Energy Efficiency of Ships: Its Impact on Environment and ...6.2.1 Bulk carriers Bulk carriers yes 6.2.2 Containerships Containerships yes 6.2.3 Tankers Tankers/Combination Carriers

Energy Efficiency of Ships: Its Impact

on Environment and Safety

Prof. Apostolos Papanikolaou email [email protected]

National Technical University of Athens –

Ship Design Laboratory

EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”

mailto:[email protected]

List of Contents • Introduction

– From the Kyoto Protocol to the introduction of Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) to the maritime industry by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO)

–Concerns after IMO-MEPC.212 (63) on EEDI • The EU FP7-4 project SHOPERA

–Objectives –progress of work

• Outlook


Roadmap: From the Kyoto Protocol to EEDI (Otsubo, Japan, IMDC 2015)


Policy Development: Stability or Collapse?


Basic concept of EEDI How to reduce Green House Gas emissions (GHG) in shipping?! CO2 emissions = (Activity) *(Efficiency) Activity = Transported cargo volume (ton mile); Efficiency = CO2 Emissions (or fuel consumption) per unit transported cargo

(gr/ton mile) Option A: Activity or Transport Volume Reduction ?!

This is not a viable option!

Option B: Efficiency Improvement ?! B-1 Technical Measures: Improve ship and engine design! Reduce fuel

consumption and emissions per ton mile by design measures…hull form optimization/reduction of resistance in calm water and in waves , enhance propulsive efficiency by ducts, innovative propulsive means, improve engine technology, etc… Designers, Shipyards

B-2 Operational Measures: Operate the ship efficiently at sea! Reduce fuel consumption and emissions per ton mile by operational measures…weather routing, trim optimization, etc… Operators


Basic concept of EEDI may be wrong for the purpose (GHG reduction), but now

too late to change! Note that shipping contributes at present with only 3% to

global GHG, while fuel saving is a prime objective of ship design and operation!

EEDI


EEOI


EEDI-EEOI Reduction Measures & Regulatory Mechanisms


EEDI & EEOI: what is about?!


EEOI MONITORED AT SEA


EEDI Regulations: Phase in procedure Mandatory for New Ships


Hot discussion issues at IMO

Developing EEDI regulations (between 2008 to 2011…) at IMO-MEPC, there were heated discussions on: 1. Reference Lines (ship type and size dependence; average EEDI of

similar existing ships) & 2. Reduction Factors:

– They determine the stringency of phase in procedure – Position of the Reference Line was appropriately set?! or is it too

“slack”, “stringent”, “unrealistic” ? – Setting up the reference lines by regression of data of existing ships,

what should be considered?! • Period of time for the sampling • Accuracy of collected data • Treatment of outliers


Reference Lines: tanker ships


Did the ships get less efficient over the years?!


What IMO did • Took sample of existing ships of past 10 years as data samples

for the regression line.

– Data do not take into account latest regulations (NOx Tier III, BWMS, H-CSR) having negative impacts on EEDI

– Overall, it may be balanced, but they were concerns for some ship types

• Problematic with some bulkcarriers and tankers (see Greek submissions to IMO)

– It appears to be a complicated conflict of opposed interests at IMO • traditional shipbuilders vs.new shipbuilders;

• shipowners; market changes; fuel prices; slow steaming

• new technology providers

Performance at actual & adverse sea condition

• EEDI refers to the ship performance under the

calm sea condition; is that enough? • Considering speed reduction “slow steaming” (and

engine-downsizing) as a possible measure to satisfy EEDI, is there a safety issue when operating in adverse (or extreme? abnormal?) sea conditions?!

• How to cope with ship operators’ concerns? • Will present requirements on minimum propulsion

power help? EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”

Typical problem with PCC (Otsubo, IMDC2015)


The dubious EEDI Min-Max Problem: Setting wrong limits for maximum powering requirements in view of

environment and minimum powering in view of safety

Well posed problem

Ill posed problem

Possible/realistic problem


Introduction to project SHOPERA • The 2012 guidelines on the method of calculation of the attained Energy Efficiency

Design Index (EEDI) for new ships (MEPC.212(63)) represent a major step forward in implementing the REGULATIONS ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF SHIPS through the introduction of a series of specifications for calculating the EEDI for various types of ships.

• There are, however, serious concerns regarding the sufficiency of propulsion power and of steering devices to maintain the manoeuvrability of ships in adverse conditions, hence the safety of ships, assuming that the ship marginally passes the relevant EEDI criterion. This gave reason for additional considerations and studies at IMO (IACS studies: MEPC 64/4/13 and MEPC 64/INF7).

This presentation outlines the objectives, the methodology of work and early results of the EU funded, FP7 project SHOPERA (Energy Efficient Safe Ship Operation, 2013-2016, www.shopera.org), which aims at addressing the above shortcomings by state of the art scientific methods and ultimately proposing a rational regulatory framework, properly accounting for the energy efficiency of ships, while keeping undisputed the safety of ships, their crew and people onboard and of the air -marine environment.


http://www.shopera.org/http://www.shopera.org/http://www.shopera.org/http://www.shopera.org/http://www.shopera.org/

SHOPERA – Project Facts

Funding Framework: European Commission, FP7, 4th call

Project Type: Medium Size Collaborative Project, Grant Agreement: 605221 Evaluation: Received highest score among three strongly competing major proposals Budget: 6.594 Mio EUR, EU Funding: 4.384 Mio EUR Partnership: 21 partners from 13 European Countries; 2 Yards, 3 Shipping companies, 4 Class societies, 4 Research institutes, 7 University Laboratories, 1 Design Company Start: Oct. 1, 2013, End: September 30, 2016 Coordinator / web access: Prof. A. Papanikolaou, Ship Design Laboratory, NTUA

http://www.shopera.org


http://www.goalds.org/

Geography of the SHOPERA Consortium


• Develop criteria and corresponding environmental conditions for manoeuvrability in adverse conditions including open sea, coastal waters and restricted areas

• Develop and adapt high fidelity hydrodynamic tools for analysis of seakeeping and manoeuvring performance of ships in adverse environmental conditions

• Perform seakeeping and manoeuvring model tests in seaway to validate numerical tools

• Develop simplified methods (“Level 1”) for quick assessment of safety margins of ship designs with respect to manoeuvrability in adverse weather conditions

• Integrate software tools into ship design software platform together with multi-objective optimization procedure to combine requirements of safe operation in adverse weather conditions with ship economy and efficiency

• Investigate impact of proposed new Guidelines on design and operation of various ship types

• Submit results and recommendations to IMO for further consideration (October 2016)

Objectives of the SHOPERA research project


Risk Triplet Analysis of Navigational Accidents

in Adverse Sea Conditions: Scenario-ship/Frequency/Consequence

ship/Frequency/Consequence

Higher Risk Zone


Experimental Studies, Validation and Benchmarking

• Test matrix comprises – Added resistance / drift forces in

regular and irregular waves – Propulsion & speed loss in waves – Manoeuvring in waves – Rudder forces in waves – More than 1,300 tests will be

conducted...

• Parameters of variation – Loading condition – Water depth – Wave heading, height & length – Forward speed – Propeller revolution – Rudder angle Drift force tests in MARINTEK's Ocean Basin to determine

quadratic RAOs in steep regular waves (heading 60°)

Results will be used for validation of developed numerical simulation tools

Selected test cases will be used in an open benchmarking with external participants to evaluate the state-of-the-art of numerical methods for the proposal of new regulations (autumn 2015 to spring 2016)

SHOPERA–Energy Efficient Safe Ship Operation EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”

turningcircle7002.mp4

SHOPERA : Validation of Numerical Methods

Potential flow methods Drift forces in regular and irregular waves Fast and robust Challenges: Nonlinear effects (e.g. viscosity)may not always be satisfactorily

captured

Field Methods: Euler, Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS),

Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Drift forces in regular and irregular waves. Nonlinearities can be captured Propulsion in regular and irregular waves: Nonlinearities and engine dynamics can

be modeled Challenges: high computational effort, numerical diffusion to be considered

UDE (El Moctar): RANS code COMET

Grid: 3 Million cells

Time step: 0.01 sec

Inlet boundary: Stokes 2nd order

13,000 TEU containership


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Generic procedure for ship design optimization of NTUA-SDL


Application / Case Studies

Subtask DoW Proposed Within current EEDI frame work

6.2.1 Bulk carriers Bulk carriers yes 6.2.2 Containerships Containerships yes 6.2.3 Tankers Tankers/Combination

Carriers yes

6.2.4 Cruise ships Cruise ships 6.2.5 Ro-Ro ferries Ro-Ro ferries 6.2.6 OSVs Ro-Ro cargo ships 6.2.7 Fishing vessels General cargo ships yes 6.2.8 Tugs Car carriers 6.2.9 Gas carriers LNG carriers yes 6.2.10 - LPG carriers yes

Refrigerated cargo carrier yes

• analyse results from all other work packages to develop improved guidelines • establish likely new EEDI requirements ensuring safe operation

The main objectives of undertaking cases studies • investigate the impact of the proposed new guidelines • assess additional ship types currently not covered by the EEDI provisions

SHOPERA–Energy Efficient Safe Ship Operation EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”

Conclusions • Balancing safety with environmental

protection is a key future challenge for regulators.

• New EEDI requirements call for reducing engine power but, at the same time, for minimum power to ensure safe manoeuvring in adverse conditions: Difficult/unrealistic compromise (MIN-MAX problem!) with very narrow margin for success, if the EEDI reference lines were inaccurate/of wrong basis!

• A consistent regulation is needed, but not yet in place.

• Current knowledge to define adverse conditions and capabilities to check the vessel’s performance are in research-stage.

• SHOPERA addresses this challenge and aims to successfully respond to it.

EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS2015”


Energy Efficient Safe Ship Operation

Prof. Apostolos Papanikolaou email [email protected], http://www.naval.ntua.gr/sdl

http://www.shopera.org
mailto:[email protected]://www.naval.ntua.gr/sdlhttp://www.shopera.org/

Documents

Energy Efficiency of Ships: Its Impact on Environment and ...6.2.1 Bulk carriers Bulk carriers yes 6.2.2 Containerships Containerships yes 6.2.3 Tankers Tankers/Combination Carriers