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Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
CHAPTER 16APES
Ms. Miller
CHAPTER 16APES
Ms. Miller
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Major geologic processes Major geologic processes
Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle
Earthquakes and volcanoes Earthquakes and volcanoes
Finding and extracting mineral resources Finding and extracting mineral resources
Non-renewable mineral resources Non-renewable mineral resources
Geologic Processes: Structure of the EarthGeologic Processes: Structure of the Earth
Fig. 4-7 p. 60
Questions for Figure 4-7Questions for Figure 4-7
• 1) What is the innermost layer of the earth?
• 2) The crust and upper mantle combine to form what layer?
• 3) In what layer would one find living organisms?
Features of the Crust and Upper MantleFeatures of the Crust and Upper Mantle
Fig. 16-2 p. 333Fig. 16-2 p. 333
Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
Divergent boundary—plates move apart in opposite directions
Divergent boundary—plates move apart in opposite directions
Convergent boundary—plates are pushed together by internal forces
Convergent boundary—plates are pushed together by internal forces
Subduction zone—area where collision and subduction take place
Subduction zone—area where collision and subduction take place
Transform fault—plates slide and grind past one another along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere
Transform fault—plates slide and grind past one another along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere
Earth’s Major Tectonic PlatesEarth’s Major Tectonic Plates
Fig. 16-4, p. 335
Questions for Figure 16-4Questions for Figure 16-4
• 1) On what major tectonic plate is Michigan?
• 2) What type of boundary formed the Himalayan mountains?
• 3) Where is the ring of fire and why does it have this name?
• 4) The Nazca plate is found in what ocean?
External Earth ProcessesExternal Earth Processes
Erosion—process by which material is dissolved, loosened or worn away from one part of Earth’s surface and deposited elsewhere
Erosion—process by which material is dissolved, loosened or worn away from one part of Earth’s surface and deposited elsewhere
Weathering—physical, chemical or biological processes that break down rocks and mineralsMechanical Weathering—physical weathering of breaking rock into smaller pieces
Frost Wedging: water collects in cracks, freezes and expands and breaks off pieces of rock
Chemical Weathering: a process in which one or more chemical reactions decompose a mass of rock.
Chemical Weathering: a process in which one or more chemical reactions decompose a mass of rock.
Biological Weathering: The conversion of rocks and minerals into smaller particles through the action of living things. Ex) lichens and roots
Biological Weathering: The conversion of rocks and minerals into smaller particles through the action of living things. Ex) lichens and roots
Natural Hazards: EarthquakesNatural Hazards: Earthquakes
Features Features Magnitude—measure
of energy released Magnitude—measure
of energy released Aftershocks—smaller
magnitude quakes after initial
Aftershocks—smaller magnitude quakes after initial
Fig. 16-6 p. 337Fig. 16-6 p. 337
A road is heavily damaged by the magnitude 7.2 earthquake near Aratozawa Dam on June 14, 2008 in Kurihara, Miyagi, Japan. At least four people dead and twelve
people are missing.
A road is heavily damaged by the magnitude 7.2 earthquake near Aratozawa Dam on June 14, 2008 in Kurihara, Miyagi, Japan. At least four people dead and twelve
people are missing.
Primary effects—shaking of ground, permanent vertical or horizontal displacement of ground
Secondary effects—rockslides, urban fire, flooding, tsunamis
Expected Earthquake DamageExpected Earthquake Damage
Fig. 16-7 p. 337Fig. 16-7 p. 337
CanadaCanada
United StatesUnited States
No damage expectedNo damage expected
Minimal damageMinimal damage
Moderate damageModerate damage
Severe damageSevere damage
Natural Hazards: Volcanic EruptionsNatural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions
Fig. 16-8 p. 338Fig. 16-8 p. 338
extinctvolcanoes
extinctvolcanoes
magmareservoir
centralvent
magmaconduit
SolidlithosphereSolidlithosphere
Upwellingmagma
Partially moltenasthenosphere
Minerals and RocksMinerals and Rocks Mineral—an element or inorganic compound that
occurs naturally and is a solid with a regular crystalline structure (diamond, quartz)
Mineral—an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally and is a solid with a regular crystalline structure (diamond, quartz)
Igneous—formed from molten rock (lava or magma) cools and hardens (granite, basalt)
Rock Types
Sedimentary—formed from sediment produced from eroding and weathered rock; put together by pressure or cementation (limestone, sandstone)
Metamorphic—forms when preexisting rock is subjected to high temperature, high pressure, chemicals or a combination of above (marble, slate)
Fig. 16-9 p. 339Fig. 16-9 p. 339
Igneous RockGranite, Pumice,
Basalt
Sedimentary RockShale, Sandstone,
Limestone
Metamorphic RockSlate, Quartzite,
Marble
Magma(Molten Rock)
WeatheringWeathering
ErosionErosion
TransportTransportDepositionDeposition
Heat,Pressure
Heat,Pressure
Heat,
Pressure
Heat,
Pressure
Rock Cycle
Nonrenewable Mineral ResourcesNonrenewable Mineral Resources
Are a concentration of naturally occurring material that can be extracted and processed into useful materials at an affordable cost
Metallic mineral resources (iron, copper, aluminum)
Are a concentration of naturally occurring material that can be extracted and processed into useful materials at an affordable cost
Metallic mineral resources (iron, copper, aluminum)
Ores—a rock that contains enough of one or more metallic minerals to be mined for a profit
Nonmetallic mineral resources (salt, clay, sand, phosphates and soil)
Energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas and uranium)
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories
Identified—known location and quantity
Identified—known location and quantity
Undiscovered—assumed to exist on basis of geology but not known where
Undiscovered—assumed to exist on basis of geology but not known where
Reserves—identified resource that can be mined profitable at current price
Reserves—identified resource that can be mined profitable at current price
Other—undiscovered and identified resources not reserves
Other—undiscovered and identified resources not reserves
Fig. 16-10 p. 340
Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Satellite and air imagerySatellite and air imagery
MagnetometersMagnetometers
Gravity differencesGravity differences
Radiation detectorsRadiation detectors
Seismic surveysSeismic surveys
Chemical analysesChemical analyses
Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Fig. 16-11 and 16-12Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Fig. 16-11 and 16-12
Open-pit (surface mining)Open-pit (surface mining)
Dredging (surface mining)
Area strip (surface mining)
Contour strip (surface mining)
Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining)
Longwall (subsurface mining)
Mountaintop Removal
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation ActSurface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
Established 1977Established 1977Mine lands must be restored to pre-
mining conditions
Mine lands must be restored to pre-mining conditions
Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites
Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites
Limited success due to lobbying lawmakers to make weaker laws or cut off flow of money
Limited success due to lobbying lawmakers to make weaker laws or cut off flow of money
Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources
Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources
Disruption of land surfaceDisruption of land surfaceSubsidenceSubsidenceErosion of solid mining wasteErosion of solid mining wasteAcid mine drainageAcid mine drainageAir pollutionAir pollutionStorage and leakage of liquid mining
waste
Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste
Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral ResourcesEnvironmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources
Fig. 16-14 p. 344
More Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral ResourcesMore Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Surface miningSurface mining Subsurface miningSubsurface mining
Overburden Overburden
SpoilSpoil
Open-pitOpen-pit
DredgingDredging
Strip miningStrip mining
Room and pillarRoom and pillar
LongwallLongwall
Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342
Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342
Processing Mineral ResourcesProcessing Mineral Resources
Ore mineral—desired metals from oreOre mineral—desired metals from ore
Emerald GangueEmerald Gangue
Gangue—waste material from ore
Tailings—piles of gangue; can be blown by wind or leaches into soil
Smelting—after gangue is removed, this process separates the desired metal from other metals in the ore
Supplies of Mineral ResourcesSupplies of Mineral Resources Economic depletion—when it costs more to extract and
process than it is worth
Economic depletion—when it costs more to extract and process than it is worth
Depletion time—how long it takes to use up part of reserve
Depletion time—how long it takes to use up part of reserve
Foreign sources Foreign sources
Economics Economics
Environmental concerns Environmental concerns
Mining the ocean Mining the ocean
Finding substitutes Finding substitutes
Fig. 16-16 p. 346Fig. 16-16 p. 346
New technologies New technologies