Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

CHAPTER 18APES

Ms. Miller

CHAPTER 18APES

Ms. Miller

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Improving energy efficiencyImproving energy efficiencyTypes and uses of solar energyTypes and uses of solar energyTypes and uses of flowing waterTypes and uses of flowing waterUses of wind energyUses of wind energyTypes and uses of biomassTypes and uses of biomassUse of geothermal energyUse of geothermal energyUse of hydrogen as a fuelUse of hydrogen as a fuelDecentralized power systemsDecentralized power systems

The Importance of Improving Energy EfficiencyThe Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency Energy efficiency

Fig. 18-3 p. 381Fig. 18-3 p. 381

Net energy efficiency Net energy efficiency

Incandescent lightsIncandescent lights

Least Efficient

Incandescent lights

Nuclear power plants

Currently in Wisconsin, there are three nuclear power plants. Point Beach and

Kewaunee nuclear power plants are currently operational. The LaCrosse Boiling Water Reactor in Genoa is owned by the Dairyland Power Cooperative and was permanently shut down in 1987. The two units at Point Beach are located near the city of Two Rivers, in Manitowoc County. Florida Power and Light (FPL) purchased the plant from Wisconsin Electric Power Company (WEPCO) in 2007. It has a total capacity of approximately 1,030 megawatts (MW). The Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant (Kewaunee) is a single unit of approximately 575 MW located near the city of Kewaunee. It was purchased by Dominion Energy Kewaunee, Inc. (Dominion) from Wisconsin Public Service and Wisconsin Power and Light in 2005. Nuclear power in Wisconsin produces approximately 20 percent of the state’s electricity on an annual basis.

Internal combustion engine

Everyone loves a good muscle car

Everyone loves a good muscle car

Energy Efficiencies (Fig. 18-5 p. 381)Energy Efficiencies (Fig. 18-5 p. 381)

Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyWays to Improve Energy Efficiency

Cogeneration—production of two useful forms of energy from the same fuel source

Cogeneration—production of two useful forms of energy from the same fuel source

Efficient electric motors

High-efficiency lighting—use fluorescent lighting instead of incadescent lighting

Increasing fuel economy—trend in buying large fuel inefficient vehicles

Plug leaks—about 1/3 of heated air escapes through closed windows and holes and cracks

Insulation—in homes (Green Building Council)

Alternative vehicles—hybrids, fuel cells or fuel saving cars

The OS House at 1761 Main St., Racine WI has been selected for one of the 2011 Housing Awards from the

American Institute of Architects. 

Hybrid and Fuel Cell CarsHybrid and Fuel Cell Cars

Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine

Fig. 18-9 p. 385

Fuel cells: Combines hydrogen and oxygen gases to make electricity and

water

Using Solar Energy to Provide HeatUsing Solar Energy to Provide Heat

Passive solar heating—absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within the structure

Passive solar heating—absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within the structure

Active solar heating—absorbs energy from the sun by pumping heat-absorbing fluid through collectors (used mainly in highly sunny areas)

Active solar heating—absorbs energy from the sun by pumping heat-absorbing fluid through collectors (used mainly in highly sunny areas)

Fig. 18-16 p. 391Fig. 18-16 p. 391

Solar Energy Solar Energy

Using Solar Energy to Provide High-Temperature Heat and ElectricityUsing Solar Energy to Provide High-Temperature Heat and Electricity Solar thermal systems—collect and

transform energy from the sun into heat which can be converted to electricity

Solar thermal systems—collect and transform energy from the sun into heat which can be converted to electricity

Photovoltaic (PV) cells—solar cells convert solar energy into electricity

Photovoltaic (PV) cells—solar cells convert solar energy into electricity

Fig. 18-20 p. 394Fig. 18-20 p. 394

Producing Electricity from Moving WaterProducing Electricity from Moving Water Large-scale hydropower—high dams built across a

large river to create reservoir which flows through pipes at controlled rates in order to turn turbines

Large-scale hydropower—high dams built across a large river to create reservoir which flows through pipes at controlled rates in order to turn turbines

Small-scale hydropower—low dam with no reservoir built across small stream; stream water flow turns turbines for energy

Pumped-storage hydropower—pumps use surplus electricity to pump water from low to high reservoir, when more energy needed, water goes back to low

Tidal power plant—use of the differences between low and high tide to produce energy

Although the technology required to harness tidal energy is well established, tidal power is expensive, and there is only one major

tidal generating station in operation. This is a 240 megawatt station at the mouth of the La Rance river estuary in France.

Wave power plant—uses the force of waves to create energy

Wavegen's first wave powered electricity generating power station.

Large-scale Hydroelectric Power: Trade-offsLarge-scale Hydroelectric Power: Trade-offs

Fig. 18-22 p. 396

Reviewing the Trade-offs of Hydropower DamsReviewing the Trade-offs of Hydropower Dams

Fig. 15-9 p. 313

Producing Electricity from WindProducing Electricity from Wind

Fig. 18-23 p. 396 Fig. 18-24 p. 397

Producing Energy from BiomassProducing Energy from Biomass

Biomass and biofuels Biomass and biofuels

Biomass plantations

(a) As trees in the energy plantation grow, they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.(b) During photosynthesis the trees store carbon in their woody tissue and oxygen is released back to the atmosphere.(c) At harvest, woodfuel is transported from the plantation to the heat or power generating plant.(d) As the wood is burned at the heat or power generating plant the carbon stored in the woody tissue combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, this is emitted back to the atmosphere in the exhaust gases.

Crop residues

USDA Highlights Missouri Biomass Plant

Animal manure

The world’s largest biomass power plant running exclusively on chicken manure has opened in the

Netherlands. The power plant will deliver renewable electricity to 90,000 households.

Biogas (60% methane/40% CO2)

Ethanol (corn and grain)

Methanol (coal and biomass) Methanol (coal and biomass)

Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy Geothermal heat pumps—used to heat or cool buildings

due to temp differences between surface and underground

Geothermal heat pumps—used to heat or cool buildings due to temp differences between surface and underground

Geothermal exchange or geoexchange—using buried pipes filled with fluid to move heat in or out depending on the season (cool in summer heat in winter)

Dry steam—reservoir having water vapor but no droplets

Wet steam—reservoir with mixture of vapor and droplets

Hot water—reservoir with hot water trapped in fractured or porous rock in Earth’s surface

SOCORRO – Geoscientists at New Mexico Tech are to resume a project that was put on hold in 2006 to tap into a reservoir of hot water deep

beneath the base of ‘M’ Mountain.

Molten rock (magma), hot dry-rock zones and warm-rock reservoir deposits are three nearly nondepletable sources of geothermal energy

The Hydrogen RevolutionThe Hydrogen Revolution

Extracting hydrogen efficiently from water and compounds

Extracting hydrogen efficiently from water and compounds

Storing hydrogen due to flammability: incompressed tanks, as a liquid, in metal hydride compounds, absorbed by other compounds

Storing hydrogen due to flammability: incompressed tanks, as a liquid, in metal hydride compounds, absorbed by other compounds

Fuel cells for electricityFuel cells for electricity

Environmentally friendly hydrogenEnvironmentally friendly hydrogen

The Hydrogen RevolutionThe Hydrogen Revolution

Fig. 18-31 p. 403

Entering the Age of Decentralized MicropowerEntering the Age of Decentralized Micropower

Decentralized power systems—going from large power plant systems to dispersed, smaller micropower systems

Decentralized power systems—going from large power plant systems to dispersed, smaller micropower systems

Micropower systems—microturbines, fuel cells, solar panels and solar roofs: produce 1-10,000 kWatts of electricity

Micropower systems—microturbines, fuel cells, solar panels and solar roofs: produce 1-10,000 kWatts of electricity

Fig. 18-32 p. 405

Solutions: A Sustainable Energy StrategySolutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy

Fig. 18-35 p. 407