
SOCIETY AWARENESS
ENERGY PRICEENERGY PRICE
PRODUCTION EXPLORATION
PRODUCTION EXPLORATION
CONSERVATION(PRODUCTION
OPTIMIZING)
CONSERVATION(PRODUCTION
OPTIMIZING)
DIRECT SUBSIDYDIRECT SUBSIDY
DIVERSIFICATIONDIVERSIFICATION
CONSERVATION(EFFICIENCY)
CONSERVATION(EFFICIENCY)
Source : DGEEU-MEMR
20
Natural Gas, 28.57%
Coal, 15.34%
Oil51.66%
Geothermal Power, 1.32%
Hydro Power, 3.11%
ENERGI MIX GOAL 2025ENERGI MIX GOAL 2025
OPTIMIZING ENERGY
MANAGEMENT
National (Primary) Energy Mix
National (Primary) Energy Mix of 2025(BaU Scenario)
PRESIDENTIAL REGULATION NO. 5 YEAR 2006PRESIDENTIAL REGULATION NO. 5 YEAR 2006NATIONAL ENERGY POLICYNATIONAL ENERGY POLICY
Coal, 34.6%
Oil, 41.7%
Geothermal Power, 1.1%
Mini/micro Hydro Power, 0.1%
Power Plant, 1.9%National Energy Mix 2025
(Presidential Regulation Scenario)
Coal, 33%
Natural Gas, 20.6%
Natural Gas,30%
Geothermal Power, 5%
Biomass, Nuclear, HydroSolar Power, Wind Power, 5%
Oil, 20%
Biofuel, 5%
Coal Liquefaction, 2%
NRE,17%
Source : DGEEU-MEMR
22
Wind
New and Renewable Energy
17%5%
5%
2%
5%
Biofuel
Geothermal
Other New and Renewable Energy Nuclear
HydroSolar
CBM
Biomass
NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENTNEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT(In accordance with the Presidential Regulation No. 5/2006)
Coal Liquefaction
Source : DGEEU-MEMR
ENERGY USED: MIX, OPTIMAL, SMART, AND WISE
FOSSIL ENERGY(hydrocarbon resources)
OIL COAL GAS
NEW & RENEWABLE ENERGY
HYDRO,Microhydro
Solar, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal, HydrogenNUCLEAR
ENVIRONMENT INFRASTRUCTURE ENERGY SOURCES SOCIO-CULTURE GEOPOLITIC ECONOMY
NATURAL RESOURCE BASED NATURAL RESOURCE BASED TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYBASEDBASED(TECHNOLOGY MATURITY)(TECHNOLOGY MATURITY)
- Population growth- Economic growth- Change of life style
- Increasing of the primary energy supply (doubled)
- Increasing of the electricity energy supply (3,5 fold)
Environmentalissues:
- Global warming- Air pollution - Acid rain- Health
4.2. Long-Term National Energy Planning.
5.1. Electricity : Current Condition and National ElectricityGeneral Planning (2006-2026).
5.2. Nuclear as a Option for Long Term Energy Supply.
5.3. Infrastructure Development Program.
5.4. Utilization of Nuclear technology and Activities relating to Nuclear Power Plant.
5.5. Current Influencing Factors.
5. Issues of the Nuclear Development Program in Indonesia
5. Issues of the Nuclear 5. Issues of the Nuclear Development Program in IndonesiaDevelopment Program in Indonesia
� Electricity System:� Interconnection: Java-Madura-Bali and most of Sumatera island;� The others are still isolated.
� Growth rate of demand for electricity up to 2026: 7.1 % p.a.� Total installed capacity 29,083 MW:
� PLN’s : 24.887 MW (85,57%);� IPP’s : 3.450 MW (11,86%);� PPU’s : 746 MW (2,57%).
� Electrification ratio: 56%.� Village electrified ratio: 85%� Consumption of fuel-oil for power generation is about 24%.� Power plant’s installed capacity from renewable energy:
� Geothermal : 1,032 MW � Hydro : 4.200 MW � Mini/Micro Hydro : 84 MW � Biomass : 445 MW � Solar Cell : 8 MW � Wind Power : 0,6 MW
5.1. Current Electricity Condition5.1. Current Electricity Condition
Source : DGEEU-MEMR
0
100
200
300
400
500
2006 2011 2016 2021 2026Year
TWh
Java-M adura-Bali Outside Java-M adura-BaliIndonesia
0
100
200
300
400
500
2006 2011 2016 2021 2026Year
TWh
Java-M adura-Bali Outside Java-M adura-BaliIndonesia
Electricity Demand Electricity Demand (Based on RUKN 2006 (Based on RUKN 2006 –– 2026)2026)
Source : DGEEU-MEMR
Electricity Demand (Based on RUKN 2006 – 2026)
Electricity Demand Electricity Demand (Based on RUKN 2006 (Based on RUKN 2006 –– 2026)2026)
Area Description Units 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026
Java-Madura-Bali
Demand TWh 92 129 178 242 327
Peak Load GW 15 21 29 40 59
Additional Power Plants
GW -0.4 10 27 42 53
OutsideJava-Madura-Bali
Demand TWh 23 33 50 77 123
Peak Load GW 5 7 10 14 17
Additional Power Plants
GW 0.9 5 9 16 37
Indonesia Demand TWh 115 162 228 319 450
Peak Load GW 20 28 39 54 76
Additional Power Plants
GW 0.5 15 36 58 90
Source : DGEEU-MEMR
Primary Energy Share for Power Generation (Java-Madura-Bali)
Primary Energy Share for Power Generation Primary Energy Share for Power Generation (Java(Java--MaduraMadura--Bali)Bali)
42% 47%60%
70% 71%
19%24%
20%14% 12%
5%
6%
6% 7%
9%
9%
8%8% 8%
24%15%
6%
6%
2%2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Coal Gas Geothermal Hydro Oil
42% 47%60%
70% 71%
19%24%
20%14% 12%
5%
6%
6% 7%
9%
9%
8%8% 8%
24%15%
6%
6%
2%2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Coal Gas Geothermal Hydro Oil
Nuclear Energy is considered to be utilized gradually starting in 2017/2018, and is expected to reach 4% in 2025 Nuclear Energy is considered to be utilized gradually starting iNuclear Energy is considered to be utilized gradually starting inn2017/2018, and is expected to reach 4% in 20252017/2018, and is expected to reach 4% in 2025
Source : DGEEU-MEMR
29,47433,883
37,42642,452
58,706
65,37870,214
73,10376,111
2,0125,513
10,742
18,327
29,508
43,149
54,064
65,79270,783
66
77
90 93
7 16
28
4350.2
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2002 2010 2015 2020 2025
Cus
tom
ers
(Tho
usan
d)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2002 2010 2015 2020 2025El
ectri
ficat
ion
Rat
io (%
)
Number of Household Residential Customers Electrification Ratio
Govn’tTarget
Electrification Ratio GrowthElectrification Ratio GrowthElectrification Ratio Growth
Source : DGEEU-MEMR
� Energy Diversification– Diversify primary energy use for power generation and reduce fossil fuel
dependency (esp. Oil)
� Energy Conservation– Energy efficiency to reduce total domestic energy and electricity demand
and increase added value
� Energy Security and Self Sufficiency
� Environmental Protection– Reduce SOx, NOx and Green-House-Gases emission to support
sustainable development and minimize externalities
� Electricity Production Cost– Reduce Electricity Production Cost
� Acquiring of High-Tech Power Generation– High Tech utilization will increase national industrial capacity
5.2 Nuclear as An Option for Long Term Energy Supply5.2 Nuclear as An Option for Long Term Energy Supply
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION PLANNING Jawa-Madura-Bali ( Jamali )
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
20052006
20072008
20092010
20112012
20132014
20152016
20172018
20192020
20212022
20232024
2025
Nuklir Batubara Panas bumi Gas Air BBM
TWH
YEARS 2006 2025Coal 42% 58%
9% 4%Gas 19% 27%Geothermal 5% 4%Oil 24% 3%Nuclear 0% 4%
COMPOSITION of ENERGY
Hydro
NuclearNuclear Coal Geothermal Gas Hyd Oil
Source : DGEEU-MEMR
5.3 Infrastructure Development Program.5.3 Infrastructure Development Program.
Source r: IAEA NG-G-3.1, 2007
PR 5/2006 Act 17/2007
Status of NPP in Indonesia
Nuclear energy to suffice conservation, intensification, diversification and sustainability of energy supply, shall be:symbiotic and synergistic to fossil and & new renewable energy sources
• Application of Nuclear Technology for Fossil:� EOR using tracer, SOx and NOx treatment using Electron
Beam Machine• Application of Nuclear Technology for Renewable Energy:
� Hydro, micro-hydro, and geothermal using tracer and bio-fuel (irradiation induced mutation of Yatropha Curcas sp, sweet sorghum), etc.
• NPP Introduction: � Planning, pre-project activities, and continuous
socialization of NPP for electricity.• Preparation of Nuclear Fuel Supply and Future Radioactive
Waste Management• Study on Future NPP for Co-generation
5.4. Utilization of Nuclear Technology and Activities 5.4. Utilization of Nuclear Technology and Activities Relating to Nuclear Power Plant.Relating to Nuclear Power Plant.
Current influencing factors of nuclear power plant introduction are as follows:
(1) Public acceptance Program of Socialization – Public Education & Information.Program of Social Engineering – Community Development.
(2) Financing scheme.The financing schemes should achieve two objectives: minimalcosts to the government and affordable electricity price.
Based on IAEA TECDOC 1513 the possible methods of financing Nuclear Power Plant:- Projects Fully Financed by Government Owned Utility.- Projects Fully Financed by Private Sector Utility.- Project Financed by Project Financing Model
5.5. Current Influencing Factors.5.5. Current Influencing Factors.
� BATAN as a Government Institution, has led all necessary pre-project activities, and is preparing the requirement needed for owner establishment together with MOEMR.
� The introduction of NPP in Indonesia is not only to reach an optimal energy mix based on cost and environmental protection, but also to relieve the pressure arising from increasing domestic demand for oil and gas as well as to support sustainable development in Indonesia .
� Some political, economical, social and technical efforts have been done to realize the introduction of the first NPP in Indonesia. Few preparation studies, however need to be further up-dated, to conclude the objective.
� In spite of the complete, comprehensive and long-time preparation that have already been carried out, main influencing factors i.e public acceptance, and economic–financing scheme still need to be properly managed to succeed the NPP introduction in Indonesia
6. Conclusion
THANK YOU