Energy, Environment, and Industrial Development

Energy, Environment, and Industrial Development

Frederick H. AbernathyFrederick H. Abernathy Michael B. McElroyMichael B. McElroy

Lecture 1Lecture 1

Feb. 1Feb. 1stst, 2006, 2006

Spring 2006 © FHA + MBMScience A-52

Teaching StaffPROFESSORSPROFESSORSFrederick H. AbernathyFrederick H. AbernathyPierce 326, 495-4709, Pierce 326, 495-4709, [email protected]@deas.harvard.edu

Michael B. McElroy Michael B. McElroy Pierce 100E, 495-4359, Pierce 100E, 495-4359, [email protected]@io.harvard.edu

TEACHING FELLOWSTEACHING FELLOWS• Easan Drury, Easan Drury, [email protected]@fas.harvard.edu Pierce 110G 496-9428Pierce 110G 496-9428• Patricia Moreno, Patricia Moreno, [email protected]@fas.harvard.edu Pierce G2C 495-8051Pierce G2C 495-8051


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MBM office hours: Mon & Wed 3MBM office hours: Mon & Wed 33030-4-43030pm pm or by appointmentor by appointmentFHA office hours: by appointmentFHA office hours: by appointment

Section time/location and TF’s office hours Section time/location and TF’s office hours will be announced later. will be announced later.

Course Webpage:Course Webpage: http://my.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?http://my.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?course=fas-scia52course=fas-scia52


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Objective for the Course

To provide a perspective on the To provide a perspective on the technologiestechnologies that shape the that shape the modern world, the modern world, the scientific scientific considerationsconsiderations that enable this that enable this technology, how it developed, the technology, how it developed, the energy sourcesenergy sources on which it on which it depends and the related depends and the related environmental and socialenvironmental and social implications. implications.


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Grading Strategy

Final grade based on following: Final grade based on following:

Participation: 10%Participation: 10%

Homework and writing: 20%Homework and writing: 20%

Mid-term: 20%Mid-term: 20%

Final: 50%Final: 50%


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Elements of the Course

1.1. LecturesLectures2.2. Reading materialsReading materials3.3. Weekly HomeworkWeekly Homework4.4. Occasional writing assignmentsOccasional writing assignments5.5. SectionsSections6.6. Field tripField trip7.7. Mid-term examMid-term exam8.8. Final examFinal exam


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Lecture Schedule

1.1. Feb 6Feb 6 A brief history of human development: from A brief history of human development: from hunter-gathers, to the development of agriculture, the hunter-gathers, to the development of agriculture, the emergence of early civilizations, the origins of the global emergence of early civilizations, the origins of the global trading system and the factors that led to the Industrial trading system and the factors that led to the Industrial Revolution. (MBM)Revolution. (MBM)

2.2. Feb 1Feb 1 Introduction. Plans for the course. Placing the Introduction. Plans for the course. Placing the human in a geological context. (MBM)human in a geological context. (MBM)

3.3. Feb. 8Feb. 8 Introduction to basic physical concepts: force, Introduction to basic physical concepts: force, work, angular momentum, energy and power. Units for work, angular momentum, energy and power. Units for measurements. (MBM)measurements. (MBM)

4.4. Feb. 13Feb. 13 Introduction to mechanical systems. Introduction to mechanical systems. (FHA)(FHA)

5.5. Feb. 15Feb. 15 Introduction to basic chemical concepts: Introduction to basic chemical concepts: atoms and molecules, oxidation and reduction, energetics atoms and molecules, oxidation and reduction, energetics of reactions, and properties of materials. (MBM)of reactions, and properties of materials. (MBM)


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Lecture Schedule6.6. Feb. 22Feb. 22 Work and energy in pre-industrial Work and energy in pre-industrial

society: wind, water and animals. (FHA)society: wind, water and animals. (FHA)7.7. Feb. 27Feb. 27 Wood, the primary energy source for Wood, the primary energy source for

pre-industrial societies. Introduction to the carbon cycle pre-industrial societies. Introduction to the carbon cycle – how solar energy is transformed to chemical energy in – how solar energy is transformed to chemical energy in the form of biomass; how wood was used and how the form of biomass; how wood was used and how civilizations rose and fell depending on its supply. civilizations rose and fell depending on its supply. (MBM)(MBM)

8.8. Mar. 1Mar. 1 The age of steam. Properties of water. The first The age of steam. Properties of water. The first steam engine, its operational properties, applications steam engine, its operational properties, applications and short-comings. (MBM)and short-comings. (MBM)

9.9. Mar. 6Mar. 6 The beginning of the industrial age and the The beginning of the industrial age and the mechanization of textile production. (FHA) mechanization of textile production. (FHA)

10.10. Mar. 8Mar. 8 The first textile factory in the US. The Waltham The first textile factory in the US. The Waltham system and the development of Lowell – the first system and the development of Lowell – the first Industrial City in the US. (FHA) Industrial City in the US. (FHA)


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Lecture Schedule11.11. Mar. 13Mar. 13 Watt’s perfect engine. (FHA + MBM)Watt’s perfect engine. (FHA + MBM)12.12. Mar. 15Mar. 15 Mechanization of the steam engine - Mechanization of the steam engine -

flywheels, gears, linkages, valves, and motive power for flywheels, gears, linkages, valves, and motive power for boats, railroad and the generation of electrical power. (FHA)boats, railroad and the generation of electrical power. (FHA)

Mar. 20Mar. 20 Midterm ExamMidterm Exam

13.13. Mar. 22Mar. 22 Emergence of coal as a primary fuel. The Emergence of coal as a primary fuel. The origin of coal, how it was used, and the associated origin of coal, how it was used, and the associated environmental costs. (MBM) environmental costs. (MBM)

Spring Recess – March 25 ~ April 2Spring Recess – March 25 ~ April 214.14. Apr. 3Apr. 3 Coping with urbanization. The challenge to supply Coping with urbanization. The challenge to supply

cities with clean water, disposal of sewage and to cope with cities with clean water, disposal of sewage and to cope with disease. How these issues were addressed in some major disease. How these issues were addressed in some major cities. (FHA) cities. (FHA)

15.15. Apr. 5Apr. 5 Introduction to scientific principles underlying Introduction to scientific principles underlying electricity and magnetism. (MBM)electricity and magnetism. (MBM)


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Lecture Schedule

16.16. Apr. 10Apr. 10 Technological applications of electricity: Morse, Edison, Technological applications of electricity: Morse, Edison, Tessla, and Westinghouse. (FHA)Tessla, and Westinghouse. (FHA)

17.17. Apr. 12Apr. 12 Electrical devices: telegraph, lights, motors and Electrical devices: telegraph, lights, motors and refrigeration. (FHA)refrigeration. (FHA)

18.18. Apr. 17Apr. 17 Emergence of oil as a primary energy source. (MBM) Emergence of oil as a primary energy source. (MBM)19.19. Apr. 19Apr. 19 The internal combustion engine: Otto, Diesel, Daimler The internal combustion engine: Otto, Diesel, Daimler

and Ford. (FHA)and Ford. (FHA)20.20. Apr. 24Apr. 24 The airplane: from the Wright brothers to the 747. (FHA)The airplane: from the Wright brothers to the 747. (FHA)

21.21. Apr. 26Apr. 26 Nuclear power. What is it? What are its problems and Nuclear power. What is it? What are its problems and prospects? (FHA + MBM)prospects? (FHA + MBM)

22.22. May 1May 1 Manufacture of critical materials: iron, steel and cement. Manufacture of critical materials: iron, steel and cement. Chemical and energy considerations. (MBM) Chemical and energy considerations. (MBM)

23.23. May 3May 3 Retrospective and prospective. (FHA + MBM)Retrospective and prospective. (FHA + MBM)


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Earth Events

Earth forms from a spinning mass Earth forms from a spinning mass of gas and dust composing the of gas and dust composing the original solar nebula: 4.6 billion yr original solar nebula: 4.6 billion yr BPBP

Differentiation into core, mantle, Differentiation into core, mantle, crust, ocean, atmosphere occurs crust, ocean, atmosphere occurs soon thereaftersoon thereafter


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50 Ma (Cenozoic/Tertiary/Paleogene/Eocene/Lutetian)

100 Ma (Mesozoic/Cretaceous/Gallic/Albian)

Picture source: Windley, Brian F. The Evolving Continents. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1995.

Figures adopted from http://www.dinosauria.com/dml/maps.htm


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170 Ma (Mesozoic/Jurassic/Dogger/Bajocian)

220 Ma (Mesozoic/Triassic/Tr3/Norian) Picture source: Windley, Brian F. The Evolving Continents. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1995.



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260 Ma (Paleozoic/Permian/Rotliegendes/Artinskian)

320 Ma (Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Pennsylvanian/Bashkirian/Yeadonian) Picture source: Windley, Brian F. The Evolving Continents. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1995.



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410 Ma (Paleozoic/Silurian/Pridoli)

510 Ma (Paleozoic/Ordovician/Canadian/Tremadoc)

Picture source: Windley, Brian F. The Evolving Continents. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1995.



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Earth Events

Oldest preserved rocks show Oldest preserved rocks show indicatives of simple prokaryotic life indicatives of simple prokaryotic life forms – bacteria and blue-green forms – bacteria and blue-green algaealgae

More complex life forms, More complex life forms, eukaryotes, develop 1.5 billion yr eukaryotes, develop 1.5 billion yr BP. Fusion of cells from pre-BP. Fusion of cells from pre-existing prokaryotes? existing prokaryotes?


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Earth Events A further billion years elapse before A further billion years elapse before

appearance of first multi-cellular animals – appearance of first multi-cellular animals – flat, pancake shaped, soft-bodies organisms flat, pancake shaped, soft-bodies organisms named for a region in Australia when their named for a region in Australia when their fossils were first detected – the Ediacara fossils were first detected – the Ediacara fauna.fauna.

Profusion of life forms detected soon Profusion of life forms detected soon thereafter in the Burgess Shale, discovered thereafter in the Burgess Shale, discovered by C.D. Walcott in the Canadian Rockies in by C.D. Walcott in the Canadian Rockies in 19091909

Vascular plants, 445 million yr BPVascular plants, 445 million yr BP Life spreads from ocean to land, 440 million Life spreads from ocean to land, 440 million

yr BPyr BP


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Earth Events

Amphibians, 300 million yr BPAmphibians, 300 million yr BP Massive extinction, 225 million yr BP. Massive extinction, 225 million yr BP.

As much as 96% of all existing life As much as 96% of all existing life forms eliminated. forms eliminated.

Mammals develop 160 million yr BPMammals develop 160 million yr BP Dinosaurs eliminated in second major Dinosaurs eliminated in second major

extinction event 65 million yr BPextinction event 65 million yr BP Homo erectus, 1.7 million yr BPHomo erectus, 1.7 million yr BP Homo sapiens, 150 thousand yr BPHomo sapiens, 150 thousand yr BP


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Earth Events

Migration of humans around globe, 50 Migration of humans around globe, 50 thousand yr BPthousand yr BP

First humans reach Americas, 20-30 First humans reach Americas, 20-30 thousand yr BPthousand yr BP

Development of agriculture and Development of agriculture and domestication of animals, 10 thousand domestication of animals, 10 thousand years ago in the Fertile Crescent – years ago in the Fertile Crescent – Jordan, Israel, Syria, Iraq, TurkeyJordan, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Turkey

Industrial Revolution, 250 years BPIndustrial Revolution, 250 years BP


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Earth Events

• formation of Earth

• Prokaryotic

• Eukaryotes

4.5 4 3 2 1 0

•Vascular plants

•Life expands to land• mass extinction

• extinction eliminates dinosaurs

5 4 3 2 1 0

(billion yrs BP)

(100 million yrs BP)

• amphibians • mammals

•Burgess Shale


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Earth Events

• homo erectus

2 1 0

• Humans reach Americas

200 150 100 50 0

(million yrs BP)

(thousand yrs BP)

•Homo sapiens

• human migrates


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Earth Events

1000 750 500 250 0

(yrs BP)

• Industrial Revolution

(thousand yrs BP)

• development of agriculture

• Humans arrivals in Americas

30 20 10 0


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Earth Events


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Earth Events


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(Source: CIESIN; Figure adopted from http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/conted/onlinecourses/geog_210/210_3_4.html).(yellow = low density - dark red = high density)

Density of the human population 1994


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(Source: UN; Figure adopted from http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/conted/onlinecourses/geog_210/210_3_4.html).

Rates of population growth (billions of people)


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Percentage of people age 60 years and older, 1999


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Percentage of people age 60 years and older, 2050


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http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/

Journey of Mankind

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Energy, Environment, and Industrial Development