Energy Audit Case Study

8/13/2019 Energy Audit Case Study

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities 2009

1. INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT

1.1 G ENEREAL

In todays po!er scenario" !e are facing a ma#or po!er crunc$% &ay 'y day" t$e gap

'et!een demand and supply of electric energy is !idening% At present" t$e difference

is a'out (%()" going up to a'out *2) in t$e pea+ period% Bridging t$is gap from t$e

supply side is a very difficult and expensive proposition% Also" limited energy

resources" scarcity of capital and $ig$ interest costs for t$e addition of ne! generation

capacity is leading to t$e increased cost of electrical energy in India% T$e only via'le

!ay to $andle t$is crisis" apart from capacity addition" is t$e efficient use of availa'le

energy" !$ic$ is possi'le only 'y continuously monitoring and controlling t$e use of

electrical energy%

T$e rate at !$ic$ t$e energy demands and prices are increasing it may 'e impossi'le

to pursue t$e present rate of development% &eveloping countries" li+e India" !ill 'e

forced to retard its development , industriali-ation program for !ant of sufficient

energy reserves% Besides t$is t$e environmental implications of $ap$a-ard energy

utili-ation also need to 'e closely studied% In.efficient use of energy $as stretc$ed t$e

glo'al environment to its limits as can 'e seen from unpleasant responses of t$e

nature% /reen $ouse effect" acid rain" smog" deforestation" s$ift in climatic conditions"

etc%" are some of t$e indications% Setting up additional generating capacities to meet

increasing energy demands is not only a very expensive alternative 'ut also very time

consuming approac$% Additional po!er plants" meaning additional pollution and

furt$er degradation of t$e environment% $ile Energy Conservation" 'esides 'eing a

1uic+ and economical approac$ $as t$e potential to provide an effective solution to

emerging environmental $a-ards%

Considering t$e scenario of t$e Indian Industrial sector and its energy utili-ation

efficiency" t$ere is urgent need to revie! manufacturing tec$nologies and t$e present

energy management approac$% !ing to old and o'solete industrial tec$nologies and

mac$inery t$e extent of energy !astage is very $ig$% Energy Conservation potentialin t$e industrial sector of our nation $as 'een pro#ected 'et!een 30 to 40 )% Energy

&ept of E5E" SJBIT" Bangalore 1


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conservation measures range from simple good $ouse.+eeping practices to plant

moderni-ation% To +no! extent of energy is 'eing !asted it is very essential to +no!

!$at amount of energy is 'eing consumed% 6onitoring industrial energy utili-ation on

continuous 'asis and relating it to t$e production is t$e first step of any energy

conservation programme%

1.2 Energy Management

Energy 6anagement is t$e #udicious and effective use of energy to maximi-e profits

7minimi-e costs8 and en$ance competitive positions%

T$e aim of energy management is to reduce t$e amount of energy a 'uilding

consumes% /ood energy management starts from an understanding $o! a 'uildinguses energy% T$e next stage is to identify inefficiencies and agree actions to improve

efficiency% T$ese actions need associated targets and ongoing monitoring to measure

t$eir performance%

Actions ta+en to improve efficiency can vary% Some cost not$ing" ot$ers are lo! cost

and some re1uire greater investment% Some use tec$nology" ot$er focus on people 'ut

good energy management !ill normally deliver savings t$roug$ a com'ination of

met$ods%

Improving energy efficiency can 'ring many 'enefits

:o!er energy costs

;educed car'on emissions

Improved !or+ing conditions

Better control

Aids IS *400* accreditation

&emonstrates corporate 5 social responsi'ility

1.3 Principe! "# Energy Management

T$e principles of Energy 6anagement involve t$e follo!ing<

=rocure all t$e energy needed at t$e lo!est possi'le price 7Example< 'uy from

original sources" revie! t$e purc$ase terms8



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6anage energy use at t$e $ig$est energy efficiency 7Example< improving

energy use efficiency at every stage of energy transport" distri'ution and use8

;eusing and recycling energy 'y cascading 7Example< !aste $eat recovery8

>se t$e most appropriate tec$nology 7select lo! investment tec$nology to

meet t$e present re1uirement and environment condition8

;educe t$e avoida'le losses% 76a+e use of !astes generated !it$in t$e plant

as sources of energy and reducing t$e component of purc$ased fuels and 'ills8

1.$ Energy Management %trategy

Energy management s$ould 'e seen as a continuous process% Strategies s$ould 'e

revie!ed annually and revised as necessary% T$e +ey activities involved in t$e process

are outlined 'elo!<

1.$.1 I&enti#y a %trategic C"rp"rate Appr"ac'

T$e starting point in energy management is to identify a strategic corporate approac$

to energy management% Clear accounta'ility for energy management needs to 'e

esta'lis$ed" appropriate financial and staffing resources must 'e allocated" and

reporting procedures initiated% An energy management program re1uires commitment

from t$e !$ole organisation in order to 'e successful%

1.$.2 App"int Energy Manager

T$e energy manager" !$o s$ould 'e a senior staff mem'er" !ill 'e responsi'le for t$e

overall coordination of t$e program and !ill report directly to top management%

Energy managers need to $ave a tec$nical 'ac+ground" need to 'e familiar !it$ t$e

organisations activities and $ave appropriate tec$nical support%

1.$.3 %et (p an Energy M"nit"ring an& Rep"rting %y!tem



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Successful energy management re1uires t$e esta'lis$ment of a system to collect"

analyse and report on t$e organisations energy costs and consumption% T$is !ill

ena'le an overvie! of energy use and its related costs" as !ell as facilitating t$e

identification of savings t$at mig$t ot$er!ise not 'e detected% T$e system needs to

record 'ot$ $istorical and ongoing energy use" as !ell as cost information from 'illing

data" and 'e capa'le of producing summary reports on a regular 'asis% T$is

information !ill provide t$e means 'y !$ic$ trends can 'e analysed and tariffs

revie!ed%

1.$.$ C"n&(ct Energy A(&it

An energy audit esta'lis$es 'ot$ !$ere and $o! energy is 'eing used" and t$e

potential for energy savings% It includes a !al+.t$roug$ survey" a revie! of energy

using systems" analysis of energy use and t$e preparation of an energy 'udget" and

provides a 'aseline from !$ic$ energy consumption can 'e compared over time% An

audit can 'e conducted 'y an employee of t$e organi-ation !$o $as appropriate

expertise" or 'y a specialist energy.auditing firm% An energy audit report also includes

recommendations for actions" !$ic$ !ill result in energy and cost savings% It s$ould

also indicate t$e costs and savings for eac$ recommended action" and a priority order

for implementation%

1.$.) *"rmai+e an Energy Management P"icy %tatement

A !ritten energy management policy !ill guide efforts to improve energy efficiency"

and represents a commitment to saving energy% It !ill also $elp to ensure t$at t$e

success of t$e program is not dependent on particular individuals in t$e organi-ation%

An energy management policy statement includes a declaration of commitment from

senior management" as !ell as general aims and specific targets relating to<

Energy consumption reduction 7electricity" fuel oil" gas" petrol etc%8

Energy cost reduction 7'y lo!ering consumption and negotiating lo!er

unit rates8

Timeta'les

Budgetary limits

Energy cost centers

rganisation of management resources%



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1.$., Prepare an& Un&erta-e a Detaie& Pr"ect Impementati"n Pan

A pro#ect implementation plan s$ould 'e developed as part of t$e energy audit and 'e

endorsed 'y management% T$e plan s$ould include an implementation time ta'le and

state any funding and 'udgetary re1uirements% =ro#ects may range from esta'lis$ing

or c$anging operational procedures to ensure t$at plant and e1uipment use minimum

energy" renegotiating electricity supply arrangements etc% to adopting asset ac1uisition

programs t$at !ill reduce energy consumption% An overall strategy could 'e to

introduce energy management pro#ects" !$ic$ !ill ac$ieve maximum financial

'enefits at least cost to t$e organisation%

1.$./ Impement a %ta## A0arene!! an& Training Pr"gram

A +ey ingredient to t$e success of an energy management program is maintaining a

$ig$ level of a!areness among staff% T$is can 'e ac$ieved in a num'er of !ays"

including formal training" ne!sletters" posters and pu'lications" and 'y incorporating

energy management into existing training programs% It is important to communicate

program plans and case studies t$at demonstrate savings" and to report results at least

at *2.mont$ intervals% Staff may need training from specialists on energy saving

practices and e1uipment%

1.$. Ann(a Reie0

An energy management program !ill 'e more effective if its results are revie!ed

annually% ;evie! of energy management policy and strategies !ill form t$e 'asis for

developing an implementation plan for t$e next *2 mont$s%

India is a &eveloping nation% Its per capita Energy Consumption is very lo!% To

ac$ieve Economic /ro!t$" !e need to 5 $ave to use more 5 more energy to increase

t$e pace of development%

e need to increase t$e manufacturing of good in ?uality 5 @olume%

It is estimated t$at Industrial energy use in developing countries constitutes a'out 4.0 ) of t$e total commercial energy consumption% 6uc$ of t$is energy is converted



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from imported oil" t$e price of !$ic$ $as increased tremendously so muc$ so t$at

most of developing countries spent more t$an 0 ) of t$eir foreign exc$ange

earnings% ot !it$ standing t$ese fiscal constraints" developing countries need to

expand its industrial 'ase li+e us if it $as to generate t$e resources to improve t$e

1uality of life of its people% T$e expansion of industrial 'ase does re1uire an

additional energy input !$ic$ 'ecomes more and more difficult in t$e present

scenario%

/eneration of po!er needs resources% ;esources availa'le on eart$ are of &iminis$ing

ature% It is getting depleted very fast !it$ time as use is increasing exponentially%

T$ere are some resources" !$ic$ are ;ene!a'le e%g% Solar =o!er" ind =o!er and

/eot$ermal =o!er% Tec$nology is also 'eing developed to $arness t$ese ;ene!a'le

;esources to generate =o!er% T$e capital investment re1uirement is very $ig$ as

compared to normally availa'le resources% It can 'e 1uoted $ere t$at !it$ t$e

availa'le tec$nology" !e could $ardly generate ) of total po!er generation as on

date %ence" to restrict t$e use or increase t$e life of diminis$ing type of resources%

:et us see t$e ot$er aspect of life" !$ereas every'ody cant understand all tec$nical

reasons or 'enefits of t$e !$ole !orld until $e $imself reali-es some 'enefit for $is

action or efforts% In t$is competitive !orld" cost competitiveness is very very essential

for survival of every individual% To esta'lis$ any !or+ , motive or tas+" energy in one

or ot$er form is an essential component%

T$us t$e need to conserve energy" particularly in industry and commerce is strongly

felt as t$e energy cost ta+es up su'stantial s$are in t$e overall cost structure of t$e

operation%

ence it calls for 6AA/E6ET D EE;/ or in ot$er !ords

6AA/E6ET D ;ES>;CES or EE;/ CSE;@ATI%

It 'ecomes clear from t$e a'ove data 5 statement t$at Energy needs to 'e 6anaged ,;esources needs to 'e managed irrespective of a &E@E:=E& ATI or A

&E@E:=I/ ATI%

1.) LITERATURE %UREY

In t$e existing transition period 'et!een an era of a'undance of relatively inexpensive

electric energy and one in !$ic$ energy of all types is scarce expensive" increasing

emp$asis is 'eing placed on innovative tec$ni1ues t$at improve t$e efficiency of

generation " distri'ution and usage of electricity% T$e 'asic p$ilosop$y 'e$ind



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&emand Side 6anagement seems to 'e t$at it is c$eaper to save a !att t$an to

produce one% It is definitely more reasona'le, cost effective, easier to save t$an to

increase production 'y one !att from current capacity%

In a paper F*G By =%;avi 'a'u descri'es t$e application &emand Side 6anagement

and descri'es ;esi-ing operation of transformer% In t$is paper t$e aut$or descri'es t$e

pro'lem in a su'.station at Hurnool !$ere a transformer of $ig$ rating !as proposed

a resi-ed and revised sc$edule% In t$e analysis it !as found t$at a smaller rating

transformer !as more efficiently !or+ing !it$ $ig$er value of T>D%

T$e energy loses !ere reduced to a maximum extent and moreover lo!er capacity of

t$e transformer !as sufficient to meet t$e load%

S%=%S ;ag$av and Jayant Sin$aF2G descri'es &emand Side 6anagement t$roug$

=o!er Sector reforms !$ere t$e met$ods adopted to reduce t$e transmission and

distri'ution 'y *00) metering% >se of electronic meters" installation of capacitor

'an+s and $ig$ voltage distri'ution system etc% $ence t$ey conclude t$at

strengt$ening of su' transmission and distri'ution net!or+ is extremely important in

en$ancing efficiency and promoting demand side management%

In &ecem'er *999 &r%C%=alanic$amyF3G descri'es t$e need for energy conservation

for 'ot$ environmental and economical 'enefits% Dactor li+e limited fuel reserve"

ageing" transportation" operational efficiency and environmental impact influence t$e

generation of po!er% To overcome t$ese pro'lems restructuring of state electricity

'oard !$ere updating energy conservation plans every year and suggested incentives

for rene!a'le energy sources !ere called for as a application of &S6%

In t$e year 6ay *999 &r% 6%@%Hris$na ;ao F4G descri'es t$e usage of intelligent

metering systems for revenue improvement% T$e universal pro'lem faced 'y all t$e

utilities across t$e !orld is in ensuring t$e correct measurement of energy consumed

is t$e commercial losses% T$e pro'lem is more acute in developing countries !$ere

t$e losses may vary from *0.40)% T$ese losses are mainly due to !rong meter

reading" defective metering" malpractice in usage of energy" persons indulging in

pilferage% As a solution to t$ese pro'lems $e suggests usage of A6;s 7automatic

meter reading8 and meter testing !$ic$ is a critical activity of distri'ution

management as t$e utility $as suffered considera'le revenue loss due to non.testing of

meters and allo!ing installation of meters !it$ errors%



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2. ENERGY AUDIT

Energy Audit is t$e +ey to a systematic approac$ for decision.ma+ing in t$e area of

energy management% It attempts to 'alance t$e total energy inputs !it$ its use" and

serves to identify all t$e energy streams in a facility% It 1uantifies energy usage

according to its discrete functions% Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in

defining and pursuing compre$ensive energy management programme%

2.1 DE*INITION O* ENERGY AUDIT

As per t$e Energy Conservation Act" 200*" Energy Audit is defined as t$e

verification" monitoring and analysis of use of energy including su'mission of

tec$nical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency !it$

cost 'enefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption%

2.2 NEED *OR ENERGY AUDIT

In any industry" t$e t$ree top operating expenses are often found to 'e energy 7'ot$

electrical and t$ermal8" la'our and materials% If one !ere to relate to t$e

managea'ility of t$e cost or potential cost savings in eac$ of t$e a'ove components"

energy !ould invaria'ly emerge as a top ran+er" and t$us energy management

function constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction% Energy Audit !ill $elp to

understand more a'out t$e !ays energy and fuel are used in any industry" and $elp in

identifying t$e areas !$ere !aste can occur and !$ere scope for improvement exists%

T$e Energy Audit !ould give a positive orientation to t$e energy cost reduction"

preventive maintenance and 1uality control programmes !$ic$ are vital for

production and utility activities% Suc$ an audit programme !ill $elp to +eep focus on

variations !$ic$ occur in t$e energy costs" availa'ility and relia'ility of supply of

energy" decide on appropriate energy mix" identify energy conservation tec$nologies"

retrofit for energy conservation e1uipment etc%



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In general" Energy Audit is t$e translation of conservation ideas into realities" 'y

lending tec$nically feasi'le solutions !it$ economic and ot$er organi-ational

considerations !it$in a specified time frame%

T$e purpose of Energy Audit is to determine !ays to reduce energy consumption per

unit of product output or to lo!er operating costs% Energy Audit provides a 'enc$.

mar+ 7;eference point8 for managing energy in t$e organi-ation and also provides

t$e 'asis for planning a more effective use of energy t$roug$out t$e organi-ation%

SJBIT as a professional college $as 4 undergraduate courses and 3 postgraduate

courses !it$ a full time !or+s$op" computer centers and ot$er la's% It $as T

connection !it$ &iesel /enerator set 'ac+up !it$ many >=S systems% College is a

developing institution !it$ plans to start researc$ centers and some more =/ courses%

Heeping t$ese points into consideration energy audit on t$is institution plays a vital

role to optimi-e t$e cost of energy and maintenance cost%

2.3 O45ECTIE%

T$e institutes annual energy 'ill $as crossed 20 la+$s !e aim to conserve *0.

*) of its energy consumption !$ic$ !ould result in savings of a'out 2 la+$

annually%

To prepare a single line diagram of t$e distri'ution system for t$is institution%%

To study t$e existing energy utili-ation pattern of t$e institution%

To suggest energy conservation opportunities for optimum utili-ation of

energy%

2.$ TYPE% O* ENERGY AUDIT

T$e type of Energy Audit to 'e performed depends on<

Dunction and type of industry

&ept$ to !$ic$ final audit is needed" and

=otential and magnitude of cost reduction desired

T$us Energy Audit can 'e classified into t$e follo!ing t!o types%i8 =reliminary Audit



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ii8 &etailed Audit

2.$.1 PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT

=reliminary energy audit is a relatively 1uic+ exercise to<

Esta'lis$ energy consumption in t$e organi-ation

Estimate t$e scope for saving

Identify t$e most li+ely 7and t$e easiest areas for attention

Identify immediate 7especially no.,lo!.cost8 improvements, savings

Set a Kreference point

Identify areas for more detailed study,measurement

=reliminary energy audit uses existing" or easily o'tained data

2.$.2 DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT

A compre$ensive audit provides a detailed energy pro#ect implementation plan for a

facility" since it evaluates all ma#or energy using systems%

T$is type of audit offers t$e most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost% It

considers t$e interactive effects of all pro#ects" accounts for t$e energy use of all

ma#or e1uipment" and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and pro#ect

cost%

In a compre$ensive audit" one of t$e +ey elements is t$e energy 'alance% T$is is 'ased

on an inventory of energy using systems" assumptions of current operating conditions

and calculations of energy use% T$is estimated use is t$en compared to utility 'ill

c$arges%

&etailed energy auditing is carried out in t$ree p$ases< =$ase I" II and III%

=$ase I . =re Audit =$ase

=$ase II . Audit =$ase



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=$ase III . =ost Audit =$ase

2.$.2.1 DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT MET6ODOLOGY

Industry.to.industry" t$e met$odology of Energy Audits needs to 'e flexi'le% A

compre$ensive ten.step met$odology for conduct of Energy Audit at field level is

presented 'elo!% Energy 6anager and Energy Auditor may follo! t$ese steps to start

!it$ and add,c$ange as per t$eir needs and industry types%

Ta7e 2.1 Ten !tep! #"r &etaie& energy a(&it



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2.$.2.2 INITIAL %ITE I%IT AND PREPARATION RE8UIRED

*OR DETAILED AUDITING

An initial site visit may ta+e one day and gives t$e Energy Auditor,Engineer an

opportunity to meet t$e personnel concerned" to familiari-e $im !it$ t$e site and to

assess t$e procedures necessary to carry out t$e energy audit%

&uring t$e initial site visit t$e Energy Auditor,Engineer s$ould carry out t$e

follo!ing actions< .

&iscuss !it$ t$e sites senior management t$e aims of t$e energy audit%

&iscuss economic guidelines associated !it$ t$e recommendations of t$e

audit%

Analyse t$e ma#or energy consumption data !it$ t$e relevant personnel%

'tain site dra!ings !$ere availa'le L 'uilding layout" steam distri'ution"

compressed air distri'ution" electricity distri'ution etc%

Tour t$e site accompanied 'y engineering,production

2.$.2.3 T6E MAIN AIM% O* T6I% I%IT

To finalise Energy Audit team

To identify t$e main energy consuming areas,plant items to 'e surveyed

during t$e audit%

To identify any existing instrumentation, additional metering re1uired%

To decide !$et$er any meters !ill $ave to 'e installed prior to t$e audit eg%

H$" steam" oil or gas meters%

To identify t$e instrumentation re1uired for carrying out t$e audit%

To plan !it$ time frame



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To collect macro data on plant energy resources" ma#or energy consuming

centers

To create a!areness t$roug$ meetings, programme

2.$.2.$ T6E IN*ORMATION TO 4E COLLECTED DURING T6E

DETAILED AUDIT INCLUDE%

Energy consumption 'y type of energy" 'y department" 'y ma#or items of

process e1uipment" 'y end.use 6aterial 'alance data 7ra! materials" intermediate and final products" recycled

6aterials" use of scrap or !aste products" production of 'y.products for re.use

in ot$er industries" etc%8

Energy cost and tariff data

=rocess and material flo! diagrams

/eneration and distri'ution of site services 7E%g% compressed air" steam8%

Sources of energy supply 7e%g% electricity from t$e grid or self.generation8

=otential for fuel su'stitution" process modifications" and t$e use of co.

generation

Systems 7com'ined $eat and po!er generation8%

Energy 6anagement procedures and energy a!areness training programs

!it$in t$e esta'lis$ment%

Existing 'aseline information and reports are useful to get consumption pattern"

production cost and productivity levels in terms of product per ra! material inputs%

T$e audit team s$ould collect t$e follo!ing 'aseline data<

Tec$nology" processes used and e1uipment details

Capacity utilisation

Amount 5 type of input materials used

ater consumption

Duel Consumption



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Electrical energy consumption

Steam consumption

t$er inputs suc$ as compressed air" cooling !ater etc

?uantity 5 type of !astes generated

=ercentage re#ection , reprocessing

Efficiencies , yield

It is important to plan additional data gat$ering carefully% ere are some 'asic tips to

avoid !asting time and effort<

6easurement systems s$ould 'e easy to use and provide t$e information to t$e

accuracy t$at is needed" not t$e accuracy t$at is tec$nically possi'le

6easurement e1uipment can 'e inexpensive 7flo! rates using a 'uc+et and

stop!atc$8

T$e 1uality of t$e data must 'e suc$ t$at t$e correct conclusions are dra!n

7!$at grade of product is on" is t$e production normal etc8

&efine $o! fre1uent data collection s$ould 'e to account for process

variations%

6easurement exercises over a'normal !or+load periods 7suc$ as startup ands$utdo!ns8

&esign values can 'e ta+en !$ere measurements are difficult 7cooling !ater

t$roug$ $eat exc$anger8

2.$.3 IDENTI*ICATION O* ENERGY CON%ERATIONOPPORTUNITIE%

*(e !(7!tit(ti"n9 Identifying t$e appropriate fuel for efficient energy conversion

Energy generati"n: Identifying Efficiency opportunities in energy conversion

e1uipment,utility suc$ as captive po!er generation" steam generation in 'oilers"

t$ermic fluid $eating" optimal loading of &/ sets" minimum excess air com'ustion

!it$ 'oilers,t$ermic fluid $eating" optimising existing efficiencies" efficienct energy

conversion e1uipment" 'iomass gasifiers" Cogeneration" $ig$ efficiency &/ sets" etc%



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Energy &i!tri7(ti"n: Identifying Efficiency opportunities net!or+ suc$ as

transformers" ca'les" s!itc$gears and po!er factor improvement in electrical systems

and c$illed !ater" cooling !ater" $ot !ater" compressed air" Etc%

Energy (!age 7y pr"ce!!e!9

T$is is !$ere t$e ma#or opportunity for improvementand many of t$em are $idden% =rocess analysis is useful tool for process integration

measures%

2.$.$ TEC6NICAL AND ECONOMIC *EA%I4ILITY

T$e tec$nical feasi'ility s$ould address t$e follo!ing issues

M Tec$nology availa'ility" space" s+illed manpo!er" relia'ility" service etc

T$e impact of energy efficiency measure on safety" 1uality" production or

process%

T$e maintenance re1uirements and spares availa'ility

2.$.) CLA%%I*ICATION O* ENERGY CON%ERATIONMEA%URE%

Based on energy audit and analyses of t$e plant" a num'er of potential energy saving

pro#ects may 'e identified% T$ese may 'e classified into t$ree categories:

*% :o! cost L $ig$ returnN

2% 6edium cost L medium returnN

3% ig$ cost L $ig$ return

ormally t$e lo! cost L $ig$ return pro#ects receive priority% t$er pro#ects $ave to

'e analy-ed" engineered and 'udgeted for implementation in a p$ased manner%

=ro#ects relating to energy cascading and process c$anges almost al!ays involve $ig$

costs coupled !it$ $ig$ returns" and may re1uire careful scrutiny 'efore funds can 'e

committed% T$ese pro#ects are generally complex and may re1uire long lead times

'efore t$ey can 'e implemented%



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TA4LE 2.2 GUIDELINE TO PRIORITI%E RECOMMENDED MEA%URE

Pri"rity Ec"n"mica

*ea!i7iity

Tec'nica

*ea!i7iity

Ri!- :

*ea!i7iity

A ; G""& ell defined

and attractive

Existing

tec$nology

ade1uate

o ;is+,

ig$ly feasi'le

4 ;May 7e ell definedand only

marginally

accepta'le

Existingtec$nology

may 'e

updated" lac+

of confirmation

6inoroperating

ris+,6ay 'e

feasi'le

C ;6e& =oorly defined

and marginally

unaccepta'le

Existing

tec$nology is

inade1uate

&ou'tful

D ;N" Clearly not

attractive

eed ma#or

'rea+t$roug$

ot feasi'le

2.$./ ROLE O* ENERGY AUDITOR%

To carryout detailed energy audit%

To 1uantify energy consumption and esta'lis$ 'ase line energy information%

To construct energy and material 'alance%

To perform efficiency evaluation of energy and utility systems%

To compare energy norms !it$ existing energy consumption levels%

To identify and priorities energy of saving measures%

To recommend energy efficient tec$nologies and alternate energy sources%

Energy Efficiency pro#ects $ave t$e follo!ing cost components%

Energy Audit c$arges%

Consultancy fees for a detailed pro#ect report%

Consultancy c$arges for implementation of pro#ect%

Cost of mac$inery" including cost of retrofitting,renovating" modification of

existing items" 6iscellaneous assets for esta'lis$ing a monitoring system and

C$arges for monitoring t$e energy efficiency on long term 'asis%



19/59


3. DEMAND %IDE MANAGEMENT

&emand.side management 7&S68 refers to cooperative activities 'et!een t$e utility

and its customers 7sometimes !it$ t$e assistance of t$ird parties suc$ as energy

services companies and various trade allies8 to implement options for increasing t$e

efficiency of energy utilisation" !it$ resulting 'enefits to t$e customer" utility and

society as a !$ole%

3.1 4ene#it! "# t'e D%M initiatie!

Benefits of t$e &S6 initiatives are manifold a fe! of t$em is listed 'elo!%

3.1.1 C(!t"mer 7ene#it!

Satisfy electricity demands%

;educe, sta'ili-e cost 7'ills8%

Improve value of service%

Improve lifestyle and productivity%

3.1.2 %"cieta 7ene#it!

;educe environmental degradation%

Conserve resources and protect glo'al environment%

6aximi-e customer !elfare%

3.1.3 Utiity 7ene#it!

:o!er cost of service%

Improve operating efficiency and flexi'ility%



20/59


;educe capital needs%

Improve customer service%

T$e implementation of &S6 programs in India is li+ely to<

Improve t$e efficiency of energy systems%

;educe financial needs to 'uild ne! energy facilities 7generation8%

6inimi-e adverse environmental impacts%

:o!er t$e cost of delivered energy to consumers%

;educe po!er s$ortages and po!er cuts%

Improve t$e relia'ility and 1uality of po!er supply%

3.2 Impementing D%M

&S6 programs are utility and customer specific% Digure 'elo! descri'es various steps

involved in implementing a &S6 initiative%

*ig(re 3.1 !'"0ing !tep! in D%M pr"gram

Steps in typical &S6

Step *< :oad ;esearc$



21/59


T$is stage in t$e &S6 implementation !ill typically assess t$e customer 'ase" tariff"

load profile on an $ourly 'asis and !ill identify t$e sectors contri'uting to t$e load

s$ape% T$is step !ill also identify pea+ load contri'utors%

Step 2< &efine load.s$ape o'#ectives

Based on t$e results of t$e load researc$ in t$e utility" &S6 teams define t$e load

s$ape o'#ectives for t$e current situation% @arious load.s$ape o'#ectives . =ea+

Clipping 7reduction in t$e pea+ demand8" @alley Dilling 7increased demand at off.

pea+8" :oad S$ifting 7demand s$ifting to non.pea+ period8" and :oad Building

7increased demand8 are possi'le% T$ese are represented in figure 'elo!%

*ig(re 3.2 L"a&;!'ape tec'ni


22/59


@alley.Dilling . t$e improvement of system load factor 'y 'uilding load in off.

pea+ periods

:oad S$ifting . t$e reduction of utility loads during periods of pea+ demand"

!$ile at t$e same time 'uilding load in off.pea+ periods% :oad s$ifting

typically does not su'stantially alter total electricity sales%

Conservation . t$e reduction of utility loads" more or less e1ually" during all or

most $ours of t$e day

:oad Building . t$e increase of utility loads" more or less e1ually" during all or

most $ours of t$e day

Dlexi'le >tility :oad S$ape . refers to programs t$at set up utility options to

alter customer energy consumption on an as.needed 'asis" as in interrupti'le,

curtaila'le agreements%

Step 3< Assess program implementation strategies

T$is step !ill identify t$e end.use applications t$at can 'e potentially targeted to

reduce pea+ demand" specifically in sectors contri'uting to system pea+% T$is step

!ill also carry out a detailed 'enefit.cost analysis for t$e end.users and t$e utilities"

including analysis of societal as !ell as environmental 'enefits%

Step 4< Implementation

Implementation stage includes program design for specific end.use applications"

promotes t$e program to t$e target audience t$roug$ mar+eting approac$es suc$ as

advertising" 'ills and inserts" and focused group meetings 7specifically in case of

commercial and industrial sector8%

Step < 6onitoring and Evaluation

T$is step trac+s t$e program design and implementation and compares t$e same !it$

proposed &S6 goal set 'y t$e utility% A detailed 'enefit.cost analysis in t$is case

includes identifying t$e avoided supply cost for t$e utility vis.O.vis t$e total program

cost for t$e utilities and 'enefits to t$e participants including t$e reduced 'ills or

incentives to t$e end.users%



23/59


$. Energy a(&it met'"&""gyT$e met$odology adopted for t$is audit !as

%(reying p'a!e9 T$is involved visual inspection and data collection and

o'servations on t$e general condition of t$e facility and e1uipment and

1uantification%

Mea!(rement p'a!e9 T$is involved verification of energy consumption and

ot$er parameters of load 'y measurements%

Rec"mmen&ati"n! p'a!e9 &ata o'tained t$roug$ survey and measurement

p$ase !ere analysed corrective measures $ave 'een recommended%



24/59


). %UREY DETAIL%

T$e first and t$e most important step in energy auditing is t$e survey of t$e campus%

T$e aut$enticity of o'servation and recommendations made in energy audit depends

on correctness of t$e information gat$ered t$roug$ survey% e started t$e survey !it$

follo!ing o'#ective<

To collect t!elve mont$ energy 'ills of t$e institute to assess energy

consumption pattern in different mont$s t$roug$ t$e year%

To dra! t$e single line diagram of t$e distri'ution system of t$e institute%

To identify different +inds of loads connected in t$e institute along !it$ t$eir

1uantity and electrical specification%

it$ a'ove details to estimate t$e total connected load" in terms of !attage" in

t$e campus%

To study t$e condition of connected loads" !iring" 6CB" fuse etcP

).1 Anay!i! "# energy 7i!

Energy consumption pattern of t$e college can 'e gauged t$roug$ t$e study of energy

'ills of preceding mont$s% It t$ro!s lig$t on several important aspects li+e maximum

po!er demanded 'y t$e college in a particular mont$N overall operating po!er factor

of t$e loads in t$e collegeN penalties" if any" paid 'y t$e college for lo! operating

po!er factor or for exceeding t$e contract demand etcP ence" t$e energy 'ills of



25/59


last t!elve mont$s of t$e college !ere collected for analysis 'earing in mind t$e

a'ove factors% Extracts of energy 'ill is presented in t$e form of ta'le%



26/59


).1.1 O4%ERATION% *ROM ENERGY 4ILL%

T$e energy tariff applica'le to t$e institute is T27B8

T$e amount of po!er t$at t$e supplier 7BESC68 $as agreed to ma+e

availa'le for delivery to t$e college and !$ic$ t$e college $as agreed to

purc$ase is 200+va i%e% College $as agreed for a contact demand of 200+va

from supplier 7BESC68% If t$e maximum po!er demanded 'y college

exceeds C& in any mont$ institute is lia'le to pay penalty%

*0+va" !$ic$ is Q) of C&" is t$e 'ase value for !$ic$ demand c$arges $as

to 'e paid at rate of ;s 200,+va% If t$e maximum demand exceeds C& t$en

demand c$arges is on t$at value and not on *0H@A 7Q) D C&8%

In t$e last t!elve mont$s t$e maximum demand recorded !as *2*+va" in

mont$ of ovem'er" 200( and t$e demand !as minimum at (3+va" in t$e

mont$ of January" 200(% T$is is 'ecause ovem'er 'eing mont$ in middle of

t$e semester and January 'eing vacation period% Also" since maximum demand

in any mont$ $as not exceeded *0+va 7Q) of C&8 option of reduction in C&

from 200+va to *0+va can 'e considered% T$is !ould result in savings of

demand c$arges%



27/59


Grap' ).1 !'"0ing ma=im(m &eman& "# 12 m"nt'! "# prece&ing year


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

MD


28/59


In no mont$ $as t$e po!er factor gone 'elo! t$e recommended value of 0%9%

T$is s$o!s t$at loads in college are operating at a $ealt$y po!er factor and

installation of any po!er factor improving devices is not necessary .

Grap' ).2 !'"0ing ariati"n "# p"0er #act"r t'r"(g' t'e year

Total annual energy c$arges of t$e institute amounts to ;s 20"(Q"(R0,.

7;upees t!enty la+$ eig$ty seven t$ousand eig$t $undred and sixty only8%



29/59


).2 Tari## &etai!

T$e collage $as opted for T27B8 +ind of tariff

T$e demand c$arges are calculated at t$e rate of ;s 200,+va% T$e minimum

amount of demand c$arge is levied on Q) of contract demand !$ic$ !ould

amount to ;s 30000,mont$% If t$e maximum po!er demanded 'y t$e institute

exceeds Q) of C& t$en t$e demand c$arges are calculated on t$is maximum

demand and not on t$e Q) of C&

If t$e po!er demand of t$e institute exceeds C& i%e% 200 +va t$en t$e 1uantum

of increase in demand is c$arged at t$e rate of *% times normal rate per +va

i%e% at ;s 300,+va

If t$e operating po!er factor of t$e institute is 'elo! t$e recommended value

of 0%9 t$en for every po!er factor reduction 'y 0%0* t$en surc$arge of 3 paisa

per units levied on total unites consumed

).3 DETAIL% O* DI%TRI4UTION %Y%TEM O* T6E IN%TITUTE

T$e institute $as a 20+va" **+v,433v distri'ution transformer !$ic$ is energi-ed 'y

a **+v feeder from BESC6 su'station% T$e institute also $as *2+va diesel

generator as 'ac+up %t$e institute $as t!o :T 'us% Bus* feeds EEE 'loc+" IS 5 CS

'loc+" administrative 'loc+" $ostel" canteen" pump sets and street lig$ting% Bus2 feeds

SJB College of nursing" B/S Sc$ool and commercial complex% :T 'us* $as a

generator 'ac+up% T$e single line diagram of t$e distri'ution system of t$e campus is

given 'elo!%



30/59


*ig(re ).1 !'"0ing !inge ine &iagram "# &i!tri7(ti"n !y!tem "# camp(!



31/59


).$ LOAD DETAIL%



32/59


T$e loads connected in campus can 'e generally classified into follo!ing types<

:ig$ting load%

Dan%

Computers" printers" and p$otocopiers%

=ump sets%

Electrical mac$ine la'%

6o'ile communication to!ers%

&etails of t$ese loads $ave 'een given in su'se1uent sections%

).$.1 LIG6TING LOAD



33/59



Ta7e ).2 Detai! "# ig'ting "a&

Type "#

ig'ting

L"cati"n 8(antity %peci#icati"n T"ta

0attage

>-0?

Dluoresce

nt tu'elig$t

Classroom *R

3R!,fitted !it$

electromagnetic 'allast%

%94

Staffroom 0 *%(

:a's **0 3%9R

:i'rary Q2 2%R

ostel

6ess

20

0

9

*%(

Corridor R0 2%*R

CD:

Classroom

23!

*%23

Staffroom * 0%34

ffice 30 0%R9

Sodium

vapour

lamp

Street

lig$ting

R0 *0! 9

alogen

lamp

Street

lig$ting

*R *00! *%R

Total !attage 3Q%(


34/59


).$.1.1 O4%ERATION%

6ostly" fluorescent tu'e lig$ts and CD:s are used for classroom and ot$er

general purpose lig$ting%

T$e institute totally $as QQ fluorescent tu'e lig$t in various classrooms"

staffrooms" la's" li'rary and $ostel% All of !$ic$ are fitted !it$

electromagnetic 'allast and eac$ !it$ a !attage of 40!%

Institute totally $as *00 CD:s in classrooms" staffrooms and office% Eac$

CD: is of 23! rating%

T$ere are R0 sodium vapour lamps used for street lig$ting and anot$er 20

lamps used for same purpose%

alogen lamp used for stage lig$ting in seminar $all%

Total lig$ting load is 3Q%(+!%

).$.2 *an "a&

Ta7e ).3 Detai! "# #an "a&

L"cati"n 8(antity %peci#icati"

n

T"ta

0attage

>-0?

Classroom *2

Q0!,fitted

*0%R4

Staffroom 4 3%Q(

:a's *20 (%4



35/59


!it$

electronic

regulator

:i'rary 0 3%

ostel

6ess

*20

20

(%4

*%4

).$.2.1 O4%ERATION%

T$ere are *R num'er of fans in t$e institute all fitted !it$ electronic

regulator%

6ost of t$e regulators dont $ave t$e +no' to vary t$e speed of t$e fan%

ence t$ey run at maximum speed irrespective of t$e needs%

Total fan load amounts to 3R%*2 +!%

).$.3 COMPUTER% PRINTER% AND P6OTOCOPIER%

).$.3.1 COMPUTER%

Ta7e ).3$ Detai! "# c"mp(ter! "a&

L"a& L"cati"n 8(antity %peci#icati"n T"ta

0attage

>-0?

*itte&

0it'

pr"ect"r.

*itte&

0it'

CRT

m"nit"r.

*itte&

0it'

LCD

m"nit"r.

*itte&

0it'

pr"ect"r.

*itte&

0it'

CRT

m"nit"r.

*itte&

0it'

LCD

m"nit"r.

Computers Classroom 2 . . 4%



36/59


*(0! *30! R0!

Staffroom *0 40 3%Q

:a's *R 24 3R%*

:i'rary 22 ( R%34

ostel **0 R%R

Total !attage Q%29

).$.3.2 PRINTER%

Ta7e ).) Detai! "# printer!

L"a& L"cati"n 8(antity Rating T"ta

0attage

>-0?

La!er D"t

matri=

La!er D"t

matri=

=rinters ffice * *0 20! 20! R%2

:a's * . 20! 3%Q

Total !attage *0

).$.3.3 P6OTOCOPIER%

Ta7e )., &etai! "# p'"t"c"pier!%

L"a& L"cati"n 8(antity Rating T"ta 0attage

>-0?

=$otocopier

ffice 3

*%+!

4%

:i'rary * *%

Stores * *%

Total !attage Q%

).$.3.$ O4%ERATION%



37/59


T$ere are a'out RQ computers in various departments and in office" of

t$em 43 are fitted !it$ :C& monitors" *9Q are fitted !it C;T monitors

and 2 !it$ over $ead pro#ectors%

6ost of t$e computers in 'ro!sing centre and in office are eit$er in on

state or screensaver mode even !$en not in use%

Students $ave a tendency to run many applications simultaneously%

All printers and p$otocopiers remain on all t$roug$ t$e !or+ing $ours of

t$e day and not only during printing,p$otocopying #o'%

).$.$ PUMP %ET%

Ta7e )./ Detai! "# p(mp !et! "a&

%

n"

L"a& T"ta 6P

rating

T"ta 0attage

>-0?

* =umps used for !ater pumping Q0 2

2 =umps used in !ater treatment

plant

30 22

Total *00 Q4

).$.) MAC6INE LA4 DETAIL%



38/59



Ta7e ). Mac'ine a7 &etai!

E


39/59


).$., MO4ILE COMMUNICATION TO@ER%

T$e college $as rented out space for mo'ile service providers to erect mo'ile

communication to!ers at t!o places. one in EEE 'loc+ and t$e ot$er in SJB College

of nursing% Eac$ of t$ese to!ers consumes approximately 20+! of po!er and remains

operational all t$roug$ t$e day%

).$./ 8UANTI*ICATION 4Y END U%E

T$e loads !ere segregated 'ased on t$e end use as lig$ting and fans"

Computer,printers" !ater pumping" mac$ine la'" mo'ile to!ers% ?uantification" types

and necessary measurements !ere carried out% T$e details are given $ere%

*ig(re ).2 !'"0ing !egregati"n "# "a&



40/59


After total survey of t$e campus total connected load in t$e institute !as found to 'e

300+!

,. MEA%UREMENT% PER*ORMED

,.1 LIG6TING LOAD%

T$e energy consumption of DT:s 7Dluorescent Tu'e :ig$ts8 !$ic$ are commonly

used in t$e campus is s$o!n 'elo!%

Ta7e ,.1 !'"0ing mea!(rement! #"r *TL in ca!!r""m!

*TL 0it' Magnetic c'"-e

>"t!? I>Amp? P>@? p#

224%3 0%3 4R%2 0%(



41/59


*TL 0it' Eectr"nic 7aa!t

>"t!? I>Amp? P>@? p#

22R% 0%2 3( 0%(3

Ta7e ,.2 !'"0ing mea!(rement! #"r C*L in ca!!r""m!

C*L

>"t!? I>Amp? P>@? p#

22 0%*2 24 0%(Q

De! of t$e lux measurements ta+en in t$e campus are as s$o!n 'elo!%

Ta7e ,.3 Mea!(re& i(minati"n ee at ari"(! "cati"n.

L"cati"n @it' &ay ig't >(=? @it' &ay ig'tig't >(=?

EEE &s c$am'er 33 **

EEE staffroom 34* RR

6ac$ines la' *3Q .

Circuit simulation la' RQ2 (9

=o!er system simulation la' R20 (93

Classroom 20* *(34 2324

Classroom *0 *R( *((

:i'rary RR (Q

Bro!sing centre 4 Q43



42/59


Rec"mmen&e& i(minati"n ee a! per EC4C !tan&ar&!9

Ta7e ,.$ Rec"mmen&e& i(minati"n ee

ffice

Conference" reception room 200.Q0lux

Clerical !or+ Q00.*00lux

Typing drafting *000.2000lux

Dactory

=ac+ing !or+" entrance passage *0.300lux

@isual !or+ at production line 300.Q0lux

Electronics parts assem'ly line% *00.3000lux

otel

=u'lic room *00.200lux

;eception" cas$ier 220.*000lux

Store

Indoor stairs" corridor *0.200lux

S$o! !indo!" pac+ing ta'le Q0.*00lux

Dore front of s$o! !indo! *00.30000lux

Sc$ool,college

Auditorium" indoor gymnasium *00.300lux

Classroom 200.Q0lux

:a'oratory" li'rary" drafting

room%

00.*00lux

T$e lux levels are found to 'e less t$an t$e standard values in some places li+e EEE

&s c$am'er" classrooms on front side of 'uilding%

,.2 *AN LOAD

=o!er consumption of ceiling fans !it$ electronic regulators !ere measured" it !as

seen t$at it consumes ! more t$an its rated value Q0!%

Ta7e ,.) !'"0ing mea!(rement! #"r *an in ca!!r""m!

Ceiing *an Eectr"nic Reg(at"r



43/59


*an

Ta7

>"t!? I>Amp? P>@? P.*

* 233%Q 0%*4 *3 0%3(

2 233%R 0%24 3Q 0%RR

3 233%*( 0%%2R 49 0%(*

4 233%2 0%%32 Q 0%99

,.3 COMPUTER% AND PRINTER%

T$e po!er consumption 'y t$e computer and printer under different modes of

operation are s$o!n 'elo!%

Ta7e ,., %'"0ing mea!(rement! per#"rme& "n c"mp(ter!

an& printer!

%

n".

E


44/59


9 :aserJet printer7=

2R08

n *( 0%4

*0 :aser #et printer7=

2R08

=rinting 2 0%R4

** :aserJet

printer7=20*48

n Q 0%3(

*2 :aserJet

printer7=20*48

=rinting 4*0 0%Q

,.$ MEA%UREMENT O* P6A%E CURRENT%

=ractical t$ree p$ase circuits $ave to 'e c$ec+ed for load 'alancing so t$at it !ould

result in uniform distri'ution of currents in individual p$ases% If not t$e performance

of distri'ution system is seriously affected due to neutral s$ifting !$ic$ may $appen

due to un'alance in t$e p$ases% To c$ec+ symmetrical distri'ution of load among

t$ree p$ases" p$ase currents !ere measured in EEE 'loc+% T$e values recorded are

ta'ulated 'elo!%

Ta7e ,./ %'"0ing mea!(re& p'a!e

c(rrent!

% n". Time Ir>A? Iy>A? I7>A?

* 09%0

0

23%2 **%Q (%Q

2 *0%0

0

2(%Q 9%9 **%

3 **%0

0

2(%R *R% *4%R

4 *2%0

0

2(%0 *%0 *4%

*3%0 24%0 *4%0 *3%0



45/59


0

Q *4%0

0

32%2 *3%( *2%4

( *%0

0

3* *4%2 *R%2

,.) MEA%UREMENT O* P6A%E OLTAGE%

Dor t$e optimal performance of electrical loads t$e voltage across t$em s$ould not

vary 'eyond ,. ) of t$eir rated voltage% To c$ec+ t$e variation of voltage" p$ase

voltages !ere measured at EEE 'loc+ of t$e college at different timings% T$e variation

of voltage !as !it$in accepta'le limits% =$ase voltages measured is ta'ulated 'elo!%

Ta7e ,. %'"0ing mea!(re& p'a!e

"tage!

% n" Time r>? y>? 7>?

* 09%0

0

22 22R 224

2 *0%0

0

220 22* 220

3 *2%0

0

220 220 22*

4 *4%0

0

224 223 22

*%0

0

223 222 220

6ean 222%4 222%4 222



46/59


,., LOAD CURE

&aily load curve is a grap$ t$at depicts daily variation in load from time to time on an

$ourly or $alf $ourly 'asis% It is plotted ta+ing loads on axis and time on axis% It

$as great importance as it gives information on variation of load t$roug$ t$e day"

maximum demand for t$e day" total energy consumption for t$e day" load factor and

average load%

&aily load curve of t$e campus is s$o!n 'elo!%

Grap' ,.1 !'"0ing t'e &aiy "a& c(re "# camp(!

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

16 18 20 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

kva

time

,.,.1 O4%ERATION% *ROM LOAD CURE

Consumption !as seen to 'e constant at 2R +va from *0 pm to R am%

A sudden increase in consumption" from 2R +va to R( +va" !as seen at R am

due to pumping%

T$ere is a gradual increase in consumption from R am on!ards% It reac$es a

pea+ value of *02 +va at 2 pm% T$is is due to start of la' sessions%



47/59


Consumption again decreases from 4 pm to a value of R +va and remains so

till *0pm%

Consumption is lo!est from *0 pm on!ards since street lig$ts and fan loads in

$ostel are t$e only loads in operation%

=ea+ demand for t$e day does not exceed even t$e Q) of contract demand%

,./ LOAD DURATION CURE

T$is is also a type of curve !$ic$ indicates t$e variation of load 'ut loads 'eing

arranged in descending order of t$eir magnitude i%e% greatest load on t$e left" lesser

load to!ards rig$t and least load to!ards extreme rig$t%

Grap' ,.2 !'"0ing &aiy "a& &(rati"n c(re "# camp(!.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

14 12 10 8 6 16 18 20 4 2 0 22

kva

time



48/59


/. RECOMMENDATION%

n perusal of t$e last t!elve mont$s energy 'ills of t$e college" it is o'served

t$at maximum demand in any mont$ $as not exceeded Q) of contract

demand% ig$est maximum demand recorded is *2* +va !$ic$ is considera'ly

less t$an *0 +va !$ic$ 'eing t$e Q) of contract demand% But as per t$e

tariff" demand c$arges are calculated on Q) of contract demand , maximumdemand" !$ic$ever 'eing t$e $ig$est% ence" t$e college $as 'een paying

demand c$arges for Q) of contract demand even !$en its maximum demand

is less t$an t$at% T$erefore it is strongly recommended college management

s$ould consider for a reduction in contract demand from 200 +va to *0 +va%

T$is !ould result in savings of ;s 90"000,.7;upees ninety t$ousand only8 per

year%

T$e illumination level in classrooms on t$e rear side of t$e 'uilding is found

to 'e considera'ly $ig$er t$an t$e recommended illumination level and t$at on

front side to 'e far less t$an t$e recommended values% T$erefore it is

suggested t$at 23! CD:s used in classrooms on t$e rear side of t$e 'uilding

'e replaced !it$ *(! CD:s% T$is measure !ould also result in energy savings

of *0(0 +!$ and t$e corresponding savings in energy c$arges% It is also



49/59


suggested t$at all CD:s in classrooms on front side of 'uildings 'e replaced

!it$ 3R! DT: to augment illumination level to t$e recommended values%

=resently 3R! DT:s are used for corridor and staircase lig$ting% Since t$ese

lig$ting are used for illuminating space at nig$t for visual and directional

cues% A illumination level of *0lux is sufficient for all purposes% T$erefore

DT:s can 'e replaced !it$ *(! CD:s% T$is results in energy saving of 4Q2

+!$ and t$e corresponding savings in energy c$arges%

All DT:s in college are fitted !it$ conventional electromagnetic 'allast" !$ic$

are inefficient in terms of energy consumption" !att loss is $ig$ 79.*2!8 !$en

compared !it$ t$at fitted !it$ electronic 'allast" !$ic$ $ave !att loss of 2.

3!% T$erefore it is suggested t$at t$ey 'e replaced !it$ electronic 'allast% T$e

savings in po!er !ould 'e a'out (.*0! per tu'e% Total savings in energy

c$arges !ould 'e approximately a'out ;s R0"000,. 7;upees sixty t$ousand

only8 per year and t$e pay 'ac+ period is a'out 2% years%

Electromagnetic 'allast $as t$ese disadvantages.

*% att loss is $ig$ 79 to *2att8%

2% Starting is not instant%

3% &oes not !or+ at lo! voltage%

4% =%D% is very lo! 70%R lagging8%

% Surges are generated during starting%

Electronic 'allast $as t$ese advantages.

*% att losses are very lo! 72.3 !att8%

2% Instant start" no need of starter%

3% or+s satisfactorily at lo! voltage 7*0.2Q0@84% =%D% is $ig$ 7not less t$an 0%98%



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Existing ceiling fans !ere found to 'e dra!ing Q! of as against t$eir rated

value of Q0!% Assuming duty cycle of R $ours per day fan load alone

consumes (3"92+!$ of energy per year% If t$ey are replaced !it$ more

energy efficient fans" !$ic$ consumes maximum of 0!" considera'le savings

in energy 72Q"(R4+!$8 is possi'le% As energy efficient fans are costlier t$an

t$e conventional ones" pay'ac+ period !ould 'e long" a'out Q% years% But in

t$e long run t$ey !ould prove to 'e economical%

T$ere are *9Q computers in t$e college fitted !it$ C;T monitors% A C;T

monitor consumes a'out (0.*00! !$ereas a TDT monitor consumes 2.30!

i%e% C;T monitors consumes approximately Q0! more t$an TDT monitors%

Assuming an operating period of R $ours saving in energy ac$ieva'le after

replacing C;T monitors !it$ TDT monitors !ould 'e 29"Q(R+!$ per year and

savings in energy c$arges !ould 'e ;s *"44"4R4,. 7;upees ne la+$ forty four

t$ousand four sixty t!o only8 per year !it$ a pay 'ac+ period of R%R years%

It !as o'served during t$e survey t$at all computers in 'ro!sing center" office

and la's 7during la' sessions8 are left idle !it$ screensavers !$ic$ !ould not

result in any saving of po!er% Instead" if energy saving po!er settings is

adopted in t$ese computers reasona'le amount of energy could 'e saved%

o!ever" it is advisa'le to s$ut do!n t$e systems !$en t$ey are not re1uired

to 'e used for long periods%

It !as also o'served t$at printers" p$otocopiers and pro#ectors !ere +ept in

stand.'y mode all t$roug$ !or+ing $ours of t$e day and not turned on only

!$en need arises% T$is is resulting !astage of energy as t$ese devices

consume an average of Q.*0! of po!er even in stand.'y mode% ence" it is

recommended to turn on t$em only !$en need arises

T$ese a'ove recommendations $ave 'een presented in follo!ing ta'le%



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Ta7e ,.1 Rec"mmen&e& mea!(re! #"r impementati"n

%

n"

Rec"mmen& mea!(re Energy

!aing! :

year -0'

%aing! in

R! : year

Capita

ine!tme

nt in R!

%impe pay

7ac-

peri"&

* ;eduction in contract

demand from 200 +va

to *0 +va%. 90"000 . .

2 ;eplacing 23! CD:

!it$ *(! CD:%*"0(0 "23( *0"000 *%9 years

3 ;eplacing DT: lig$ts in

corridors !it$ *(!

CD:%4"Q2 23"04Q 9"000 mont$s

4 ;eplacing DT: !it$

electromagnetic 'allast

!it$ electronic 'allast%*2"3Q2 R0"000 *"0"3R0 2% years

;eplacing all existing

ceiling fans !it$ energy

efficient fans%2Q"(R4 *"3"*40 *0"32"00

0

Q% years

R ;eplacing C;T

monitors !it$ TDT

monitors%

29"Q(R *"44"4R4 9"("000 R%R years

Q Adopting energy saving *2"2( 9"(2 . .



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po!er settings for

computers%

( ot to +eep printers"

p$otocopiers and

pro#ectors in stand.'y

mode%

230 *"*0 . .

. ENERGY MANAGEMENT %TRUCTURE

In order to streamline t$e use of energy in t$e SJBIT campus and to ensure its

efficient utili-ation" !e propose t$ree possi'le energy management structures% A final

decision on t$e type of energy management structure suita'le for t$e institute s$ould

'e ta+en 'y t$e Institute management%

Appointment of an Energy 6anager for t$e institute" !it$ suita'le experience

and a proven trac+ record% T$e person s$all 'e responsi'le for t$e day to day

energy conservation activities% e! staff s$ould 'e allotted to t$e Energy

6anager or some staff mem'ers from Electrical 6aintenance Section 'e made

responsi'le to $im,$er% An annual revie! of t$e energy performance of t$e

institute is to 'e performed and a certain percentage of t$e 1uantified savings

'e s$ared !it$ t$e Energy 6anager%

T$e Executive Engineer 7Electrical8 s$ould $imself ta+e over t$e

responsi'ility of ensuring efficient energy use on t$e campus% T$is !ill ensure

prompt implementation of measures% T$is system may also re1uire additional

staff% A performance related incentive in t$e form of a 'onus can 'e provided

to t$e Electrical 6aintenance staff 'ased on savings ac$ieved%

Dormation of an Institute level committee $eaded 'y t$e =rincipal to revie!

t$e implementation of energy conservation measures% All departments and

section $eads s$ould su'mit a annual report of compliance for revie! and

action% Sections, departments not ac$ieving savings to 'e penali-ed and

suita'le incentives may 'e given to t$e performing departments%



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An annual revie! of t$e implementation of t$e energy saving measures s$ould

'e ta+en up and performance s$ould 'e monitored% A report of t$e same

s$ould 'e sent to t$e =rincipal% Electrical energy consumption s$ould 'e made

a su'#ect in t$e Institute 'udget !it$ separate $eads for departments and

$ostels% Energy performance can 'e a 'asis for providing incentives to $ostels

and departments%

B. CONCLU%ION

e $ave ac$ieved our o'#ective of saving more t$en * ) of annual energy c$arges t$roug$

t$is audit% Implementation of all t$e recommended measures can 'ring a'out a t"ta !aing "#

ar"(n& R!. ).1 a-'! per year i%e% 24) of t$e present electricity 'ill% T$e total investment

re1uired !ould 'e to t$e extent of ;s% *2%Q la+$s and an aerage !impe pay7ac- peri"& "#

ar"(n& 3./ year!. e $ope t$at t$ese recommendations are implemented%



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APPENDI;A

PROCEDURE *OR MEA%UREMENT ILLUMINATION LEEL

6easurement of room lengt$ K:" !idt$ K and mounting $eig$t Km !as

made%

Calculation of ;oom Index" ;I U: , 7m7: !88%

Based on ;oom Index" minimum num'er of illuminance measurement points

re1uired !as determined from 'elo! ta'le and t$ese points !ere evenly

distri'uted in t$e room%

R""m

in&e=

N(m7er "#

mea!(ring p"int!

;I V * (

* V ;I V 2 *(

2 V ;I V 3 32

;I W 3 0

Illumination !as measured at t$ese points using cali'rated lux meters% T$e

average of t$ese values of measured illuminance at all points is calculated%

If E*" E2"P" En are illuminance measurements at points *"2"P%" n t$en

Average illuminance" Eav U E*E2 E3 P%% En ,



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APPENDI;4

CALCULATION O* PAY4AC PERIOD *OR *TL @IT6ELECTRONIC 4ALLA%T

DT: !it$ magnetic c$oc+ consumes 4R!

DT: !it$ electronic 'allast consumes 3(!

Saving in po!er per tu'e is U 4R.3( U (!

Assuming an operating period of R $our per day annual energy savings is U

(Q*RR300,*000 U *2"3Q2+!$% 7assuming 300 days of operation8

Savings in energy c$arges per year U *23Q24%( U ;s R0"000,.

Cost per electronic 'allast is ;s 2*0,.

Total capital investment U 2*0Q*R U ;s *"0"3R0,.

Simple pay'ac+ periodU *03R0,R0000 U 2% years



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APPENDE F C

CALCULATION O* PO@ER %AING IN COMPUTER%

*"rm(a (!e&9

Total energy consumed for eac$ setting

U o of computers x &uty cycle x 24 x Average po!er x o of operating days in a

year%

T$ere are R0 computers in institute and t$ey consume a'out 3! in sleep

mode%

In operation t$ese computers consumes a'out RR!%

e $ave assumed * $r as t$e period during !$ic$ computers are idle i%e% not

in use per day%

If in t$is period energy saving po!er settings are adopted t$en energy saved

per year is U 7RR.38*R0300,*000 U *2"2(+!$ Savings in energy c$arges is U *22(4%( U;s 9"(2,.



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APPENDI;D

LI%T O* IN%TRUMENT% U%ED *OR MEA%UREMENT%

L(= meter.$aving range to measure illumination level from *.*"00"000lux"

cali'rated to standard incandescent lamp at color temperature 2(RH%

Camp "n meter. It is a true ;6S" porta'le instrument% It measures 'ot$ AC

and &C" R00@ AC and (00@ &C" 2000A%

P"0er #act"r meter; $aving range of 0%.* lag Llead%



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*2% on conventional energy sources . /%&%;ai LHanna$ pu'lications

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Energy Audit Case Study