ENERGY GENERATION

FROM WASTEFatih HOŞOĞLU

Operations ManagerIstanbul Metropolitan Municipality

Istanbul Environmental Management Company

GENERAL INFORMATION

• The number of refugees in Turkey has reached over 3 million people, making Turkey

the host country with the largest refugee population in the world.

• 90% of the Syrians live outside of refugee camps

• Camp and non-camp waste management systems are different.

• Municipality services are planned according to the population. Thus, the services

sometimes are not sufficient because of the rapid influx of refugees.

Waste Management in Host Cities in Turkey

• Refugees in cities should be integrated current waste management system.

• For camp waste management systems, collection and transportation of waste should be

developed.

• Reducing the waste amount

• Promoting the waste separation at the source

• Deciding best available technics and implementation

• A Project funded by U.S. State Department Bureau of Population, Refugees and

Migration (USBPRM) aims the effective waste management system in Gaziantep

Metropolitan Municipality.

WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

5

WASTE MANAGEMENT

• There are several factors in converting wastes into energy and materials.

• Not possible to solve the waste problem and convert it to energy in “economical

way” by just buying and installing some equipment.

• Consideration of the vision of the city, environmental and health protection

regulations

• Selection of treatment method based on the energy or materials forms of the final

products and their market and prices treatment method.

Solid Waste Disposal Technology

• Biologic Systems

• MBT

• Composting

• Biomethanization• Wet

• Dry

• Thermal Systems

• Incineration

• Gazification

• Pyrolysis

Landfill

• Process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from

the primary treatment of waste

• There are a number of other new and emerging technologies that are able

to produce energy from waste and other fuels without direct combustion.

• Energy from waste technologies

– Thermal

– Non-Thermal

ENERGY from WASTE (EfW) orWASTE to ENERGY (WtE)

THERMAL METHODS

The most common and popular method

for waste to energy generation is

‘Incineration‘.

• Safety and environmental technology

• Thirty to forty years ago for reducing

the volume of waste

• Incinerators in operation are waste-to-

energy facilities

INCINERATION

Istanbul Project

INCINERATION

http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/solid-waste/about/wte/Include/img/WTEfacilty.png

Gasification converts carbonaceous substances

into carbon dioxide, carbon mono oxide and

some amount of hydrogen.

• Like incineration but high temperatures

• Fossil fuels or organic substances as raw

material

• Synthesis gas (syngas) for heat and electricity

Gasification

https://www.netl.doe.gov/File%20Library/Research/Coal/energy%20systems/gasification/gasifipedia/index.html

23 MWh Electricity

Istanbul Project

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of feedstock at a range of

temperatures in the absence of oxygen. The end product is a mixture of

solids (char), liquids (oxygenated oils), and syngas.

Thermal Removal Methods - Comparisons

Incineration Pyrolysis Gasification

Reactiontemperature(°C)

800 – 1450 250 – 700 500 – 1600

Combustionchamber pressure(bar)

1 1 1–45

Environment Air Inert – Nitrogen O2,H2O

Stochiometric air rate

> 1 0 < 1

Gas phaseproducts

CO2, H2O, O2, N2

H2, CO, H2O, N2 H2, CO, CO2, CH4, H2O, N2

Solid phase products

Ash, Coal clinker

Ash, Coal clinker Coal clinker, Ash

Liquid phaseproducts

- Pyrolysis oil,Water

-

Resource: “Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration”, European Comission Integrated PollutionPrevention and Control, Brüksel, 2006

Anaerobic digestion in control and uncontrolled environmental conditions

– Landfill Gas

– Biomethanization Plant

Micro organisms are used to destroy the biodegradable content.

– No oxygen is present during this procedure.

– In developing countries for creating low energies for cooking and lighting in homes.

NON-THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES

ENERGY GENERATION FROM LANDFILL GAS (LFG)

In a dumping area (open landfill), the oxygen can diffuse into the waste.

while the deeper part of the landfill goes through the anaerobic digestion,

• The methane present in landfill gas is a source of energy.

A typical landfill of a city with

• 100,000 inhabitants produces 500 m3/hour LFG

• 2,2 MWh kW energy, converted to 0,7-0,8 MWh electricity

LFG Energy Plant

Inner CombustionEngine

BIOMETHANIZATION

A better quality of methane can be

produced in digesters.

– wet digestion and dry digestion

– The wet digestion higher yield of methane

gas

Istanbul Project

Anaerobic Digestion (Biomethanization)

http://www.neoenergyusa.com/biogas-process/

INCINERATION vs BIOMETHANIZATION

An important factor to decide if the waste should be incinerated or digested

the amount of water

too wet, the energy added for incineration

the dry wastes to

incineration

wet wastes to

anaerobic digestion

THANK YOU FOR

YOUR ATTENTION