Energy saving solution set description

Project Acronym : Green@Hospital

Grant Agreement numbers: : ICT PSP 297290

Project Title: : web-based enerGy management system foR the optimization of the EnErgy coNsumption in Hospitals

Website : www.greenhospital-project.eu

Document version : v.6.0 Final

Document Preparation Date : 15/04/2013

Dissemination level : Public

Author(s) : Davide Nardi Cesarini (AEA), Cristina Cristalli (AEA), S.Papantoniou (TUC), Marc Trullas (AGE), Ferran Abad (AGE), Giacomo Grigis (SCH), Stefano Mangilli (SCH)

Work Package 2

Pilot’s solution set data analysis

Deliverable D2.2

Energy saving solution set description

Page 2 of 139

Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description

Revision History

Revision Date Author Organization Description 1.0 05/12/2012 L. Remaggi, D.

Nardi Cesarini AGE First draft

2.0 06/01/2013 M.Trullas, S.Papantoniou, D. Nardi Cesarini

AGE, TUC, AEA

Contribution for the Energy audit chapter

3.0 18/02/2013 S.Papantoniou, D. Nardi Cesarini

AEA, TUC Solution set description for AOR and SGH

4.0 01/04/2013 M.Trullas AGE Solution set description for HVN and HML

5.0 04/04/2013 G.Grigis, S.Mangilli

SCH Contribution on chapter 4

6.0 15/04/2013 C. Cristalli AEA Final revision of the document

Statement of originality: This deliverable contains original unpublished work except where clearly indicated otherwise. Acknowledgement of previously published material and of the work of others has been made through appropriate citation, quotation or both.

Page 3 of 139


List of Acronyms

AHU: air handling unit

BMS: building management system

CHP: combined heat and power

ESCO: Energy Service Company

GSHP: ground source heat pump

HACS: hot aisle containment system

HVAC: heating ventilation and air conditioning

ICT: information and communication technology

OPC:OLE for process control

OLE: object linking and embedding

PLC: programmable logic computer

SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

SNMP: simple network management protocol

SOAP: simple object access protocol

VFD: variable frequency drive

VSD: variable speed drive

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................9

2. Energy audit..................................................................................................................10

2.1. AOR ...................................................................................................................12

2.1.1. Questionnaires analysis ....................................................................................... 12

(1) HVAC - Oncology, Hematology, Oncology Pharmacy ............................................ 14

(2) Lighting - Oncology, Hematology, Oncology Pharmacy ......................................... 15

(3) Oncology, Hematology, Oncology Pharmacy HVAC and lighting – System

operators ............................................................................................................ 16

(4) Data Center cooling system ................................................................................. 18

2.1.2. Audit team appointment ..................................................................................... 19

2.1.3. Energy audit ........................................................................................................ 21

(1) Building envelope ................................................................................................ 22

(2) HVAC ................................................................................................................... 23

(3) Lighting................................................................................................................ 24

(4) Energy use and bills ............................................................................................. 25

(5) Energy audit Level III ............................................................................................ 26

(6) ICT data collection ............................................................................................... 27

2.2. HVN...................................................................................................................31


(1) HVAC - emergency department and surgery theatres .......................................... 32

(2) HVAC – Emergency department - System operators ........................................... 33

(3) HVAC - Surgery theatres – System operators ....................................................... 33



2.2.3. Energy audit ........................................................................................................ 37

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(2) HVAC ................................................................................................................... 39




2.3. SGH ...................................................................................................................45


(1) HVAC – various departments ............................................................................... 48

(2) Lighting - various departments ............................................................................ 49

(3) Room – HVAC and lighting – System operators .................................................... 50


2.3.3. Energy audit ........................................................................................................ 53


(2) HVAC ................................................................................................................... 56

(3) Lighting................................................................................................................ 57



(6) ICT infrastructure and data collection .................................................................. 62

(7) Hospital ICT data collection.................................................................................. 63

2.4. HML ..................................................................................................................66


(1) HVAC: hospital rooms and surgery theatres ......................................................... 68

(2) Lighting: rooms .................................................................................................... 68

(3) Surgery theatres – HVAC – System operators ....................................................... 69

(4) Room – HVAC and lighting – System operators .................................................... 69

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(6) Geothermal system ............................................................................................. 72


2.4.3. Energy audit ........................................................................................................ 74

(1) HVAC ................................................................................................................... 74

(2) Lighting................................................................................................................ 75




3. Energy saving solution sets ...........................................................................................83

3.1. Subsystem .........................................................................................................83

3.1.1. AOR ..................................................................................................................... 83

(1) Data centre .......................................................................................................... 84

(2) Lighting................................................................................................................ 91

(3) HVAC ................................................................................................................... 95

3.1.2. HVN ..................................................................................................................... 97

(1) Emergency AHUs ................................................................................................. 97

(2) Operating room AHU ........................................................................................... 98

(3) Data centre cold water production ...................................................................... 98

3.1.3. SGH ..................................................................................................................... 99

(1) Fan coils in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic ................................................. 99

(2) Artificial lighting in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic ................................... 101

3.1.4. HML................................................................................................................... 103

(1) Heating and cooling generation system ............................................................. 103

(2) Operating room HVAC control ........................................................................... 105

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3.2. Solution sets .................................................................................................... 107

3.2.1. AOR ................................................................................................................... 107

(1) Data centre cooling optimization ....................................................................... 107

(2) Smart lighting system ........................................................................................ 108

3.2.2. HVN ................................................................................................................... 111

(1) Emergency zone Air Handling Unit Control ........................................................ 111

(2) Surgery theaters Air Unit Control ....................................................................... 112

(3) Data centre cold water production management ............................................... 113

3.2.3. SGH ................................................................................................................... 114

(1) Fan coils management in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic ......................... 114

(2) Artificial lighting management in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic ............. 119

3.2.4. HML................................................................................................................... 123

(1) Heating and cooling generation system optimized management ....................... 123

(2) Optimized control strategies for Surgery Rooms ventilation ............................... 123

4. Preliminary solution-set energy savings ...................................................................... 125

4.1. HVAC Systems solutions .................................................................................. 128

4.1.1. Ground source heat pump management ........................................................... 128

4.1.2. VFD installation on AHU ..................................................................................... 129

4.1.3. AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions ................................................................ 129

4.1.4. Data center Cooling System management.......................................................... 132

4.2. Lighting system solutions ................................................................................ 134

4.2.1. Installation of presence detectors ...................................................................... 134

4.2.2. Installation of daylight sensors........................................................................... 135

4.2.3. Installation of dimmer ....................................................................................... 136

4.2.4. Overall lighting solutions evaluation .................................................................. 136

5. Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 138

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6. References .................................................................................................................. 139

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1. Introduction

This document is the result of the activities carried on in the framework of Tasks 2.1 and

2.2 of Work Package 2 “Pilot’s solution set data analysis”. The final output of these tasks is

the definition of the energy saving solution sets to be tested in each pilot hospital. This

output is the final result of a complex work which is described in Chapter 2 of this document.

The data collected and the results achieved with the energy audit performed in the pilot

hospitals following the Energy Audit Procedure described in the deliverable D2.1 “Standard

energy audit procedure” are listed. Great emphasis has been given to comfort questionnaire

results which can be considered as the key elements in order to choose the solution sets

involving different kind of stakeholders. The comparison between the comfort perception

before and after the intervention will be a parameter to test the qualitative efficacy of the

tested solutions. After the audit team appointment the most important data collected are

presented: first of all the global features and performances of the hospital buildings are

described together with the main equipments. Then, some particular areas are analyzed in

detail. Finally, for each hospital, its ICT infrastructures have been described.

Chapter 3 is dedicated to the description of the subsystems selected to be upgraded and

integrated within the Web-EMCS. For each of them the main interventions planned during

the Green@Hospital project are described.

Chapter 4 contains some preliminary considerations addressing energy saving potentials:

even if this activity will be carried on in the framework of Task 2.3 which is planned for the

second year of the project, some preliminary data have been integrated in this document to

provide a first idea of the energy savings expected and to understand if they are in line with

the project expected results.

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2. Energy audit

Energy audits were carried out in the pilot hospitals following the procedures and the

guidelines described in the deliverable D2.1 “Standard energy audit procedure” where some

tools and templates useful to collect data have been also provided.

Three key issues have been addressed in the energy audit procedure:

- Stakeholders involvement

- Audit team appointment

- Data collection through agreed templates and data format

Stakeholders’ involvement was one of the key actions to increase the quality of the

energy audit and to create the basis for the success of the project: the cooperation of final

stakeholders is very important both for the identification of the solution sets and for the

management of the solutions after the installation phase.

In each hospital some meetings have been organized with the hospital personnel

involving different stakeholders: IT staff, system operators and clinicians have been informed

about the project purposes and questionnaires have been submitted to them.

Also patients and their relatives have been interviewed to monitor the perception of final

users about comfort conditions in the areas involved in the project.

The second step towards the energy audit was the appointment of the Audit team. The

annex “Skill assessment matrix” of the deliverable D2.1 was used as a template to identify

for each task the person who was most skilled to perform it.

Then data collection started even if some difficulties have been encountered such as:

- Not complete information available

- Documentation available just in paper form

- Data owned by a third party organization

Anyway data collection from pilot hospitals has been successfully completed. Two other

documents published as annexes to D2.1 where used in this phase:

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1) Energy audit level I Report

2) BMS- SCADA-ICT checklist

The collection of data required in the first document was the first activity performed in

the framework of task T2.1 (Energy audit). Several technical inspections were organized in

each pilot hospital to collect data not available from technical document analysis and people

with different skills participated to this activity. More detailed data were collected with

reference to the solution sets identified in the preliminary phase of the project.

The second document was the main tool used to reach the objectives planned in the

framework of task T2.2 (Analysis of the BMS and of the ICT infrastructure). The main target

of this task was to understand which sub systems could be integrated with the Web-EMCS

and which data were already available in each pilot.

Stakeholders’ feedback, data collected and possibility of integration were the main

parameters considered in the choice of the final list of solution sets. A detailed report of the

activities performed in each pilot hospital is presented in the following paragraphs including

questionnaire submission and analysis, audit team appointment and energy audit.

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2.1. AOR

2.1.1. Questionnaires analysis

At Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, G.M. Lancisi , G. Salesi

of Ancona (AOR) questionnaires were submitted to people working and staying in four

different areas. For each area different kind of stakeholders were interviewed about

different systems as hereafter specified:

- Hematology department

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses

Patients and families

System operator

o Lighting

Doctors and Nurses


System operator

- Oncology department

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses


System operator

o Lighting

Doctors and Nurses


System operator

- Oncology pharmacy

o HVAC

Pharmacists and Nurses

System operator

o Lighting

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Pharmacists and Nurses

System operator

- Data Centre

o Cooling system

System operator

IT Staff

Questionnaires were submitted during the week from 16th July 2012 and 22nd July 2012.

External temperature conditions are very important to interpret the answers collected from

the interviewed people. In table 1 climate conditions monitored in Ancona during the above

mentioned week are presented.

Day T daily average T min T max RH

16 July 24 °C 19 °C 27 °C 50 %

17 July 23 °C 17 °C 27 °C 53 %

18 July 24 °C 17 °C 29 °C 51 %

19 July 29 °C 17 °C 37 °C 34 %

20 July 29 °C 20 °C 35 °C 30 %

21 July 27 °C 22 °C 33 °C 47 %

22 July 23 °C 21 °C 26 °C 69 %

Table 1 Climate conditions during monitoring week in AOR

The main questionnaire results are highlighted in the following paragraphs while more

detailed information and exhaustive results are reported in Annex I to this deliverable.

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(1) HVAC - Oncology, Hematology, Oncology Pharmacy

124 people have been interviewed concerning HVAC system performances in the three

different areas.

With respect to the hematology department doctors highlight bad comfort conditions in

their offices due to high thermal loads and crowded spaces while nurses complain about a

too low air temperature in their working areas. Patients and families are quite satisfied with

comfort conditions and air quality in the different rooms they occupy. Drafts from vents

located just over the beds are the main sources of discomfort.

With respect to the oncology department doctors and nurses judge sufficient but

improvable the comfort level granted by the HVAC system. Patients and families satisfaction

is quite high. Low reaction speed of the cooling system and drafts from vents and windows

are the main sources of discomfort highlighted

With respect to the oncology pharmacy different comfort conditions are perceived by

pharmacists and nurses working in different areas and operating conditions. Nurses

complain about too high temperature level (they wear special clothing) and temperature

instability. Drafts from vents and low reaction speed of the cooling system are the main

causes of discomfort.

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(2) Lighting - Oncology, Hematology, Oncology Pharmacy

122 people have been interviewed concerning lighting system performances in the three

different areas.

With respect to the hematology department stakeholders overall satisfaction with the

artificial lighting system is good. Lighting management can be improved in corridors and

common areas where lights remain switched on also during night. Stakeholders complain

about limited control of natural light since some shading systems are not working.

Similar results have been collected in the Oncology department where stakeholders are

globally satisfied with artificial light level and daylight. Installation of LED lamps is seen as a

good improvement for the system and, as underlined also in the hematology department,

light control should be improved allowing to switch off the light at night.

The oncology pharmacy is in a basement floor and there are no windows, so artificial

lighting is the only source of light available. Clinicians are satisfied with artificial light level

even if they wish to have switches in the different area, a softer background light level and

some task lights where operators have to read labels.

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(3) Oncology, Hematology, Oncology Pharmacy

HVAC and lighting – System operators

System operators were interviewed to collect technical opinion from who manages the

system about its performances and capabilities.

Concerning HVAC, in the three areas analyzed:

- Occupants can operate windows (except in the oncology pharmacy were there aren’t

windows)

- Occupants can’t adjust the required room temperature; temperature setpoint is

adjusted by the system operator. If a change in the setpoint is required, the user calls the

system operator by phone. Just in some offices there is an autonomous control of the

cooling system.

- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system and

know how to adjust it.

- System operators can monitor some parameters like heating and cooling coil water

temperatures and AHU air flow.

- The control system is sufficiently friendly but its control capabilities can be improved

in order to reduce the time needed to manage the system.

The HVAC control system can be improved implementing an automated alert system that

can eliminate the need for 24h surveillance. Thermostatic temperature control in each room

can reduce energy wastes, increase comfort for users and reduce time dedicated to regulate

the system by the system operator. More control on AHUs is needed in order to reduce flow

rates in not occupied areas.

Concerning lighting, in the three areas analyzed:

- Occupants can control artificial lights (except in corridors and in the oncology

pharmacy where there is a unique switchboard)

- Occupants can control manually shadings from the sun


know how to adjust it

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- The control system is sufficiently friendly but its control capabilities can be improved

in order to reduce the time needed to manage the system

The lighting control system can be improved implementing light dimming and

decentralized controls. The benefits coming from lighting control via PLC, already

implemented in other hospital areas, can be extended also to the oncology and hematology

departments and to the oncology pharmacy.

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(4) Data Center cooling system

Two categories of users were interviewed to understand capabilities and limits of the

Data Centre cooling system.

IT staff questionnaire is very useful to understand the cooling requirements while the

system operator questionnaire helps to understand strengths and weaknesses of the system.

Data Centers require 22-24°C in the cold aisle and 29°C in the hot aisle. The cooling

system should guarantee autonomy of at least 1 hour with the air temperature below 40°C.

At the moment the norms does not require particular air quality conditions but air

quality control is important particularly in this case where the compartmented area has not

a ventilation system.

IT staff is globally very satisfied by the data center cooling system even if some aspects

could be improved:

- there is no fresh air in the data centre area: a ventilation system can be implemented

to ensure fresh air when operators are in the compartmented area; air quality parameters

could be measured

- Risk of data loss in case the cold water pipes breaks: a passive PCM (phase changing

material) system can be added to increase the system inertia

- Drycoolers are not outdoor: this aspect reduces the efficiency of the cooling system

System operators are very happy with the cooling management system: friendly user

interfaces allow controlling easily a lot of parameters and an automated alert system

reduces the amount of time needed to control and manage the system.

The system can be improved implementing advanced control algorithm to allow fault

prevention and increase energy efficiency.

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2.1.2. Audit team appointment

After questionnaire collection and analysis, the Skill assessment matrix document

published as annex to the deliverable D2.1 was used to identify the key actors in the audit

phase.

SKILL ASSESSMENT MATRIX

SKILLS

FINANCE / MANAGEMENT

ADMINISTRATION ENGINEERING O&M ENERGY

TASKS TECHNICAL BUILDING MANAGER

HVAC/LIGHTING MANAGER

BMS & ICT MANAGER

MAINTENANCE MANAGER

MAINTENANCE OPERATOR

ENERGY MANAGER

Data Collection

General description of the building ( m2, beds,...)

Penna (AOR) +

Maniscalco (AOR)

Maniscalco (AOR) + ESCO

Annual Energy Use ( type of energy, units )

Maniscalco

(AOR)


Cost of Annual Energy Use ( Euros per type )

Biraschi (AOR) + Penna (AOR)

Maniscalco

(AOR)

Breakdown of spaces by function, hours of use, plant distribution,..


Clinicians (AOR) Maniscalco

(AOR)

Operation parameters ( temperature, artificial light-hours, use hours )

Maniscalco

(AOR) Maniscalco (AOR)


Maintenance practices concerning efficiency.

Maniscalco

(AOR)




Description of energy-using systems and components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical characterization, input and output measurement

Maniscalco


Davide Nardi Cesarini

(AEA)

Description of energy-producing systems and components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical characterization, input and output measurement

Maniscalco



(AEA)

Description of BMS/SCADA (systems, components and functions)

Maniscalco

(AOR)

Libertini (AOR)

Description of ICT infrastructure (systems, components and functions)

Maniscalco

(AOR)

Libertini (AOR)

Calculations :

Breakdown of energy use and costs of systems and components


Davide Nardi

Cesarini (AEA)


Energy Conservation Measures :

Without cost Maniscalco

(AOR)


Davide Nardi

Cesarini (AEA) + ESCO

With cost: cost estimate of implementation, estimation of annual savings, rate of amortization.


Maniscalco

(AOR)


(AEA) + ESCO

Measurements of savings.

Maniscalco

(AOR)

Libertini (AOR)

Davide Nardi

Cesarini (AEA) + ESCO

Verification of savings. Biraschi (AOR) +

Penna (AOR)

Maniscalco (AOR)

Maniscalco (AOR)

+ ESCO


(AEA) + ESCO

Table 2 AOR audit team

As shown in the previous table two partners were involved in the AOR audit phase. The

table was filled in September 2012 with the name of the people coordinating each activity.

Page 20 of 139


AEA involved in the audit phase people working in different areas which were involved

on different topics:

- Research for Innovation

Team coordination

Communication with the Pilot hospital

Data collection

Visual inspections

- Energy R&D

Data analysis

Energy saving solution analysis

Energy saving estimation

- Humancare R&D

Relationship with clinicians

Impact of the solutions analysis

Also AOR involved in the audit phase people working in different sectors:

- Technical office personnel

Building plants collection

Electrical plant data collection

Thermal plant data collection

Visual inspection

- IT office people personnel

IT and ICT infrastructure data collection

- Administration personnel

Consumption data collection

- Clinicians (Oncology department, Hematology department, Pediatric oncology

department, Oncology pharmacy)

Interviews and impact on clinic activities

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Also the ESCO operating in the Hospital was involved in the audit phase: some of the

information dealing with energy consumptions is owned by the ESCO Company. Some of the

information needed for the project was not provided because considered essential for the

competitiveness of the ESCO Company itself. The contract between the hospital and the

ESCO expires by June 2014 and the contract does not allow the hospital to provide energy

consumption data to third part companies.

However the ESCO assured the cooperation with AOR and AEA providing the required

data even if in some cases they do not refer to the last years. The ESCO Company is also

responsible for the global service activity in the hospital and assured the support to the

Green@Hospital consortium during the installation phase.

2.1.3. Energy audit

Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, G.M. Lancisi , G. Salesi of

Ancona is a university hospital. It was born because of a Regional law in 2004 from the union

of 3 hospitals. It is the biggest regional hospital and it belongs to the National Health Service.

It is composed by two main premises: the main settlement and the Mother and child

hospital. While the main settlement was built from 1970 the Mother and child hospital is an

older building. The Mother and child hospital will move from the actual area to the new

settlement in the next 5 - 10 years.

Below some numbers to describe the hospital activity:

- 700 beds

- 3500 employees (700 of which clinicians)

- 24/7 opening

A Level I energy audit was performed for the main settlement of the hospital. Six visits

were needed to collect the required information which was used to fill in the document

Energy Audit Level I Report.

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(1) Building envelope

The most important information concerning the building envelope is resumed in the

following table.

BUILDING SHELL CHARACTERISTICS

Total exposed above-grade wall area (m2) 38116 Insulated

Glazing area (% of exposed wall area) 20 Double

Roof area (m2) 9000 Insulated

Floor surface area exposed to outdoor conditions (m2) 0

Above-grade wall area common with other conditioned building (m2) 0

Total heated floor area (m2) 101000 Table 3 AOR building shell main characteristics

The picture below shows the layout of the hospital. Each block of the building is

identified by a letter.

Figure 1 AOR building map and block division

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(2) HVAC

Heat generation is carried out by three gas boilers, two dedicated to low temperature

heat production and one dedicated to high temperature heat production. Heat exchangers

separate the primary circuit from the secondary circuit which feeds the terminals installed in

the hospital departments. Heat exchangers were replaced in the last years to reduce the

temperature of the water flowing in the primary circuit. Great savings due to reduced heat

losses have been obtained. When heat demand is over a certain threshold two CHP

(combined heat and power) systems are activated. They are fed with natural gas.

Cooling generation is carried out by water cooled chillers. Condensing water is cooled

down by evaporative towers. Chillers with different compressor technologies and different

efficiencies are installed.

Different departments were built in different periods and different technologies have

been selected to heat different areas: radiator, fancoil, radiant ceiling, radiant floor and all

air systems.

Set point temperature control logics are available in almost all areas but with different

features from department to department: Where all air systems are installed there is a

unique set point for all the areas served by the same air handling unit (AHU). In the other

cases a single thermostat usually controls more than one room. In day hospital areas heating

is stopped according to time schedule. This operation is not possible if the same AHU serves

areas with different patterns of use. Except for some particular areas where dedicated AHUs

have been installed, AHUs serve an entire block of the hospital.

The main HVAC equipment is listed in the table below.

Designation Model/Type Capacity Remarks

Chiller 1 TECS W 1954 1949 kW Turbocor compressors

Chiller 2 TECS W 1954 1950 kW Turbocor compressors

Chiller 3 Emicon rwh 2503 k vb 1870 kW Scroll compressors




Gas boiler 1 Vitomax 200 8 MW Low temperature

Gas boiler 2 Vitomax 200 8 MW Low temperature

Page 24 of 139


Gas boiler 3 Vitomax 200 4.5 MW High temperature

CHP 1 Jenbacher 2MW

CHP 2 Jenbacher 2MW Table 4 AOR HVAC equipment list

HVAC system control features have been checked and the results are shown in the

following tables.

UNOCCUPIED SETBACK

Shutdown of: Yes/No

AHUs by Time Schedule Yes

Exhaust Fans by Time Schedule Yes

Chillers:By Outside Air Temperature Yes

Boilers,By Time Schedule No Table 5 AOR HVAC system features

OTHER CHARACTERISTICS

Cogeneration Yes Thermal Storage Yes for DHW

Energy Monitoring and Control System Yes Humidifiers/Dehumidifiers Yes

On-site Generation Yes Dessicant System No

Active Solar Equipment No Evaporative Cooling No

Energy Recovery Yes Other-Define: Table 6 AOR HVAC system other characteristics

(3) Lighting

Lighting equipment and its control capabilities depend on the year when the department

was built or refurbished.

With respect to lamps all over the hospital fluorescent lamps are installed. Anyway

different ballasts technologies are available in different hospital areas. The ballast is the

auxiliary equipment needed to provide electrical conditions to start and operate a lamp.

Both electromagnetic and electronic ballasts are installed in the hospital. Electronic ballasts

have better performance than electromagnetic ballasts in terms of energy consumption,

lamp life, visual comfort (especially when dimming) and flexibility.

With respect to lighting automation three different architecture can be identified in

different hospital areas:

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- Type 1: Manual switches installed in the switch board: no auxiliary contacts are

available or can be installed. Lights have to be switched manually by hospitals operators

from switchboard or from wall mounted room switches.

- Type 2: The PLC enables lighting switching on. Operators can force manually the

position of each switch.

- Type 3: Each single switch is controlled via PLC (Programmable Logic Controller).

Operators can force manually the position of each switch. The PLC receives a feedback about

the position of the switch.

(4) Energy use and bills

The energy consumption of AOR is divided in electricity consumption and natural gas

consumption. Getting recent data about AOR consumption was a complex task: the contract

which regulates the relationship between the hospital and the external company who

manages its energy management does not allow the hospital to make public data concerning

energy consumption. Anyway some data were provided even if not very recent and detailed.

Concerning electricity consumptions annual data from 2004 to 2007 were provided and are

shown in the figure below.

Figure 2 AOR annual electrical consumption

21.500.000,0

22.000.000,0

22.500.000,0

23.000.000,0

23.500.000,0

24.000.000,0

24.500.000,0

25.000.000,0

25.500.000,0

26.000.000,0

2004 2005 2006 2007

Electrical consumptions (kWh)

CONSUMPTION (kWh)

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Concerning natural gas consumption monthly data collected in 2011 were provided and

are shown in the figure below.

Figure 3 AOR natural gas monthly consumption

(5) Energy audit Level III

As stated in deliverable D2.1 “Standard energy audit procedure” for the aim of the whole

project, a Level I energy audit can be enough for the whole building while the analysis should

be deepened for the selection of the most suitable solution sets to be tested.

For these areas more detailed information had to be collected not only to have the

necessary data to plan the intervention but also to provide to the modelers the required set

of data needed to calibrate and validate the models.

For AOR three main subsystems have been selected to be analyzed in detail:

- Data Centre IT cooling equipment

- Lighting system in Oncology and Hematology Departments

- HVAC system in the Oncology and Hematology Departments

For each of them a list of additional information was required. The collected data are

presented in the following Chapter 3.

-

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

350.000

400.000

450.000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Natural Gas consumptions (m3)

CONSUMPTION (m3)

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(6) ICT data collection

Data collection concerning ICT architecture and hospital building automation system has

been carried out filling in the BMS-SCADA-ICT checklist published as annex of deliverable

D2.1. The objective of this template was to help to collect the data needed to understand

the sub systems that could be integrated in the Web-EMCS. Two different files have been

filled in for AOR: one concerning the main architecture of the hospital and another one

dedicated to the AOR data centre which was one of the subsystem likely to be chosen as test

field for the Green@Hospital project.

Hospital ICT data collection

With respect to the Hospital ICT architecture, data collection was particularly difficult

because the hospital was built in different steps and different BMS were installed in different

areas. The absence of a concentrator and the lack of documentation concerning the

architecture of the hospital automation system resulted in a limitation in the areas that

could be included in the project.

In details the hospital HVAC automation system is split in the following parts:

- A group of controllers automating the heat exchangers and the AHUs of all the

hospital except the block called “block E”. Data and parameters from these controllers are

collected by Allen Bradley Hardware. The system is managed by a TAC-Satchwell BMS and

parameters are presented to the final user by GUIs developed by a company called “Team

Sistemi” which allows the remote control of this part of the mechanical plant.

- A group of controllers automating the heat exchangers and the AHUs of “block E”.

This was the last block to be built. Data and parameters from these controllers are collected

by Trend IQ3 Excite controllers communicating with the BMS via TCP/IP over Ethernet. These

controllers enable embedded web server with security protected monitor/control. This

system is managed by a Trend (Honeywell) BMS.

- A group of controllers provided by Danfoss manages the automation of the new low

temperature heat exchangers that have been installed in the last years. For each heat

Page 28 of 139


exchanger a heat meter is available. These controllers are not connected with other parts of

the automation system and remote control is not available.

- Gas boilers are managed and monitored by Siemens Logo! PLCs. No remote control is

available.

- Chillers are controlled by Allen Bradley PLCs which are responsible for chiller

temperature setpoint definition. The chiller start and stop is controlled by the internal

controller of the chiller itself.

Concerning the lighting system, 40 Allen Bradley PLC located in the main switch boards of

each block of the hospital control the state of the switches sending and alert in case of

failure to the remote control system. These PLCs communicate using a proprietary protocol

called control.net.

The same PLCs control also the state of the main switches located in the recently

refurbished departments.

Data centre ICT infrastructure

With respect to the second BMS-SCADA-ICT checklist dedicated to the data centre, data

collection was much easier: a complete documentation was available due to the recent

refurbishment of the system .

The AOR data center BMS manages and controls all the parameters related to the IT

devices and its auxiliary architecture. These parameters can be classified in: electric

measures, thermal measures, alarms and server comfort condition. These parameters refer

to different devices categories such as IT equipment, cooling devices, chillers and lighting

system.

Electric consumptions of different devices are monitored following different strategies:

- Rack servers consumptions are acquired by an AP8853 acquisition module produced

by APC that communicates with the upper systems using the SNMP protocol.

- Chillers and dry coolers are monitored through the device KL340300-0010 produced

by Beckhoff which communicates towards the PLC via a PLC module 5A protocol.

Page 29 of 139


Chillers and dry coolers provide a list of analog and digital parameters concerning their

state which are read by a PLC as shown in Figure 7. Finally, other key temperatures needed

to manage the system are monitored:

- inlet and outlet condenser temperatures

- inlet and outlet evaporator temperature

All these data are stored in a local database accessible from the AEA platform, i.e. Leaf

Framework.

The data center contains a lot of sensors to monitor the following parameters:

- room air temperature and humidity

- racks inlet and outlet temperature

- cooling unit inlet and output water temperature

Also these data are stored in the local database. SNMP protocol is used to communicate

with higher level controller systems.

Figure 4 Scheme of the AOR’s ICT architecture

Two Beckhoff PLCs are used as sub-controllers in order to manage the datacenter and its

cooling system: the first one, installed in the mechanical room, manages the water cooling

system while the second one, installed in the DC, monitors the consumption and the state of

Page 30 of 139


the IT devices. The SecureBox is a tool which monitors devices connected to the LAN

developed by AEA-Loccioni Group. Moreover, the SecureBox is able to read some data from

the Leaf Framework. Through the SecureBox is possible to monitor not only IT devices but

also some elements of the computer room air conditioning system. Through the system

control it is therefore possible to get measure data such as temperature, humidity, energy

and power, directly from the field. The two PLCs and the SecureBox communicate with the

Leaf Framework which writes data in a local RAWLOG database. Furthermore, a lighting

management system of the data center has been integrated. In fact, the datacenter is lit by

some dimmable lamps in order to increase energy savings. These lamps are controlled by

some motion sensors which communicate through the Konnex protocol whereas the lamps

are controlled by Dali protocol. There is not a supervisor system; however, concerning

lighting, some parameters can be read through the Beckoff PLC.

The Leaf Framework was designed to be integrated using different technologies:

automatic file log export

database access

communication interface for based on Rest Web Services.

Page 31 of 139


2.2. HVN


At Hospital Virgen de las Nieves (HVN) questionnaires have been submitted in the

following areas:

- Emergency department

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses

System Operator

- Surgery Theatres

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses

System Operator

- Data Centre

o Cooling system

System operator

IT Staff

Questionnaire have not been submitted to patients and families because of the particular

nature of the selected areas.

Questionnaires were submitted the 14th of September 2012. Below climate conditions

monitored in Granada during the above mentioned day are described.

Average Temperature 20 °C

Maximum Temperature 31 °C

Minimum Temperature 9 °C

Average Humidity 32 %

Maximum Humidity 72 %

Minimum Humidity 5 % Table 7 Climate conditions in HVN during monitoring period



Page 32 of 139


(1) HVAC - emergency department and surgery theatres

13 clinicians have been interviewed concerning HVAC system performances of the two

hospital areas.

In the emergency department air quality seems to be the main problem. Both doctors

and nurses pointed out problems with ventilation (noise, draft from the ceiling) and with

window surface temperature.

Similar considerations can be applied to surgery theatres.

In both areas the interviewees complain about the lack of control of the comfort

parameters.

Page 33 of 139


(2) HVAC – Emergency department - System operators

System operators were interviewed to collect technical opinions of who manages the

system performances and capabilities.


- There are no windows in the zone object of questionnaire

- Occupants can adjust the required room temperature both in heating and cooling

mode, but actually there is a note saying that “at this moment there is no adjustment

possibility”.




temperatures, AHU outdoor air, room total and outdoor air flow rate.

- System operators are half satisfied with the system’s interface and with the time

needed to manage the system.

The system should be very reliable, in particular in a complex facility; moreover the

system operators have stressed the importance of having a 4 tubes system operating

properly (with good answer to the different requests for cold and hot water).

(3) HVAC - Surgery theatres – System operators

With the same objective, system operators of the surgery theatres were interviewed.

Concerning HVAC, in the areas analyzed:



- System operators can monitor some parameters like room air temperature set points

and AHU total supply flow rate. System operators are not satisfied with the parameters that

can be controlled.

Page 34 of 139


- The control system is friendly but its control capabilities can be improved in order to

reduce the time needed to manage the system.

The system operators are satisfied with the design of the system and its operation even if

they noticed that the systems are quite old and that the multi-zone systems should deserve

more reliability in the operation and communication between signals and actuators for the

different zones.

They suggest to refurbish the old equipment and to consider the possibility of turning the

Hydronic system from 2 tubes to 4 tubes circuit.

Page 35 of 139







Data Centers require 22°C and 50 % of relative humidity.


quality control is important to limit the amount of dust in the environment.

IT staff is not satisfied by the data center cooling system and suggests as follows:

- Better separate hot and cold spaces

- Integrate cooling system to have enough cold water production and system

redundancy

- Increase hot air extraction to improve air circulation and heat removal

System operators are not completely aware of the control system’s capabilities and don’t

have enough information on system management (they noted that temperature sensors are

misplaced, not working with actual temperature data).

They are satisfied with the parameters they can control, but would add the measure of

water temperature in the room.

The interface is not friendly enough and could be improved also for operation time.

According to system operators the cooling system integration should also allow the

water temperature to go below 10 °C (present lowest temperature).

They also highlighted the need to increase data reliability and coordination between

systems (cooling and extraction system).

Page 36 of 139





phase for HVN.

Table 8 HVN audit team

FINANCE /

MANAGEMENTADMINISTRATION ENERGY

TASKSTECHNICAL

BUILDING

MANAGER

HVAC/LIGHTING MANAGER BMS & ICT

MANAGER

MAINTENANCE

MANAGER

MAINTENANCE

OPERATORENERGY MANAGER

Data Collection

General description of the building ( m2, beds,...) 1 y 2 6

Annual Energy Use ( type of energy, units ) 3 y 5 3 y 4

Cost of Annual Energy Use ( euros per type ) 2 3 y 5

Breakdown of spaces by function, hours of use,

plant distribution,..2 1 y 2 3 y 5

Operation parameters ( temperature, artificial light-

hours, use hours )3 2 6

Maintenance practices concerning efficiency. 3 6 7 3 y 4

Description of energy-using systems and

components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical

characterisation, input and output measurement 3 5 5

Description of energy-producing systems and


characterisation, input and output measurement

3 5 5

Description of BMS/SCADA (systems, components

and functions)4 4

Description of ICT infrastructure (systems,

components and functions)4 4

Calculations :

Breakdown of energy use and costs of systems and

components2 3 3 y 4


Without cost 3 6 3 y 4

With cost : cost estimate of implementation,

estimation of annual savings, rate of amortization.2 3 y 5 3 y 4

Measurements of savings. 3 y 5 4 3 y 4

Verification of savings. 2 3 y 5 6 3 y 4

Legend:

Number: Name: Surname: email.

1 BEGOÑA NAVARRO

2 JUAN LINO NAVARRO

3 JESÚS ÁRBOL

4 JOSÉ MARÍA FERNANDEZ

5 ENRIQUE JAIMEZ

6 ANTONIO VERA

7 ANTONIO MARTIN

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

SKILLSSKILL ASSESSMENT

MATRIX ENGINEERING O&M

[email protected]

[email protected]

Page 37 of 139


2.2.3. Energy audit

The Hospital Virgen de las Nieves is made of three main buildings: the General Hospital

(HG), the Maternity Hospital (HMI), and the so called Licinio de la Fuente (LIFU). In the

hospital area there is another building hosting some administrative offices of the

government (EG). HG, HMI and EG are fed from a single power plant which supplies both

thermal and electrical energy. In addition there are some shared services such as the kitchen

which is hosted in the building HG but also supplies the building HMI. The laundry that

serves the three buildings belongs to another hospital complex. The EG also meets the needs

of all the hospital buildings.

HG was built in 1953 and has 11 floors and hosts a surgical area and several hospital

wards. HMI was built in 1973, it has 8 floors and it is dedicated to the care of children and

pregnant women. EG is a 6-storey building where administrative services dedicated Hospital

Virgen de las Nieves are host.


The most important information concerning the building envelope is resumed below.

Envelope Building HG (General Hospital):

BUILDING SHELL CHARACTERISTICS HG

Total exposed above-grade wall area (m^2) 18503 Insulated? Y

Glazing area (% of exposed wall area) 17,8 Double

Roof area (m^2) -- Floor surface area exposed to outdoor conditions (m^2) -- Above-grade wall area common with other conditioned building (m^2) -- Table 9 HG building envelope characteristics

The building envelope is made of double wall of brick (15 cm either) with an air gap in the

middle (30 cm). The external layer is made of concrete. There is also an indoor coating layer

made of plaster. Most of the windows are equipped with double glazing.

Page 38 of 139


Building: Maternity Hospital (HMI)

BUILDING SHELL CHARACTERISTICS HMI

Total exposed above-grade wall area (m^2) 8565,22 Insulated? Y


Roof area (m^2) 2868 Insulated? N

Floor surface area exposed to outdoor conditions (m^2) 2868 Above-grade wall area common with other conditioned building (m^2) 445

Table 10 HMI building envelope characteristics


middle (10 cm). The external layer is made of bricks. There is also an indoor coating layer


Building: Government Building (EG)

BUILDING SHELL CHARACTERISTICS EG

Total exposed above-grade wall area (m^2) 4189 Insulated? Y


Roof area (m^2) 900 Insulated? N

Floor surface area exposed to outdoor conditions (m^2) 900 Insulated? N

Above-grade wall area common with other conditioned building (m^2) 0

Table 11 EG building envelope characteristics


middle (5 cm). The external layer is made of bricks. There is also an indoor coating layer


Page 39 of 139


(2) HVAC


HVAC SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

Describe in detail, including floor plans and sketches.

• Fuel Source • Control Description and Setting

• Fuel Conversion Equipment • Operating Periods

• Distribution Method • Space Temperature Setting and Setback

• Terminal Type • Operating and Maintenance Problems

• Equipment Capacity

Table 12 HVN HVAC system characteristics

Heating System

There is only one common thermal power for several buildings.

There is a boiler for heating and hot water and a cogeneration plant that provides heat energy

Cooling System

There is only one common thermal power for several buildings. There are three water absorption chillers. One connected to the CHP and two independent burners natural gas

Distribution system

From a single power plant, is distributed to four buildings. The distribution system is made in two pumping stages. First Stage. From Thermal Central to Building distribution collector. Here the diameter of the tubes is 8 " Second stage. From collector to the building (AHU and fancoils). The diameter of the collector is 12 " and derivations of 4 " The system is only 2 tubes. You can only send hot or cold Now the system is not controlled There are several pumps in parallel, which are implemented manually, as required.

Table 13HVN HVAC systems details


following tables.

UNOCCUPIED SETBACK

Shutdown of: Y/N

AHUs by Time Schedule N

Page 40 of 139


Exhaust Fans by Time Schedule N

Chillers:

Chillers:By Outside Air Temperature N

Boilers,By Time Schedule N Table 14 HVAC system features


Cogeneration Y

Energy Monitoring and Control System In some cases

On-site Generation N

Active Solar Equipment N

Energy Recovery In cogeneration exhaust Table 15 HVAC system other characteristics


Full data are available from 2010 to 2012 considering both electrical consumptions and

thermal consumptions. The CHP power plant provides part of the hospital buildings energy

needs. In particular, the tables 16 and 17 show the electrical consumptions from the grid and

from the CHP unit and the thermal consumptions from the natural gas and the CHP,

respectively.

Table 16 HVN electricity consumptions

Utility Company: ENDESA + Cogeneration own Acconunt # ES0031101457770001GC0F Rate Number:

6 Periods.

(6.1)

METERING PERIOD day/month/year (1) External supply (2) Internal supply COST (€) without TAXES

month n° from to #days CONSUMPTION (kWh) Cogeneration Plant (KWh) (1) +(2) KWh Measured Demand (kW) Billed Demand (kW) Consumption (1)Demand (1) Cogeneratión (2) TOTAL COST (€/kWh)

1 01/06/2012 30/06/2012 30 289.973,0 927.580,0 1.217.553,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 30.843,6€ 7.549,9€ 67.353,4€ 105.746,9€ 0,09€

2 01/05/2012 31/05/2012 31 351.266,0 615.620,0 966.886,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 26.813,5€ 6.966,6€ 44.701,4€ 78.481,5€ 0,08€









11 01/08/2011 31/08/2011 31 217.506,0 1.033.360,0 1.250.866,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 13.459,5€ 6.665,5€ 75.034,3€ 95.159,3€ 0,08€

12 01/07/2011 31/07/2011 31 229.697,0 1.033.740,0 1.263.437,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 27.765,0€ 8.075,0€ 75.061,9€ 110.901,9€ 0,09€













TOTAL (1) + (2) 24.881.220,00 2.095.270€

YEAR N° Total Year Consumption Minimum Consumption Maximum Consumption Average Consumption

kWh kWh/(m^2) kWh kWh kWh

1 12.654.195,00 138,7425388 887.221,00 1.263.437,00 1.054.516,25

2 12.227.025,00 134,0589812 818.603,00 1.348.009,00 1.018.918,75

ELECTRICITY : Metered Consuption Monthly Data, year:

Page 41 of 139


Table 17 HVN thermal energy consumptions


Specific subsystems have been audited in detail. All the areas analyzed refer to the HVAC

system which has been judged as the most promising considering energy saving potentials.

Detailed data concerning AHUs dedicated to emergency areas and surgery theatres and

cooling generation have been collected and are reported in the subsystems description

chapter.


Granada Virgen de las Nieves Hospital (HVN) is structured in different buildings that have

different control platforms and these systems are not integrated one with each other.

Natural Gas : Metered Consuption Monthly Data, year

Utility Company:GAS NATURAL FENOSAAcconunt # ES0218901000015293MZ Rate Number: 3.5

Energy TypeNatural GAS Consumption Units:

Note: This natural gas supply also includes part of the electrical energy produced by the cogeneration

month n°from to #days CONSUMPTION (mc) CONSUMPTION (kWh) FIXED VARIABLE TOTAL COSTS €/mc €/kWh

1 01/06/2012 30/06/2012 30 326.258,0 3.393.083,20 12.602,62€ 148.095,99€ 160.698,61€ € 0,5 € 0,05

2 01/05/2012 31/05/2012 31 190.138,0 1.977.435,20 10.616,17€ 86.607,66€ 97.223,83€ € 0,5 € 0,05

3 01/04/2012 30/04/2012 30 181.907,0 1.891.832,80 9.890,15€ 82.487,31€ 92.377,46€ € 0,5 € 0,05

4 01/03/2012 31/03/2012 31 202.163,0 2.102.495,20 9.840,94€ 86.678,93€ 96.519,87€ € 0,5 € 0,05

5 01/02/2012 29/02/2012 29 294.576,0 3.063.590,40 12.706,97€ 126.780,08€ 139.487,05€ € 0,5 € 0,05

6 01/01/2012 31/01/2012 31 267.421,0 2.781.178,40 10.881,11€ 114.409,44€ 125.290,55€ € 0,5 € 0,05

7 01/12/2011 31/12/2011 31 219.345,0 2.281.188,00 9.430,63€ 91.546,77€ 100.977,40€ € 0,5 € 0,04

8 01/11/2011 30/11/2011 30 127.613,0 1.327.175,20 9.430,63€ 53.513,57€ 62.944,20€ € 0,5 € 0,05

9 01/10/2011 31/10/2011 31 206.486,0 2.147.454,40 9.430,63€ 85.773,64€ 95.204,27€ € 0,5 € 0,04

10 01/09/2011 30/09/2011 30 279.996,0 2.911.958,40 10.373,93€ 111.540,40€ 121.914,33€ € 0,4 € 0,04

11 01/08/2011 31/08/2011 31 376.325,0 3.913.780,00 14.301,67€ 150.259,40€ 164.561,07€ € 0,4 € 0,04

12 01/07/2011 31/07/2011 31 381.093,0 3.963.367,20 13.618,70€ 151.526,95€ 165.145,65€ € 0,4 € 0,04

13 01/06/2011 30/06/2011 30 275.376,0 2.863.910,40 11.320,48€ 104.057,85€ 115.378,33€ € 0,4 € 0,04

14 01/05/2011 31/05/2011 31 133.318,0 1.386.507,20 9.430,63€ 50.297,36€ 59.727,99€ € 0,4 € 0,04

15 01/04/2011 30/04/2011 30 85.041,0 884.426,40 9.430,63€ 32.168,60€ 41.599,23€ € 0,5 € 0,05

16 01/03/2011 31/03/2011 31 246.124,0 2.559.689,60 9.829,17€ 86.254,44€ 96.083,61€ € 0,4 € 0,04

17 01/02/2011 28/02/2011 28 239.383,0 2.489.583,20 10.089,51€ 83.790,97€ 93.880,48€ € 0,4 € 0,04

18 01/01/2011 31/01/2011 31 273.619,0 2.845.637,60 9.864,12€ 95.415,96€ 105.280,08€ € 0,4 € 0,04

19 01/12/2010 31/12/2010 31 241.729,0 2.513.981,60 9.302,56€ 85.999,16€ 95.301,72€ € 0,4 € 0,04

20 01/11/2010 30/11/2010 30 230.832,0 2.400.652,80 8.814,10€ 83.004,53€ 91.818,63€ € 0,4 € 0,04

21 01/10/2010 31/10/2010 31 137.947,0 1.434.648,80 8.764,47€ 49.326,37€ 58.090,84€ € 0,4 € 0,04

22 01/09/2010 30/09/2010 30 300.677,0 3.127.040,80 12.749,50€ 107.025,45€ 119.774,95€ € 0,4 € 0,04

23 01/08/2010 31/08/2010 31 395.051,0 4.108.530,40 13.373,47€ 140.794,20€ 154.167,67€ € 0,4 € 0,04

24 01/07/2010 31/07/2010 31 382.271,0 3.975.618,40 14.344,71€ 136.844,06€ 151.188,77€ € 0,4 € 0,04

5.994.689,00 62.344.765,60 2.604.636,59

Minimum ConsumptionMaximum Consumption Average Consumption


31.754.538,40 348,1616393 1.327.175,20 3.963.367,20 2.646.211,53

30.590.227,20 335,3959523 884.426,40 4.108.530,40 2.549.185,60

Total Year Consumption

COST (€) without TAXESMETERING PERIOD day/month/year

Page 42 of 139


Field devices

In HVN there are many parameters and devices controlled directly on field. They can be

divided into the following sets: electric consumptions, thermal consumptions, heating

generation, cooling generation, room control and data center.

Concerning electric consumptions, electric meters produced by Circuitor are installed:

they measure energy, power and other parameters for each of the three hospital buildings;

the communication protocol available to send measured values to the upper layer systems

are the Modbus RTU and the Modbus TCP.

Only one meter measures the thermal consumption due to HVAC and domestic hot

water. The meter cannot communicate with the BMS and it can only be manually read by

the operator.

Heating generation is carried on by gas boilers and CHP units (Combined Heat Power).

The control loop is based on return temperature and the set point cannot be remotely set.

Cooling generation is carried on by three absorption chillers:

- A Carrier 16JB model which has a manual control of the temperature and it can

communicate with upper layer systems, but the protocol is not identified;

- A Termax GLB-550-E which has only a manual set point control and no remote

control available;

- A Carrier 16DN which has only a manual set point control and no remote control

available.

The controlled I/Os for each room are:

- air temperature,

- fan speed,

- position of the hot and cold water valve

The I/O modules communicate with the SCADA through Lonworks protocol.

Concerning the data center, the parameters measured are:

- air temperature and humidity

- cooling unit inlet and outlet water temperature.

The controllers communicate using TCP/IP protocol.

In Figure 5 a schematic representation of the ICT architecture of HVN is reported.

Page 43 of 139


SCHEME OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE AUTOMATIONSYSTEM IN HVN-GRANADA

Web users Administrator Operator Data Center

Gateway

(3)

Network LON (4)

(1)

(2)

(5)

(6)(7)

(8)

(1) Non programmable Controllers. Although configurable. Mainly installed in patient rooms for controlling operationof fancoils. Type TAC Xenta 101-VF ó TAC Xenta 121-FC.

(2) Wall Module. Type STR 350 ó STR 100, ó STR 106(3) Gateway LON communication to Ethernet. TAC Controller Type 511. (Usually one per floor)(4) Red LON. Bus lines formed by 2x1 mm2 shielded braided hose type "Belden 8471"(5) Programmable controller 302 with type Xenta Xenta 415A type slave controller to control AHU. With standardized

program for HVN(6) Other PLCs to control different processes outside the LonWorks protocol (energy counters, alarms, critical

processes).(7) Gateway specific communications protocol Ethernet(8) Other specific systems requiring control. With controller type Tac Xenta 281, 282, 283.(9) Data Center. Houses the Scada. Type Vijeo Citect Scada Schneider Electric brand

Network Ethernet

Figure 5 Scheme of the HVN's ICT architecture

The Scada System

The most important control system manages heating, ventilation and air conditioning.

More specifically the system mainly monitors AHUs (Air Handling Unit) operation and fan-

coils. The Scada is the VijeoCitect Scada 6.1 SPB produced by Schneider Electric. The

VijeoCitect, regardless of the release version, is an open software which has more than 130

drivers to communicate with the lower layers and it has some internal functionality (CTAPI)

to communicate with applications written using programming languages as Visual Basic,

Visual C, etc. Concerning the communication with the higher layers, the VijeoCitect is able to

store its data over any type of database and it can communicate using the OLE for Process

Control (OPC). The 6.1 SPB version is tied to some Microsoft operating systems as Win 2000

and Windows XP SP1.

Page 44 of 139


Two OPC data hubs have been installed in the hospital architecture:

- First hub near the OPC server machine

- Second hub near the client machine

The same client machine hosts also the Communication Framework: in this way the

communication between the SCADA system and the Web-EMCS can be faster because the

OPC communication, typically slow, is limited between the OPC server and the gateway. The

drivers needed to communicate with the OPC protocol are developed and added in the

Communication Framework driver core.

The SCADA system allows HVAC systems monitoring from AHU to fan-coils. It is also

possible to get alarms and other parameters.

The HVAC management sub-system consists of several Schneider Electric devices which

control data directly as sub-controllers. For the AHU the devices used are the TAC Xenta 302

and the Xenta 401A, the fan-coils are controlled by the TAC Xenta 101 and the Xenta 121,

whereas the drivers set alarms and the pumps controls are under the Modicon M340

supervision.

Both HVAC and SCADA systems have the possibility to manually export log files, to have a

full access to the databases and communicate with web services through the SOAP protocol.

Page 45 of 139


2.3. SGH


At Saint George Hospital in Chania (SGH) various stakeholders from nine different

departments were interviewed. The questionnaires were submitted to patients and their

relatives and also to the hospital doctors, nurses and system operators.

The departments where questionnaires were submitted are the following:

- A pathology

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses


o Lighting

Doctors and Nurses


- B pathology

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses


o Lighting

Doctors and Nurses


- A surgery

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses


o Lighting

Doctors and Nurses


- Gynecological

o HVAC

Page 46 of 139


Doctors and Nurses


o Lighting

Doctors and Nurses


- Cardiology

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses


o Lighting

Doctors and Nurses


- Orthopedic

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses


o Lighting

Doctors and Nurses


-Urology

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses


o Lighting

Doctors and Nurses


- Pediatric

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses

Page 47 of 139



o Lighting

Doctors and Nurses


- Pneumology

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses


o Lighting

Doctors and Nurses


The questionnaires were submitted to the stakeholders of the hospital from 11th to 23rd

July 2012. The weather conditions in that period that the questionnaires were submitted are

very significant for their following analysis. The climate conditions that prevailed during that

period (11th to 23rd July 2012) are presented below.


Average Maximum Temperature 32 °C

Average Minimum Temperature 21 °C

Average Maximum Humidity 77 %

Average Minimum Humidity 46 %

Table 18Climate conditions in SGH during monitoring period



Page 48 of 139


(1) HVAC – various departments

103 people were interviewed in different hospital departments concerning HVAC

performances and comfort conditions.

31 clinicians were interviewed. They are globally satisfied with the comfort conditions

encountered in the hospital rooms even if they underlined some discomfort sources in the

mechanical ventilation system (noise, draft from the ceiling) and in the window surface

temperature which is higher than the room air temperature.

Patients and relatives were interviewed from 9 different departments. Comfort

perception varies according to the department were the interviewees where hosted.

However some discomfort causes where more frequent than others, such as:

- Drafts from windows

- Indoor comfort deeply influenced by outdoor conditions

- Window surface temperature higher than air temperature

- Noisy ventilation system

Anyway the majority of the interviewees highlighted the effectiveness of the ventilation

system.

Page 49 of 139


(2) Lighting - various departments

103 people were interviewed in different hospital departments concerning lighting

system performances and visual comfort conditions.

The 31 clinicians interviewed highlighted a general satisfaction with visual comfort in the

hospital rooms. Some of them wish to have bigger windows, with sunshade. In general

clinicians are more interested in improving control on artificial lighting, rather than daylight

control.

Patients and relatives were interviewed from 9 different departments. In some

department patients and families are quite satisfied with visual comfort (A-Pathology,

Orthopedic, Urology, Pneumology) while in other departments the satisfaction is lower (A

Surgery, B Pathology, Gynecological, Cardiology, Pediatric). The main source of

dissatisfaction is natural light: more control on shades is wished to reduce the impact of

sunlight on the visual comfort in the rooms.

Page 50 of 139


(3) Room – HVAC and lighting – System operators

System operators were interviewed to collect technical opinions of who manages the



- Occupants can operate windows

- Occupants can adjust the required room temperature both in heating and cooling mode.

- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system and know

how to adjust it


temperatures, room air temperatures set point, AHU total supply and outdoor air flow

rate and room supply air flow air. System operator is not completely satisfied with the

parameters they can control and think that they could be improved


reduce the time needed to manage the system

- The HVAC control system can be improved implementing a remote control.

- Some of the interviewee asked for system control based on doors and windows status

(open/close) to avoid waste and for autonomous temperature control of each room and

independent system for each clinic.

- In general the system operators noticed that it should be faster and sometimes “goes

off”, showing some problems in reliability.


- Occupants can control artificial lights

- Occupants can control shadings from the sun

- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system, and know

how to adjust it

- System operators are well satisfied with the time needed to manage the system

Page 51 of 139


- Some of the system operators complained about the lighting fixtures, that should be

changed with low consumption ones and should be dimmed on the basis of natural light

availability and on the lighting level set point in order to avoid excess of lighting and

energy consumption.

- They would extent the BMS.

Page 52 of 139



The person that was the most skilled to perform the energy audit phase as the “Skill

assessment matrix” from the deliverable D2.1 template defined is presented below.

SKILL ASSESSMENT

MATRIX

SKILLS

FINANCE / MANAGEME

NT

ADMINISTRATION

ENGINEERING O&M ENERGY

TASKS

TECHNICAL BUILDING MANAGER

HVAC/LIGHTING MANAGER

BMS & ICT MANAGER

MAINTENANCE

MANAGER

MAINTENANCE

OPERATOR

ENERGY MANAGER

Data Collection

General description of the building (m2, beds,...)

Tsirintani Stella/

Vasilomichelaki Ariadni

Tzemanakis Mamas/


Annual Energy Use ( type of energy, units )

Papadogiannis Emmanouil/

Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/ Papantoniou

Sotiris

Papadogiannis

Emmanouil/ Vasilomichelaki Ariadni

Cost of Annual Energy Use ( Euros per type )

Nodaraki Stella/



Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/

Papantoniou Sotiris

Breakdown of spaces by function, hours of use, plant distribution,..

Nodaraki Stella/


Tsirintani Stella/




Sotiris

Operation parameters ( temperature, artificial light-hours, use hours )



Papantoniou Sotiris



Sotiris

Tzemanakis Mamas/


Maintenance practices concerning efficiency.



Papantoniou Sotiris

Tzemanakis Mamas/


Tzemanakis Mamas/


Papadogiannis

Emmanouil/ Vasilomichelaki Ariadni

Description of energy-using systems and components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical characterization, input and output measurement



Papantoniou Sotiris



Papantoniou Sotiris

Tzemanakis Mamas/


Gompakis Kostas

Description of energy-producing systems and components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical characterization, input and output measurement

Papadogiannis Emmanouil/Vasilomich

elaki Ariadni/Papantoniou

Sotiris

Papadogiannis Emmanouil/Vasilomich

elaki Ariadni/Papantoniou

Sotiris

Tzemanakis Mamas/Vasilomich

elaki Ariadni/Gompakis

Kostas

Description of BMS/SCADA (systems, components and functions)



Papantoniou Sotiris

Tzemanakis Mamas/


Gompakis Kostas

Page 53 of 139


Description of ICT infrastructure (systems, components and functions)



Papantoniou Sotiris

Tzemanakis Mamas/


Gompakis Kostas

Calculations :

Breakdown of energy use and costs of systems and components

Kolokotsa Denia/

Nodaraki Stella

Kolokotsa Denia/ Kalaitzakis Kostas/

Papadogiannis Emmanouil

Kolokotsa Denia/

Kalaitzakis Kostas/

Papadogiannis

Emmanouil


Without cost



Kolokotsa Denia/

Kalaitzakis Kostas/

Tzemanakis Mamas

Kolokotsa Denia/

Kalaitzakis Kostas/

Papadogiannis

Emmanouil

With cost : cost estimate of implementation, estimation of annual savings, rate of amortization.

Kolokotsa Denia/

Nodaraki Stella



Kolokotsa Denia/

Kalaitzakis Kostas/

Papadogiannis

Emmanouil

Measurements of savings.

Kalaitzakis Kostas/ Papadogiannis

Emmanouil

Kalaitzakis Kostas/ Tzemanakis Mamas

Kalaitzakis Kostas/

Papadogiannis

Emmanouil

Verification of savings.

Kolokotsa Denia/

Nodaraki Stella



Kolokotsa Denia/

Kalaitzakis Kostas/

Tzemanakis Mamas

Kolokotsa Denia/

Kalaitzakis Kostas/

Papadogiannis

Emmanouil

Table 19 SGH audit team

For the audit phase the auditing team includes the collaboration of four employees from

SGH hospital and five persons from the research staff of TUC. The table above was filled in

September 2012 with the name of the people who were the most skilled for coordinating

and accomplishing each activity.

2.3.3. Energy audit

Saint George Hospital is an active treatment hospital. The building was constructed

during the period 1997-2000 and first operated in 2000. The gross floor area of the hospital

is 58.992,54 m2 and the net floor area of the hospital is 50.992,54 m2. The total conditioned

area for heating and cooling is 50.992,54 m2. The hospital operates 24 hours and for 7 days

per week.

Page 54 of 139


The Level I energy audit was performed for the main settlement of the hospital. The data

required in order to fill in the document Energy Audit Level I Report, requested the

involvement of four key people, one from TUC and three of SGH. The table below gives a

brief description of the building.

Location: City Area Mournies of Eleftherios Venizelos, 4 km south of Chania and 600 meters from National Road Network

Capacity: 460 beds

Year built first installation: 2000

Land area: 187.000 m2

Surroundings: Helipad, 850 car parking

Uses of buildings

Number of offices and spaces for administration, management, meetings

262

Number of outpatient room 24

Number of Surgical room 17

Ward 139

Single 21

Double 35

Triple - Quadruple 82

Bed with more than 4 beds 1

Booths with ext. bath and W.C. 139

Fully air-conditioned rooms (Cooling - Heating)

139

With internal Phone 139

Floors

Level -2 Basement Network Channel

Level -1 Customer-Support Services

Level 0 Diagnosis - Treatment - Nursing - Administration-Auditorium

Level 1 Operations Management

Level 2 Electromechanical

Level 3,4,5 Nursing Units Table 20 SGH brief building description

Page 55 of 139



The majority of the walls in SGH are made from concrete, with insulation and drywall

lining inside. In some places we have double brick with insulation, lined drywall or plaster.

The roof is from concrete with insulation and gravel on the top. The most important

information concerning the building envelope is presented in the table below.

Total exposed above-grade wall area (m^2) 32.000 Insulated


Roof area (m^2) 10000 Insulated

Floor surface area exposed to outdoor conditions (m^2) 248,1 Insulated

Above-grade wall area common with other conditioned building (m^2)

- -

Table 21 SGH Building envelope characteristics

The picture below shows the 3D model plan of SGH hospital.

Figure 6 SGH hospital 3D model plan

Page 56 of 139


(2) HVAC

The heating system of SGH includes 3 oil boilers. Each one has 2.000.000 kcal/h heat

capacity with oil consumption 150-300 kg/h. The boilers are also used for domestic hot

water production. The boilers work approximately for 16 hours during the day in winter, 10

hours during the day in spring, and 6 hours during the day in summer and feed local fan coils

that are in each ward with their local thermostats and controlled by the end user. The set

point of the boilers is 80oC. The circulation is made by 13 circulation pumps

The cooling system of SGH includes 5 water chillers 3.600.000 BTU (300 RT ) each one

which feed the local fan coils that are in each ward with their thermostats and controlled by

the end user. Also there are 50 split units 12.000 BTU each one. The circulation is made by

15 circulation pumps.

There are 41 air handling units (AHU) with total nominal power 180,32 kW. The central

adjustment of ventilation is done by AHU. The AHU that work for ventilation also provide

precondition air that has a little contribution to the system either for heating or cooling

depending on the specific requirements of the hospital.

In the hospital there are also 3 steam generators with capacity 1.500 kg/h each one at 10

bar pressure with 180oC set point.



5 chillers McQuaY/PEH 079 3.600.000 BTU (300 RT) each one

3 oil boilers MASINA/HWB 2000 2.000.000 kcal/h each one

3 steam generators SGH 1500 1.500 kg/h each one

50 split units - 12.000 BTU each one

41 AHU - - total power 180,32 kW

Table 22 SGH HVAC equipment

Page 57 of 139


System control features and other characteristics of HVAC are presented in the following

tables.

UNOCCUPIED SETBACK

Shutdown of: Y/N


Exhaust Fans by Time Schedule No

Chillers: By Outside Air Temperature No

Boilers, By Time Schedule Yes

Table 23 SGH HVAC System control features

Cogeneration No Thermal Storage No

Energy Monitoring and Control System

No Humidifiers/Dehumidifiers Yes

On-site Generation No Desiccant System Yes


Energy Recovery No Other-Define: -

Table 24 SGH HVAC other characteristics

(3) Lighting

The majority of the lamps in SGH hospital are fluorescent. In addition only some of the

some of the lamps in common spaces and corridors switch on/off from the BMS the other

lamps have their own switches and switch on/off depending on users preferences.

The lamps in the SGH are specifically:

Type Fluorescent 18 W Fluorescent 36 W Fluorescent 54 W Incandescent bulb E27

Incandescent bulb E 14

Pieces 1200 6500 2100 600 700

Table 25 SGH type of lamps

Page 58 of 139



The energy consumption of SGH is divided into electricity consumption to serve the

needs of electric consumers and oil consumption for the boilers. SGH is a large energy

consumer with margins of improvement in its energy efficiency which will help reducing

energy consumption. The oil and electricity consumption was recorded from SGH bills for

two years in order to fulfill Energy audit Level I for D2.1.

Electricity consumption

The electricity consumption was recorded from SGH bills for the past two years from

25/07/2010 until 1/08/2012. The graph reported in Figure 7 indicates the electricity

consumption in kWh during that period and the one of Figure 8 the measured demand in kW

in the same period.

Figure 7 SGH Electricity consumption in kWh from 25/07/2010 until 1/08/2012

-

100.000,0

200.000,0

300.000,0

400.000,0

500.000,0

600.000,0

700.000,0

800.000,0

900.000,0

1.000.000,0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

kWh

Month

Electricity consumption

Page 59 of 139


Figure 8 SGH Measured demand in kW from 25/07/2010 until 1/08/2012

Further analysis of electricity consumption from SGH bills the past two years

from25/07/2010 until 1/08/2012 is presented in the tables below.

YEAR N° Total Year Consumption Minimum Consumption

Maximum Consumption

Average Consumption


1 7.267.500,00 123,1935428 454.500,00 864.000,00 605.625,00

2 7.047.000,00 119,455782 481.500,00 846.000,00 587.250,00

Table 26 SGH yearly electricity consumption

YEAR N° COST (€)

COST (€) COST (€/kWh)

1 543.871,30 0,07

2 460.355,28 0,07 Table 27 SGH Total cost of electricity consumption

Maximum Demand 1.760,00 kW

0,029834281 W/(m^2)

Minimum Demand 908,00 kW

0,015391777 W/(m^2)

Average Demand 1.175,08 kW

0,019919185 W/(m^2) Table 28 SGH Year 1 Analysis of metered electrical demand

-

200,0

400,0

600,0

800,0

1.000,0

1.200,0

1.400,0

1.600,0

1.800,0

2.000,0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

kW

Month

Measured demand

Page 60 of 139


Maximum Demand 1.484,00 kW

0,02515572 W/(m^2)

Minimum Demand 913,00 kW

0,01547653 W/(m^2)

Average Demand 1.133,83 kW

0,01921994 W/(m^2) Table 29 SGH Year 2 Analysis of metered electrical demand

Oil consumption

Oil consumption was recorded from SGH bills for the past two years from 1/01/2010 until

1/01/2012. The graph below indicates the oil consumption in liters (lt) during that period

and the following graph the oil consumption in kWh also in that period.

Figure 9 SGH oil consumption in liters (lt) from 1/01/2010 until 1/01/2012

-

20.000,0

40.000,0

60.000,0

80.000,0

100.000,0

120.000,0

140.000,0

160.000,0

180.000,0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

lt

Month

Oil consumption

Page 61 of 139


Figure 10 SGH oil consumption in kWh from 1/01/2010 until 1/01/2012

Further analysis of oil consumption from SGH bills in the past two years from 1/01/2010

until 1/01/2012 is presented in the tables below.

YEAR N° Total Year Consumption Minimum

Consumption Maximum

Consumption Average

Consumption


1 11.348.970,50 192,3797568 - 1.862.945,00 945.747,54

2 14.510.550,60 245,9726365 687.344,00 1.766.959,60 1.209.212,55

Table 30 SGH yearly oil consumption

-

200.000,00

400.000,00

600.000,00

800.000,00

1.000.000,00

1.200.000,00

1.400.000,00

1.600.000,00

1.800.000,00

2.000.000,00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

kWh

Month

Oil consumption

Page 62 of 139



The deliverable D2.1 “Standard energy audit procedure” described that a Level III

analysis is a further expansion from the previous levels of effort and is based on the deeper

analysis of the Selected Solution, including further refinement of an energy model or more

extensive data collection. For the aim of the Work Package 2, and of the whole project in a

more general view, it is considered to be enough to perform an energy audit of Level I and to

deepen the analysis to Level III for the Selected Solutions. For these selected solutions sets

further detailed information has to be collected in order to set, design and calibrate the

accurate models of the selected solution sets in SGH.

The solution sets that have been selected to be modeled for SGH are the following two:

-Fan coils in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic;

-Artificial lighting in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic.

Further information and detailed analysis of the proposed solution sets is presented in

the paragraph “Solution set description”.

(6) ICT infrastructure and data collection

As was described in the deliverable D2.1, the solution sets to be modeled and analyzed

were chosen not only considering their energy saving potential and their impact on the

hospital energy balance but also analyzing the possibility to integrate them in the Web-EMCS

which is the main final output of the project. The data that has been collected for ICT

architecture and hospital building automation system was used in order to fulfill the BMS-

SCADA-ICT checklist published as annex of deliverable D2.1. The objective of this template

was to help to collect the data needed to understand the sub systems that could be more

easily integrated in the Web-EMCS. The analysis of the BMSs and of the ICT infrastructure of

each hospital is needed to understand the real integration potential of each solution

between the system analyzed and the Web-EMCS with the lowest impact on costs.

Page 63 of 139


(7) Hospital ICT data collection

The Saint George Hospital is equipped with the Metasys building management system

produced by Johnson Control Inc.

Field devices

In SGH there are some general parameters and devices controlled: the electric

consumption, the AHU, the heating generator, the cooling generator, the rooms control and

the lighting management.

The electric consumption measurement is committed to six electric multimeters (IME

201-206) which monitor voltage, current, frequency, energy, power and cosfi; they

communicate with higher layer BMS systems using N2 protocol (protocol owned by Johnson

Control which is the provider of the BMS).

The I/Os measured for each AHU are:

- air temperature and humidity

- VAV (Variable Air Volume) position

- hot and cold water valves position

The protocol used to communicate with the SCADA is the N2.

Heating generation is carried on by the oil boiler. The set point can be manually or

remotely controlled using the N2 protocol.

Cooling generator is carried on by the water cooled chiller and its set point can be

remotely controlled through the N2 protocol.

The I/O rooms parameters monitored are:

- air temperature

- hot and cold air position valves.

The protocol used for the communication is the N2.

Lighting management is quite limited, crepuscular sensors are used to manage the

external lighting system. ON/OFF states of some external areas and of corridor lights are

read by the BMS using N2 protocol.

In Figure 11 a schematic representation of the ICT architecture of SGH is reported.

Page 64 of 139


Figure 11 Scheme of the SGH's ICT architecture

The BMS system

As sub-controllers there are two Network Control Module 350 (NCM 350) by Johnson

Control’s. This is the main processing module in the Metasys network. Fully programmable

the NCM coordinates and supervises the control activities for all objects and control loops

connected to it. The controlled devices are:

- HVAC devices

- external lights

- domestic hot water boilers

- steam gas boilers

- backup generator

- electricity monitoring.

Three types of specific controllers are disposed under the Metasys: the Johnson Control

model TC9100 which is assigned to control fan-coils, the model DX9100 which controls the

Page 65 of 139


HVAC devices and the XT9100 that is an extension model designed to add more input and

output capacity, specifically used with the DX9100.

It is possible to manually export log files and to have a read only access on the database

through Ethernet IP network. Due to its closed format, the N1 protocol cannot be used for

direct integration with the Communication Framework. The solution consists in installing a

device produced by Johnson Controls (NIE5511-2) which behaves as gateway for other

protocols.

Lighting

Some lights in common spaces and corridors are controlled by the BMS. The other lights

switch on/off manually and they are not connected to the central BMS.

Page 66 of 139


2.4. HML


In Hospital de Mollet (HML) questionnaires were submitted to people working in four

different areas and for each area different kind of stakeholders were interviewed about

different systems, as specified below:

- Rooms

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses


System operator

o Lighting

Doctors and Nurses


System operator

- Surgery theaters

o HVAC

Doctors and Nurses

System operator

- Data Centre

o Cooling system

System operator

IT Staff

- Building

o Geothermal system

System Operator

Page 67 of 139


Questionnaires were submitted on the 25th July 2012. Below climate conditions

monitored in Mollet during the above mentioned day are described.


Maximum Temperature 31 °C

Minimum Temperature 17 °C

Average Humidity 45 %

Maximum Humidity 60 %

Minimum Humidity 33 % Table 31 Climate conditions during monitoring day in HML



Page 68 of 139


(1) HVAC: hospital rooms and surgery theatres

131 people have been interviewed concerning HVAC system performances in different

areas.

With respect to the hospital rooms 44 clinicians were interviewed. Doctors often

observed that the heating/cooling system does not respond very quickly at their changes in

thermostat settings while nurses noted that room temperature is hotter that what desired.

Both stakeholders highlight the lack of possibilities to control rooms environmental

conditions. Patients and families air quality and comfort condition perception is quite good.

Some interviewees complained about room temperature and slow system response in the

open questions.

With respect to surgery theatres 44 clinicians were interviewed. Both doctors and nurses

complain about temperature instability and low reactivity of the system. In general it is

asked a cold and dry environment with air temperature between 18 – 22 °C and relative

humidity between 40 % and 60%.

(2) Lighting: rooms

87 people have been interviewed concerning lighting system performances in different

areas. Questionnaires highlight a good satisfaction about natural lighting availability among

both clinicians and patients. Lighting control would be increased by an high number of

clinicians.

Page 69 of 139


(3) Surgery theatres – HVAC – System operators

System operators were interviewed to collect technical opinion of who manages the


Concerning HVAC, in the areas analyzed:




temperatures and flow rate, AHU and room total supply flow rate. System operators are not

completely satisfied with the parameters that can be controlled



The HVAC control system can be improved implementing a better regulation of air

quality: particles and pollutants control, supply and return air flow control to guarantee the

required overpressure and the pollutant cleanliness, air renovation regulation, time control.

As for thermal condition, the system efficiency can be improved controlling the

conditions according to room operation and regulatory needs – even if it is already possible

to set different type of schedule (use/not use/cleaning), by now the system operator can’t

modify the internal temperature setpoint.

(4) Room – HVAC and lighting – System operators

As specified before, system operators were interviewed concerning HVAC and lighting.


- Occupants cannot operate windows

- Occupants can adjust the required room temperature both in heating and cooling

mode with some restrictions. If changes are required out of limits the user calls the system

operator by phone.

Page 70 of 139





temperatures and room air temperatures set point



The HVAC control system can be improved implementing an automated control and alert

system.

Temperature set point potentially different in each room can reduce energy wastes,

increase comfort for users and reduce time dedicated to regulate the system by the system

operator.

The system operator is satisfied with current system as for integration of primary air and

ceiling radiant condensation control and for system noise level.


- Occupants can control artificial lights

- Occupants can control shadings from the sun (curtains)

- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system, but

don’t know how to adjust it

- System operators can’t automatically control the room light in any way.

The lighting control system can be improved implementing light dimming and

decentralized controls. The system should regulate the lighting level (lux) depending on

natural light in order to reduce as much as possible electrical consumption, while

maintaining and increasing the lighting comfort level.

Page 71 of 139







Data Centers require 22-24°C in the cold aisle and 29°C in the hot aisle. The cooling

system should guarantee an autonomy of at least 1 hour with the air temperature below

40°C.


quality control is important particularly in this case where the compartmented area has not

a ventilation system.

IT staff is globally satisfied by the data center cooling system even if some aspects could

be improved:

- there is no fresh air in the data centre area: a ventilation system can be implemented

to ensure fresh air when operators are in the compartmented area; air quality parameters

could be measured

- there is no remote control: it increases the risk of data loss in case of malfunctioning.

A remote and alarm control system should be implemented.

System operators are well aware of the control system’s capabilities and know how to

manage them; the interface is quite friendly and doesn’t take too much time for operating it.

As the IT Staff, also System operator complaint the lack of remote control and automated

alert system which prevent them to quickly check the status of the system and of the

actuators.

Moreover, the system can be improved implementing advanced control algorithm to

allow fault prevention and increase energy efficiency.

Page 72 of 139


(6) Geothermal system

System operators have been asked to give impressions and observation on the

geothermal system, present in the Hospital de Mollet, and on the possible improving

solutions.

System operators are well aware of the control system’s capabilities and know how to

manage them; however they are not satisfied with the parameters they can control and with

the interface: they consider it not friendly and it takes too much time to be used.

The possible improvements indicated are:

- soil saturation temperature control

- continuous control of geothermal pumps performance

- efficient utilization of geothermal system and backups (chillers/boilers) according to

individual performance and operation temperatures

- regulation of collectors’ temperatures and set points according to outdoor air

temperature.

Page 73 of 139





phase.

Table 32 HML audit team

Also the Dalkia (Agefred Servicio) operating in the Hospital was involved in the audit

phase: some of the information dealing with energy consumptions is owned by the Energy

Manager. The contract between the hospital and Dalkia Catalunya expires by July 2013.

However Dalkia Catalunya assured the cooperation with HML providing the required data

even if in some cases they do not refer to the last years and assured the support to the

Green@Hospital until the end of the project.

FINANCE /

MANAGEMENTADMINISTRATION ENERGY

TASKSTECHNICAL

BUILDING

MANAGER

HVAC/LIGHTING

MANAGER

BMS & ICT

MANAGER

MAINTENANCE

MANAGER

MAINTENANCE

OPERATORENERGY MANAGER SKILLS

Data Collection

General description of the building ( m2, beds,...) 1 5 1 .- Lourdes Laborda (HML)

Annual Energy Use ( type of energy, units ) 2 3 2 .- David Barrachina (HML)

Cost of Annual Energy Use ( euros per type ) 1 2 3 .- Marc Trullàs (AGE)

Breakdown of spaces by function, hours of use,

plant distribution,..1 1 2 4 .- Enrico Braggion (AGE)

Operation parameters ( temperature, artificial light-

hours, use hours )2 3 5 5.- David Sambia (AGE)

Maintenance practices concerning efficiency. 2 6 7 3 / 4 / 5 6 .- José Antonio Pérez (AGE)

Description of energy-using systems and



2 3 4 7.- José Luis Gavilan (AGE)

Description of energy-producing systems and



2 3 4

Description of BMS/SCADA (systems, components

and functions)2 4

Description of ICT infrastructure (systems,

components and functions)2 4

Calculations :

Breakdown of energy use and costs of systems and

components1 2 3 / 5


Without cost 2 5 / 6 3 / 4

With cost : cost estimate of implementation,

estimation of annual savings, rate of amortization.1 2 3 / 4 / 5 / 6

Measurements of savings. 2 4 4 / 5 / 6

Verification of savings. 1 2 5 / 6 3 / 4

SKILLS HOSPITAL DE MOLLETSKILL ASSESSMENT

MATRIX ENGINEERING O&M

Page 74 of 139


2.4.3. Energy audit

Hospital de Mollet starts its activity in 2010.

In Figure 12 a layout of the hospital is illustrated and below some numbers to describe

the hospital are reported:

- 160 beds

- 750 internal employees + 150 external employees

- 24/7 opening

Figure 12 HML layout

(1) HVAC

Heat generation is carried out by two Geothermal Heat Pumps (geothermal system

production). Hospital has also two boilers to support geothermal energy in case of failure.

Cooling generation is carried out by two Geothermal Heat Pumps (geothermal system

production). Hospital has also three water chillers to support geothermal energy in case of

failure .

Different technologies have been selected to heat different areas: fan coil, radiant

ceiling, and AHUs.

The main HVAC equipment is listed in the table 33 below.

Page 75 of 139



Chiller 1 CLIMAVENETA FOCS-CA/LN 2722 650 Kw 2 Scroll compressors

Chiller 2 CLIMAVENETA FOCS-CA/LN 2722 650 Kw 2 Scroll compressors

Chiller 3 CLIMAVENETA NECS-ST/LN 0604 175 Kw 2 Scroll compressors

Heat Pump 1 J&E Hall A115952-PACK2 450 Kw 2 Scroll compressors

Heat Pump 1 J&E Hall A115952-PACK2 450 Kw 2 Scroll compressors

Chiller 4 CLIMAVENETA BRAT 01211FF 17,30 Kw 1 Compressor

Gas boiler 1 VITOPLEX 300 780 Kw High temperature

Gas boiler 2 VITOPLEX 300 780 Kw High temperature Table 33 HML HVAC equipment


following tables.

UNOCCUPIED SETBACK

Shutdown of: Yes/No


Exhaust Fans by Time Schedule Yes

Chillers:By Outside Air Temperature Yes

Boilers,By Time Schedule Yes Table 34 HML HVAC system features


Cogeneration No Thermal Storage Yes for GEO

Energy Monitoring and Control System Yes Humidifiers/Dehumidifiers Yes

On-site Generation No Dessicant System No


Energy Recovery No Other-Define: Table 35 HML HVAC other characteristics

(2) Lighting

All common area lighting equipments have a remote and time control.

All luminaries are equipped with fluorescent lamps and electronic ballasts . Electronic

ballasts have better performance than electromagnetic ballasts in terms of energy

consumption, lamp life, visual comfort and flexibility.

With respect to lighting automation two different architectures can be identified in

different hospital areas:

Page 76 of 139


- Type 1: Manual switches installed in the switch board: no auxiliary contacts are

available.

- Type 2: Each single switch is controlled via PLC (Programmable Logic Controller).

Operators can force manually the position of each switch. The PLC receives a feedback about

the position of the switch.


The energy consumption of HML is divided into electricity consumption to serve the

needs of electric consumers and natural gas consumption. The gas and electricity

consumptions were recorded from HML bills for two years in order to fulfill Energy audit

Level I for D2.1. In the following tables and graphs those consumptions and costs are

reported.

PRELIMINARY ENERGY ALLOCATION TO END USE

END USE ENERGY TYPE (from energy performance summary)

PRIMARY

SECONDARY (more than 5% of end

use)

Heating Geothermal System // Boilers Heating // Hot Domestic

Water

Cooling Geothermal System // Chillers Air Conditioning

Domestic Water Heating

Preheating with Geothermal System // Boilers x

Kitchen cooking Equipment x x

Laundry Equipment x x

Other Process Equipment Emergency Power Generator Gas-Oil

Table 36 HML energy source allocation to end use

Page 77 of 139


METERING PERIOD day/month/year month n° from to #days CONSUMPTION (kWh) TOTAL COST (€/kWh)

1 01/01/2011 31/01/2011 31 546.723,00 53.443,59 € 0,09775 € 2 31/01/2011 28/02/2011 28 512.336,00 50.368,60 € 0,09831 €

3 28/02/2011 31/03/2011 31 585.097,00 44.190,20 € 0,07553 €

4 31/03/2011 30/04/2011 30 593.662,00 39.982,52 € 0,06735 €

5 30/04/2011 31/05/2011 31 626.520,00 42.321,73 € 0,06755 €

6 31/05/2011 30/06/2011 30 654.576,00 60.412,32 € 0,09229 €

7 30/06/2011 31/07/2011 31 739.632,00 74.415,81 € 0,10061 €

8 31/07/2011 31/08/2011 31 792.035,00 48.968,36 € 0,06183 €

9 31/08/2011 30/09/2011 30 709.331,00 54.057,73 € 0,07621 €

10 30/09/2011 31/10/2011 31 629.403,00 42.641,63 € 0,06775 €

11 31/10/2011 30/11/2011 30 572.835,00 43.186,96 € 0,07539 €

12 30/11/2011 31/12/2011 31 628.284,00 60.555,97 € 0,09638 €

13 31/12/2011 31/01/2012 31 650.179,00 65.894,09 € 0,10135 €

14 31/01/2012 28/02/2012 28 584.718,00 60.397,73 € 0,10329 €

15 28/02/2012 31/03/2012 32 614.034,00 47.379,84 € 0,07716 €

16 31/03/2012 30/04/2012 30 572.920,00 39.882,50 € 0,06961 €

17 30/04/2012 31/05/2012 31 595.096,00 41.548,18 € 0,06982 €

18 31/05/2012 30/06/2012 30 674.815,00 62.663,19 € 0,09286 €

19 30/06/2012 31/07/2012 31 703.915,00 76.372,43 € 0,10850 € 20 31/07/2012 31/08/2012 31 779.129,00 48.535,84 € 0,06230 €

21 31/08/2012 30/09/2012 30 618.794,00 47.926,55 € 0,07745 €

22 30/09/2012 31/10/2012 31 651.383,00 45.404,35 € 0,06970 €

23 31/10/2012 30/11/2012 30 581.260,00 44.901,00 € 0,07725 €

24 30/11/2012 31/12/2012 31 577.918,00 56.941,23 € 0,09853 €

TOTAL

15.194.595,00 € 1.252.392

Table 37 HML monthly electricity consumption

Figure 13 HML monthly electricity consumption

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

CONSUMPTION (kWh)

CONSUMPTION (kWh)

Page 78 of 139


YEAR N° Total Year Consumption Minimum Consumption Maximum Consumption Average Consumption


1 7.590.434,00 167,6702894 512.336,00 792.035,00 632.536,17

2 7.604.161,00 167,9735145 572.920,00 779.129,00 633.680,08

Table 38 HML yearly electricity consumption

YEAR N° COST (€)


1 614.545,41 0,0814

2 637.846,92 0,0840

Table 39 HML yearly cost for electricity

METERING PERIOD day/month/year COST (€) without TAXES

month n° from to

#days

CONSUMPTION (mc)

CONSUMPTION (kWh) FIXED VARIABLE TOTAL

COSTS €/mc €/kWh

1 01/01/2011 31/01/2011 31 56.431,00 684.903,05 71,53 28.002,55 € € 28.074,08 0,49749 0,04099

2 31/01/2011 28/02/2011 28 40.142,00 478.171,50 71,53 19.570,60 € € 19.642,13 0,48932 0,04108

3 28/02/2011 31/03/2011 31 22.157,00 263.845,56 71,53 10.798,67 € € 10.870,20 0,49060 0,04120

4 31/03/2011 30/04/2011 30 6.031,00 72.691,64 71,53 3.137,42 € € 3.208,95 0,53208 0,04414

5 30/04/2011 31/05/2011 31 7.277,00 92.880,89 71,53 4.016,82 € € 4.088,35 0,56182 0,04402

6 31/05/2011 30/06/2011 30 8.705,00 104.494,82 71,53 4.519,09 € € 4.590,62 0,52735 0,04393

7 30/06/2011 31/07/2011 31 5.693,00 68.748,67 71,53 3.080,88 € € 3.152,41 0,55373 0,04585

8 31/07/2011 31/08/2011 31 9.002,00 109.446,32 71,53 4.917,86 € € 4.989,39 0,55425 0,04559

9 31/08/2011 30/09/2011 30 8.380,00 99.738,76 71,53 4.481,66 € € 4.553,19 0,54334 0,04565

10 30/09/2011 31/10/2011 31 8.275,00 98.753,85 71,53 4.577,34 € € 4.648,87 0,56180 0,04708

11 31/10/2011 30/11/2011 30 9.666,00 116.359,31 71,53 5.413,15 € € 5.484,68 0,56742 0,04714

12 30/11/2011 31/12/2011 31 7.299,00 88.055,14 71,53 4.096,41 € € 4.167,94 0,57103 0,04733

13 31/12/2011 31/01/2012 31 17.175,00 207.765,98 74,64 9.923,54 € € 9.998,18 0,58214 0,04812

14 31/01/2012 28/02/2012 28 43.628,90 527.778,85 74,64 25.435,25 € € 25.509,89 0,58470 0,04833

15 28/02/2012 31/03/2012 32 12.183,97 145.086,72 74,64 6.992,16 € € 7.066,80 0,58001 0,04871

16 31/03/2012 30/04/2012 30 8.362,06 100.787,96 74,64 4.857,27 € € 4.931,91 0,58980 0,04893

17 30/04/2012 31/05/2012 31 8.847,31 106.512,78 74,64 5.133,17 € € 5.207,81 0,58863 0,04889

18 31/05/2012 30/06/2012 30 6.637,03 79.670,88 74,64 3.839,58 € € 3.914,22 0,58975 0,04913

19 30/06/2012 31/07/2012 31 6.438,68 77.753,53 74,64 3.747,18 € € 3.821,82 0,59357 0,04915

20 31/07/2012 31/08/2012 31 6.640,61 80.736,58 74,64 3.890,94 € € 3.965,58 0,59717 0,04912

21 31/08/2012 30/09/2012 30 5.979,24 72.695,57 74,64 3.503,42 € € 3.578,06 0,59841 0,04922

22 30/09/2012 31/10/2012 31 10.478,52 117.721,03 74,64 5.673,33 € € 5.747,97 0,54855 0,04883

23 31/10/2012 30/11/2012 30 8.462,88 104.004,00 74,64 5.012,26 € € 5.086,90 0,60108 0,04891

24 30/11/2012 31/12/2012 31 19.438,99 180.859,03 74,64 9.354,39 € € 9.429,03 0,48506 0,05213

TOTAL

343.331,21

4.079.462,40

185.728,99

Table 40 HML monthly natural gas consumption

Page 79 of 139


Figure 14 HML monthly natural gas consumption

Table 41 HML yearly thermal consumption

Table 42 HML yearly cost for natural gas

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

CONSUMPTION (mc)

YEAR N° Minimum ConsumptionMaximum Consumption Average Consumption


1 2.278.089,49 50,32227729 68.748,67 684.903,05 189.840,79

2 1.801.372,91 39,79175857 72.695,57 527.778,85 150.114,41

Total Year Consumption

YEAR N°


1 97.470,82 0,04450

2 88.258,17 0,04912

COST (€)

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As stated in deliverable D2.1 “Standard energy audit procedure” for the aim of the whole

project, a Level I energy audit can be enough for the whole building while the analysis should

be deepened for the most suitable solution sets to be tested.

For HML two main solution sets have been selected to be modeled:

- Geothermal System – Heat and Cold Production Control

- Surgery Rooms – Energy Consumption in three different cases.

For each of them a list of additional information were required and the collected data are

presented in the paragraph “Solution set description”.


The Hospital de Mollet (HML) ICT architecture is characterized by two solution sets: the

first contains all the devices correlated to HVAC system and lighting system, the second one

deals with the geothermic energy production.

Field device

No electric meter is installed in this hospital: electric consumption monitoring is not

possible.

The chillers are managed controlling the cold water set-point temperature; working time

control and working equipment priority can be included. For domestic hot water production,

boilers are controlled in the same way as the chillers: it is possible to control the

temperature and the priority.

Actually, the Geothermal Heat Pumps are controlled only with the Temperature of the

Heat and Cold principal collectors of the Hospital.

Below the different HVAC sub-systems will be described:

Conditioners: the signals are integrated by Cylon system. All the parameters of these

equipments can be controlled;

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Fan-coils: the signals are integrated by Trane system, and data can be exported to

the Workstation by an Ethernet connection;

Radiant Ceiling: the signals are directly controlled by an External Giacomini Controller

exporting the data to the BMS with an Ethernet connection;

Lighting: Schneider PLC;

Hot Water Production: Cylon System.

For the heating generator, the gas boiler is monitored through the Vitoplex 300 device; it

has the possibility to be manually or automatically set; it uses the ModBus protocol to

communicate with other devices. The heat pump is also controlled using the H&J Hall device

manually settable, which communicates through ModBus protocol.

Data from the air cooled chiller are used to monitor the cooling generator through a

device produced by the Climaveneta through ModBus protocol; parameters cannot be

forced manually. The heat pump is also controlled using the H&J Hall device, the same used

for the heat pump of the heating generator system.

In the rooms air temperature and the fan speed are monitored; all the data are sent to

higher level control system using ModBus protocol.

In Figure 15 a schematic representation of the ICT architecture of HML is reported.

Figure 15 Scheme of the HML’s ICT architecture

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The BMS system

The system integrated in HML is very simply. It is a SCADA developed by INDUSOFT WEB

Studio (Controlli), with different controllers that can communicate with Mod-BUS devices

and are integrated in a normal Workstation defining the operating parameters of the system.

The sub-controller systems are the model Trane ZN 523 produced by Cylon. These

controllers carry out the supervision of all the devices in all the parts of the hospital.

The system can communicate with higher levels through Ethernet connection, it can

configure routers or switches present over the IP network using SNMP protocol. It is not

configured to use web services but can read and write over remote storage through FTP

protocol.

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3. Energy saving solution sets

The work done in Task 2.1 and 2.2 provided the information needed to choose the most

interesting subsystems in each hospital. In this context the term subsystem defines the

combination of hardware and software elements responsible for the management of an

energy consuming service in the hospital. As specified in chapter 2 for some promising

subsystems a Level III energy audit has been performed. The objective of this activity is to

get enough information to integrate the subsystems itself in the Web-EMCS, to calculate the

energy saving potentials and to develop the model of the subsystems in the framework of

WP4. Moreover the most important application of this data consists in the definition of the

list of the solution sets to be analyzed and tested in each pilot.

While paragraph 3.2 resumes the most relevant subsystems identified in each hospital

paragraph 3.3 defines the list of the solution sets identified.

3.1. Subsystem

This paragraph contains a list of subsystems for each pilot hospital that have been

analyzed in detail in order to specify the associated solution sets. For each subsystem legal

requirements have been presented.

3.1.1. AOR

Three main subsystems have been selected for a Level III energy audit:

- Data Centre IT load management and cooling system

- Lighting in Oncology and Hematology Departments

- HVAC in Oncology and Hematology Departments

In the following paragraphs the three subsystems are described in detail. No solution set

has been finally associated to the HVAC subsystem and the reasons which led to this choice

are described in the HVAC subsystem dedicated paragraph.

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(1) Data centre

The AOR Data Centre, illustrated in Figure 16, has been completely refurbished in 2011 in

the framework of the cooperation between AEA-Loccioni and AOR. Several energy saving

technologies have been installed such as modern IT devices, server virtualization, server

installation in a compartmented area, Computer Room Air Conditioning units and efficient

water cooling system. It has been chosen as one of the sub systems to be analyzed in the

framework of the Green@Hospital project for the following reasons:

- It is a fully monitored system

- It can be easily integrated within the Web-EMCS

- It is fully automated

- It has good saving potential even if it is an already efficient infrastructure

- It is an infrastructure available in all the hospitals, therefore highly replicable

- It is an infrastructure with increasing importance and fast growth of its energy

consumption

Figure 16 AOR data centre

With respect to the IT infrastructure, the servers installed in the Data Centre comply with

a list of requirements such as: high number of processing core, expandability, compatibility

with any operating system, hot swappable and redundant components to make component

changeover fast and easy.

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The chosen equipment allows dynamic power management for processors and batch-

processing. Hard disks also offer significant energy saving potentials. Energy consumption of

multi speed disks is up to 60% lower compared to standard components. Also highly efficient

power supplies (part load efficiency above 90%) contribute to energy savings.

Two different virtualization platforms have been used and tested in the Data Centre:

VMware and Ganeti. VMware is a proprietary hypervisor software for servers. In the

analyzed case study it manages four physical machines. At the moment 92 virtual machines

run on the VMware platform. Ganeti is a cluster virtual server management software tool

built on top of existing virtualization technologies such as Xen or KVM and other Open

Source software. In the Hospital Data Centre three servers are managed by this system. At

the moment 40 virtual machines run on the Ganeti platform.

With respect to the Data Centre layout, a Hot Aisle Containment System (HACS) has been

chosen. This system encloses a hot aisle to collect IT equipments hot exhaust air and to cool

it in order to make it available for IT equipment air intakes. This creates a self-contained

system capable of supporting high density IT loads.

The proposed solution has a remarkable effect on overall efficiency because the hot aisle

is capable of maintaining higher temperatures. The effect of the elevated return

temperatures to the cooling units enables better heat exchange across the cooling coil and

higher overall efficiency.

Data Centre cooling is performed by four In Row units. The nominal cooling capacity of

each unit is 18.20 kW. The installed units can be classified as chilled water modular air

conditioning units. A Data Centre dedicated water cooling system has been designed to

guarantee high reliability and high efficiency at the same time. Cooling load has been

calculated considering not only the actual needs but also the future development of the

Data Centre. The IT load installed at the moment is about 30 kW and it is expected to double

in the next 5 years.

Two chillers with a cooling capacity of 72.6 kW each have been installed. It means that

one chiller could manage the data centre cooling considering the maximum load expected

Page 86 of 139


during the next decade. Doubling the installed cooling power means doubling the reliability

of the cooling system.

The chillers are water condensed; the condensing heat is then dissipated by two dry

coolers for each chiller. The dry coolers can be used both as condensing unit and in free

cooling configuration: when the external temperature is below a Set Point value a bypass

valve excludes the chillers in order to cool the water of the main manifold directly with the

dry cooler switching off the chillers and avoiding the energy consumption due to chillers

compressors.

The two cooling systems, one for each chiller, are completely separated both from a

hydraulic and a functional point of view. In case of failure of one of the two water cooling

systems, the supervisor switches automatically from one circuit to the other while the failed

system is repaired.

Five pumps and six valves are controlled by the supervisory system to manage the

cooling system in the most efficient way.

With respect to the pumps, two twin pumps circulate water from each couple of dry

coolers to a heat exchanger. The plate heat exchanger is needed to separate the condensing

circuit where a water-glycol solution flows from the main manifold circuit where water

flows. Variable Speed Drive (VSD) controlled twin pumps have been chosen to ensure the

highest level of efficiency and reliability. Another pump controls the flow from the heat

exchanger to the main manifold. Two more VSD controlled pumps (one working and the

other for backup) guarantees 24 hours a day the requested amount of water from the

chillers to the main manifold and from the main manifold to the Computer Room Air

Conditioning System.

With respect to the valves, two three-way valves are used to switch from active cooling

to free cooling mode. Four two-ways valves are used to enable the four dry coolers.

The monitoring and control system manages all the actuators and machineries installed

in the mechanical room. At the same time it collects the most important parameters

measured by the sensors installed. The data are stored every 15 minutes.

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Data monitored and stored can be classified in several categories: temperature

measures, electrical measures, alerts, device parameters.

With respect to temperature parameters, they can be divided in water temperatures and

air temperatures. The first type of sensor is used to monitor and control the water cooling

system: they measure both the inlet and the outlet pipe temperatures of each in row cooling

unit and of the main manifold. The second type of sensor is used to monitor and control the

Computer Room Air Conditioning: they measure the air temperature in both the cold and

the hot aisle.

With respect to the electrical measures, all power distribution units are monitored. For

each rack both preferential and normal loads are monitored. Other two meters monitor the

preferential and the normal load of the chillers, dry coolers and pumps. For each meter

voltage, current, power factor, power and energy are stored. Furthermore the fan speed of

in row units and dry coolers is measured.

The supervisory system manages the actuators of the cooling system. It controls the

pumps switching to the backup pump, every 10 hours. Moreover the supervisory system

switches from active to free cooling mode. In active mode one chiller is switched on and the

three way valve is in active cooling state. The two dry coolers connected to the active chiller

are switched on and their speed is set at a default value (10%). The two way valves which

enable the water flow from the condenser to the dry coolers are opened and the pump

which guarantees the flow in this circuit is enabled. The rotating speed of the dry coolers is

modulated following this control strategy: if the power supplied of the chiller is less than

50% of its peak power, the dry coolers speed is set at the same percentage. If the power

supplied by the chillers overcomes 50% of its peak power, the dry coolers speed increases

with the water inlet temperature reaching its maximum when the water temperature

reaches 45°C.

The energy saving performance of the Data Centre is evaluated through the Power Usage

Effectiveness (PUE) value. The PUE is defined as the ratio of total Data Centre input power to

IT Load power.

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Requirements

Air temperature and relative humidity are the main parameters influencing energy

efficiency in data centers. The set points for the aforementioned parameters are chosen

during the design phase of the data centre considering both IT equipment requirements and

cooling system potential. Increasing the data centre internal temperature set point means

lowering the consumption due to cooling and enabling the freecooling mode (if available) for

longer periods. But this action results also in a reduced backup time in case of failure of the

cooling system and it causes an increased consumption of the server fans.

Operation condition for data centers have been fixed by ASHRAE (American Society of

Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning) in 2011 and by ETSI (European

Telecommunications Standards Institute) in 1992.

ASHRAE TC 9.9 (Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments – Expanded Data

Center Classes and Usage Guidance) [1] identifies 6 different classes of IT equipment and

defines for each of them recommended and allowable environmental specifications.

Compliance with a particular environmental class requires full operation of the

equipment over the entire allowable environmental range, based on non-failure conditions.

Class A1: Typically a data center with tightly controlled environmental parameters (dew

point, temperature, and relative humidity) and mission critical operations; types of products

typically designed for this environment are enterprise servers and storage products.

Class A2: Typically an information technology space or office or lab environment with

some control of environmental parameters (dew point, temperature, and relative humidity);

types of products typically designed for this environment are volume servers, storage

products, personal computers, and workstations.

Class A3/A4: Typically an information technology space or office or lab environment with

some control of environmental parameters (dew point, temperature, and relative humidity);

types of products typically designed for this environment are volume servers, storage

products, personal computers, and workstations.

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Class B: Typically an office, home, or transportable environment with minimal control of

environmental parameters (temperature only); types of products typically designed for this

environment are personal computers, workstations, laptops, and printers.

Class C: Typically a point-of-sale or light industrial or factory environment with weather

protection, sufficient winter heating and ventilation; types of products typically designed for

this environment are point-of-sale equipment, ruggedized controllers, or computers and

PDAs.

The following table resumes recommended and allowable environmental specifications,

as reported in [1].

Table 43 Equipment environmental specifications [1]

These values can be represented in the Psychrometric chart as shown in Figure 17.

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Figure 17 Equipment environmental specifications on Psychrometric chart [1]

ETSI 300 019-1-3 (Equipment Engineering (EE); Environmental conditions and

environmental tests for telecommunications equipment Part 1-3: Classification of

environmental conditions Stationary use at weather protected locations) [2] identifies 5

different location classes and describes the required environmental conditions for each of

them.

- Class 3.1: Temperature-controlled locations

- Class 3.2: Partly temperature-controlled locations

- Class 3.3: Not temperature-controlled locations

- Class 3.4: Sites with heat-trap

- Class 3.5: Sheltered locations

Environmental parameters for each class are listed in the table 44 following the [2].

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Table 44 Environmental parameters [2]

(2) Lighting

Lighting has been identified as one of the key energy consumers to be studied and

improved in the AOR premises.

Lighting as been chosen for the following reasons:

- It is a key infrastructure available in each building

- It has good saving potential

- It allows to test and compare different control strategies

- It is a solution largely replicable

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The solution sets will be tested in rooms belonging to two different departments:

Oncology department and Hematology department. These two departments have been

chosen for the following reasons:

- They belong to the same floor reducing installation costs

- They make available rooms with different final use

The final selection of rooms is included in the following table.

Dept Room type Prevalent use Luminaries

Oncology department

Archives This room hosts all the department paper documentation. Clinicians enter these room to collect and store patients case history folders.

2 2X18W recessed 2 1X36W surface mounted

Doctor ambulatory

This room is occupied both for patient examinations and for office activities.


Nurse room This room hosts drug compounding and nurse office activity


Patient internal waiting room

This room is occupied by patients waiting for their check in and by their relatives during treatments.


Day hospital room

This room hosts patients for their day hospital treatments

Bed head lighting

Visitors external waiting room

This room is occupied by visitors and patients families

4 3X18W recessed

Hematology department

Nurse room This room hosts drug compounding and nurse office activity

4 4X18W recessed

Local warehouse

Medical consumables are stored in this room. Clinicians enter this room to collect the need consumables needed for patients treatment

2 4X18W recessed

Doctor office 4 4X18W recessed Table 45 AOR lighting equipments

Concerning the Oncology department, its lighting system can be classified as a type 1,

according to the classification made in the energy audit chapter: manual switches installed in

the switch board: no auxiliary contacts are available or can be installed. Lights have to be

Page 93 of 139


switched manually by hospitals operators from switchboard or from wall mounted room

switches. Lamps are equipped with electromagnetic ballasts.

Concerning the Hematology department, its lighting system can be classified as a type 2

according to the classification made in the energy audit chapter: a PLC enables lighting

switching on. Operators can force manually the position of each switch. Lamps are equipped

with electromagnetic ballasts.

Requirements

Luminance and other lighting parameters are regulated by the EN 12464-1 norm: “Light

and lighting – Lighting of work places Part 1: Indoor work places” [3]. This European

Standard specifies lighting requirements for indoor work places, which meet the needs for

visual comfort and performance. The degree of visibility and comfort required in a wide

range of work places is governed by the type and duration of activity. Below an extract of

the norm concerning health care premises requirements is included.

Ref. no. Type of interior, task or activity

Em (lx) UGRL Ra Remarks

7.1 Rooms for general use All luminance at floor level.

7.1.1 Waiting rooms 200 22 80

7.1.2 Corridors: during the day 200 22 80

7.1.3 Corridors: during the night 50 22 80

7.1.4 Day rooms 200 22 80

7.2 Staff rooms

7.2.1 Staff office 500 19 80

7.2.2 Staff rooms 300 19 80

7.3 Wards, maternity wards

Prevent too high luminance in the patients' field of view. Luminance at floor level

7.3.1 General lighting 100 19 80

7.3.2 Reading lighting 300 19 80

7.3.3 Simple examinations 300 19 80

7.3.4 Examination and treatment 1000 19 80

7.3.5 Night lighting, observation lighting 5 - 80

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7.3.6 Bathrooms and toilets for patients 200 19 80

7.4 Examination rooms (general)



7.5 Eye examination rooms


7.5.2 Examination of the outer eye 1000 - 90

7.5.3 Reading and color vision tests with vision charts 500 16 90

7.6 Ear examination rooms


7.6.2 Ear examination 1000 - 90

7.7 Scanner rooms


7.7.2

Scanners with image enhancers and television systems 50 19 80

7.8 Delivery rooms



7.9 Treatment rooms (general) Lighting should be controllable

7.9.1 Dialysis 500 19 80

7.9.2 Dermatology 500 19 90

7.9.3 Endoscopy rooms 300 19 80

7.9.4 Plaster rooms 500 19 80

7.9.5 Medical baths 300 19 80

7.9.6 Massage and radiotherapy 300 19 80

7.10 Operating areas

7.10.1 Pre-op and recovery rooms 500 19 90

7.10.2 Operating theatre 1000 19 90

7.10.3 Operating cavity Em: 10000 to 100000 lx

7.11 Intensive care unit

7.11.1 General lighting 100 19 90 At floor level

7.11.2 Simple examinations 300 19 90 At bed level

7.11.3 Examination and treatment 1000 19 90 At bed level

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7.11.4 Night watch 20 19 90

7.12 Dentists

7.12.1 General lighting 500 19 90 Lighting should be glare-free for the patient

7.12.2 At the patient 1000 - 90

7.12.3 Operating cavity 5000 - 90 Values higher than 5000 lx may be required

7.12.4 White teeth matching 5000 - 90 TCP> 6000 K

7.13 Laboratories and pharmacies


7.13.2 Color inspection 1000 19 90 TCP> 6000 K

7.14 Decontamination rooms

7.14.1 Sterilization rooms 300 22 80

7.14.2 Disinfection rooms 300 22 80

7.15 Autopsy rooms and mortuaries


7.15.2 Autopsy table and dissecting table 5000 - 90

Values higher than 5000 lx may be required

Table 46 Lighting requirements [3]

(3) HVAC

The Hematology department has a dedicated HVAC system: air ventilation is carried on

by a dedicated air handling unit. Post heating/cooling heat exchangers are responsible for

room temperature control. In some specific areas, like toilettes, radiators provide the

required thermal load. Variable air volume devices and three way valves are managed by a

control unit to control the following parameters:

- Air temperature

- Air pressure (in some specific rooms)

- Air flow rate

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A thermostat provides the feedback which enables temperature control dedicated to a

group of three rooms. The variable air volume device has been calibrated during the system

installation.

Unfortunately two problems affect this system preventing it from an easy and effective

integration in the project:

- Thermostat and three valves are controlled in a closed loop and variables can’t be

monitored from the BMS

- The duct system has been designed to feed adjacent rooms without taking care of

the room use: rooms with different pattern of use are fed by the same duct making

impossible a customized system management.

The HVAC system installed in the Oncology department is quite different: a single air

handling unit serves the entire block made of 6 floors. Ceiling recessed fan coil units take

care of heating and cooling different areas. In some rooms radiators contribute to provide

heating load during heating season. Also in this case some obstacles to the integration of this

subsystem in the Green@Hospital platform can be underlined:

- Fan coils have a dedicated and closed control system with dedicated thermostats that

can’t be integrated in a more complex control system

- The large number of departments and rooms served by the same AHU makes the

installation of variable air volumes system ineffective both on a department and on a room

level. Furthermore the required investment to update the system would be enormous.

The above mentioned considerations make the HVAC system not suitable to be inserted

in the Green@Hospital solution sets list.

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3.1.2. HVN

Three subsystems have been selected to be included in the project:

- Emergency AHUs

- Operating room AHU

- Data center cold water production

The first two systems have been selected because of their high replicability not only in

HVN (similar AHUs are installed in other hospital areas) but also in other hospital since AHUs

are applied in every hospital building for ventilation purposes and very often also for heating

and cooling purposes.

The third subsystem has been chosen to be compared with the equivalent system

installed in AOR. Comparison between the two hospital data centre cooling system

architectures will led to further optimization of the two systems.

(1) Emergency AHUs

The system consists of two air handling units. Each of them has two heat exchangers

providing heat and cool respectively. No energy saving strategies are implemented at the

moment since just the system switch on and off can be remotely controlled. Some drawings

of the two AHUs are presented in Figure 18.

Figure 18 Emergency AHUs

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(2) Operating room AHU

The system consists of an AHU with no flow control; the system is provided of three heat

exchangers. At the moment no remote control of the system is available and no data about

temperature, humidity or pressure in monitored from the operating room. A drawing of the

system is reported in Figure 19.

Figure 19 Operating room air handling unit

(3) Data centre cold water production

The system consists of three chillers that provide cold water to the air handling units. At

the moment these machines are regulated manually since they have not an automatic

regulation system. A drawing showing the layout of the system is presented in Figure 20.

Figure 20 Water cooling equipment

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3.1.3. SGH

Two subsystems have been selected for SGH:

- Fan coils in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic

- Artificial lighting in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic

(1) Fan coils in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic

Fan coils have been identified as one of the key energy consumers to be studied and

improved in the SGH premises. The first solution set refers to the modeling of three fan coils

in three selected rooms of the pediatric clinic. Specifically the fan coils are all in the pediatric

clinic and specially one is placed in a patients’ room, one in a doctors’ office and one in a

doctors’ rest room of the clinic. The rooms that were selected are marked in the following

3D plan which shows the whole department of the pediatric clinic. The number names of the

rooms correspond to the rooms below:

- 03.13 is doctors’ office

- 03.05 is patients’ room

- 03.18 is the doctors’ rest room

Figure 21 Selected rooms in the pediatric clinic

Fan coils are supplied by the main system with fluid in specific temperature. A fan is used

to transfer the heat from the fluid to the air. The same methodology is used for heating and

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cooling. Currently the control of the system is manual. The user adjusts the temperature set

point depending on his will and requirements. The opening factor of the windows is not

taken into consideration when the system is working, so energy is spent operating the fan

coils when the windows are open if fan coil is in heating mode.

The fan coil that there is in patient room has maximum nominal air flow 1030 m3/h and

absorbed motor power 98 W. The fan coil that there is in doctors’ office has maximum

nominal air flow 520 m3/h and absorbed motor power 55 W. Finally the fan coil that there is

in doctors’ rest room has maximum nominal air flow 680 m3/h and absorbed motor power

65 W. The table below summarizes the type and the main characteristics of the fan coil that

is located in each selected room.

Department Room type Fan coil characteristics

Pediatric clinic

Patients’ room

Maximum nominal air flow: 1030 m3/h

Absorbed motor power: 98 W

Doctors’ office



Doctors’ rest room



Table 47 Types and main characteristics of the fan coils in selected rooms

Fan coils have been selected as one of the sub systems to be analyzed in the framework

of the Green@Hospital project for the following reasons:

- Fan coils operation has large energy demand in total energy consumption of the hospital

- The saving potential is high if their operation is regulated taking into account the climate

conditions, room’s condition and heating/cooling load requirements

- The integration with the Web-EMCS is possible

- It is a system that is available in almost all hospitals

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(2) Artificial lighting in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic

The second solution set refers to modeling of artificial lighting in three selected rooms of

the pediatric clinic. The selected rooms are the same that have been selected for the fan

coils solution set. Specifically is going to be modeled the artificial lighting in a patients’ room,

in a doctors’ office of and in a doctors’ rest room of the pediatric clinic. Lighting has been

identified as one of the key energy consumers to be studied and improved in the SGH

premises.

The rooms in pediatric clinic have three types of lights available in the rooms of the

pediatric clinic. The first type of artificial lights is located behind the beds of the patients

which are operated by switches available in the entrance of the room. The second type is

personal lights which are located above the bed of each patient. The third type is safety

night lights above the beds of the patients, operated by the doctors. All the lamps are

fluorescent. Currently the control of the artificial lighting system in the rooms is done

manually (switch on/off with user’s preferences) and it not connected to the central BMS.

The total number and power of lamps that are located in each selected room is summarized

in the table below.

Department Room type Luminaries

Pediatric clinic

Patients’ room

4 X 54 W fluorescent 4 X 18 W fluorescent 1 X 18 W fluorescent 1 X 18 fluorescent 4 X 15 W Incandescent bulb 2 X 3 Incandescent bulb

Doctors’ office

4 X 36 W fluorescent

Doctors’ rest room

4 X 36 W fluorescent

Table 48 Types of lamps in selected rooms

Artificial lighting has been selected as one of the sub systems to be analyzed in the

framework of the Green@Hospital project for the following reasons:

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- The saving potential is high if its operation is regulated taking into account the

external luminance, human presence and be connected to the BMS

- The artificial lighting operation has large energy demand through the total energy

consumption of the hospital

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3.1.4. HML

Two subsystems have been analyzed in detail to be included in the project:

- Heating and cooling generation system

- Operating room HVAC control

(1) Heating and cooling generation system

The system is composed of two geothermal heat pumps connected to the cold and hot

main manifolds of the hospital. A third circuit, called geothermal, is responsible to dissipate

or absorb the energy excess and to enable heat and cool production with high levels of COP

throughout the year. The hospital has also three air condensing chillers (Climaveneta) and

two natural gas boilers (Ignis). The following figures show the architecture of the different

systems.

Figure 22 Geothermal heat pumps configuration

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Figure 23 Chillers configuration

Figure 24 Boilers configuration

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This subsystem has been selected for different reasons:

- It affects the energy consumption of the overall hospital building and it accounts for a

wide percentage of the hospital energy consumption: a small increase in efficiency for this

subsystem can lead to high economic savings for the all hospital building

- It is a very efficient system but some meters are missing in order to run it in an

optimized way.

(2) Operating room HVAC control

The system consists of an air handling unit with two fans equipped with variable speed

drive control. The system has three heat exchangers plus an electric heater responsible for

humidification.

Current regulation allows three working modes: USE, NO USE and CLEAN MODE with

different parameters configuration. The system is shown in the following figure.

Figure 25 Operating room AHU

This subsystem has been selected for different reasons:

- Huge flow rate are requested in surgery rooms: ventilation of this areas is very

energy consuming

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- A great interest is paid by hospital engineering associations and standardization

bodies on surgery rooms ventilation optimization.

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3.2. Solution sets

This paragraph contains the main specifications related to the energy saving solution sets

that will be tested in each pilot hospital. The main monitoring equipment needed to manage

each solution set and to measure its energy saving performance is briefly described.

3.2.1. AOR

Solution sets chosen for AOR deal with two main subsystems:

- Data Centre IT load management and cooling system

- Lighting in Oncology and Hematology Departments

(1) Data centre cooling optimization

The solution will consist in improving the control strategies of the data centre cooling

system. The objective is to reduce the energy consumption due to non IT load increasing the

PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) value. The AOR data centre is fully monitored and it does

not require the installation of further monitoring equipment. Data centre parameters have

been monitored since 21st September 2011.

The IT Load of the Hospital Data Centre is calculated summing the energy supplied to

each of the ten racks. This load does not change very much on an hourly base.

If we chose a typical week, for example from 9th to 16th January 2012, the average

hourly IT load was always between 16.6 and 18 kW. This small variability is partly expected

because of Hospital 24/7 operability and partly due to the low utilization rate of

computational resources. Even if in the meantime the average IT load has moved from 17 to

21 kW the deviation from the mean value remains very low.

The PUE value varies from 2.05 to 1.5. It means that while the IT Load remains almost

constant in time, the non-IT Load in warm months is the double of the non-IT Load in cold

months. This is not only due to the higher COP reached by the chillers during winter months

but also to the effect of free cooling on the efficiency of the overall cooling system.

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The free cooling system is activated when the external air temperature is below a fixed

set point which used to be set at 8°C. The increased IT load made instable the operation of

the freecooling mode: the power exchanged by the drycoolers was no more enough to

maintain the data centre at the required temperature. For this reason the set point for

switching to freecooling mode was moved from 8°C to 0°C in order to increase the reliability

of the system.

PUE is not affected just by the efficiency of the water cooling system but also by the

contribution of ancillary loads. Nowadays pumps for example are equipped with variable

speed drives but are run at fixed speed.

The model based management system powered by the Web-EMCS will reduce the PUE

value. This objective will be pursued:

- Predicting external temperature in order to maximize the working time of the

freecooling system;

- Predicting the IT load in order to optimize the management of the system;

- Regulating the fan speed of the drycoolers in order to maximize their efficiency and

increasing the temperature of the external air which enables to switch to freecooling mode;

- Regulating the fan speed of the Inrow equipment to optimize its consumption;

- Regulating pumps speed in order to maximize their efficiency and increasing the

temperature of the external air which allows to switch to freecooling mode;

- Exploiting the thermal storage in order to follow the load reducing peak

consumptions.

(2) Smart lighting system

The efficiency of lighting system can be improved intervening on hardware elements or

on control capabilities.

With respect to hardware intervention the elements affecting energy efficiency are listed

below:

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- Lamp

- Ballast

- Luminaries

With respect to control capabilities, the strategies that can be adopted to reduce energy

consumption are:

- Time schedule

- Timer

- Presence detection

- Daylight sensor

- Manual control dimming

The focus of this project on ICT solutions has led to a greater interest on this second set

of solutions.

The objective is to study which set of control strategies is most suitable to be used in the

selected areas considering:

- Lighting requirements fulfillment

- Impact on the hospital operators activity

- Energy efficiency

- Payback time

Models will support the choice of the best solution suitable for each hospital area.

Hardware and software installed will enable different control strategies because the project

does not aim just at simulating different control strategies but it wants to demonstrate the

performance of the tested system in real operational condition.

These requirements led to the choice of the hardware to be installed in the selected

areas. Below a list of devices and the reasons that led to their choice is presented.

- LED luminaries

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Efficient lighting source

Easily dimmable lighting source

Lifetime not affected by frequent switching cycles and dimming

- DALI dimmable led drivers (compared to 1-10 V dimmable drivers)

BUS enabled lights switching

Single light control

Bidirectional data flow (lamp state, dimming level, led driver state)

Simplified system configuration

- Presence sensors

Enables occupancy based control strategies

- Luminance sensors

Guarantees the required level of luminance in the room

Enables natural-artificial mix control strategies

Data acquisition during the baseline period is necessary to calculate the savings achieved.

The baseline period is defined as “the time before an Intervention when Energy

Consumption and Predictor Variables are monitored” [4].

Concerning lighting monitoring the following variables need to be acquired and stored in

order to define a typical schedule for each room. These data are needed to calibrate and

validate the model which will be used to test control strategies and algorithms.

A list of variables needs to be stored to describe the typical use of each room and the

related lighting management. The list of these variables and the reason for their storage is

described below.

- Presence

To monitor room occupancy patterns and to calculate the energy saving potential

reachable trough an occupancy based lighting management strategy

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- Brightness

To monitor the actual lux level in each room in order to compare it with the lux

level required considering the activity performed in the room

To compare energy consumptions before and after the installation

To calibrate and validate the model

To measure the contribution of natural light to the total brightness reached in the

room

- Light status

To monitor the artificial light use pattern

To check the human behavior in each room

- Energy

To measure the baseline period energy consumption

- Power

To compare energy consumptions before and after the installation

3.2.2. HVN

All the solution sets chosen for HVN pilot address the HVAC system. They refer to:

- Emergency zone Air Handling Unit Control

- Surgery theaters Air Unit Control

- Data centre cold water production management

(1) Emergency zone Air Handling Unit Control

The solution consists in the efficient management of the air handling units installed in the

emergency zone. The control system that will be developed has the final objective of

optimizing the regulation of the air conditioning system acting on the following parameters:

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- External temperature based regulation of the inlet air temperature

- Freecooling

To enable the AHU control and to calculate the energy savings different devices will be

installed, as illustrated in Figure 26:

- Controller: to implement energy saving strategies

- Energy meter: to monitor thermal needs and energy savings

- Electric meter: to monitor electric needs and energy savings

Figure 26 Meters installation on emergency zone AHUs

(2) Surgery theaters Air Unit Control

A new control system will be developed considering three different load levels and

regulating valves and fans according to this loads.

The following devices will be installed:

- Controller: to implement energy saving strategies;

- 3 energy meters: one for each heat exchanger, to monitor thermal needs and energy

savings;

- Electric meter: to monitor electric needs and energy savings.

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Figure 27 Meters installation on surgery theatre AHUs

(3) Data centre cold water production management

The solution consists in the optimization of the management of the cooling units feeding

the hospital data centre. They will be switched on and off considering the instant load and

the cooling power of each unit avoiding too short working cycles and reducing energy

consumption. The actual manual control based just on temperature set points will be

replaced by an automatic control.

An energy meter for each machine will be installed to determine the thermal energy

consumed in each state and time and to calculate the energy savings obtained.

An electric meter for each machine will measure its electrical consumption, as illustrated

in Figure 28.

Figure 28 Meters installation on data centre cold water production management

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3.2.3. SGH

As was mentioned two subsystems have been selected for SGH:

- Fan coils in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic

- Artificial lighting in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic

(1) Fan coils management in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic

The solution set that models the fan coils operation has an objective to reduce the

energy consumption. Currently the control of the system is manual by adjusting the

temperature set point. The users are adjusting the temperature set point with their own

preferences. The efforts for reducing the energy consumption in fan coils include control

strategies involving parameters that have not been taken into consideration in the present

energy strategy of the hospital. The model based management system powered by the Web-

EMCS and the desired control of the fan coils operation in the pediatric clinic will take into

consideration:

- The prediction of outdoor temperature and the relation to the necessary loads

(heating and/ or) in the rooms in order to maximize the working time of the free cooling

system and to optimize the management of the system

- The prediction of the fan coils heating or cooling load in order to optimize the

management of the system

- An optimum start-stop control which will reduce peak loads and energy losses by

stopping the use of fan coils when windows are left open taking into consideration the

factor of an open window

- Ensure indoor air quality using readings from CO2 sensors

- The required from the user temperature and humidity providing the necessary

thermal comfort in the rooms, supplying the demanded heating and cooling load

- Payback time

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The already available equipments that will be useful for the integration of the proposed

control strategies includes:

Sensors:

- Outdoor air temperature

- Outdoor air relative humidity

Actuators

- Valve for controlling the amount of air passing through the coil

The control strategies that will be implemented require input from sensors located in the

selected rooms. These sensors are connected to the BMS enabling monitoring and fault

detection of system’s operations by the hospital employee. Energy meter helps comparing

the consumptions before and after installations and identifies the energy savings of the

proposed solution set. The desired control strategies are based on the help of the following

additional equipment connected to BMS. The prediction of outdoor temperature and the

simulation of fan coil operation which are done using soft computing techniques or

simulation based techniques as it is described in the deliverables D4.1: “Simulation model of

areas and buildings” and D4.2: “Report of identification algorithms”, will be used for the

optimization of fan coil usage. The new equipment that integrates control strategies includes:

Sensors:

- Nose sensor (Measuring Temperature, Humidity, and CO2)

- Presence sensor

- Window contact

Meters:

- Energy consumption of the fan

- Flow of fluid in the coil

- Temperature of fluid in the coil

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Actuator:

- An actuator for initiating the fan motor

All the additional equipment is available to connect the existing BMS with N2

communication system and protocol. The following tables summarize the technical data of

the new equipment.

Nose sensor

Type EE80

CO2

Measurement principle Non-Dispersive Infrared Technology (NDIR)

Sensor E+E Dual Source Infrared System

Working range 0 - 2000ppm

Accuracy at 20°C (68°F) and 1013mbar

0...2000ppm: < ± (50ppm +2% of measuring value)

Response time t63 < 90 sec

Temperature dependence typ. 2ppm CO2/°C

Long term stability typ. 20ppm / year

Sample rate ca. 0.5 min

Relative Humidity

Measurement principle Capacitive

Sensor element HC103

Working range1) 10...90% RH

Accuracy at 20°C (68°F) ± 3% RH (30...70% RH) ±5% (10...90% RH)

Temperature

Accuracy at 20°C (68°F) ±0.3°C (±0.54°F)

Outputs

0...2000 ppm / 0...100% RH / 0 - 5V -1mA < IL < 1mA

0...50°C (32...122°F) 0 - 10V -1mA < IL < 1mA

4 - 20mA RL < 500 Ohm

General

Supply voltage SELV 24V AC ±20% 15 - 35V DC SELV = Safety Extra Low Voltage

Table 49 Technical data and measurement values for nose sensor

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Presence sensor

The ceiling multi-sensor model MDS is designed for occupancy detection in room or

office spaces. In addition, the sensor detects the ambient brightness in rooms. The

measured quantity can be used for a fixed light control by means of down streamed

dimming resistances.

Type MDS

Power supply 15-24VDC / 24VAC ±10%

Clamps Pluggable terminal screw, max. 1,5mm²

Movement sensor with Status-LED for movement detection

4 Element PIR “passive infrared“

Light sensor 0...1kLux, Photodiode with green filter

Accuracy typ. ±0,5 Lux

Temperature detection Range: 0…50°C

Accuracy typ. ±0,5 K

Basic enclose material ABS, Color orange

Faceplate material ABS. Color pure white

Housing protection IP20 according to EN60529

Ambient temperature 0...50°C

Transport -10...50°C / max. 85%rH, non-condensed

Weight 80g Table 50 Technical Data of presence/ luminance sensor

Energy consumption of the fan speed

Kamstrup 382L is type approved according to the Measuring Instrument Device (MID) for

active positive energy and according to national requirements for other energy types, where

required.

Type Kamstrup 382L

Measuring principle One-phase current measurements by shunt

One-phase voltage measurements by voltage division

Nominal voltage Un 3x230 VAC ± 10 % (for Aron meters)

1x230 VAC ± 10 %

2x230/400 VAC ± 10 %

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3x230/400 VAC ± 10

Current Ib (Imax) Without breaker With breaker 35 mm²

5(105)A 35 mm²

10(60)A 10(65)A

10(85)A 10(85)A

5(85)A 5(85)A

Accuracy class MID: class A, class B

IEC: class 2 , class 1

Nominal frequency fn 50 Hz ±2 %

Phase displacement Unlimited (does not apply to Aron meters)

Operating temperature -40°C to +70°C

Storage and transport temperature -40°C to +85°C

IP protection class IP52

Protection class II

Relative humidity < 75 % year’s average at 21°C

< 95 % less than 30 days/year, at 25°C

Weight 680 g without breaker/1200 g with breaker

Application area Indoors/outdoors in suitable meter cabinet

Table 51 Technical data for energy meter

Flow and-Temperature meter

MULTICAL® 602 is used as heat meter together with flow sensor and two temperature

sensors.

Type MULTICAL® 602

Heat meter

–Temperature range Θ: 2°C...180°C

– Differential range ΔΘ: 3 K...170 K

Cooling meter

– Temperature range Θ: 2°C...50°C

– Differential range ΔΘ: 3 K...40 K

Accuracy EC ±(0.5 + ΔΘmin/ΔΘ)%

Temperature sensors

– Type 602-A Pt100 EN 60 751, 2-wire connection

– Type 602-B+602-D Pt500 EN 60 751, 4-wire connection

– Type 602-C Pt500 EN 60 751, 2-wire connection

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Flow sensor types – ULTRAFLOW®

– Electronic meters with active 24 V pulse output

– Mechanical meters with electronic pick-up

– Mechanical meters with reed switch

Flow sensor sizes

– [kWh] qp 0.6 m3/h...qp 15 m3/h

– [MWh] qp 0.6 m3/h...qp 1500 m3/h

– [GJ] qp 0.6 m3/h...qp 3000 m3/h

EN 1434 designation Environmental class A and C

Power supply

< 1W

MID designation Mechanical environment Class M1

Electromagnetic environment Class E1 and E2

Table 52 Technical data for flow and temperature meter

(2) Artificial lighting management in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic

As it has already been mentioned, no type of control strategy is applied in the rooms

concerning lighting (Daylight and artificial) and the artificial lighting system in the selected

rooms is not connected to the BMS. Current conditions provide opportunities for significant

energy savings and application of control strategies in order to improve the energy efficiency

of the lighting system using the capabilities of the BMS. The prediction of luminance in the

rooms done using soft computing techniques or simulation based techniques as it is

described in the deliverables D4.1: “Simulation model of areas and buildings” and D4.2:

“Report of identification algorithms”, will be used for the optimization of artificial lighting

usage.

The control strategies have to follow the following principles:

- Lighting requirements/ levels

- Impact on the hospital operator’s activity

- Energy efficiency

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- Prediction of artificial lighting operation

- Payback time

The control strategies that will be implemented require input from sensors located in the

selected rooms. These sensors are connected to the BMS enabling monitoring and fault

detection of the system’s operations by the hospital employee. The desired control

strategies are based on the help of the following additional equipment connected to BMS

which helps improving the energy efficiency and reducing artificial lighting energy demand:

Sensors:

- Presence sensor

- Luminance sensor

Meters:

- Energy meter

Actuator:

- Relays used to open and close artificial lights

The presence sensor helps monitoring room occupancy patterns in order lighting be

more efficient. Luminance sensor guarantees the required level of luminance in the room

and also takes into account the natural lights in order to set control strategies which

minimize the energy consumption of the lights. The energy meter helps comparing the

consumptions before and after installation and identifies the saving potential of the

proposed solution set. In order to achieve validation of the proposed solution set software

simulation of the different strategies will indicate the estimated saving potential and

hardware installation will demonstrate them in real operational condition.

All the additional equipment is available to connect the existing BMS with N2

communication system and protocol. The following information and table summarize the

technical data of the new equipment to be used in this solution set.

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Presence sensor/Luminance sensor

This is one compact sensor and will be used together for the fan coils solution set and has

already been described with its technical data

Meters

The energy meter that will be used in order to measure energy consumption for artificial

lighting in the selected rooms has the same technical features as the one that will be used

for energy consumption of the fan in fan coils (Kamstrup 382L).

The control strategy will be integrated with the installation of three controllers. The

chosen controller FX07 is a terminal unit controller in the Facility Explorer range of products

and supports the N2 communication protocol of the hospital’s BMS. The controller is

designed specifically for commercial Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration

(HVACR) applications.

It is possible to connect up to 17 physical inputs and outputs to the FX07, including:

- four Analog Inputs (AIs) (software configurable)

- five Digital (Binary) Inputs (DIs)

- six Digital (Binary) Outputs (DOs)

- two Analog Outputs (AOs)

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Nose sensor

Presence/ luminance sensor

Energy meter

Flow and temperature meter

Controller

Table 53 new equipment to implement the selected solution sets

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3.2.4. HML

Two solution sets have been selected to be tested in HML.

- Heating and cooling generation system optimized management

- Optimized control strategies for Surgery Rooms ventilation

(1) Heating and cooling generation system optimized management

This solution aims at making more efficient and cost effective the heating and cooling

generation system considering the following parameters:

- Chillers and heat pumps COP

- Operating temperatures

- Ground saturation

- Energy source costs

- Load prediction

The output will be a daily schedule which optimizes the plant performance. To monitor

the plant performances different meters will be installed:

- One energy meter will measure the thermal output for each boiler

- One gas meter will measure the fuel consumption of each boiler

- One energy meter will measure the thermal output of each chiller

- One electrical meter will measure the consumption of each chiller and of each heat

pump

- Three energy meters will measure respectively the heating load, the cooling load and

the load delivered to the ground for each heat geothermal pump

(2) Optimized control strategies for Surgery Rooms ventilation

The solution aims at reducing the energy consumption for surgery rooms ventilation. The

high ventilation flow rates required by the norms for this category of rooms are responsible

for huge energy consumption.

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An innovative regulation system will be developed. Measuring specific particles inside

the operating room the ventilation flow rate will be regulated with the objective of

maintaining the number of particles under a well defined threshold.

The table below resumes the requirements established by the most important

international regulations dealing with operating theatres ventilation systems.

Table 54 Operating theatres ventilation systems requirements

The performance of the innovative control algorithms and the need to measure the

energy saving requires the installation of the following monitoring equipment:

- Probe for air sampling

- Air particles analyzer

- 3 energy meters, one for each heat exchanger to measure the thermal energy

consumption

- An electric meter to measure the fans consumption

Design Parameter Vic NSW Qld WA AHFG NHS AIA ASHRAE

UK USA USA

Room Size

General 42 36 36 36 & 42 37 & 42 55 37 -

Orthopaedic 50 42 42 52 52 55 56 -

Cardiac 50 50 50 52 52 55 56 -

Anterooms Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No -

Setup Opt Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NS -

Supply Air Flowrate (ACH) 20 NS 20 20 NS >15 20-25 >20

Supply air velocity (m/s) NS NS NS NS NS 1 NS 1.3-1.8

Min supply air velocity at table (m/s) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.17 0.2 0.1-0.3 0.13-0.18 -

Supply Air Filtration HEPA HEPA HEPA HEPA HEPA

HEPA not

req'd NS HEPA

Supply Air Turndown NS NS NS NS NS Yes - NS Yes - NS max 25%

Minimum Outdoor Air (ACH) AS1668.2 AS1668.3 8 5 AS1668.3 20% Min 3 Min 4

Return Air % 50 50 NS NS 50 0% NS 16

Exhaust Location Mid & Low Mid & Low High & Low

High Return & Low

Relief Mid & Low NS NS Hign & Low

Number of Ducts NS NS 4 NS NS NS 2 NS

Pressure Gradient +150-200 l/s +150-200 l/s +100-150 l/s NS +150-200 l/s

complex

table NS +150-200 l/s

Delta P between rooms 10 Pa 10 Pa 15 Pa NS 10 Pa 25 Pa min 2.5 Pa min 2.5 Pa

Airflow direction

+ve Clean-

>dirty

+ve Clean -

>dirty

+ve Clean-

>dirty +ve Clean->dirty

+ve Clean -

>dirty

+ve Clean-

>dirty out

+ve Clean-

>dirty

Room Temperature 16-27 16-24 18-24 18-26 16-24 20-23 17-25

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4. Preliminary solution-set energy savings

Interventions aiming at enhancing energy efficiency and at reducing environmental

impact of buildings and plants, largely pay for themselves thanks to energy and other

resources savings. The energy and economic evaluations of the interventions therefore

assume a considerable importance since the cost-effectiveness can be a discriminating

element to switch from the proposal to the realization.

After the description of the solution sets made in the previous chapters it is, therefore,

interesting to give a first estimation of the savings related to their implementation. This

chapter aims at giving some first saving estimation while more detailed evaluations on this

topic will be available in deliverable D2.4 - Report on data collection analysis and saving

potentials.

At this point of the project the analysis that can be done about saving potentials are still

preliminary, and based on data available in the literature and on the partners experience on

the areas interested by the chosen solutions.

More accurate and customized estimates will be made on the basis of the specific

features of the proposed solution and through algorithms that will be developed as part of

Work Package 4.

The simulation of the solution will allow both savings potential estimation and set point

characteristic optimization of the proposed solution in order to maximize the savings

achievable.

In the following paragraphs the areas of application of the solution set are presented

according to the methodology described below.

For each category of solution sets are shown:

- Description of the solution: it illustrates the solution in a synthetic way from a

technical point of view, but mainly focuses on the reasons that may make it particularly

convenient its implementation.

- Potential savings, expressed as annual percentage reduction of primary energy

consumption refers to the extent implemented

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- Economic return: expressed as a simple payback on investment from the

implementation of the measure

- Improvement of sustainability – the positive effects on the improvement of

sustainability are assessed and summarizes:

o E: containment of energy consumption

o R: reduce consumption of non-energy resources

o I: reduction of environmental impact (direct effects)

o C: improved comfort

- With reference to the Standard EN 15232:2012 [1], the functions of Building

Automation and Control Systems (BACS) that can be reached implementing the solution

presented are indicated.

Some notes need to be done before presenting the solution set analysis.

Energy tariffs

In assessing the economic viability of projects for energy efficiency, energy prices

fluctuations should be taken into account, despite they are difficult to predict. The rate of

change in energy prices varies a lot and the factors that determine their changes are:

demand, supply, stocks and spare capacity in OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries).

With reference to this project, another problem has to be faced: pilot cases belong to

different countries and energy costs are in some cases quite different. It depends both on

the type of energy supply (grid purchase, self-production), and on the energy bill structure of

each hospital belonging to different countries, that can vary a lot. For this reason, the energy

savings will be evaluated according to the energy costs emerged from the different audits.

As there are currently no available data regarding the costs of all energy sources used in the

pilot hospitals, in this phase it will be a percentage based evaluation.

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Financial analysis

The evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of a given intervention cannot abstract from two

fundamental information, that is the costs necessary to carry out a specific investment and

the savings that this can generate. Once this information are published, it is possible to

calculate the indicators of cost-benefit analysis by which to quantify the economic goodness

of a project. Furthermore if there are alternative solutions, the available information are

useful to identify the solution that provides the best convenience margins.

There are different methods of economic analysis used in the evaluation of energy

efficiency measures.

This phase of the analysis has been simplified considering the Pay-Back time as index for

the solution set evaluation because other financial parameters can vary among the different

countries.

During the solutions final design a deeper and customized analysis will be possible.

Pay Back Time

Pay Back Time (PBT) is certainly the most popular economic indicator and the easier to

understand also for non-experts.

PBT is the time in which the savings can recoup its investment, in other words the

number of years in which the benefits equal the costs of its implementation.

The payback time is a simple indicator, which considers only the various cash flows

without considering discount rates; it is useful to obtain an estimate of the goodness of a

project.

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4.1. HVAC Systems solutions

4.1.1. Ground source heat pump management

The solution consists in the improvement of the ground source heat pump system

already installed in a Hospital. The system installed already shows good performances, if

compared to traditional systems; in any case, it is possible to analyze and improve its

management on the basis of the experience gained in the last period.

The improvement can be the following:

- To control the sequencing of the modules

- To schedule heat pump operation on the capacity of the system

- To optimize the use of the different systems (GSHP, chillers boilers) on the basis of

outdoor conditions and thermal loads.

- Potential savings: 3 – 10 %

- Payback: 2 – 10 years

- Improvement of sustainability: E

- EN 15232 reachable functions:

3.7 Different generator control for cooling Class

The goal consists generally in minimizing the generator operation temperature

0 Constant temperature control

1 Variable temperature control depending on outdoor temperature

2 Variable temperature control depending on the load A Table 55 Ground source heat pump management EN 15232 reachable functions

3.8 Sequencing of different generators Class

0 Priorities only based on running times

1 Priorities only based on loads

2 Priorities based on loads and demand

3 Priorities based on generator efficiency A

4 Advanced Predictive Control based on modeling and multi-sensor storage management (added during first assessments)

A

Table 56 Ground source heat pump management EN 15232 reachable functions

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4.1.2. VFD installation on AHU

The measure consists of installation of Variable Frequency Drive on AHU’s motors in

order to reduce energy consumption due to useless ventilation. The VFD can be used to

reduce the maximum speed of the motor and to regulate the fraction of outdoor air to be

supplied in the rooms. Supplying the minimum of outdoor air, increasing the recirculation

fraction, brings energy saving because less energy is needed to bring return air to supply

conditions if compared to outdoor air that can be very cold or hot in the different seasons

[5].

- Potential savings: 5 (for a properly sized motor) – 50 % (for oversized systems)




4.1 Air flow control at the room level Class

0 No automatic control

1 Time control

2 Presence control (if related to presence sensors) B

3 Demand control (if related to CO2 sensors) A Table 57 VFD installation on AHU EN 15232 reachable functions

4.2 Air flow or pressure control at the air handler level Class


1 On off time control

2 Multi-stage control

3 Automatic flow or pressure control A Table 58 VFD installation on AHU EN 15232 reachable functions

4.1.3. AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions

The operation of Air Handling Units, Fan Coils and more in general of HVAC systems

terminals can be improved in order to increase energy efficiency and, at the same time, to

maintain high levels of comfort conditions in occupied spaces.

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Many methods can be implemented to achieve these aims; they depend on the

characteristics of the system already installed and on the required sequence of operations

[6].

The most interesting possibilities of energy and comfort improvement are listed below

and they have been analyzed and proposed for the pilot Hospitals of this project.

- Maximization of use of free-cooling conditions

- Optimization of set point on the basis of outdoor air conditions (air temperature and

humidity – read and predicted) and indoor requirements (temperature, humidity, pressure,

flow rate)

- Remote control of the operations

- Supply air mix depending on presence of people

- Efficient use of cooling and heating coils

Note on energy and environmental benefits

The perception of comfort tends to minimize abnormal situations consistent with the

season, so few users will complain in the winter if it is too hot or too cold in the summer.

However, the excess deviation from nominal conditions of comfort leads to an increase of

the energy consumption for air conditioning which may be evaluated in a first approximation

proportionally to the difference between the actual temperatures and those of the project.

The energy benefits in some cases may be considerable, since, in particular in tertiary,

often air conditioning systems are not properly calibrated and do not maintain

environmental conditions consistent with those of the project.



- Improvement of sustainability: EC

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4.1 Air flow control at the room level Class


1 Time control

2 Presence control (if related to presence sensors) B

3 Demand control (if related to CO2 sensors) A Table 59 AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions EN 15232 reachable functions

4.2 Air flow or pressure control at the air handler level Class


1 On off time control

2 Multi-stage control

3 Automatic flow or pressure control A Table 60 AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions EN 15232 reachable functions

4.5 Free mechanical cooling Class


1 Night cooling

2 Free cooling

3 H,x- directed control A Table 61 AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions EN 15232 reachable functions

4.6 Supply air temperature control Class


1 Constant set point

2 Variable set point with outdoor temperature compensation

B

3 Variable set point with load dependent compensation A Table 62 AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions EN 15232 reachable functions

4.7 Humidity control Class


1 Dew point control

2 Direct humidity control A Table 63 AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions EN 15232 reachable functions

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4.1.4. Data center Cooling System management

The solution consists in the data center cooling system management optimization. The

system is composed of chillers (water or air condensed) and an air distribution system. The

operation of this system can be improved in order to increase energy efficiency.

The most interesting possibilities of energy improvement for data center cooling system

are listed below and they are also referred in [7]. They have been analyzed and proposed for

the pilot Hospitals of this project.

- Maximization of use of free-cooling conditions

- Sequencing of the chillers depending on outdoor air temperature and performance

curve, with the possibility of forecasting IT load and outdoor air temperature.

- Remote control of the operations

- Use of storage to reduce peak load. (The concept behind cool storage systems is to

operate the system during off-peak electricity hours and use the stored coolness to satisfy a

building’s air-conditioning needs. Avoiding peak electricity hours will reduce electric bills.)

This system optimization is particularly useful to postpone the investments needed to

adapt the cooling system to a quickly growing infrastructure like an hospital data centre is.





3.7 Different generator control for cooling Class

The goal consists generally in minimizing the generator operation temperature

0 Constant temperature control

1 Variable temperature control depending on outdoor temperature

2 Variable temperature control depending on the load A Table 64 Data center Cooling System management EN 15232 reachable functions

3.8 Sequencing of different generators Class

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0 Priorities only based on running times

1 Priorities only based on loads

2 Priorities based on loads and demand

3 Priorities based on generator efficiency A

4 Advanced Predictive Control based on modeling and multi-sensor storage management (added during first assessments)

A

Table 65 Data center Cooling System management EN 15232 reachable functions

4.5 Free mechanical cooling Class


1 Night cooling

2 Free cooling

3 H,x- directed control A Table 66 Data center Cooling System management EN 15232 reachable functions

The following functions have been added during the first solutions assessment in order

to directly evaluate the effects of a better management on Data Center cooling systems. In

the following tables the reachable classes are not indicated because the functions are not

directly addressed in EN 15232:2012 Standard.

Data center cooling, switch from active to free cooling (added during first assessments)

0 Manual

1 Based on a fixed set point external air temperature

2 Based on dynamic set point external air temperature (IT load measurement, self-learning system)

3 Predictive control algorithm (prediction of load and external air temperature)

Table 67 Data center Cooling System management reachable functions

In row unit management (added during first assessments)


1 Temperature based control

2 Temperature and load based control Table 68 Data center Cooling System management reachable functions

Page 134 of 139


4.2. Lighting system solutions

For lighting solutions, savings estimations and payback time are given for all the possible

solutions considered at the same time because they are usually implemented together to

give bigger benefits exploiting their synergic effect.

4.2.1. Installation of presence detectors

The measure involves the installation of occupancy sensors which can turn off

automatically the artificial lighting of the rooms when there is no presence of people.

The objective of this measure is to manage automatically the switching on and off of

artificial lighting within the rooms as a function of the presence or absence of persons

occupying them. The technologies used are three: passive infrared sensors, ultrasonic

sensors and dual-technology sensors.

Avoiding lighting when not useful generates electricity saving proportional to the time

when the room is not occupied by people.

The rationalized switching on as a function of the presence of persons and the

adjustment of adequate levels of illumination not only provide better energy efficiency, but

also a high level of visual comfort to users.

In the following table an estimated savings percentage of whole building electricity use

from various weather locations based on a percentage reduction in total building light power

density (LPD) from 10 to 70%. The table values also include the expected reduction in

electricity use of HVAC equipment associated with the reduced cooling required because of

reduced lighting energy (heat) to the building; the reduction can vary in the indicated range

on the different weather locations because of the impact of cooling reduction.

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Percent reduction in electricity use per year from reduction in lighting power*

Percent reduction in total lighting power

10% 2 - 4

20% 5 - 8

30% 8 - 12

40% 11 - 15

50% 13 - 19

60% 16 - 23

70% 18 - 27

* Includes savings from reduced lighting use and reduced HVAC electricity for cooling

Table 69 Lighting potential savings

An economic benefit to consider is that, with this strategy, the operating time of the

lamps lengthens.

4.2.2. Installation of daylight sensors

The solution involves the installation of sensors of daylight able to regulate the artificial

illumination as a function of the natural light.

The objective of this measure is to manage the artificial lighting system as a function of

natural light, avoiding illuminating the rooms in periods of the day in which the natural light

would be sufficient.

Using the sensors of daylight the adjustment of artificial light can occur in two ways: with

an on-off or in a gradual manner. The gradual adjustment allows for better integration of

natural light with artificial light also improving visual comfort.

Keeping a system of artificial lighting on when the natural light would be sufficient to

ensure the proper illumination is one of the major causes of energy waste of lighting systems.

This measure therefore proves to be effective, and energy benefits are considerable, in

particular for those zones in which the contribution of natural lighting is potentially large. An

economic benefit to consider is that with this strategy it lengthens the operating time of the

lamps [8] [9].

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In indoor rooms the best implementation of this solution is in combination with presence

detector; in this way the presence detection and the control of lighting level works together

minimizing the lighting switching on.

4.2.3. Installation of dimmer

This solution consists in the installation of devices that allow the user to adjust the

lighting according to the visual task.

The dimmers are regulators used for controlling the power consumed by a load (limiting

it); it acts by varying the time of supply of the load (duty cycle) thus transferring to it only

part of the sine wave voltage of the electricity grid (phase control modulation).

In the field of lighting, dimmers are used to regulate light intensity of incandescent or

halogen lamps. It cannot be used for the adjustment of discharge lamps unless they are

equipped with ballast that accepts the adjustment of the supply voltage. The best solution is

to use appropriate dimmable ballast with input for adjusting the luminous flux because more

efficient. The technology can also be applied to the illumination of outdoor areas, to operate

at reduced lighting systems during the middle of the night, when the places are rarely visited.

Using the electronic dimmers with low losses, the lower power consumption turns into

lower energy consumption.

4.2.4. Overall lighting solutions evaluation



- Improvement of sustainability: EC


5.1 Occupancy control Class

0 Manual on/off switch

1 Manual on/off switch + additional sweeping extinction signal

2 Automatic detection A

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Table 70 Lighting solutions EN 15232 reachable functions

5.2 Daylight control Class

0 Manual

1 Automatic A Table 71 Lighting solutions EN 15232 reachable functions

Page 138 of 139


5. Conclusions

A complete energy audit has been performed in the four pilot hospitals following the

energy audit procedure set in the first months of the project and reported in the deliverable

D2.1.

General information concerning the overall hospital buildings have been collected, while

specific data have been acquired concerning particular areas and specific subsystems. In this

case the contribution of occupants and subsystems managers has been fundamental to

collect data concerning the quantitative and the qualitative performance of each system.

The final result in the framework of the WP2 is a final list of solution sets that will be

tested in each pilot hospital. The final list of solution sets is summirized below:

AOR

- Data centre cooling optimization

- Smart lighting system

HVN

- Emergency zone Air Handling Unit Control

- Surgery theaters Air Unit Control

- Data centre cold water production management

SGH

- Fan coils management in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic

- Artificial lighting management in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic

HML

- Heating and cooling generation system optimized management

- Optimized control strategies for Surgery Rooms ventilation

Finally, some preliminary considerations about the energy saving potential of each

solution set have been reported in order to better justified the subsystem selection.

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6. References

[1] ASHRAE TC 9.9: Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments – Expanded Data Center Classes and Usage Guidance, 2011

[2] Michel A. Bernier, Bernard Bourret: Pumping Energy And Variable Frequency Drives, ASHRAE Journal, December 1999

[3] EN 12464-1 norm: “Light and lighting – Lighting of work places Part 1: Indoor work places”, 2011

[4] eeMeasure project Deliverable D1.2 - Non residential methodology

[5] CEN UNI EN 15232: “Energy performance of buildings – Impact of Building Automation, Controls and Building Management”, 2012

[6] Andrew Kusiak, Mingyang Li: Cooling output optimization of an air handling unit, Elsevier 2009

[7] Wu, X, Mochizuki, M, Mashiko, K, Nguyen, T, Nguyen, T, Wuttijumnong, V, Cabusao, G, Singh, R and Akbarzadeh, A 2011, 'Cold energy storage systems using heat pipe technology for cooling data centers', Frontiers in Heat Pipes, vol. 2, pp. 1-7, 2011.

[8] VonNeida, Bill, Dorene Maniccia, and Allan Tweed. An Analysis of the Energy and Cost Savings Potential of Occupancy Sensors for Commercial Lighting Systems. Prepared by Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. August 2000.

[9] Richman, E. E., A. L. Dittmer, and J. M. Keller. Field Analysis of Occupancy Sensor Operation: Parameters Affecting Lighting Energy Savings. PNL 10135/UC 1600. Prepared by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy, September 1994.

Documents

Energy saving solution set description