Energy Management Opportunities for

Commercial Customers

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 2

Your Presenters

– Welcome: Pat Egan, vice president, Customer & Community Affairs

– Technologies: Mike Carter and Mark Farrell, energy engineers

– Energy Efficiency Programs: Chris Kanoff, programs manager

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 3

Energy Management Benefits

– Bottom line cost savings today! Energy Maintenance

– Reduced noise levels– Better indoor air quality– Reduced air emissions

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 4

Energy Management Opportunities

– Energy Basics

– Energy Management

Restaurants Lodging Food Retailers Machine & Auto

Body Shops

HVAC Lighting Motors Compressed

Air

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 5

Energy Basics– Demand versus Energy

Kilowatt (kW) is a measure of demand—similar to the speedometer of your car that records the rate at which miles are traveled

• A bigger engine is required to travel at a faster rate

• Peak power demand is usually measured as an average over a 15-minute period

» Spikes and surges from motor startup and other short-term anomalies have little influence on peak demand

Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a measure of energy/consumption—similar to the odometer on your car which measures miles traveled

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 6

Energy Basics

– Demand versus Energy Energy Cost = Energy Consumption x Unit Cost =

kWh x $/kWh• A 113-Watt four-lamp light fixture costs about $66 annually when operating

16 hr/day (113 W x 5,840 hr x $0.10/kWh ÷ 1,000 W/kW) Motor power (kW) = Horsepower (HP) x 0.746/efficiency

• A 10 HP motor = 10 HP x 0.746/0.90 = 8.3 kW• A 10 HP motor costs about $4,850 annually (8.3 kW x 5,840 hr x

$0.10/kWh) when operating 16 hr/day

Pay the price for improved energy efficiency!• The operating cost over the lifetime of a motor or light fixture can far exceed

the original purchase price

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 7

Demand Reduction Ideas

– Lighting Turn off lights in unoccupied or day lighted rooms Turn off display and decorative lighting Reduce corridor lighting Use occupancy sensors in low-traffic areas

– HVAC Allow space temperatures to rise as high as 78°F Raise the chilled water temperature above normal settings during off-

season periods Ensure that ventilation grilles and fan coil units are not blocked by

books, flowers, debris, or other obstructions

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 8

Demand Reduction Ideas

– Office Equipment Activate ENERGY STAR® power-down features Use SmartStrips to completely remove power from printers and

copiers Restrict use of personal appliances such as coffee pots, refrigerators

and heaters Turn off or unplug chilled-water drinking fountains

– Other Convert your roof to a reflective surface Use slower charging battery chargers for forklifts Shut off selected elevators and escalators Consider variable speed motors for fans and pumps Lower hot water setpoint from 140F to 120F

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 9

Corporate Energy Management

– Key Components of Energy Management

Commitment by owners and management

Clearly stated goals on energy efficiency and waste reduction,

Delegation of responsibility and accountability

Sustained tracking and assessment of energy use and technology application

Continuous investigation of potential energy projects

Our Business Solutions Toolkit offers free energy efficiency posters for your business

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 1

0

Corporate Energy Management

– Energy Information Systems Measure and Evaluate

• Knowledge is power» “If you can't measure it, you can't manage it!”

• Access to real-time energy consumption/demand and cost data across multiple plants and facilities

Plan• Benchmark

» Against yourself» Against similar facilities

• Prioritize solutions Implement

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 1

1

HVAC

Implementation Energy (kWh)

Demand (kW)

Temperature setback

Economizers

Heat/energy recovery ventilators/wheels

Chiller water temperature

New HVAC equipment

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 1

2

HVAC

– Temperature Setback/Setforward Save 3% per °F per 24 hr 72°F 68°F ( 4°F) for 12 hr saves 6%

– Obtain Proper Humidity Control In the Summer, decrease relative humidity (RH) to feel cool. Operation at 78°F / 40% RH provides the same level of occupant

comfort as 74°F / 50% RH does.• 74°F 78°F setforward for 24 hr saves 10% to 12%• Remove moisture with desiccant or enthalpy/heat wheel• Relative humidity >70% with temperature >70°F can encourage mold growth!

In the Winter, opposite applies–raise RH to feel warm.• Add moisture with evaporative humidifier• Ultrasonic humidifiers require filtered water

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 1

3

HVAC

– Narrow Your Chiller Water Temperature Set Points Typical conditions are chilled water temperature of 42°F and

condensing water temperature of 80°F to 85°F.• 2% savings per °F that chilled water temperature is raised• 5°F to 10°F increase is possible; more may cause damage and reduce

cooling capacity (ton rating)

Efficiency benefits from lowering condensing water temperature are offset by increased fan and pump operation, along with reduced cooling capacity.

• Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) and oversizing the cooling tower can help

• The larger the system, the greater the net energy savings

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 1

4

HVAC

– Upgrade older HVAC (10 to 15 years) Chillers: 0.8 kW/ton 0.5 kW/ton (37% less!) Unitary rooftop: 1.5 kW/ton 1.2 kW/ton (20% less!)

Source: courtesy of McQuay International

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 1

5

Lighting

Implementation Energy (kWh)

Demand (kW)

Replace T12 with T8 or T5

Replace metal halide with T8 or T5HO

Replace incandescent with CFL

Replace incandescent with LED

Use daylighting and occupancy sensors

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 1

6

Lighting

– Lumens-- A measurement of the perceived power of light. 60-watt incandescent ~ 850 lumens (100 CRI) ~ 14 lpw efficacy 32-watt T8 fluorescent ~ 2,800 lumens (83 CRI) ~ 88 lpw 400-watt metal halide ~ 24,000 lumens (65 CRI) ~ 60 lpw 400-watt high-pressure sodium ~ 45,000 lumens (22 CRI) ~ 112 lpw

– Color Rendering Index (CRI)-- A measurement of a light source's ability to render colors the same as sunlight does.

CRI describes to what degree the light spectrum source is “filled out”

65CRI 92CRI

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 1

7

Lighting

– Replace existing T12 fluorescent lamps with T8 fluorescent lamps (up to 30% savings)

– Also, T5 lamps are more efficient than T8s. The T5s are smaller and shorter so are not interchangeable with T8s T5s have lower mercury content than T8s T5 lumen maintenance is better at higher ambient temperatures but

worse in cold

Four-lamp T12 versus T8 Fixtures

Lamp Type

Fixture Watts

Fixture Lumens

LPW

F32T12 148 9,120 62

F32T8 113 10,600 94

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 1

8

Lighting

– Metal Halide (MH) versus Fluorescent for Highbay Probe start MH with low lumen maintenance (<65%) is the best target for replacement

The lumen maintenance of metal halides can decrease to 45% during their lifetime, whereas fluorescents maintain 90% to 95% in optimal conditions

Compare 320 W probe start MH with 20,000 EOL lumens and six F32T8 with 18,000 EOL lumens at 220 system watts

Lumen output of fluorescents declines with heat/cold

– Compact Fluorescent Lighting (CFL) You get the same or more light output (lumens) with a 75%

energy reduction and over six times the rated life!

Energy savings far outweigh the difference in lamp price

Use reflector flood CFLs in recessed-can lights Issue of mercury content can be addressed

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 1

9

Lighting Case Study

– Gear Jammer Travel Plaza 24 hour / 7 day per week travel stop Upgraded from T12 to T8 fluorescent

lighting in the kitchen, restaurant and store areas

Eliminated fixtures and replaced some incandescent lights with CFLs

– Annual energy savings of $5,000 per year plus Pacific Power incentives of $5000 mean a two-year payback

– Gear Jammer president Chuck Hinckley, customers and employees have noted the improved light quality

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 2

0

Lighting

– Day Lighting Skylights/lightpipes, clerestory windows, and roof monitors Energy savings can range from about $0.50/ft2 to $0.75/ft2, depending

on the building type, location, office area plan, and local cost of energy

– Occupancy Sensors Ultrasonic has wider range than infrared

but is prone to false positives Can shorten life of fluorescents with

instant start ballast $30 to $150 cost 2 year payback is normal

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 2

1

Motors

Implementation Energy (kWh)

Demand (kW)

Replace motors

Use variable speed drives

Right size the motor

Disconnect unused transformers

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 2

2

Motors

– Repair or Replace Motors Replace motors <40 HP Replace if cost of rewind is >65% of new motor Replace motors last rewound before 1980

• See the Motor Calculator in the Business Solutions Toolkit

– Variable Speed Drives/Adjustable Speed Drives Best for variable torque loads often found in variable flow

applications (pumps and fans) and greater than 2,000 hours operation

Horsepower varies as the cube of speed/flow Cut speed/flow by 50% and you cut energy consumption by nearly

90%! (0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.125) Converts 60 Hz to 120-400 Hz in pulse width modulation

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 2

3

Motors

– Soft-start (reduced voltage starter) Does not really save energy or reduce peak demand Does keep lights from dimming and circuit breakers from popping open

– Right-size the Motor Motor efficiency plummets

at <40% rated load

– Premium Efficiency Motors Good motor efficiency varies

from about 85% (1 HP) to 95% (>75 HP)

NEMA Premium Efficiency motors are 1% to 3% basis points more efficient than baseline (EPACT 1992)

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 2

4

Compressed Air

Implementation Energy (kWh)

Demand (kW)

Only use when there is no other option

Fix leaks

Right size

Use variable speed compressor motor drives

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 2

5

Compressed Air

– Compressed Air energy cost for 6,000 hrs@ $0.10/kWh = $125/CFM At 4 CFM/HP, a 250 hp compressor costs about $125,000 annually

Typical Demand Components

Excessive Pressure

5%

Wrong application

20%

Normal Production 50%

Leaks 25%

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 2

6

Compressed Air

– Only use compressed air when it is absolutely necessary!

– Examples of potentially inappropriate uses of compressed air: Open blowing Sparging Aspirating Atomizing Padding Dilute-phase transport Dense-phase transport

– If possible, switch to motors, mechanical actuators, and other means to accomplish the same function

Vacuum generationPersonnel coolingOpen hand-held blowguns or lancesDiaphragm pumpsCabinet coolingVacuum venturis

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 2

7

Compressed Air

– Leaks often account for 20-30% of compressor output A 1/32" leak in a 90 psi compressed air system would cost

approximately $185 annually

– Produce only the pressure you really need For every 1 pound per square inch (1 psi) increase in

discharge pressure, energy consumption will increase by approximately 0.8% to 1% for a system in the 100 psig range with 30% to 50% unregulated usage*

Reducing system pressure by 10 psi saves 8% to 10%

*Except for centrifugal compressors

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 2

8

Compressed Air

– Compressors operate at highest efficiency at full load or off Optimum controls results in big savings For example, at 50% full-load flow, kW input varies from 51% to 83%

– Variable speed is best applied to compressors that operate primarily as trim units, or as single units with loads below 75-80% demand Below 85% loading, variable displacement units

become less efficient than variable speed, and are very poor at loads below 50%

– Use ¾” diameter hose for >3 HP tools or >50’ lengths

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 2

9

Compressed Air Case Study

– BD Medical (product manufacturing) 560,000 square foot manufacturing facility Air compressor sequencer controls, new air dryer

• Went from five compressors and four dryers to three

compressors and three dryers

Annual energy savings: $39,440 Project costs:

• $281,449 before incentives

• –140,725 incentive payment

• $140,724 after incentives Simple payback: 7.1 years before incentives and 3.6 years after incentives Other benefits:

• Increased plant production through reduced down time

• Lower impact on environment through lowered energy consumption

• Facilitates maintenance of ISO certifications

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 3

0

Business Specific Ideas

– Restaurants

– Lodging

– Food Retailers

– Machine Shops & Auto Body Shops

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 3

1

Restaurants

– Behavior Do not preheat cooking equipment until ready to use Turn cooking equipment down during slow periods Cold-rinse and stack dishes until a full dishwasher load is ready

– Systems Balance make-up air with vent hood exhaust air

• Implement variable-speed exhaust fans

Control humidity• 50% RH at 78°F = 70% RH at 74°F

Vinyl strips overlapped by at least 50% can reduce walk-in refrigerator cold air loss by up to 95%

• Best if entrance/exit rate is less than 5-6 times per hour

Consider economizer refrigerator cooling for refrigerators kept at 38°F or higher

• Best for cold climates and may require HEPA filter

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 3

2

Lodging Industry

– Hot Water Reduction Strategies (energy savings) Low flow showerheads ($30 to $60 per year) 120°F laundry temperature versus 140°F (20%) Pool and hot tub covers (50%)

– Use door and motion sensors and Smart HVAC Controller to operate older Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner (PTAC) units

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 3

3

Food Retailers

– Use condensation sensor to run anti-sweat heaters only when they are needed

– Use permanent case doors or overnight case covers to save up to 70% on refrigeration

– New vinyl strips overlapped by at least 50% can reduce cold air loss by up to 95% in walk-in freezers

Best when entrance/exit rate is no more than 5-6 times per hour to avoid ice buildup

– Replace fluorescent lighting with LED or fiber optic lighting Decreases heat load Minimizes maintenance Works well with nighttime occupancy sensors

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 3

4

Food Retailers

– Use Air Doors/Curtains A door 8 ft wide and 8 ft high with an indoor temperature

of 70°F, an outdoor temperature of 20°F, and zero wind velocity, loses 200,000 Btu/h at a cost of roughly $2.50 per hour

Any wind at all triples the loss! Air door recovers 75% of heat loss 2-3 year payback possible

($2,600 cap. + $100 op.) Exhaust fans (negative pressure) and wind tunnel effect

are problems

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 3

5

Machine Shops & Auto Body Shops

– Insulate building envelope Heat loss is walls 45%, roof 35%, and windows/doors 20%.

– Metal Halide (MH) versus Fluorescent for Highbay Probe start MH with low lumen maintenance (<65%)

is the best target for replacement

Compare 320 watt probe start MH with 20,000 EOL lumens and six F32T8 with 18,000 EOL lumens at 220 system watts

– Use Air Doors/Curtains Air door recovers 75% of heat loss

1-2 year payback possible ($3,500 capital + $100 operations)

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 3

6

Machine Shops & Auto Body Shops

– Reduce compressed air losses Replace bad applications with electric motors Reduce system pressure 10 psi Repair leaks Use variable speed compressor motor drives

– Use heat recovery ventilator to capture heat from paint booth exhaust air in the winter

– Stagger use of high horsepower motors Shift some machine use to off peak

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 3

7

Online Business Tools pacificpower.net/toolkit

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 3

8

Pacific Power FinAnswer Express (CA and WA only)

– FinAnswer Express is for commercial and industrial customers in California and Washington service territory– either retrofit or new construction

– Pre-calculated incentives for high-efficiency lighting, premium efficiency motors and HVAC equipment Custom incentives may be available for other types of equipment

– Incentive process (pre-purchase agreement or post purchase application) varies by technology and project type Please understand the process before you purchase!

– Check our Web site for on-line forms plus trade allies available to help

– Also check for state and federal tax incentives at dsire.org

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 3

9

Pacific Power Energy FinAnswer (CA and WA only)

– Applies to comprehensive commercial or industrial projects– either new construction or commercial retrofit in our California and Washington service territory*

Lighting and non-lighting projects can be packaged– Starts with an energy analysis to identify options and highest priority

measures Commissioning is required for most measures

– Incentives are project-based WA- $0.15/kWh of annual energy savings + $50/kW of average monthly

demand reduction (up to 60% of the eligible project cost) CA - $0.12/kWh of annual energy savings + $50/kW of average monthly

demand reduction (up to 50% of the eligible project cost) Payable by one-time lump sum check, per project

– Incentive agreement must be signed before equipment is purchased– Check our Web site for participation steps and online forms

*Commercial retrofit projects must be at least 20,000 sq ft to be eligible

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 4

0

Energy Trust of Oregon Business Programs

– Existing Buildings Technical assistance and cash incentives to install efficient equipment in

commercial and institutional facilities– New Buildings

Technical assistance and cash incentives for commercial and industrial new construction and major renovation projects

– Production Efficiency Technical assistance and cash incentives for improving the energy efficiency

of industrial, agricultural, water and wastewater treatment facilities– Solar Energy

Cash incentives for installation of solar electric or solar water heating systems for business

– Multifamily Home Energy Solutions Incentives for energy efficient improvements to existing multifamily

properties Incentives are currently available for insulation, windows, exterior doors,

HVAC improvements, water heating, clothes washers and lighting

© 2

000

PA

CIF

ICO

RP

| P

AG

E 4

1

Contacts

– For more information please phone us: Call your Business Solutions Team for answers to service and account

questions at 1-866-870-3419

– Visit our Web site at: Business program Web page –

pacificpower.net/business Business Solutions Toolkit –

pacificpower.net/toolkit

– Or contact us directly: E-mail us at energy.expert@pacificorp.com Use our online inquiry form – pacificpower.net/inquiry Call our business Energy Services Hotline at 1-800-222-4335

– Also visit the Energy Trust of Oregon Web site at energytrust.org

© 2009 Tech Resources Inc.