Energy for what and for whom? · 51 Petrobras Brasileiro Brazil 190411,00 52 E.On AG Germany 187467,00 53 Pakistan PAK 176477,53 54 Chevron Corp USA 164621,00 Power dynamics in the

Energy for what and for whom? Energy grabbing, power dynamics and alter(n)atives to the energy models

Alfons Pérez ([email protected]) Observatori del Deute en la Globalització (www.odg.cat)

21/06/2013 6th UPC International Seminar on Sustainable Technology Development

Towards sustainable energy systems - community participation

Democratising energy for development

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.odg.cat/

Energy for what and for whom? 2

Energy • Cosmovisions and energy • Social Energetic Metabolism • Geopolitics of energy

Energy Grabbing • EU dependency and EU energy security • Energy Grabbing concept • 50 years of Energy Grabbing in Nigeria • Power dynamics in Energy Sector

Alter(n)atives • Questions and answers

www.odg.cat

Production

Renawables

Kwh

Supply

CO2 Energy Efficiency

Geopolitics

Rights and justice

Impacts

Energy grabbing

Power dynamics

Transnational corporations

http://www.odg.cat/


Production

Renawables

Kwh

Supply


Geopolitics

Rights and justice

Impacts

Energy grabbing

Power dynamics



Alter(n)atives • questions and answers

www.odg.cat

Energy Grabbing • EU dependency and EU energy security • Energy Grabbing concept • 50 years of Energy Grabbing in Nigeria • Power dynamics in Energy Sector

http://www.odg.cat/


WHAT IS ENERGY?

Mayas: ÓOL will, mood, intention, desire, intent, moral energy. Quechua: Samai, vital energy Japanese tradition (Chi in China – Prana in India) REIKI: link and harmonize internal and external flow Miskitos (Nicaragua): dance is the source of energy. Transmission of energy is the collective dance. Mapuches: “Newén”, vitality of every single animated thing Sources of energy are: sea, flat, mountains, forests and valleys.

Physics: Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work.

Energy in different Cosmovisions 5

Industrialized societies Vernacular, Organic Societies

“the equivalence of the two forms was not suspected by people in the eighteenth century”

Dieter Helm, “Peak oil and energy policy – a critique”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2011, pp.68–91 [p.74].

Multiple, incommensurable

Energies (use of)

Interchangeable, quantifiable (kwh)

Energy (abstract)

Energy in different Cosmovisions 6

Raw materials

Energy

Emis

sio

ns

Manufactured goods and services

Waste

Social energetic metabolism has significant geopolitical implications

Social energetic metabolism and geopolitical implications 7

http://gailtheactuary.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/world-total-energy-and-real-gdp.png

Energy Social metabolism and geopolitical implications 8

Source: Oil trade movements, British Petrolium, 2011



Energy Grabbing and Power dynamics • EU dependency and EU energy security • The concept of Energy Grabbing • 50 years of Energy Grabbing in Nigeria • Power dynamics in Energy Sector


www.odg.cat

Production

Renawables

Kwh

Supply


Geopolitics

Rights and justice

Impacts

Energy grabbing

Power dynamics


http://www.odg.cat/

The external dimension of the EU energy security 10

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYDavH4rh-Y

Energy Grab Video




NET ENERGY IMPORTS (imports-exports)

GROSS CONSUMPTION

(Gross inland consumption + international marine Bunkers)

ENERGY DEPENDENCY (%) =

ED < 0 % Net exporter ED > 0 % Net importer ED > 100 % Net Importer + stock

DINAMIC GRAPH (EU energy in figures Statistical pocket 2012) https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AlpxBQmQwZCMdGc5MHVoRXpOQWJTdnd4TU52Zjl5b2c#gid=5


All Fuels

Consist of hard coal and derivatives, lignite and derivatives, peat and derivatives, petroleum (crude oil) and petroleum products (such as LPG, refinery gas, motor spirit, kerosene, gas/diesel oil, residual fuel oil), natural gas, manufactured gases, derived heat, renewable energies (such as hydro power, wind energy, biomass, wastes, geothermal energy), electrical energy and nuclear power.

Energy Intensity

It is defined as the ratio of gross inland consumption of energy to gross domestic product.

The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy: the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 GJ

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AlpxBQmQwZCMdGc5MHVoRXpOQWJTdnd4TU52Zjl5b2c


Source: EU Energy in figures, Statistical Pocket Book 2012







EU-27 DP (2010)= 52.7 %

Energy resources Benefits and revenues

Destruction and degradation of ecosystems Land loss Forced migration

Human rights, Cultural rights, Social rights, Economic rights

Accumulation by Dispossession (privatization, financialization, etc…)

ENERGY GRABBING

Exploration, Exploitation, Transport, Distribution, Offsetting

Grab of land

Grab of resources

Grab of rights

Grab of access to/use

NET ENERGY IMPORTS (imports-exports)

GROSS CONSUMPTION

(Gross inland consumption + international marine Bunkers)

ENERGY DEPENDENCY (%) =

Energy grabbing 16

ENERGY MODEL

-External dimension-

Cost-benefits Analysis

Lack of

regulation/deregulation/legal asymmetries

Authoritarian regimes

Corruption, impunity

Where?

Treaty of Lisbon (december 2007): main targets: combat climate change, reduce external vulnerability of the EU from imported fossil fuels and promote growth and employment.

Nov. 2008: Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan

“For example, the EU is projected to remain dependent on imported energy - oil, coal and especially gas – for many years to come. Europe's indigenous production of fossil fuels is declining. As a result, net imports of fossil fuels are expected to stay at roughly today's levels in 2020 even when the EU's climate and energy policies are fully implemented.”

• Diversify suppliers (Russia)

• Increasingly important role of Africa in the EU energy security,

• EIB and EBRD and other financial institutions to mobilise large-scale funding, in particular for cross-border projects.


Ofensive External dimension portfolio

Investment: Nabuco west gas pipeline 2011 estimated cost €12–15 billion

Most relevant projects 18

Investment : €400bn (until 2050) Desertec plan to take solar power from the Sahara to southern Europe

Grand Inga Hydroelectric Project US$100bn

refurbishing a hydroelectric

4.800MW Hydro -Katanga mining-

40.000MW Grand Inga

capacitiy of 16 bcm up to 30bcm

The length of the pipeline would be 4,128 kilometres (2,565 mi): 1,037 kilometres (644 mi) in Nigeria, 841 kilometres (523 mi) in Niger, and 2,310 kilometres (1,440 mi) in Algeria The annual capacity of the pipeline would be up to 30 billion cubic meters of natural gas. It would have a diameter of 48 to 56 inches (1,220 to 1,420 mm) The pipeline is expected to be operational by 2015.

Trans-Saharan gas pipeline US$10 billion PIPELINE + US$ 3 billion gas gathering centers

Most relevant projects 19

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Electrification rate (%) 2011

SOURCE: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2011

Energy grabbing in the Niger Delta for 50 years 20

Human Development Index (HDI)a

Life expectancy at birth

Mean years of schooling

Expected years of schooling

value (years) (years) (years) HDI rank 2010 2010 2010 2010b VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1 Norway 0,938 81,0 12,6 17,3 2 Australia 0,937 81,9 12,0 20,5 3 New Zealand 0,907 80,6 12,5 19,7 4 United States 0,902 79,6 12,4 15,7 5 Ireland 0,895 80,3 11,6 17,9 6 Liechtenstein 0,891 79,6 10,3 14,8 7 Netherlands 0,890 80,3 11,2 16,7 8 Canada 0,888 81,0 11,5 16,0 9 Sweden 0,885 81,3 11,6 15,6

10 Germany 0,885 80,2 12,2 15,6 (…)

LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 140 Comoros 0,428 66,2 2,8 10,7 141 Lesotho 0,427 45,9 5,8 10,3 142 Nigeria 0,423 48,4 5,0 8,9


Source: World Bank Data

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137 Nigeria 1443,209591$

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100

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104 Nigeria 50,6


Source: CIA World Factbook

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=3A-tLtqM8YU






https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yzj3rEUEXoo




www.odg.cat

Energy Grabbing • EU dependency and EU energy security • Energy Grabbing concept • 50 years of Energy Grabbing in Nigeria

• Power dynamics in Energy Sector

Production

Renawables

Kwh

Supply


Geopolitics

Rights and justice

Impacts

Energy grabbing

Power dynamics


http://www.odg.cat/

0

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Value of assets 2010 (m$) Ranking Country/company GDP/value of

assets 2010 (M$) 30 Denmark DNK 313365,84

31 United Arab Emirates ARE 297648,48 32 Greece GRC 292304,60

33 Royal Dutch Shell Netherlands 292181,00 34 Colombia COL 286381,04

35 Gazprom Oao Russia 270501,00 36 Petro China Corp China 254914,00 37 Malaysia MYS 246821,03

38 BP UK 235968,00 39 Finland FIN 235257,89

40 Exxon Mobil Corp USA 233323,00

41 Hong Kong SAR,

China HKG 228816,35 42 Nigeria NGA 228637,86 43 Portugal PRT 227196,97 44 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 218894,28 45 Israel ISR 217443,43 46 Chile CHL 216308,87 47 Singapore SGP 213154,52 48 Ireland IRL 205252,96 49 Philippines PHL 199589,45 50 Czech Republic CZE 198929,32

51 Petrobras Brasileiro Brazil 190411,00 52 E.On AG Germany 187467,00 53 Pakistan PAK 176477,53 54 Chevron Corp USA 164621,00

Power dynamics in the energy sector 25

Source: Bussiness InsiderThe 15 Biggest Energy Companies In The World, 2011



Felipe González PSOE (Former Primer

Minister) Adviser for GAS

NATURAL 126.500 €/year

Javier Solana Secretary General of the NATO (1995-99)

High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, Secretary General of the Council of the European Union

(1999-2009)

International Adviser ACCIONA in 2009 when he was 67.

Luis de Guindos PP Minister of Economics

ENDESA Former Adviser of ENDESA 368.000 € in2011

José Maria Aznar (Former Primer

Minister) PP.

Adviser for ENDESA

200.000€/year

Ángel Acebes PP Minister of Internal Affairs

External Adviser of IBERDROLA 450.000 €/year


Name Policy Area Former employer Date New employer

Mårten Westrup (Sweden)

Energy/Climate BusinessEurope, Adviser - Industrial Affairs

Committee (climate change)

jun-11 DG Energy, Energy policy & monitoring of electricity,

gas, coal and oil markets

Mogens Peter Carl

(Denmark)

Environment DG Environment, Director-General

feb-10 Kreab Gavin Anderson (lobby consultancy),

Senior Adviser

Mårten Westrup (Sweden)

Energy/Climate DG Enterprise (for 27 months), Policy officer

and Legal officer

Dec 2009

BusinessEurope, Adviser - Industrial Affairs

Committee (climate change)

Derek Taylor (Britain)

Energy/Climate DG Transport and Energy, Energy adviser

Aug 2009

Burson-Marsteller (lobby consultancy) + others,

Adviser on energy issues

Marcus Lippold

Energy/Climate ExxonMobil, Various since 1992

oct-08 DG Energy, International relations officer

Luc Werring (Netherlands

)

Energy/Climate DG Transport and Energy (for 23 years),

Principal adviser to the Director-General

Dec 2007

Hill & Knowlton (lobby consultancy), Senior adviser on transport,

energy and environment



The campaign challenging BP's Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline (BTC)

52.7% Dependency 2010


Energy security

External dimension

Ofensive portfolio

“ Energy security for the West has often meant insecurity for the rest”

Energy for what and

for whom?

ENERGY GRABBING



Energy Grabbing and Power dynamics • EU dependency and EU energy security • The concept of Energy Grabbing • 50 years of Energy Grabbing in Nigeria • Power dynamics in Energy Sector


www.odg.cat

Production

Renawables

Kwh

Supply


Geopolitics

Rights and justice

Impacts

Energy grabbing

Power dynamics


http://www.odg.cat/

WHAT ARE THE ALTERNATIVES?

Alter(n)atives 32

Alter(n)atives 33

Towards sustainable energy systems - community participation

Alter(n)atives: alternatives + “alteratives”

Choice between two or more things + alter and challenge power dynamics

Individual Collective Political

Paul Aries Political scientist

Degrowth

Alter(n)atives 34

ALTER(N)ATIVES

35

What are sustainable energy systems (SES)? Production, distribution and consumption patterns

Consumption (needs), distribution, production. Voluntary simplicity

Minimum energy to provide good living

EU Energy Security Policy: Energy Grabbing, Power dynamics in the energy sector Alter(n)atives 35

India Japan

Peter Menzel, Hungry Planet

What is the role of the community in SES? (Technologists ) Demystify and Detechnify energy information. Democratice information.

What are the reasons for introducing SES? Resilience, Necessity, Ideology, …? Rights and justice.


Technologists don’t be developers!

What are SES in different context (global/local – economically rich/poor societies – vernacular/modern cultures)? Not only kwh, energy use.

What are the drivers and barriers for SES? Power dynamics, revolving doors, unSES (lock in)


Global responsibility Radicalization of solidarity

EU Energy Security Policy: Energy Grabbing, Power dynamics in the energy sector 38

Thank you for your attention! Gràcies per la vostra atenció!

08/06/13 First assembly of catalan movement for an Energy Sovereignty

EU Energy Security Policy: Energy Grabbing, Power dynamics in the energy sector Questions 39

• How can we address energy grabbing?

• What is the role of Technologists in addressing it?

• Do you think SES have to consider Justice and Rights?

This meeting has been organized with the financial assistance of the European Union. The content of this document is the sole responsibility of Observatori del Deute en la Globalització and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.

Documents

Energy for what and for whom? · 51 Petrobras Brasileiro Brazil 190411,00 52 E.On AG Germany 187467,00 53 Pakistan PAK 176477,53 54 Chevron Corp USA 164621,00 Power dynamics in the