ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

ENERGYTECHNOLOGY

AND THE

ENVIRONMENTVOLUME 4

Attilio BisioSharon BootsEditors

A Wiley-Interscience Publication

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.New York / Chichester / Brisbane / Toronto / Singapore

© 2008 AGI-Information Management Consultants

May be used for personal purporses only or by libraries associated to dandelon.com network.

INDEX

AASHTO asphalt tests, 332-334Abel transformation, 900Above ground oil shale retorting, 2132Absorbed dose, radiation, 2309Absorber plates, solar collectors, 2506-2507Absorption, 102

design for energy conservation, 1119—1120

Absorption chillers, 1127, 1128, 2409Absorption cycle refrigeration, 2417-2420Absorption heat pumps, 1680-1682Absorption pollution control methods, 102-

105, 1518, 1559-1574. See also Wetscrubbing

design calculations, 104-105, 1561-1562,1567-1568

equipment for, 102-104, 1559-1568nonisothermal absorption, 1573—1574

Accelerator-based Converters, for radioactivewaste destruction, 2073-2074

Acetaldehyde, as toxic air pollutant, 94Acetic acid, in rainwater, 2Acid deposition, 3, 42, 53-54, 1389

and Clean Air Act, 591and vehicle air pollution, 62

Acid fuel cells, 1409, 1418, 1419-1420, 1422Acid gases

in coal gasification, 790from municipal solid waste incineration,

2759removal from natural gas, 2015-2016

Acidic corrosion, 2777Acid number, asphalt, 330Acid rain, 1-8, 53-54, 96, 1389

adverse impact, 3-8mechanism of, 2-3, 4

prognosis, 8U.S. precipitation-weighted pH, 54

t Acid stream Separation, radioactive wastes,2028-2029

Acid treatment, 2249-2250Acimet process, 1490Acoustical ceiling tiles, 1820Acoustical duct lining, 1821Acoustical lagging, 1822Acoustical louvers, 1822Acoustical roof decks, 1820Acoustical wall treatments, 1820-1821Acoustic deformation potential scattering,

1028

Acoustic insulation, 1816-1829materials, 1818products, 1819-1822sound isolation, 1822-1825test methods for, 1817-1818uses, 1818-1819Vibration damping, 1827-1829Vibration isolation, 1825-1827

Acryloriitrile production, 1204, 1367Actinolite, 58Activated alumina, as adsorbent, 106Activated carbon

as adsorbent, 106production from biomass pyrolysis, 2296

Activated charcoal canisters, for automotiveexhaust control, 344-345, 1340-1341

Activated sludge, 9-10, 2848-2849Activation polarization, 400Activity coefficients, 988Activity-intensity analysis, 1148Acute exposure tests, 2437Acyclic isoprenoid hydrocarbons, in coal, 818Adaptive fuel control, 76Additives

aircraft fuels, 251, 268for catalytic cracking, 538, 543gasoline, 265-266, 2684-2687for greases, 1914for lubricants, 1906-1909, 1927-1933

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis,1411

Adiabatic diesel engines, 392Adiabatic engines, 2002Adiabatic flame temperature, 868Adiabatic processes, 2629Adiabatic reforming, 1425Adjustable-speed drives, 1075ADL/CB direct coal-fueled diesel Systems,

1646Admission mode selection, 2534Adsorbents, 106Adsorption, 106

design for energy conservation, 1120Adsorption air pollution control methods,

105-110desorption, 107-108equipment for, 108-110

Adsorption inhibitors, 2786Adsorption waves, 107Advanced Battery Consortium, 1175 •

Advanced Building Systems Integration Con-sortium, 1193

Advanced Cyclone Combustor with InternalSulfur, Nitrogen, and Ash Control, 790

Advanced Gas Conversion for the 2 Ist Cen-tury, 1379-1380

Advanced liquid metal reactor/integral fastreactor, 2072, 2073

Adverse health effects, 164-165Aerated fuel injection, 76Aerated lagoons, 2848Aerated muds, 1017Aerial self-supporting wires, 1831Aeroallergens, 198Aerodynamic drag, 2541-2542Aerosol air pollutants, see ParticulatesAerosol dynamics, mödeling, 215-216Aerosol incineration, 112Aerosol opäcity, 901AfterburnersJ aircraft engines, 233, 235Afterburning, 10-11Aft fans, 233-234Agent Orange, 2190, 2451 ^Agglomeration, for coal preparation, 680Aggregate energy intensity, 1152-1153Aggressive transmission management

(ATM), 1170Aging, of nuclear power plants, 2082-2099Agricultural land, resistance to acid rain, 2Agriculture

and carbon cycle, 494-496hydrocarbon use, 1741water efficiency, 2795-2796

Agriculture and energy, 11—17biomass fuels, 11, 15-17food System energy consumption, 12

table, 13new methods and approaches, 13-17petrofarming: addiction to, 11-13

Agroforestry, 1395Air, as drilling fluid, 1016-1017Air alkaline cells, 410-411Air-blown asphalt, 325-326, 338Air-blown/Integrated Gasification Com-

bined-cycle project, 784Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition,

2170Air change method, of estimating infiltra-

tion, 23Air cleaners, 190, 198

2925

2926 INDEX

Air conditioning, 18-38. See also Heatpumps

active solar, 2504-2505aircraft, 37air Systems, 473air-water Systems, 473-474automotive, 36-37building design loads, 19-27building Systems, 471-477CFCs and, 476-477energy-efficient technologies

commercial sector, 1071residential sector, 1065

energy estimation, 27-29future developments, 38heat pipe applications, 1675history of, 18-19and Legionnaires' disease, 59life cycle costs, 37-38outdoor air use, 474passive, 468-469pickup heat, 25-26residential fuel types, 19Systems, 31-36

equipment for, 34-36typical system, 35

thermal storage, 476thermal zones, 471-472 - *thermodynamic calculations, 30-31total energy Systems, 34water Systems, 474

Air-cooled heat exchangers, 1662Aircraft air conditioning, 37Aircraft engine afterburners, 233, 235Aircraft engine combustors, 240—242Aircraft engines. See also specific engines

typesemissions, 238-242fuels, 247-259hybrid engines, 236-238noise emissions, 242-247

high speed civil transport, 246-247measurement, 242-245noise generation mechanisms, 246regulations, 242

Performance aspects, 225-229flight envelope, 226fuel consumption, 225-229power producer, 226-228propulsor, 228-229

ramjet engines, 235-238thrust reversal, 233-234turboshaft engines

turbofan engines, 233—235turboprop engines, 231-233

types, 229-238Aircraft fuels

additivesanti-icing agents, 251, 256, 258antioxidants, 258antistatic, 251, 258biocides, 251, 256, 258corrosion inhibitors, 251, 258metal deactivators, 258

alkali metal salts, 254atomization, 253aviation gasoline, 257-259civil aviation fuels, 251

combustion, 248-249, 252-254contaminant control

coalescers, 251-252filtere, 251-252

corrosion, 254, 256-257distribution, 251-252economics, 257elastomer materials, 256-257fuel thermal oxidation test, 254heat content, 252low temperature flow, 255-256manufacture, 249-251 x

blending, 250catalytic cracking, 249-250crude sources, 249distillation, 250hydrocracking, 250hydrogen treatment, 250hydrosweetening, 250

military fuels, 251properties, 248-249, 249specifications, 249, 251stability, 254volatility, 254-255water contamination, 256

Aircraft turbine emissionsalkali metal salts, 254carbon monoxide emissions, 240, 253-254compliance Status, 239emission characteristics, 239—240emission Standards, 239environmental impact issues, 238hydrocarbon emissions, 240low NO, combustor design, 241-242NO, emissions, 240-241, 253-254smoke emissions, 240

Air cycle refrigeration, 2420-2422Air extraction, gas turbines, 1582Air-gas drilling, 2011

.'Air infiltration, 21-23Air injection, 76Airline industry, energy consumption (U.S.),

1135, 1165Air pollution, 39-59. See also specific Pol-

lutantsacid rain, see Acid rainair toxics, see Toxic air pollutantsautomobiles, see Automobile emissionsfrom coal combustion, 740-744

mödeling, 873-874from coal gasification, 787, 789-790"criteria" pollutants, see Criteria pol-

lutantsdefined, 39, 96, 160-162from delayed coking, 858developing countries, 1612-1613effects on forests, 5, 8. See also Acid rainfrom fossil fuel combustion, 47-48, 97health effects, 160-191. See also specific

pollutantsclinical effects, 167-168 -control strategies, 188-191. See.also Air

pollution control methodsdefining adverse effects, 164-165determinants of, 165-167methods ofassessing, 169-172 .risk assessment, 168—169

indoor, see Indoor air pollution

magnetohydrodynamic power plants,1945-1948

motor vehicles, see Automobile emissionsfrom municipal solid waste incineration,

2759odors, see Odorsfrom oil shale operations, 2141-2142particulates, see Particulatesphotochemical smog, 43-48pinch technology approach to targeting,

958-959receptors, 42sources, 40, 97-98and technology assessment, 926transport and transformation, 40-42

environmental chemodynamics, 578-580

mean residence times, Altablefrom waste-derived fuels combustion,

1502-1504Air pollution control methods, 96-148. See

also specific methods and equipmentfor automotive exhaust, see Automobile

emissionscost minimization, 100equipment selection, 100-101for gaseous emissions, 101-123

absorption methods, 102—105adsorption methods, 105-110chemical reactions, 111condensation methods, 110-111incineration methods, 111-116Problem gas methods, 117-123

for odors, 147-148for particulate emissions^ 123—147

cyclones, 125-13*0 Yelectric'ally augmented particle collec-

tion methods, 136-137electrostatic precipitation methods,

130-136filtration methods, 137-142gravity settling, 125new methods, 146-147wet scrubbing methods, 142-146

summary of methods/devices, lOltableAir pollution mödeling, 41, 42Air preheat

combustion air, 1209, 1210, 1692-1694for MHD Systems, 1953-1954

Air quality management, 42-43Air quality mödeling, 207-223

applications, 220-223model components, 213-219model evaluation, 219-220model types, 208-213

Air quality monitoring, 98-100Air solar receivers, 2525Air staging, 760-761Air toxics, see Toxic air pollutantsAir visibility, 52-53 .Air-water air conditioning Systems, 32ALABA method, 2051Alarms, 1249Alaska coal fields, 626Alberta asphalt deposits, 442, 443, 444-447Alberta coal deposits, 612, 613-615Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research

Authority (AOSTRA), 446

INDEX 2927

Alberta tar sands deposits, 2590Albertite, 434Alcohol fuels, 260-281

air quality benefits, 277-278for flexible fueled vehicles, 268-269

Alcoholic fermentation, 1454-1455, 1485Alcohols, See also Gasoline-alcohol blends

from biomass, 11production feed Stocks, 262-263

Aldehydesin diesel exhaust, 81formation in smog, 43, 47

Alert Warning System (EPA), 98Algae, 1458, 1475-1476

reducing growth in wastewater, 10Alginite, analytical pyrolysis, 816Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 1739-1740, 2257-

2258in coal: elucidation by analytical pyrolysis,

817-818Alkali metal thermoelectric Converters,

2478-2481Alkaline batteries, 398, 405-411

rechargeable, 417-420shelflife, 407, 409

Alkaline fuel cells, 1418, 1421, 1423-1424demonstration projects, 1434-1435

Alkaline stream Separation, radioactivewastes, 2028

Alkalized alumina process, 106Alkanes, 817-818Alkenes, 817-818Alkyl aromatics

cat Cracking, 540in coal, 816

Alkylation, 282-287, 2245amylene, 282butylene, 282cascade reactor, 283-284and Clean Air Act, 282hydrofluoric acid catalyst, 284-286propylene, 282safety, 284-286solid-catalyst alkylation, 285Stratco contractor, 283-284sulfuric acid catalyst, 283-286use of alkylates, 282

Alkylnaphthenes, cat Cracking, 540Alkyl transfer reactions, in cat Cracking,

541All-air air conditioning Systems, 32Allegheny River basin water quality, 2812—

2815, 2818-2819Alliance to Save Energy, 1193Allison Gas Turbine, 1642-1643Allochthonous origin, 434Allowances (emissions), 591All-water air conditioning Systems, 32Alpha value, in distillation, 988Alternating current transmission, 1047,

1051-1058Alternative fuels, 357-358, 372, 378-379,

600-603 'California pilot program, 602and Clean Air Act, 589for diesel vehicles, 88-90fleet program, 600-602for gasoline engines, 79, 1341-1342

taxes, 1229-1230, 1231-1232, 1233-1234,1238-1239

and vehicle emissions, 68, 1341-1342Alternative fuels production tax credit,

1240-1241Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988, 357Alumina

Bayer process, 289-291in catalytic Converters, 1332principal producing countries, 299-300production energy, 291production wastes, 291

Aluminum, 287-303consumption by country, 300end uses, 288properties, 287-288recycling, 2347, 2379toxicity to trees, 7

Aluminum productionalumina Bayer process, 289-291bauxite mining, 289bauxite processing, 289bauxite reserves, 298-300by-products, 293-295costs, 297-298energy use, 291, 295-297,1076environmental impact, 291, 293-295,

296-297, 301greenhouse gases, 293-295Hall-Heroult smelting process, 291-293history, 288-289prebake cell process, 292principal corporations, 300principal producing countries, 299—300production wastes, 291, 293-295recycling, 301-303social consequences, 296-297Soderberg process, 292

Amateur radio, health effects, 1106Amazon coal deposits, 604-605American Appliance Recycling Association,

2361American Council for an Energy-Efficient

Economy, 1081, 1201American Institute of Architects, 1193American Society of Refrigerating Engi-

neers, 2411Amines, as absorption liquids, 102Ammonia

in fuel cells, 1415production from natural gas, 2019-2020production from synthesis gas, 778, 1757use as refrigerant, 2409

Ammonia-water refrigerators, 2419-2420Ammonium bisulfate, 50Ammonium sulfate, 50

manufacture from by-product ovens, 715,717

Amonton's law, 1899Amorphous Silicon photovoltaic cells, 2489-

2490Arnos coal bed, 620Amosite, 58Amphibole, 58Amplification at resonance, 1827Amylene, 282t-Amyl methyl ether, see TAMEAnaerobic digestion, 1453-1454, 1490

Anaerobic wastewater treatment, 2849-2851

Analytical pyrolysis, 815ANCIT process, 728Anderson-Schulz-Flory polymerization

model, 1374-1375Andhra Pradesh coal fields, 670Andrussow process, 2020Anesthetic agents, 203Anglesea coal field, 654Anhui Region coal field, 641Animals

and carbon cycle, 493shelters for, 2618-2619

Animal studiesof pollutant health effects, 169-170in risk assessment, 2437

Annapolis tidal power project, 2660Annual cycle energy storage, 2508-2509Annual energy cost, 1064Anodes, 397

MHD Systems, 1958Antennas, electromagnetic field from, 1095Anthophyllite, 58Anthracite blast furnaces, 715, 716Anthracite coals, 824

ash composition, 309for coke production, 720 .defined, 699, 703, 706

Anthraxolite, 434Antifoam additives, 1909, 1932Anti-icing agents, aircraft fuels, 251, 256,

258Antiknock compounds, 305, 2686Antiknock index, 2127 >\Antiknock.requirements, aviation gasoline,

257 " .Antimicrobials, 2789-2790, 2791-2792Antimony, toxicity to trees, 7Antineoplastic agents, as pollutants, 203Antioxidants, aircraft fuels, 258Anti-siphoning rules, 1999Antistatic additives, aircraft fuels, 251,

258Antiwear agents, 1907, 1931API cyclone parameters, .127-128 pAPI engine service categories, 1, 1904,

2477Appalachian coal fields, 615-620Appalachian Mountains, acid rain in, 3Apparent rank, of coal, 701Appliances

electromagnetic fields from, 1092-1093,1103taWe

energy-efficiency technology/savings,1065-1067

Appliance wires, 1831Applied pyrolysis, 809Aquaculture, 2618Aquatic biomass, 1489-1490Aqueous absorption methods, 102Aqueous alkaline electrolysis, 1769Aqueous carbonate process, 1947Aquifers, 833, 2010Arab oil embargo of 1973-1974, 1146ARCO gas-to-gasoline process, 1531Area sources, of air pollution, 40ARGE fixed-bed reactor, 1375, 1523

2928 INDEX

Argentinacoal resources, 604tidal power prospects, 2662

Aroclors, 2193Aromatic amines, antiknock character, 305Aromatic oils, delayed coking, 850—851Aromatics, 2258

in bitumens, 438by catalytic reforming, 565-566cat Cracking, 540in coal: elucidation by analytical pyrolysis,

816-817in diesel fuels, 84

Arsenicfrom coal, 689emission Standards, 51

Arundo donax, 1476AS 1038.17, 703AS 2096, 702tableAS 2434.3, 703Asbestos, as indoor pollutant, 58Asbestosis, 58Ash, 306-320

analytical methodschemical fractionation, 313—314elemental composition, 312fusion temperature, 312SEM techniques, 314 »total ash, 311-312viscosity, 312-313

applications of, 319-320ash behavior indices, 313-314in biomass and refuse, 310-311in coal, 308-310from coal gasification, 777, 778and combustion, 306, 314-319, 742defined, 307-308disposal, 319-320environmental problems, 319formation process, 315-319, 740

experiments, 318-319mödeling, 873

in liquid fuels, 311scope/costs of problem, 306-307

Ash number, 702ASHRAE Cooling and Heating Load Calcu-

lation Manual, 20ASHRAE Handbook 1993 Fundamental, 20ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1, 1190, 1193ASHRAE Standard 62, 23, 24Asia. See also specific Countries

coal resources, 635-641diesel emission Standards, 70-72

Asiatic clams, 2791AS K 184, 702Askeral, 2192Asperity contacts, 1899Asphalt, 321-335, 1371, 2255-2256. See

also Bitumenacid number, 330applications, 333-335composition, 327-329durability, 331-332filier addition, 332health/safety aspects, 333-335manufactured, 323-327molecular weight, 330

naturally occurring, 321-323production, 442, 444rheology, 330-331specifications, 332-333, 334terminology, 321

Asphalt emulsions, 326-327Asphaltenes, 321, 336-338, 433

composition, 328, 336molecular weight, 330, 336-337petroleum dispersions, 337—338Separation, 336

Asphaltites, 435production, 442

Associated natural gas, 2007Association of Energy Engineers, 1193Asthma

and biologic agents, 197-198and formaldehyde, 200in hospitals, 204

ASTM asphalt tests, 332-334ASTM coal classification System, 696, 697-

702, 795ASTM D 389-37, 700ASTM D 1391, 148ASTM D 2270, 1906ASTM D 2422, 1904ASTM D 388-92a, 697, 700-702, lOltableASTM D 388-34T, 698ASTM E 1050-90, 1817Asymptotic methods, in combustion mödel-

ing, 875-876, 881Atgas process, 786Athabasca bitumen deposits, 447, 449Atmosphere, and carbon cycle, 491-492,

493-494, 501-502Atmospheric circulating fluidized-bed com-

bustion, 750, 752-753Atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion,

749-750, 751-752''Atmospheric inversions, 41, 45Atmospheric modeis, 56, 2446Atmospheric pressure ionization, 1262-

1263Atomic processing microscope, 2492Atomics International process, 786Atomic spectroscopy, 1284-1285Atomization

aircraft fuels, 253in liquid waste incineration, 1811—1812

Atomization and Sprays, 1898Attapulgite clay, 1015Attenuation, 1834Auger mining, 674AUSCOKE process, 728Austin (Texas) photovoltaic plant, 2484Australia

coal resources, 641-656 :

lignite deposits, 1871tidal power prospects, 2662

Australian coal classification System, 702-703

Autochthonous origin, 434Autoignition temperature, 338Automatic extraction condensing steam tur-

bines, 839, 841Automatic extraction noncondensing steam

turbines, 839, 841

Automatic Power Reserve rating, 225Automobile emissions, 48, 50, 60-91, 339-

358. See also Catalytic Converters andother specific control technologies

characteristics/composition, 350—355,363-365, 1328-1329

in developing countries, 61, 63diesel vehicles

alternative fuels, 88-90control technologies, 85-88government responses: Asia-Pacific re-

gion, 70-72government responses: European Com-

mon Market countries, 68-70government responses: European non-

Common Market countries, 70government responses: Latin America,

72government responses: North America,

65-68, 339-342pollutant formation processes, 79-85

gasoline vehiclescontrol technologies, 73-79, 1329-1341government responses, 65government responses: United States,

339-342global, 62

projections, 73health risks, 352-353international agreements, 63-64as most significant air pollution source,

62-63motorcycles, government responses, 73regional, 62 'toxic air pollutants, 91-95urban, 61-62

Automobile emission Standards, 339-342,340table; '589-590, 595-603, 1327

testing and certification, 598, 1326-1328Automobile engine oils, 1903s

biodegradable, 1939 \viscosity classification, 1, 1904, 2477

Automobile engines, 369-379. See also spe-cific engine types

applications, 376-377efflciency, 374-376, 379-393, 1167-1172

energy loss sources, 384, 1168-1169knocking, 372-373, 381, 1859Performance, 374-376trends, 377-378types, 369-374

nonstandard types, 378-379, 395Automobiles. See also Flexible-fueled vehi-

cles; Hybrid-electric vehicles; Methanolvehicles; Supercars; Transportationsector

air conditioning, 36—38energy consumption (U.S.), 1134exhaust, see Automobile emissionsmethanol fueled, see Methanol vehiclesuse of alcohol fuels, 265-270

Automotive fuels, 2675-2696Automotive shredder residue, 2293, 2374Autonomous efficiency improvements, 1156-

1158Autonomous end-use energy-intensity im-

provement (AEEI), 520, 521-522

INDEX 2929

Autoradiography, 2336Autothermal reforming, 1764Auto-venting turbine, 1789, 1790Auxiliary power units, 1713-1714, 1716Available energy, 2626AVCAR, 1171Avco MHD generator, 1942Average power, synchronous generators,

1042Average service availability index, 1036Aviation gasoline, 257-259

additives, 258antiknock requirements, 257future trends, 258specifications, 258volatility requirements, 257-258

Azeotropic mixtures, 986, 990, 1007

Bacchus Marsh coal field, 654Backward Bent Duct Buoy, 2867Bacon cell, 1434Bacterial degradation, of oil, 437-438Bacterial production, of hydrogen, 1771Baffies, in cooling towers, 966Baffle towers, 104Bag filters, 137-140, 1814Baja Talamanca coal field, 611Baker's bikes, 1705Ball-and-race pulverizers, 747Ballast-Plus packings, 1560Ballast rings, 1560Ballast saddle packings, 1560Banded coals, 710, 815Banko Barat coal field, 661-662Barakar formation coal, 669Barclay coal field, 617Barite, 1011Barito Basin coal deposits, 665Barnsely coal seam, 629Brazed'-fin aluminum cores, 1211Basic extraction sludge treatment, 2203Batch distillation, 986, 991, 996-997BATCHFRAC program, 991, 997Batteries, 397-422, 1411. See also Fuel

cells; specific types of Batteriesbasic electrochemical principles, 398—401classification, 397definition of terms, 397efficiency, 399for electric vehicles, 1712-1713, 1714environmental impact, 397heat release, 399history of, 398internal short circuiting, 399primary batteries, 397, 401-416reserve batteries, 397, 421-422secondary (rechargeable) batteries, 397,

416-421Baum jig, 678Bauxite

mining, 289processing, 289production energy, 291production wastes, 291reserves, 298-300

Bayah coal field, 663

Bayer process, 289-291Bay of Fundy, 2651, 2663-2665Bbl (unit), 1144Beavon process, 118Bed filtration, 140-142Bed limiters, 1565Beehive ovens, 713-715, 1508Belchatow Basin coal deposits, 631Beluga coal field, 626Beneficiation, of coal, see Coal preparationBenefit-cost analysis, of environmental eco-

nomics, 1297-1298Benefits estimation, in environmental eco-

nomics, 1299BenSat process, 1854-1855Bentonite clay, 1011, 1015Benzene, 1740, 2258

emission Standards, 51, 352Bequest value, 1300, 1301Berl saddles, 1001, 1560Bermuda grass, 1474Bernice Basin coal field, 616Beryllium, emission Standards, 51Best available control technology (BACT), 43

scission reactions, in cat Cracking, 541Bevier coal bed, 620BFL process, 728Bhopal tragedy, 50Bicarbonate, and carbon cycle, 493Bicycles, 1704-1709Bi-Gas process, 769Bihar coal field, 668, 670Bike buses, 1705Bimetallic catalysts, for reforming, 554, 561Bin method, 27Bioeides, 2616

aircraft fuels, 251, 256, 258Bioclimatic Charts, 466, 467Biodegradable lubricants, 1933-1941

environmental aspects, 1936—1937Biodegradation, of spilled oil, 2147Biodiversity, 424, 1401, 1614

loss of, 425restoring, 428-429

Biodiversity inventories, 426-427Biodiversity maintenance, 423-431

future strategies, 429-431monitoring, 427-428

Biofilms, 2789Biofouling, 2789-2792Biogenic gas, 824-825, 827Biologie agents, as indoor pollutants, 59,

197-200Biological direct energy conversion, 1411Biological Diversity, Global Convention on,

424Biological gasification, of biomass, 1484-

1485Biological monitoring, 2445Biological pumps, 501-502Biological wastewater treatment, 2846-

2848Biomass, 1451, 1475-1477

ash composition/formation, 310—311carbon distribution, 1446-1447chemical characteristics, 1449-1451drying, 1451-1452, 1453

methanol production, 1997pyrolysis, 1459-1462, 1492, 2282-2283

pathways, 2287-2290produet upgrading, 2300-2301

for synthesis gas production, 1979-1980world estimated production, 1446to6/e

Biomass conversion, 1445. See also specificConversion processes

biochemical processes, 1453-1458chemical processes, 1465—1466hydrogenation, 1462-1465natural processes, 1456-1458physical processes, 1452-1453thermal processes, 1458—1462

Biomass fuels, 11, 15-17, 1445-1493, 1518-1519

and carbon cycle, 535commercial applications, 1481-1486economics, 1477-1479energetics, 1479-1481energy potential, 1447-1449future prospects, 1492-1493global consumption, 1450tableheating values, 1450-1451highway taxes, 1229, 1230and indoor pollution, 197legislative impact, 1486-1487research focuses, 1487-1492resources, 1441tax incentives, 1238-1246, 1479U.S. consumption, 14A9table

Biomass gasification, mödeling, 892Biomass production, 1466-1477

climate and environmental factors in,1469-1472 % ''

land availability, 1472-1473land-based biomass, 1451, 1473-1475water availability, 1473water-based biomass, 1451, 1475-1477,

2428-2430Biophotolysis, 1455-1456Biopolymer muds, 1015 fBioprocessing, 1157Biosphere Reserves, 426Bi-Provincial Upgrader, 446Bismuth phosphate process, 2023Bitumen, 321-323, 433-452, 1371, 2276.

See also Natural asphalt; Tar sandsclassification, 433-438, 434tabledefined, 433exploration, 450production, 442-444recovery, 444—452

environmental impact, 450—452resources, 442

Bituminous A coal, 699Bituminous B coal, 699Bituminous C coal, 699Bituminous coals, 824

ash composition, 309for coke production, 720, 724-726defined, 699, 703, 706pyrolysis, 810, 811, 814

Bituminous rock, 323Blackbodies, 2603-2604Black Dog Unit 2, 751Black lignite, 699

C

2930 INDEX

Black Mesa coal field, 626Black Warrior Basin coalbed gas, 824, 832Blast furnaces, 718-719

anthracite for, 715coke for, 715, 719-720. See also Coke;

Coke makingBleed air control, aircraft air conditioning,

37Blended asphalt, 326Blender's tax credit, 1241Blowing agents, 1844-1845Blowing factor, 872Blue Angel criteria, 1939-1940Blue gas, 1505, 1974Blue Gern coal field, 618Bluegrasses, 1474Blue Ridge Mountains, 53Bodensee, 1934Bogata coal deposits, 606-607Bohemian Basin coal deposits, 633Boiler economizers, 1209Boilers. See also Coal combustion

for air conditioners, 34and air pollution, 97-98ash formation, 306—307. See also Ashcorrosion, 2776-2777deposits, 2777energy management in, 1216steam power plants, 1043for subbituminous coal, 748, 751water conditioning, 2776-2780

Boiling limit, heat pipes, 1672Boiling water nuclear reactors, 1045Boltzmann-Vlasov equations, 1028Bonded solid-film lubricants, 1918Bonneville Power Administration, 2797—

2798Bootstrap, in air cycle refrigerators, 2421-

2422Borehole gasification, 2744-2746Borosilicate glass, as form for radioactive

wastes, 2029-2030, 2076Botryococcus braunii, 1489-1490Bottoming cycles, 836Bottoms, 986Bottom-up emissions abatement cost mod-

eis, 514-516Boudouard reaction, 1516Boundary lubrication, 454, 1900-1901Bowen Basin coal field, 647-649Bowl mills, 748Bowron River coal field, 613Bradford breakers, 747Brake fluids, 1732Brake specific fuel consumption, 380Brake thermal efficiency, 374Brawley hot water field, 1590Brayton cycle, 227, 843, 844, 1045, 1578-

1579. See also Gas turbinesclosed, see Closed Brayton cycle

Brayton cycle solvent recovery Systems,1685

Brazilcoal resources, 604—605oil shale operations, 2143Proalcool program, 1534, 2707-2711solar electrification project, 2487tidal power prospects, 2663

vehicle air pollution in, diesel Standards,72

Breeder reactors, 2071Bright coals, 710Brines, in drilling fluids, 1015, 1016Briquetting, of lignite, 1874Britain, see United KingdomBritish Columbia coal deposits, 612-613British Gas/Lurgi slagging gasifier, 781,

788, 1515, 1878, 1978British thermal unit (Btu), 1144Broad Pass coal field, 626Broad Top coal field, 616, 617Brown clouds, 53Brown Coal Liquefaction Project, 1880Brown coals, 703, 704, 1864-1865. See also

LigniteBruce Foods El Paso solar pond project,

2512-2513Brunauer-Emmett-Taylor isotherm, 578Brundtland Commission Report, 1399, 1607Brunt-Vaisala frequency, 580BRUS model, 518Btu (unit), 1144Bubble cap plates, 998-999Bubble caps, 103Bubble'cäp trays, 1566Bubble chambers, 2337Bubbling fluidized-bed combustion, 749,

751-752, 753-754Building constraints, as technology assess-

ment issue, 928Building Energy Efficiency, 1066, 1067Building material emissions, as indoor pol-

lutant, 58Building Owners and Managers Association,

1193Buildings

energy consumption, 1133-1134energy-efficiency technologies, 1063

Building Systems, 464-478bioclimatic Charts, 466, 467energy balance, 466-468energy-efficient, 478HVAC Systems, 471-477. See also Air con-

ditioninglighting, 477-478occupant requirements, 464—466passive conditioning and lighting, 468-

471Building wires, 1830Buki Assam coal field, 661Bulk acid polymerization, 2281Bulk materials, maturity of production,

1153-1154Burners, heating oil, 1696-1697Busbars, 1049Buses. See also Urban buses

California 1991 bus Standards, 277emission Standards, 65-66, 67-68, 597-

598use of alcohol fuels, 269-277

1,3-Butadieneas toxic air pollutant, 93-94from vehicle air pollution, 62

Butamer process, 1851-1852Butanes, 2257

isomerization, 1850-1855

Butler-Volmer equation, 1414Butylene, 282

petrochemicals from, 2257Buzz-saw noise, 242Bypass start catalysts, 78By-product ovens, 715-717

chemicals recovery, 717-718coal preheating, 718coal stamping, 718

Byproduct power generation, 836

Cables, 1830Cable tool drilling, 2010Cadmium, toxicity to trees, 7, 8Cadmium selenide photovoltaic cells, 2490Cadmium telluride photovoltaic cells, 2490Cadomin-Luscar coal deposits, 615Cadoxen, 1466CAFE (corporate average fuel economy) Stan-

dards, 1134, 1135, 1173-1174Cahaba coal field, 618, 620Caking, and coal gasification, 777Calcium carbonate protective scale, 2784California

air pollution control measures, 64-65, 67,339, 356-357, 589clean fuels pilot program, .602diesel vehicles, 67-68

Energy Development Report (EDR), 907-935Technology Evaluation Matrix, 908-

926table, 934-935California Air Resources «Board, 65, 283California bus program, 272-274California Energy Commission, 267-268Callide Basiri coal field, 649Calorific values, 1697-1698Calorimetric radiation detection, 2337Calvin three-carbon cycle, 1468CAM biomass species, 1469 \Camshafts, automobile engines, 370Canada ')

coal resources, 611—615diesel vehicle emission Standards, 68lignite deposits, 1871 ,tidal power prospects, 2663-2666

Canadian Network for Sampling Precipita-tion, 1

Cancer risks, 2469-2470CAN-DEREM process, 2046Canister adsorption equipment, 108-109Can manufacturing, 1368Cannister filters, 137Canterbury coal region, 659Capability curves, 1043Capacitance, 1834Capacitors, for electric vehicles, 1712-1713,

1715Capacity losses, transmission lines, 1051Capacity-use dependence, 1159Cape Breton Island coal field, 615Capillary tube expansion devices, 2417Capital costs

of energy efficiency, 1147as barrier to adoption, 1160-1161

as technology assessment issue, 927Capital rationing, 1159-1160

INDEX 2931

Capped Sediment, 583Carbenium ions, 541Carbohydrates, 1445Carbon. See also Activated carbon

allocation by plants, 486-487and haze, 53in particulates, 49, 50

Carbonaceous rock, 710Carbon adsorption wastewater treatment,

2852-2853Carbonates

and carbon cycle, 493as mineral matter in fuels, 307in oil shale, 2129-2130

Carbon balance, 480, 481Carbon balance mödeling, 480-490

model components, 480-487simplifying, 487-488spatial scaling, 488-489testing, 487

Carbon black, 1839, 2258production from natural gas, 2022

Carbon bond chemical mechanism modeis,214-215

Carbon cycle, 491-503, 2802-2804description, 491-494and global climate, 492, 501-503hüman-induced changes, 494-497imbalance: unidentified sink, 497-501,

531-532Carbon dioxide, 293-294

ambient concentration, and biomass pro-duction, 1471-1472

in ancient atmosphere, 492and carbon cycle, 480, 491-494.

See also Carbon balance mödel-ing; Carbon cycle

forest storage, 531-536increasing atmospheric concentration,

493-494in coalbed gas, 828from coal combustion, 742control protocols, 64fixation in photosynthesis, 1467-1469fossil fuel emissions, 504-527

cost determinants, 521-526developing countries abatement studies,

513-514global abatement studies, 507-510long-run abatement costs, 526-527modeis, 514-521non-U.S. OECD abatement studies,

510-511short-run abatement costs, 526transitional economies abatement stud-

ies, 511-513U.S. abatement studies, 510

global health index for, 1619-1621as greenhouse gas, 54-56

emission estimate, 1596tablemitigation, 1598-1602

pinch technology approach to targeting,958

production from natural gas, 2020, 2022as renewable carbon source, 1445vehicle exhaust emissions, 62, 354

Carbon Dioxide Acceptor process, 1879Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, 64

Carbon disulfide, production from naturalgas, 2022

Carbonic acid, 2, 6Carbonization, 1507-1509. See also Coal

pyrolysis; Coke making; Pyrolysishigh temperature, 1508-1509, 1877,

1979low temperature, 1507-1508, 1876-1877,

1979Carbon monofluoride, in lithium batteries,

413Carbon monoxide, 47-48, 293-294. See also

Fischer-Tropsch synthesisfrom aircraft turbine emissions, 240and carbon cycle, 492from coal combustion, 742control technologies, 1365as criteria pollutant, 39by FCC, 548from fired heaters: control, 1124health effects, 183-185as indoor pollutant (from outside), 58—59,

196from municipal solid waste incineration,

2760Separation from synthesis gas, 778-779.

See also Synthesis gasvehicle emissions, 61, 63, 265-272

Carbon monoxide nonattainment areas, 589,597, 599

Carbon residue, 530-531Carbon taxes, 1246Carbon tetrachloride, as greenhouse gas,

55Carbon-zinc cells, 402-405

shelf life, 404, 409Carburetor choke valves, 74Carcinogenic Risk Assessment Guidelines

(EPA), 91-92Carcinogenicity tests, 2437, 2438-2441Carcinogens, 2438-2439Cargo trikes, 1705Carnot cycles, 2629-2630Carrier, Willis H., 18Carrier-carrier scattering, 1028Cars, see AutomobilesCascade Minirings, 1560 'Case-control studies, 2436Catalysis, and industrial energy efficiency,

1156, 1157Catalyst coolers, in FCC, 551, 552Catalyst fines, in FCC, 546, 547-548Catalysts, see specific catalytic processes

and catalystsCatalytic adsorbents, 111Catalytic Converters, 50, 74, 347-348, 372,

1331-1338bypass start catalysts, 78catalyst durability, 1336-1337catalyst type and function, 1334-1336diesel vehicles, 87-88, 374

sulfur content and, 83electrically heated, 77-78methanol vehicles, 1988new developments, 377poisons and inhibitors, 1337reactions in, 1331-1332, 1335rhodium loading, 77, 1333

Catalytic Cracking, 536-552, 1517-1518,2240-2242. See also Fluidized catalyticCracking

additives, 538, 543aircraft fuels, 249-250applications, 544—546catalysts for, 537, 541-544

new developments, 550-551description, 538-540

reaction pathways, 540-541environmental aspects, 547-550equipment for, 537-538

new developments, 551-552history of developments, 536-537,

537ta«eproducts, 546-547

Catalytic dewaxing, 984-986, 1903Catalytic incinerators, 114, 115-116, 1814Catalytic oxidation, 1352-1367

catalysts for, 1352-1353poisons and inhibitors, 1358-1361reactions, 1355-1356

Catalytic reforming, 554-566, 2244-2245catalysts for, 561environmental aspects, 565-566feed composition, 557-558future developments, 566history, 554-555process description, 555-557, 561-563products, 563-565reactions, 558-561

Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), 1024Cathodes, 397

MHD Systems, 1958;Cation depletionjpy acid rain

from forest foliage, 5-6from upper soil horizons, 6

Cationic niuds, 1015Caustic corrosion, 2776Caustic soda production, energy use, 1076Caustic washing, 567-572; 2248-2249

process descriptions, 567-572C3 biomass species, 1468, 1469C4 biomass species, 1469CB radios, field from, 1095CCC process, 728 fCCR Platforming process, 555, 561'C3 cycle, 1468C4 cycle, 1468-1469CEC-L-33-A-93L test, 1935Cellular drift eliminators, 967Cellular film fill, 966, 968Cellular phones, health effects, 1095, 1106Cellular plastics, as thermal insulation,

1841, 1842Cellulose, 1449-1450

enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis, 1466Celsius temperature scale, 2623Central air conditioners, 31-36Central America, coal resources, 607-611Central Appalachian coal field, 617-618Centralia-Chehalis coal field, 626Centrifuge dewaxing, 984Ceramic fiber coil traps, 87Ceramic monolith traps, 86-87Ceramics

automobile engines application, 378in catalytic Converters, 1333

2932 INDEX

Cerenti coal field, 661Cerrejcm basin coal deposits, 607CE Springfield Repowering Project, 790CETA model, 507, 518, 523Cetane, 572Cetane improvers, 84, 274-277, 572

addition to methanol, 1992Cetane number, 373, 382, 547, 572 •CFCs, see ChlorofluorocarbonsCFD modeis, 884-885, 885CG engine oil category, 1Chain branching, 871Chain reactions, 871Chain theory, 864Char, 739

in coal gasification, 775-776recycling, 790-791

from coal pyrolysis, 809, 810combustion

mödeling, 872property measurements, 904-906

ignition, 739-740Charcoal making, 713Charge, of batteries, 397Charged-droplet scrubbing, 136-137Charge integration ionization detectors,

2323-2324 ^Checklists, for hazard analysis, 1629-1630CHEMFET Chips, 1256Chemical control, of oil spills, 2154Chemical conversion coatings, 1919Chemical energy, 2625Chemical equilibrium calculations 1976 pro-

gram, 869Chemical fractionation, for ash determina-

tion, 313-314Chemical industry

energy management in, 1202-1203exhaust control in, 1367-1368

Chemical intelligence, 1248-1249Chemical ionization, 1260-1261Chemical manganese dioxide (CMD), 402-

403Chemical oxidation wastewater treatment,

2852Chemical percolation devolatilization model,

872Chemical radiation detection, 2336-2337Chemical reactions

for air pollutant removal, 111, 761-763.See also Incineration

in ash formation, 317-318catalytic oxidation, 1355-1356in catalytic reforming, 558-561in cat Cracking, 540-541in coal combustion, 1515-1516in coal gasification, 774-777, 1509-1510in coke making, 720in combustion, 869-873delayed coking, 850and environmental chemodynamics, 574

Chemical reactorsdesign for energy conservation, 1115-

1117heat pipe applications, 1675

Chemical regeneration, in magnetohydrody-namics, 1944-1945

Chemical Safety and Hazard InvestigationBoard, 590

Chemical sensors, 1247-1257advantages/disadvantages, 1249development, 1252-1257in environmental monitoring, 1252environmental remediation applications,

1250-1252Chemical sensor Systems, 1249Chemicals industry, energy efficiency, 1157Chemicals production, from biomass, 1465-

1466Chemiluminescence, for air pollution moni-

toring, 98Chemisorption, 106CHEMKIN model, 881Chemodynamics, environmental, see Envi-

ronmental chemodynamicsChemometrics, 1254-1256Chempak, 1560Chile

coal resources, 604diesel vehicle emission Standards, 72

Chiliers, 475-476for gas turbines, 1582

Chimney Corner-St. Rose coal field, 615China

carbon dioxide emission abatement stud-ies, 513

coal resources, 638-641wave power efforts, 2897

Chinon A2 nuclear reactor, 2042Chlorella, 1451, 1475Chloride cycle, 1770Chlorinated hydrocarbons, production from

natural gas, 2022Ghlorine

production: energy use, 1076role in ash formation, 315

Chlorine cycle, 2804-2805Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

banning of, 57as blowing agents, 1844in building HVAC units, 476-477control protocols, 64as greenhouse gases, 55

emission estimates, 1596taWemitigation, 1602, 1603

and ozone depletion, 56-57as refrigerants, 1066, 24Q3table, 2403-

2404alternatives to, 2404-2410"not in kind" replacements, 2409-2410

tax on, 595from vehicle air conditioners, 62, 354-

355Chlorophenyl methyl silicone fluids, 1732Chlorophyll, 1467Chlorosulfonated polyethylene, 1840Chlorotrifluoroethylene, as lubricant, 1914Christmas tree topology, 1963, 1964Chromatographie adsorption, 109Chromium, toxicity to trees, 7Chrysotile, 58Circuit breakers, 1031, 1049Circulating fluidized-bed combustion, 749,

750, 752-753

Circulating fluidized-bed reactors, 1375—1376

CITROX process, 2046CIVEC model, 879Clarification, 2770Clarified slurry oil, 546Class I air visibility areas, 52Classical least Squares, 1254Claude cycle, 2110Claude refrigerators, 971-973Claus process, 118, 790, 2018Clays, as. grease thickeners, 1914Clay treatment, 2250Clean Air Act, 42-43, 587-595. See also En-

vironmental Protection Agency (EPA)acid deposition control, 591air visibility requirements, 52and automobile emissions, 64-65, 339-

341, 355-356, 1326-1328and coke making, 728enforcement, 594hazardous (toxic) air pollutants, 50, 51to-

ble, 590and hydrocarbons, 1743incineration requirements, 1797Mobile Source Emission Standards, 339-

340, 340taWe, 589-590, 595-603New Source Performance Standards

(NSPS), 590-591nonattainment requirements, 588-589permits, 591, 594Prevention of Significant Deterioration

(PSD), 591reformulated gasoline» requirements, 549-

550, 2383-2392 \)stratospheric ozone protection, 594—595summary of Act and Amendments, 588to-

ble, 592-594taMeClean Air Act Amendments of 1990, 65, 66-

67, 587-603/2693-2696Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee,

163 ,;Clean Car Initiative, 2537Clean coal technology, 752, 765Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Pro-

gram, 732, 753, 765, 770, 784, 790. Seealso specific demonstration projeets/plants

Clean Coal Technology Pi»on Pine IGCCPower Plant Project, 785

Clean fuel vehicles, 589, 600-602Clean Water Act, 1743-1744Cleat Systems, in rock, 820Climate, and carbon cycle, 492, 501-503Climate change, see Global climate changeClimate Change Action Plan, 1186-1187Clinical effects, of air pollutants, 167-168Clinical studies, of pollutant health effects,

170Closed Brayton cycle, 455-464

applications, 456-463description, 455-456development, 455environmental concerns, 463

Closed-circuit voltage, 397Closed-cycle ocean thermal energy conver-

sion, 2105, 2112-2113

INDEX 2933

Closed-loop fuel Systems, for automobiles,74, 1338-1340

Cloth filtere, 137-140Cloud chambers, 2337Cloud cover, 488-489CMR rings, 1002Coal

analysis, 685, 687caustic treating, 567characteristics, 684-685classification, 434table, 696-711, 795-

796ASTM system, 697-702Australian system, 702-703early Systems, 696UN-ECE system, 704-711

composition and structure, 734-736,793table, 794-796elucidation by analytical pyrolysis, 815—

820defined, 684, 794devolatilization, 738-739economic potential of inorganic constit-

uents, 689elemental modes of occurrence, 689-690grade, 700, 704, 710-711, 722heterogeneity of, 815 ^history of use, 696lithotypes, 815methane emission from, 694, 695moisture, 706, 708-710petrographic composition, 704, 710, 722properties, 686

ASTM Standards for, 686toWerank, 697-702, 704, 706-710, 722, 815,

824tablesolubility studies, 795spontaneous combustion, 691—695transportation requirements, 694—695

Coalbed gas, 823-834, 2010, 2276characteristics of, 826-828coal rank, 829environmental concerns, 831—834

vs. coal mining/combustion, 834gas content determination, 829-830gas storage in, 828-829generation of, 824-826production, 830-831

water as obstacle to, 830-831resources, 823table, 823-824, 825

COAL-BUY model, 879Coal coking, see Charcoal making; Coke;

Coke makingCoal combustion, 731-766, 865-866, 1515-

1517. See also Combustion mödeling;Fossil fuel combustion

applications, 731-732ash composition/formation, 306, 308-310future of, 766history, 731ignition, 736-738

char, 739-740volatiles, 739

limestone addition, see Limestone in-jection

measurement techniques/instruments,904-906

in MHD Systems, 1954-1956

pollutants from, 740-744. See also specificpollutantsNO, control technologies, 758-763SO, control technologies, 763-765

precombustion coal cleaning, 764processes

classification, 732-733, 1515entrained beds, 746-749, 1517fixed beds, 744-746, 1516fluidized beds, 749-754, 1515-1516fuel cells, 755-758magnetohydrodynamic generators, 754-755

reactions, 1515-1516in situ sulfur capture, 764vs. gasification, 770

Coal derived liquid, 2296Coalescers, 251-252Coal-fired boilers, pollution control, 98Coal Fired Flow Facility, 755, 1969Coal-fired Utilities, closed Brayton cycle ap-

plications, 457-459Coal-fueled diesels, 1639Coal gasification, 769-787, 1505-1515

applications, 778-780coal type effects, 776-777, 1510for fuel cell fuel production, 1426history of, 769-770, 1505-1506hydrogen production by, 1767-1768in indirect coal liquefaction, 803-804lignite, 1877-1879pollution from, 777-778

control technologies, 787-791processes, 771-774, 780-787, 1510-1515.

See also specific commercial processesconventional, 771-773, 780-784developments in, 784-787"mild" processes, 770, 779, 785-786,

1508selection, 773-774slagging vs. nonslagging reactors, 776summary of features, 113tabletypical product compösitions, 174tableUnderground, see Underground coal gas-

ificationreactions in, 770-771, 774-777, 1506,

1509-1510for synthesis gas production, 1975-1978vs. combustion, 770

Coal hydrogenation, 797, 798, 1535-1540Coal-injection iron making, 729—730Coal liquefaction, 792-806

catalysts for, 797depolymerization, 796direct, 792, 796-799, 1535-1540

processes for, 799table, 799-803history of, 793-794indirect, 792, 803-804, 1522

processes for, 804-806Coal mining, 673-675

environmental impact, 688-689Coal-oil mixtures, 749Coal preheating, in by-product ovens, 718Coal preparation, 675-681

coarse coal, 675-678fine coal, 679-680

drying, 681medium coal, 678-679

Coal pyrolysis, 720, 797, 808-821, 2282for coal composition elucidation, 815-820kinetics, 812-815lignite, 1876-1877for liquid fuel production, 1540-1542pathways, 2283-2287product upgrading, 2299-2300volatiles generation, 809-812

Coal quality, 684and end use, 686-689

Coal quality advisor, 879Coal quality engineering analysis model,

879Coal quality expert, 879Coal quality impact model, 879-880Coal reserves, 603-604Coal resources, 603—673. See also countless

specific coal fieldsAsia, 635-641Australia, 641-656Central America, 607-611Eastern Europe, 633-635Europe, 626-633India, 666-671Indonesia, 659-666lignite, 1868-1871New Zealand, 656-659North America, 611-626; 1439-1441South Africa, 671-673South America, 604-607(former) Soviet Union, 633-635world coal flow: export-import, 610tableworld estimated reserves, 606-607tableworld production and consumption, 608-

609table HCoal slurry pipelines, 2280Coal slurry technology, 748-749, 1639-

1648Coalspur coal field, 615Coal stamping, in by-product ovens, 718Coaltek process, 718Coal wastes, environmental impact, 688—

689Coal-water slurries, 749, 1639, 1640-1641

diesel applications, 1645-1648gas-turbine applications, 1642-1645vendors, 1640table

Coarse coal preparation, 675-678Coarse-particulate-mass (CPM), 49Coase theorem, 1294Coastal Bermuda grass, 1474Coated wires, 1838Coatings, 1741-1742Coatings industries, 1368-1369Coaxial cables, 1830Cobalt, toxicity to trees, 7, 8Cobscook Bay, 2667COED process, 1541Coefficient of friction, 1899Coefficient of Performance, 970

heat pumps, 1677-1679HVAC, 27

Cogan Station coal field, 617Cogeneration, 1077, 1137

bottoming cycles, 836defined, 836-837direct coal-fueled, 1646fuel chargeable to power, 837, 838

2934 INDEX

gas turbine cycles, 836, 842-849phosphoric acid fuel cell application, 1428steam turbine cycles, 836-842, 1206thermally optimized, 837topping cycles, 836

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy,1289-1290

Coherent scattering spectroscopy, 1288-1290

Cohort studies, 2436Coil coating, 1368-1369Coke

in catalytic reforming, 556coal quality and, 687combustion mödeling, 872from FCC, 546microstructures, 721shape, 720

Coke making, 712-730, 725-726, 797-798,1507-1509, 2256, See also specific coke-making processes

alternative processes, 728-730capacity, 727coking coal properties, 722-724coking coal quality, 724-726

tests for, 725-726delayed, see Delayed cokingenvironmental aspects, 727-728from heavy oils, 1700history of, 712-718liquid fuel production from, 1542-1543reactions, 720for synthesis gas production, 1978-1979theories of, 720-722

Coke-oven emissions, emission Standards,51

Coke-oven gas, 1505-1506, 1974Coking, see Coke makingCold composite curves, 937Cold fusion, 859-863, 1557

experimental protocol and apparatus forstudying, 861-863

reaction products, 860-861theory, 859-860

Cold Lake bitumen deposits, 449—450Cold lime softening, 2772-2773Cold press method, 983Cold temperature CO emission Standards,

596-597Collecting plates, electrostatic precipitators,

131Collectors, 679Collie Basin coal deposits, 654-656Collins heat exchangers, 976Collins helium liquefiers, 980Columbia, coal resources, 605, 607, 609Columbia River basin water quality, 2810-

2812, 2818Column flotation, 679-680Combined autothermal reforming, 1381Combined cycle power plants, 1045Combined cycles, 1206-1207, 1579-1580.

See also MagnetohydrodynamicsCombustion, 112. See also Coal combustion;

, Incinerationash formation, 306, 314-319of biomass, 1458-1459, 1482, 1490instabilities, 1897

lignite, 1874-1876liquid fuel spray, 1893-1898measurement techniques/instruments,

897-907peat, 2213-2214prevaporized premixed, 1896products as indoor pollutants, 196-197stratified, 1896waste derived fuels, 1500-1504

Combustion air preheat, 1209, 1210, 1692-1694

Combustion and Flame, 865Combustion mödeling, 863-894. See also

Coal combustionclassification, 865tablecomprehensive modeis, 881-884entrained-flow modeis, 884-887fixed-bed modeis, 892-893fluidized-bed modeis, 887-892history, 863-864limited modeis, 879-881liquid spray flames, 1898model evaluation, 877-879overview of processes, 865-868purposes, 864—865reactions, 869-873solution methods, 874-877

assumptions and approximations, 874—875asymptotic methods, 875-876dimensional analysis, 875numerical methods, 876-877

thermodynamic laws, 868-869Combustion promoters, for FCC, 538, 543,

548Combustion reaction and equilibrium and ki-

netics program, 869Combustion Science and Technology, 865Combustion wave mödeling, 863—864Combustors

aircraft engines, 240-242MHD Systems, 1954-1956

Comfort (thermal comfort), see Thermalcomfort

Commercial boilers, 97Commercial energy technology availability/

Status (California EDR),-907-935Technology Evaluation Matrix, 908-

926tableCommercial sector

building energy consumption (U.S.),1133-1134

electrical energy efficiency savings/technol-ogies, 1068-1073

Common Market, see EuropeCommon mode failures, 1637Common secondary mains, 1035Community health studies, 2437Commuter solar-electric vehicles, 2486-

2487Commuting, by bicycle, 1704-1705Comox coal field, 612Compact heat exchangers, 1651Competitive costs of energy technology, as

assessment criteria, 914—915Complete-immersion thermometers, 2606Complete mixing activated sludge (CMAS)

process, 10

Complex model, reformulated gasoline,2388-2392, 2397-2399

Component Development and Integration Fa-cility, 755, 1959, 1967-1968, 1969

Composite curves, 936-939Composition balance index, 724Composting, 2349Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act of1980, 1244, 1744

Compressed air Systems, energy manage-ment in, 1214

Compressed natural gas, taxes, 1230, 1239Compression, 1126Compression-ignition engines, see Diesel en-

ginesCompression ratio, 381Compressors

for air conditioners, 34design for energy conservation, 1126energy management in, 1215for refrigeration, 2415-2416

Computational fluid dynamics, 864, 897Computer-aided design

in distillation, 996electric power distribution Systems, 1035energy efficient Systems, 935-960. See

also Pinch technologyComputer-controlled scanning electron mi-

croscopy, 873Computers, energy-efficient technologies,

1072-1073Concentration, of electromagnetic fields,

1095-1096Concentration measurement, in combustion,

899-900Concentration polarization, 400-401Conclusions (California EDR), 907Concrete, fly ash in, 319Condensate polishing, 2774;

Cqndensate return Systems, ^1213Condensate Systems

design for energy conservation, 1127-1128

water conditioning, 2780-2781Condensation, in ash formation, 317Condensation air pollution control, 110-111Condensers, 110-111

for refrigeration, 2416-2417Conducting bar walls, 1959Conductors, transmission lines, 1049

losses, 1051Conductor shields, 1832, 1839Coniferous forests, 1388, 1474

acid rain attack, 5Conradson carbon ratio, 540Consequence mödeling, in hazard analysis,

1635Conservation organizations, 1309-1325Conservation supply curves, 1150-1151,

1158Conservation tillage, 14-15Constrained-layer damping treatments,

1828Construction aggregates, recycling, 2350Construction respiration, 483, 484Containment, of oil spills, 2154Contingent valuation, 1300

INDEX 2935

Continuous catalyst regeneration reforming,557

Continuous distillation, 986, 991Continuous emission monitoring Systems,

1365Continuous flow fast atom bombardment

analysis, 1265-1266Continuum regression, 1254, 1255Contouring float wave power

inertial reaction point, 2875-2876seafloor reaction point, 2876-2877

Contour mining, 673Control areas, transmission lines, 1054Controlled retracting injection point (CRIP)

system, 2746-2747Convection recuperators, 1666-1667Conventional extensive silviculture, 1473Conventional intensive silviculture, 1473Convention on Long Range Transboundary

Air Pollution, 64Converters, see Catalytic ConvertersCooking

energy-efficiency technology/savings, resi-dential sector,

1066-1067energy-efficient technologies, commercial

sector, 1072Cook Inlet, 2667 ^Cook Inlet-Susitna coal fields, 626Cooling. See also Air conditioning

evaporative, 471Cooling degree day method, 29Cooling load, 19-20, 26-27Cooling load temperature difference/cooling

load factor method, 26Cooling towers, 960-969

for air conditioners, 34design, 961-964inspection, 968technology and equipment, 964-968

Cooling water Systemscorrosion, 2784-2786deposits, 2786-2788design for energy conservation, 1128energy management in, 1214water conditioning for, 2781-2782

Cool Water plant, 782-783Cooper Basin coal field, 649Coosa coal field, 618-619, 620Copper, toxicity to trees, 7, 8Copper corrosion inhibitors, 2786Copper indium diselenide photovoltaic cells,

2490, 2491 v

Cordierite, 1333 ~Core, aircraft engines, 226-228Core drilling, 2011Core losses, transmission lines, 1051Com

for biomass, 15ethanol production from, 1480-1481,

1485Corona formation, electrostatic precipita-

tors, 132Corona resistance, 1835Corporate average fuel economy (CAFE)

Standards, 1134, 1135, 1173-1174Correlation spectrometers, 1275Correlative combustion modeis, 879-880

Corrosion, 2782-2784aircraft fuels, 254, 256-257boilers, 2776-2777coal quality and, 688cooling Systems, 2784-2786

Corrosion cells, 2781Corrosion inhibitors, 1907, 1932-1933,

2785-2786aircraft fuels, 251, 258

Corrugated Container recycling, 2345-2346COSORB process, 778Costa Rica coal deposits, 610-611Cost-effectiveness analysis, of environmen-

tal economics, 1296-1297Cost estimation, in environmental econom-

ics, 1299Cost of conserved energy, 1150Costs, see specific materials and techno-

logiesCottbus Basin coal deposits, 631Council of American Building Officials,

1193Counterflow distillation plates, 999Courant stability condition, 1028Cowper stoves, 1665Crack method, of estimating infiltration, 23Crankcase emissions, 344, 1341Crankshafts, automobile engines, 370

friction losses in, 387-388Crassulacean acid metabolism, 1469Cresol, 798Crevice corrosion, 2783Criteria pollutants, 39, 96, 97table

sampling methods for, 98, 99tableCritical Mass Energy Project, 2054Crocidolite, 58Crossflow distillation plates, 997-999Crosstalk, 1835Croweburg coal bed, 620Crowsnest coal field, 613CRTM model, 518, 523Crude oil, see also Petroleum

alteration to asphalt, 437-438, 439classification, 434taWe

Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act of 1978,1162, 1231

Crumlin coal deposit, 629 'Crushers, 747Cryogenic bearing lubrication, 1921-1922Cryogenic heat exchangers, 975-978Cryogenic refrigeration Systems, 970-975

comparison, 976tablecosts, 978-979

Cryogenics, 969-980applications, 979-980future developments, 980thermodynamics, 969-970

Cryogenic surgery, 980Cryolite, 291-293Crystalline Silicon, 2488-2489Crystallization, design for energy conserva-

tion, 1120CTC process, 728Cupola, 726Current mode ionization detectors, 2322-

2323Current transformers, 1049Cut-off ratio, 382

Cyanuric acid injection, 88, 123Cyclic catalytic reforming, 556Cyclic hydrocarbons, 1740, 2258Cycling clutch (automotive) air conditioning

Systems, 36Cyclohexane, 2258Cyclone furnaces, 1955Cyclones, 125-130

for coal preparation, 678-679design, 128-129efficiency, 127-128Operation, 129-130

Cyclonic spray towers, 103, 104Cycloparaffins, 1742Cylinder torque control, 76Cylindrical alkaline batteries, 405-407Czech Republic

coal resources, 633lignite deposits, 1871

DAM-ATOLL device, 2863-2864Dams, 1790

environmental impact, 296Darby, Abraham, 718Data communication wires, 1829-1830Davison index, 543Dearation, of water, 2785 •Deasphalted oil, 321Deasphaltened oil, 321, 437Debbert-Kemptown coal field, 615Decibel, 1822Deciduous trees, 1474

acid rain attack, 5 ;Decoking, in delayed coking, 854, 855-856,

857,-858Decommissioning, of nuclear power plants,

see Nüclear powerplant decommissioning

DECON approach, 2033, 2050, 2051Decontamination, of nuclear plants, 2045Decontamination factor, 2045Deep bed adsorption trains, 108 ;Deep source natural gas, 2101Defect scattering, 1028Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, 123 lfDeforestation, 425, 1394, 1608, 1614, 1621

reversing, 1394-1395Degenerate four-wave mixing, 1290Degree day method

cooling, 29heating, 27-29

Deisohexanizer columns, 1852-1853Delayed coking, 850-859, 2243

design considerations, 854-857environmental aspects, 858feeds for, 850-851future developments, 859from heavy oils, 1700-1701process, 851-854, 858-859products, 851reactions in, 850safety considerations, 857-858

DELBUOY, 2873-2874, 2882, 2903Demand-side management programs, 1079-

1088, 1134, 1193Dematerialization, 1153-1154Demineralization, of water, 2774, 2775

2936 INDEX

Demonstration programs, 1163. See alsocountless specific Demonstration pro-grams

Demulsifiers, 1933Denmark, wave power efforts, 2897Dense-medium cyclones, 678Dense-medium washing, 678Denver Basin coal field, 623Department of Energy Organization Act,

1219Deployment issues, in technology assess-

ment, 923-929Depolymerization, 2370-2372

in coal liquefaction, 796Deposit control additives, 2686-2687Derivative spectroscopy, 1277Desalting, 2237Descriptive epidemiology, 2435Desertification, 1613-1614, 1621Desorption, 107-108Destructive distillation, see PyrolysisDetailed Technology Evaluations (California

EDR), 907Detection limit, chemical sensors, 1249Detergent additives, 1908, 1929-1930Detergent fuel additives, 85, 2686Deterministic air quality modeis, 209, 210—

213 *Detonation waves, 864. See also Combustion

mödelingDeuterium, 1753Deuterium—tritium fusion, 1550—1551Developing countries

automobile air pollution, 61, 63Standards, 65

carbon dioxide emission abatement stud-ies, 513-514

Devolatilization, 738-739, 775, 1510in combustion: modeling of, 871-872

Dewatering, petroleum refining, 2237Dewaxing, of petroleum, 983-986, 1903DGEM model, 517Diatomaceous earth, as adsorbent, 106DICE model, 507Dideutrinos, 860-861Dielectric constant, 1834Dielectric strength, 1832-1833Diesel engines, 373-374, 1849. See also Au-

tomobile engines applications, 377coal-fueled, 1639, 1645-1648direct vs. indirect injection, 85, 383efficiency, 376, 381-383

improvements to, 390-393fuel economy, 377

vs. diesel engines, 390-391heterogeneous combustion process, 79methanol fueled, 1991-1996spark-assisted, 1993-1994supercharging, 394turbocharging, 373, 394vs. spark-ignition, 374

Diesel fuelshighway taxes,-1229production from coal liquefaction, 806quality and vehicle emissions, 83-85requirements for, in automobile engines,

373sulfur content, 83-84

CAA Standards, 66, 600 '

Dieselhol, 1229Diesel index, 572Diesel locomotives, coal-fueled, 1646Diesel particulates, 61-62

emission Standards, 66formation, 80as toxic air pollutant, 94-95

Diesel vehiclesalternative fuels, 88-90emission control technologies, 85—88emissions Standards

Asia Pacific region, 70-72Canada, 68Europe, 68-70Latin America, 72United States, 65-68

exhaust filters for, 377-378pollutant formation processes, 79-85

engine variables, 81-83fuel variables, 83-85

Differential absorption lidar, 1279, 1280Diffusion charging, electrostatic precipita-

tors, 133Diffusiophoresis, 146-147Digitaria decumbens, 1475Dihydrinos, 860, 861Dilution methods, for odor control, 147-148Dilution refrigerators, 975Dimensional analysis, in combustion model-

ing, 875Dioxins, 2451

ms analysis, 1260, 1267-1268from municipal solid waste incineration,

2760from waste-derived fuels combustion, 1504

Dioxygen reduction, in fuel cells, 1416-1417 -Direct absorption solar receivers, 2524—2525Direct coal liquefaction, 792, 796-803,

1535-1540Direct current transmission, 1047, 1050-

1051Direct energy conversion, 1408Direct-fired coal heat engines, 1639-1649

concerns, 1641-1642fuels, 1640-1641

Direct-flame incinerators, 114-115, 1814-1815

Direct-injection diesel engines, 85, 383thermodynamic efficiency, 391-392

Direct-injection stratified charge engines,390

Direct-injection two-stroke engines, 78, 395Directional drilling, 2011Directional wells, 1011Direct numerical Simulation, 867Direct reduction iron making process, 729-

730Discharge, of batteries, 397Discharge electrodes, electrostatic precipita-

tors, 131, 132Discharge lamps, 477Disconnect Switches, 1049Discounting, and environmental economics,

1301Discount rate, and energy efficient technol-

<• ogy adoption, 1160Discrete frequency noise, 242Dishwashers, 1067Disiloxane, 1735

Disk thermistors, 2601Dismantlement, of nuclear plants, 2045-

2046Dispersant additives, 1908, 1930-1931Displacement Ventilation, 472-473Disruptions, of energy supplies, 1146-1147Dissolved oxygen, 1789Distillate fuel oils, 2234-2235Distillation, 986-1008, 2237, 2240

aircraft fuels, 250design for energy conservation, 111—1119energy .management in, 1216as major energy consumer, 986McCabe-Thiele method, 992-993multicomponent calculations, 995—996multiple equilibrium staging, 992-996multiple products, 996processes, 986, 990-997as Separation method, 1006-1007vapor-liquid equilibria, 987-990, 1006-

1007Distillation columns, 986-987, 997-1006

column comparison, 1005-1006costs, 1008energy management in, 1216packed columns, 1001-1005pinch technology approach to placement,

951plate columns, 997-1001

plate efficiencies, 1000-1001Distribution, aircraft fuels, 251-252Distribution wires, 1831Distributors, packed towers, 1564-1565District heating, 1010, 1071Divisia analysis, 1148-ll'49DKS process, 728 VDMT-Integrated Gross Oil Refining Process

(IGOR),.802-803Dnyepr Basin coal deposits, 634-635Dobson technique, 2167 „DOE-2 model, 1199 \DOE-3 model, 1199Dolomite injection K

in coal combustion, 744, 1517in coal gasification, 790

Donetz Basin coal deposits, 634 f

Doppler-free multiphoton absorption, 1285Doppier lidar, 1281Dortmund Data Base, 989Dose equivalent, radiation, 2309-2310Dose-response assessment, 2433, 2447-2451Dose-response estimation, 2449Dose-response extrapolation, 2449-2451Double alkali process, 1947Double-automatic extraction condensing

steam turbines, 839Double-automatic extraction noncondensing

steam turbines, 839, 841Double-pipe heat exchangers, 1655—1656Double-wall construction, for sound isola-

tion, 1824-1825Douglas coal field, 628Dow entrained-flow gasifler, 783Dow Fire and Explosion Index, 1630Downcomers

absorption towers, 1566-1567flooding in distillation columns, 999

Dowtherm A, 1215Drag coefficient, 2542

INDEX 2937

Drift eliminators, cooling towers, 966-968Drift mines, 674Drilling, 1010-1012, 2227-2228

natural gas, 2010-2011Drilling fluids/muds, 1010-1018

additives for, 1014-1015classification, 1014composition, 1013-1017environmental concerns, 1017-1018future developments, 1018historical perspective, 1010-1011physical/chemical properties, 1013recycling, 1017-1018role of, 1011-1012

DRI model, 517Driveability index, 2679Drop-off recycling centers, 2355-2356Drum boilers, 748, 751Dry-adiabatic lapse rate, 41Dry-ash furnaces, 747-748Dry-bulb temperatures, 20-21, 22Dry cells, 398Dryden's equation, 797Dry deposition, 213-214Dryers, design for energy conservation, 1125Dry flue gas desulfurization processes, 117ta-

ble, 118Dry forests, 1388 ''Drying

of biomass, 1451-1452, 1453energy management in, 1216-1217

Dry shredders, 1452Dry sliding, 1899-1900Dualayer distillate process, 569, 570Dualayer gasoline process, 569Dual-duct air conditioning Systems, 473Dualflow trays, 999Dual-fuel pilot diesel fuel ignition, 1993Dual overhead cam engines, 385Dual oxygen sensors, 76 tDucts, for air conditioners, 35-36Duct silencers, 1821-1822Dull coals, 710Dunkard Basin coal field, 616Durability, asphalt, 331-332Durham coal field, 629Dust filters, 137-140Dusting muds, 1017Dynamic collectors, 130Dynamic dilution methods, for odor control,

148Dynamic modeis, 1250

Eagle Pass coal field, 620Earth, energy balance of, 1144-1145Earth Summit, 1607-1608East Asia, coal resources, 635-641Eastern Europe

carbon dioxide emission abatement stud-ies, 511

coal resources, 633—635Eastern Interior (U.S.) coal fields, 620Eastern Wilderness Act of 1975, 1403East Kootenay-Crowsnest Pass coal field,

613Eastland-Clifty/Smartt Mountain/Tracey

City coal field, 618East Lothian coal field, 627-628

East Mesa geothermal field, 1590Ecolabeling, 1939-1940Ecological risk assessment, 2452-2453Economic dispatch, 1051Economic growth, and environmental

change, 1610-1611Economics, environmental, see Environmen-

tal economicsEconomizers, 1667-1668

in air conditioning Systems, 474Economy of configuration, 1403Ecosystem diversity, 424Ecosystem management, 429Eddy currents, 1096Eddy diffusivity, 866Edinburgh Duck, 2878EDR, see Energy Development ReportEfficiency, 2633-2634

energy, see Energy efficiencyEFOM model, 518Eicher screens, 1788Ejector refrigeration, 2422-2423Ekibastuz Basin coal deposits, 635EKMA model, 2181Ekman effect, 2124Elastohydrodynamic lubrication, 1901-1902Elastomers, 1742Elaterite, 434Elbistan Basin coal deposits, 633El Chicon, 2165, 2171Electrical conductivity

insulation, 1833-1834selected materials, 1024 table

Electrical energy, 2625Electrical energy efficiency, 1059-1078

commercial sector, 1068-1073, lOTOtableobstacles to, 1073

industrial sector, 1073-1077, 1075tableobstacles to, 1077-1078

Potential savings, 1059-1062residential customers, 1062-1067,

1063tableobstacles to, 1067-1068

utility programs, 1079-1088Electrical heating, 1020-1028

applications, 1021ta6Zedefined, 1020intentional heating, 1023-1026theory, 1020-1022unintentional heating, 1026-1028

Electrically-augmented particle collection,136-137

Electrically-heated catalytic Converters, 77-78, 1343, 1344

Electrical Systems, energy management in,1213-1214

Electrical trees, 1835Electric arc furnaces, 1077Electric batteries, see BatteriesElectric blankets, 1024Electric heat pumps, see Heat pumpsElectric insulation, 1829-1840

electrical and water treeing, 1835-1836materials, 1836-1840properties, 1832-1835types, 1829-1832

Electricity, see Electric power SystemsElectric motors, 1213

energy-efficient, 1075

Electric power distribution, 1028-1039,1048

automation, 1037-1039Computer applications, 1035primary distribution, 1030-1033secondary distribution, 1033-1035system reliability, 1035

Electric power distribution substations,1030

Electric power generation, 1039-1047, 1048.See also specific power generation tech-nologies

cogeneration, see Cogenerationcommercial technology availability assess-

ment (California EDR), 930-932electromechanical energy conversion,

1039-1040geothermal, 1588synchronous generators, 1040-1043

Performance, 1042-1043real vs. reactive power, 1042

Electric power lines, see Electric powertransmission lines

Electric power plants, see Electric power Sys-tems; Electric Utilities

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI),2086, 2483

PV concentration project,- 2490-2491Electric power Systems, 1029, 1048

energy consumption (U.S.), 1140history, 1048 -supply and disposition, 1439ta6fesynchronous Operation, 1052—1053

Electric power transmission, 1047, 1048-1058 yg i\

economic dispatch, 1051environmental aspects, 1058flow division, 1053-1054health issues, 1058interconnection and pooling, 1052-1053losses, 1051 '«pricing, 1058reserves, 1055-1056siting, 1058system capacity, 1053system components, 1048-1050 tSystem Operation, 1056system planning, 1056-1057system reliability, 1054-1056transmission access, 1057-1058wheeling, 1058

Electric power transmission lines, 1048-1049

fields from, 1093-1095, 1097-1098, 1103unintentional heating in, 1026-1027

Electric power transmission substations.1049

Electric Power Wheeling and Dealing Re-port, 1058

Electric submersible oil well pump cables,1831

Electric Utilitiesbiomass use, 1483-1484energy efficiency programs, 1079-1088influencing customer behavior, 1081-

1082phosphoric acid fuel cells in, 1429-1431photovoltaic projects, 2483-2484pooling, 1052

2938 INDEX

thermal pollution, 2607-2619transmission access, 1057-1058

Electric vehicles, 78, 1174, 1709, 2699,2704-2705

batteries for, 421hybrid, see Hybrid-electric vehiclesvs. natural gas vehicles, 2706

Electrification, 1076-1077, 1152, 2705-2706locomotives, 2342

Electrochemical couples, 397Electrochemical efficiency, batteries, 399Electrochemical energy conversion, 1410-

1411Electrochemical trees, 1836Electrochemical vapor deposition, 1432Electrochemical water Splitting, 1768-1769Electrochemistry, of batteries, 398-401Electrodes

battery, 397MHD Systems, 1957-1958

Electrode walls, MHD Systems, 1957-1958Electrodialysis, 2776Electrodialysis reversal, 2776Electrodynamic balances, 904-905Electrodynamics, 1090Electrodynamic thermogravimetric ana-

lyzers, 905Electrolysis. See also Cold fusion *

energy-efficient technologies, 1076Electrolytes, 397Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), 402-

403Electromagnetic fields, 1089, 1090-1092

concentration, 1095-1096from electrical devices, 1092-1093health effects, 1100-1109personal measurement, 1098-1099from power lines, 1093-1095, 1097-1098,

1103shielding, 1096-1098Standards, 1098

Electromechanical energy conversion, 1039-1040

Electron beam welding, 1021, 1026Electron capture mass spectrometry, 1267Electronic emission control, 348, 351Electronic spark timing, 385-386Electrophoresis, 147Electroquasistatics, 1090Electro-reforming, 1764Electrostatic ionization detectors, 2323-

2324Electrostatic precipitation, 130-136, 190,

1813-1814and coal quality, 688efficiency, 134gas absorption capabilities, 104power supplies for, 135principles of, 132-134single-stage, 131-135two-stage, 135-136wet, 135

Elemental carbonand haze, 53in particulates, 49, 50

Elk River nuclear reactor, 2041Elk Valley coal field, 613Eiskling, 2875

EMD diesel engines, 2340Emergency rating, transmission lines, 1054EMFs, see Electromagnetic fieldsEmission allowances, 591Emissions abatement

cost, 504-507cost determinants, 521—526cost modeis, 514-521

Emission Shield, 1839Emission Standards, see Automobile emis-

sion StandardsEmitted radiation measurement, 2603-2604Empirical-statistical air quality modeis,

208-210Emulsifiers, 1933Emulsion flow, 999Emulsions, of asphalt, 326-327Encapsulation, of radioactive wastes, 2029-

2030, 2075-2076ENCOAL project, 785, 786Endangered species, 430Endangered Species Act of 1973, 1401End use energy, 1150End-use technologies, commercial availabil-

ity assessment (California EDR), 932-934

Energy, 1115, 1141-1143agriculture and, see Agriculture and

energyconsumption by sector, \2tabledisruptions and national security, 1146-

1147societal concerns with use, 1146-1148units, 1144

Energy 2000, 518Energy accounting, 1217Energy Activity and Its Impact upon the

Economy, 1222Energy and Fuels, 865Energy Audit and Diagnostic Center, 1176Energy auditing, 1217

performing, 1112-1114recommended practices, 1111-1112

Energy balances, 1115Energy conservation, 1115-1130

economics, 1197-1200Energy consumption (U.S.), 1131-1141,

1438-1442by fuel types, 1137-1140, 1438-1442future of, 1140by sector, 1133-1137total energy flow, 1139uncertainties, 1140-1141

Energy consumption (world), 1442-1443,1443 toWe

Energy content, 2624, 2625-2626Energy conversion, see also Fuel cells

biological direct conversion, 1411direct, 1408electrochemical, 1410-1411thermodynamics of, 1408-1410

Energy Development Report (EDR), 907-935

Technology Evaluation Matrix, 908-926ta-ble, 934-935

Energy dissipation, 1143Energy efficiency, 1141-1176

analysis, 1148-1149

calculations, 1179-1185and climate change mitigation, 1599-

1601, 1603commercial energy System, 1145-1146conservation supply curves, 1150-1151cost of conserved energy, 1150costs and accounting issues, 1149—1150,

1184-1185defined, 1143-1144, 1183-1184econometric analysis, 1159-1160electrical Systems, see Electrical energy ef-

ficiencyindustrial sector, 1151—1163

policy analysis, 1160-1163job creation, 1201and labor efficiency, 1200thermodynamic potential for, 1151transportation sector, 1163-1175

policy analysis, 1172-1175Energy efficiency investments, 1158-1159Energy efficiency ratio (EER), 27, 1064Energy Efficient Building Association, 1193Energy efficient Systems, Computer design,

935-960Energy Information Administration, 2266Energy intensity, 1137Energy losses

in automobile engines, 384transmission lines, 1051

Energy managementComputer applications, 1199events, 1185-1187future of, 1200-1201history, 1185levels of, 1187-1194 ;\principles of, 1185-1201in processes, 1202-1217

Energy management control Systems, 1187,1194-1200.

Energy management Systems, 1129Energy Mödeling Forum, 514, 518Energy performance-based tax credits, 1162Energy policy, 1218-1228. See also National

Energy Policy Plansbefore 1977, 1219-1220challenges, 1226 (

importance of, 1226-1227need for, 1227-1228political administrations and, 1224-1225

Energy Policy Act of 1992, 1057, 1162, 1186,1189-1191, 1193, 1218-1219

Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975,1163

Energy pricesand emissions abatement cost, 520and environment change, 1616-1617price elasticities, 1159

Energy resources, 1146. See also specific Re-sources

Energy Resources Committee, 1219Energy Resources Council, 1219Energy Score Home Energy Rating Service,

1081-1082Energy Security: a Report to The President

ofthe United States, 1221-1222, 1225Energy Service companies, 1082Energy Star-EPA Pollution Preventer logo,

1072, 1863

INDEX 2939

Energy Tax Act of 1978, 1162, 1231Energy taxes, 1161-1162, see TaxesEnergy technology assessment, California

EDR, 907-935assessment criteria, 908-915deployment issues, 923-929R & D goals, 916-923Technology Evaluation Matrix, 908-926ta-

ble, 934-935Energy Technology Choices: Shaping Our

Future, 1061Energy Technology Status Report (Califor-

nia EDR), 907-935Energy Use and the U.S. Economy, 1073Enforcement, Clean Air Act, 594Engineering Weather Data Book, 962Engine exhaust emissions, 347-349Engine oil service categories, API, 1, 1904,

2477Engines, see specific EnginesEngland, see United KingdomEngle-Precht process, 1947Enhanced heat transfer reforming process,

1764Enhanced oil recovery, 2230-2232Enrichment, of natural gas, 2016-2017Ensemble averaging, 866Enthalpy, 2625 "" ^ENTOMB approach, 2033, 2050, 2051Entrained-bed coal combustion, 746-749,

1517mödeling, 884-887

Entrained-bed coal gasification, 771-773,781-783, 784-785, 1511

Entrainers, 1007Entrainment flooding, distillation columns,

999Entrainment limit, heat pipes, 1672Entropy, 2626Envelope audits, 1111Envirochem mist eliminator, 142Environmental analysis

chemical sensors, 1247-1257mass spectrometric methods, 1258-1268optical spectroscopy methods, 1268-1291

Environmental chemodynamics, 573-586atmospheric transport applications, 578-

580interface processes, 575-578soil contamination applications, 583-585transport phenomena, 573-575water transport applications, 580—583

Environmental economics, 1292-1308analytical approaches, 1295-1301current policy, 1303-1305theory, 1292-1295trade-offs, 1301-1303

Environmental electromagnetic fields, 1089—1099

Environmental impactaircraft turbine emissions, 238aluminum production, 291, 293-295, 296-

297, 301 'ash, 319batteries, 397biodegradeable lubricants, 1936-1937biomass production, 1469-1472bitumen recovery, 450—452

catalytic cracking, 547-550catalytic reforming, 565-566closed Brayton cycle, 463coalbed gas, 831-834coal mining, 688-689coke making, 727-728dams, 296delayed coking, 858drilling fluids/muds, 1017-1018electric power transmission, 1058geothermal energy, 1585-1586heavy oil conversion, 1702-1704hybrid-electric vehicles, 1709-1710, 1719hydrogen, 1773-1774hydroprocessing, 1749locomotives, 2341-2342lubricants, 1924-1926magnetohydrodynamics, 1945—1948methanol, 1998-2001ocean thermal energy conversion, 2107-

2109oil shale, 2141oil spills, 2150-2153photovoltaic cells, 2491-2492polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2195-

2196pyrolysis, 2301-2303tidal power, 2668-2671wave power, 2891-2896

Environmental impact analysis, 1295-1296Environmental Impact Statements, 1295-

1296Environmentally responsive Workstations,

1187, 1197, 1199Environmental monitoring, chemical sensor

applications, 1252Environmental organizations, 1309-1325Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),

265-266, 282, 293. See also Clean AirAct

air pollution monitoring Systems, 43air visibility requirements, 52"criteria" pollutants, 39, 40. See also Air

pollutiondiesel vehicle emission Standards, 66emission inventory requirements, 40gasoline vehicle emission Standards, 65hazardous air pollutants Standards, Slta-

ble, 51-52odors studies, 52source sampling reference methods, 98-

99, 99tableEnvironmental remediation, chemical sensor

applications, 1250-1252Environmental Restoration and Waste Man-

agement program, 2045Environmental tobacco smoke, see Tobacco

smokeEnvironment change, see Global environ-

ment changeEPA, see Environmental Protection AgencyEPA Alert Warning System, 98EPA Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk As-

sessment, 91-92Epidemiologie studies

of pollutant health effects, 170^171for risk assessment, 2435-2437

Equalization, 2838

Equilibrium modeis, of combustion, 868-869Equilibrium moisture, coal, 709Equilibrium/resource allocation modeis, 516Equilibrium stages, 992-996Erbar-Maddox correlation, 995ERB model, 514, 518, 523Erosion, coal quality and, 688Erosion corrosion, 2783-2784Essergy, 2626Esters, as lubricants, 1911-1912ETAE, 2395ETBE, 1241, 2395-2396Ethanol, 1534

from biomass, 15, 16, 262-263highway taxes, 1229-1230, 1233-1234,

1239oetane number, 305production by alcoholic fermentation, 1455production economics, 264production from com, 1480-1481, 1485production from wood, 1466tax credits for, 1241use as fuel, 262

Ethylene glycol, production from synthesisgas, 1757

Ethylene oxide, 203-204Ethylene—propylene rubber, for electrical in-

sulation, 1836, 1838-1839Ethylene vinyl acetate, 1840Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), 1241, 2395-

2396ETSAP Program, 518Eucalyptus trees, 1474Eulerian air quality modeis, 212Euler's general networkUheorem, 940Euphorbia, 16Europe, see also specific Countries

carbon dioxide control measures, 64coal resources, 626-633diesel Standards, 68-70,gasoline vehicle Standards, 65nitrogen oxides control measures, 63-64vehicle air pollution in, 63VOC control measures, 64wave power efforts, 2897

Evaporation, 986 renergy management in, 1217mödeling, 483

Evaporative cooling, 471Evaporative emission controls, 598, 1340-

1341Evaporative emissions, 344-347Evaporators, for refrigeration, 2417Event trees

for hazard analysis, 1634-1635for risk assessment, 2443

Exchange current, 400Executive Order 12759, 1186Executive Order on Energy Efficiency and

Water Conservation at Federal Facili-ties, 1187

Exergy, 1115, 2626Exergy loss, 953Exhaust control

automotive, see Automobile emissionsindustrial, 1349-1369

Exhaust gas ignition, 78, 1344Exhaust gas oxygen sensors, 1338-1339

2940 INDEX

Exhaust gas recirculation, 80, 83, 348-349,351, 1325-1326, 1340

Exhaust manifolds, 389Exinite

properties of, 796tableand spontaneous combustion, 693

Existence value, 1300, 1301Expander refrigerators, 971-973Expansion devices, refrigeration, 2417Experience curves, 1156Exploitive silviculture, 1473Exploration, for oil, 2227Exposure, radiation, 2309Exposure assessment, 2433, 2444-2447Exposure mödeling, 2445-2446Exposure monitoring, 2444-2445Extended-surface heat exchangers, 1659—

1663Extensional damping treatments, 1828External reflux ratio, 993Extraction, design for energy conservation,

1120Extra heavy oils, see Heavy oilsExtreme (Clean Air Act) nonattainment

areas, 589Extremely low frequency fields, health ef-

fects, 1101-1106Extreme pressure lubricant additives, 1907—

1908Extreme pressure lubricants, 1901Exxon Advanced Gas Conversion for the

21st Century, 1379-1380Exxon donor solvent process, 794, 800-801,

1538-1539, 1880Exxon indirect coal liquefaction process, 806Exxon Valdez, 2145, 2152

Fabrication, of biomass (pellets), 1453Facilities management Systems, 1187,

1194-1200Fact Sheets (California EDR), 907Fahrenheit temperature scale, 2624Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA),

1633Failure probabilities, 1636-1637Fairfax-Ashford coal field, 626Fallback, 326Falling-sand solar receivers, 2525-2526Fans, 472

variable-speed drives, 473, 474Faraday, Michael, 398Farm foreclosures, 13—14Farming. See AgricultureFarm machinery, 13Fast atom bombardment analysis, 1264,

1265-1266Fast neutron reactors, 2071Fat oil, 1887Faujasite zeolites, for FCC, 541-543Fault tree analysis

for hazard analysis, 1633-1634for risk assessment, 2442-2443

Favre averaging, 866FCC, see Fluidized Catalytic CrackingFEAT system, 360-368Federal Energy Administration, 1219Federal Energy Efficiency Fund, 1190

Federal Government, and energy manage-ment, 1189-1191

Federal highway motor fuel taxes, 1229-1232

Federal Highway Test Schedule, 1717Federal Test Procedure, 1328. See also Auto-

mobile emissionsFederal Urban Driving Schedule, 1717Feed-effluent heat exchangers, 1209

design for energy conservation, 1122-1123

Feeders, electric power distribution, 1030Feed preheat, reactors, 1117Feedstocks, energy use for, 1202-1203Fenske relationship, 993, 995Fenton Hill geothermal site, 1589Fermentation, for biomass conversion,

1453-1455, 1485Fermi-Dirac distribution, 1024Ferrocyanide process, 569-570Ferrous metal recycling, 2346-2347Ferrox process, 2251Fertilizers

from by-product ovens, 715, 717livestock manure, 14petroleum-derived, 12, 13, 14

FGP correlation, 810-811, 812Fiber bed mist filtration, 141-142Fiberglass, 1818, 1819Fiber optic cables, 1829-1830Fieldable mass spectrometers, 1265Field charging, electrostatic precipitators,

133Field sound transmission class, 1823Filament pyrolyzers, 815-816Filming amines, 2780-2781Film theory, 1571Filter paper processing, 1369Filtration, 137-142, 2773-2774

bed filtration, 140-142dust filtration, 137-140

design considerations, 138-140fabric triboelectric series, 139table

for indoor air pollution, 190Financial constraints, as technology assess-

ment issue, 927Fine coal drying, 681Fine coal preparation, 679-680Fine-particulate-mass (FPM), 49Finite-difference methods, 876

for cooling load estimation, 26Finite-element methods, 876Fire bikes, 1705Fired heaters, design for energy conserva-

tion, 1124-1125Fired heat recovery steam generators, 845Fireflooding, 450Firetube boilers, 1667Firm service, 1058First law of thermodynamics, 1141-1142,

1180-1181, 2625Fischer assay, 2129Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, 1373-1383,

1506, 1739, 1759chemistry, 1373-1375for coal upgrading, 1522-1524history, 1373for natural gas upgrading, 1525-1526

Fish passage/protection, in hydroelectricpower, 1788

Fixed-bed coal combustion, 744-746, 1516mödeling, 892-893

Fixed-bed coal gasification, 771-772, 773,780-781, 784, 1510-1511. See also spe-cific processes

Fixed-matrix regenerators, 1663-1665Fixed oscillating water column wave power,

2864-2867Fixed tubesheet heat exchangers, 1655Flame mödeling, see Combustion mödelingFlame resistance, thermal insulation, 1846-

1847Flammable limits, 1384-1385Flares, 116, 1815FLASHCHAIN model, 872Flash cooling, 2422-2423Flash distillation, 986, 991-992Flash point, 1385-1386Flash pyrolysis, 1461-1462, 2296-2298Flathead coal field, 613Flat-plate photovoltaic collectors, 2490Flexible bag wave power, 2878Flexible-fuel vehicles, 1342, 1532, 1982-

1991alcohol fuels, 268-271methanol for, 1982

Flexicoking, 452, 1701FLEXIMAX packings, 1560Flexirings, 1560Flexisaddle packings, 1560Flexitray, 998Flight envelope, 226Flight idle rated, 22.5 ;\Floating head heat exchangers, 1655Floating oscillating water column wave

power, 2867-2870Flooding

absorption towers, 1567-1568distillation columns, 999 y

Flooding limit, heat pipes, 1672Florida Solar Energy Center, 2495 'Flotation, for coal preparation, 679-680FLOW-3D model, 885Flow-induced vibrations, 1653Flow injection mass spectrometry, 1266Flue gas desulfurization, 102, 106, lUtable,

118in coal combustion, 764

Flue gas recirculation, 760for nitrogen oxides control, 120

FLUENT model, 885, 886, 900Fluid coking, 446, 1701, 2244Fluid-film lubrication, 1900Fluidized-bed adsorption equipment, 109Fluidized-bed coal combustion, 749-754,

1516-1517mödeling, 887-892

Fluidized-bed coal gasification, 772, 773,783-784, 785, 1511. See also specificprocesses

Fluidized-bed heat exchangers, 1667, 1668Fluidized-bed incinerators, 1799, 2758Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC), 536-

537, 1517-1518additives, 538, 543applications, 544-546

INDEX 2941

catalysts for, 537, 541-544downstream units, 546environmental aspects, 547-551equipment for, 537-538, 551-552process description, 538-540products, 546-547reactions, 540-541upstream gasoil production, 545

Fluid Phase Equilibria, 99*0Fluids, drilling, see Drilling fluiäs/mudsFluohomic process, 2020Fluorescence lidar, 1282Fluorescence optrodes, 1283Fluorescence spectroscopy, 1282-1283Fluorescent lights, 477-478, 1066, 1071,

1862Fluoroplastics, for electrical insulation,

1836Fluorosilicones, 1732FMC process, 728Foamed plastic acoustic insulation, 1818Foamed plastics, as thermal insulation,

1841Foam inhibitors, 1909, 1932Fog formation, in condensation, 111Folding bikes, 1706Foliage, cation depletion by acid rain, 5-6Food additives, risk perceptions, 2468-2469Food chain modeis, 2445Food freezing, cryogenic applications, 980Food-grade lubricants, 1925-1926Food industry, 1157Food processing, 13Food System energy consumption, 12table,

13Forest biomass, 1473-1474Forest fires, 1404-1405Forest gap modeis, 481Forest plantations, 1394-1395Forestry, sustainable, 1396-1407Forests, 1386-1395. See also Deforestation

acid rain's impact, 2-8aluminum toxicity, 7carbon storage in, 531-536. See also Car-

bon balance mödelingclassification, 1388distribution, 1387-1388heavy metal toxicity, 7-8importance of, 1389-1391scope of, 2soil acidity designations, 4tablevalue of, 2

Forest soilsacidification, 4-7cation depletion by acid rain, 6

Formaldehydediesel emissions, 90in fuel cells, 1415as indoor pollutant, 58, 200as toxic air pollutant, 92-93vehicle emissions, 268, 271

Formally Utilized Sites Remedial ActionProject, 2045

Formate process, 1947Formed coke, 728-729Formic acid

in fuel cells, 1415in rainwater, 2

Fort St. Vrain nuclear reactor, 2042-2044Fossil fuel combustion. See also Coal com-

bustionand air pollution, 47-48, 97and carbon cycle, 493, 496carbon dioxide emissions, see Carbon diox-

ide, fossil fuel emissionsin steam power plants, 1043

Fossil fuels. See also specific Fossil fuels ~U.S. reserves, 1439-1442world reserves, 793, \443table

Fouling, 2787-2792. See also Ashcoal quality and, 687-688mödeling, 873

Fouling deposits, 308Foundry coke, 726-727Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (FAST),

878Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(FTIR), 1262, 1275-1277for combustion measurements, 903-904

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonancemass spectrometry, 1263

Four-stroke engines, 369-371applications, 380

Fractional distillation, 986Fractionation, in FCC process, 545-546Fractionation Research, Inc. (FRI), 1008France

coal resources, 631tidal power prospects, 2666

Free energy, 1115Free-layer damping treatments, 1828Freely heaving float wave power

inertial reaction point, 2874-2875seafloor reaction point, 2873-2874

Free radicals, in combustion, 871Freeze concentration, 1076-1077Freezers, energy-efficient technologies,

1065-1066Freight transport, energy consumption,

1135-1136Freon refrigerants, 2411Frequency-modulated spectroscopy, 1287-

1288Freshwater biomass, 1473Freshwater oil spills, 2149-2150, 2152-

2153Friction

diesel engines, 392-393and lubrication, 1899spark-ignition engines, 384, 386-388

Friction coefficient, 1899Friction modifiers, 1908, 1931-1932Frothers, 679Froth flotation, 679Fuel additives

diesel fuels, 84-85gasoline, 265-266, 2684-2687

Fuel and resoürce constraints, as technologyassessment issue, 927'

Fuel cell-combined cycle-gasification pro-cesses, 1426

Fuel cells, 1408, 1411-1436. See also spe-cific Fuel cells

for automobile engines, 378carbon-containing fuels, 1414—1416catalysts, 1414, 1416, 1430

classification, 1421-1422coal combustion in, 755-758and coal gasification, 780design, 1425-1426efficiency, 1422-1424electrolytes, 1412-1413history, 1419-1421kinetics, 1413-1414for locomotives, 2342thermodynamics, 1413

Fuel-cell vehicles, 1174-1175Fuel chargeable to power, 837, 838Fuel costs, as technology assessment issue,

927Fuel cycles, commercial technology availabil-

ity assessment(California EDR), 929-930

Fuel economy, 379, 380. See also Automobileengines, efficiency

diesel vs. spark-ignition engines, 390-391historical trends in, 2538-2539improving, 1167-1173

barriers to, 1173Fuel economy Standards, 340tableFuel Efficiency Automobile Test (FEAT),

360-368Fuel injection

diesel vehicles, 85-86as emission control technology, 74, 76

Fuel injection iron making process, 729—730Fuel oils, 2253-2254

ash composition, 308, 311Fuel resources, 1437-1443. See also specific

Fuels :-Fuels, 865 SJ !\Fuels, see specific FuelsFuel spray combustion, 1893-1898Fuel staging, 761Fuel tank caps, 344Fuel thermal oxidation test, 254Fuelwood, 1390-1391, 1482, 2919-2923Füll burn Operation, FCC, 548Fuller's earth, as adsorbent, 106Fully fired heat recovery steam generators,

845Fume incineration, see IncinerationFunctional audits, 1111Functional group-depolymerization, vapor-

ization and cross-linking (FG-DVC)model, 872

Fundamental process changes, 1156-1158Furans

from municipal solid waste incineration,2760

from waste-derived fuels combustion, 1504Furfural, production from wood, 1466Furnaces

energy management in, 1216indoor pollution from, 58

Fusain, and spontaneous combustion, 693Fushun Basin coal field, 641Fusinite, 722, 723, 724

analytical pyrolysis, 816properties of, 796'table

Fusion, cold, see Cold fusionFusion energy, 1549-1557

cold fusion, 859-863, 1557environmental aspects, 1556-1557

2942 INDEX

future developments, 1557inertial confinement technologies, 1555-

1556magnetic confinement technologies, 1551

1555Fusion Policy Advisory Committee, 1556Fusion temperature, of ash, 312Fuxin Basin coal field, 641

Galilee Basin coal field, 649Gallium arsenide photovoltaic cells, 2490Galvanic cells, 398Galvanic corrosion, 2782-2783Garcia Rodriguez Basin coal deposits, 633Gargigliano nuclear reactor, 2042Gas, natural, see Natural gasGas absorption, see AbsorptionGas chromatography-FID, for air pollution

monitoring, 98Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,

1259-1261Gas combustion retorting, 2132Gas condensate, 2007Gas-controlled heat pipes, 1671-1672Gaseous emissions, control methods, 101—

123Gaseous synthetic fuels, 1505-1519. See

also specific FuelsGases, from coal pyrolysis, 809-810Gas-filled radiation detectors, 2321-2326Gas guzzler tax, 1174Gas heated reforming, 1381Gas-heated reforming process, 1764Gas hydrates, 1015, 2020Gasification

of biomass, 1484-1485, 1490-1491of coal, see Coal gasificationof peat, 2214-2215ofpolymers, 2374-2375

Gas-injection iron making, 729-730Gasketed-plate heat exchangers, 1656-1658Gas laws, 1576-1577, 2627-2628Gas-liquid equilibria, see Vapor-liquid equi-

libriaGas lubrication, 1921Gasohol, see Gasoline-alcohol blendsGas oils, 324

catalytic Cracking, see Catalytic Cracking;Fluidized Catalytic Cracking

Gasoline, 50, 2233-2234, 2253, 2675-2684from biomass, 16by catalytic reforming, 554, 563-564caustic treating, 569-572Clean Air Act composition requirements,

356composition, 546-547description, 546detergent requirement (CAA), 599distillation, 2678-2680by FCC, 542, 543, 546gasoline pool composition, 282-283gums in, 1626-1627, 2682-2683

sulfur content, 2682taxes, see Highway taxes

Gasoline additives, 2684-2687alcohol fuels, 265-266oxygenated compounds, 265-266

Gasoline-alcohol blends,-15, 1486, 1533-1534, 1983. See also Methanol vehicles

Brazil's Proalcool program, 1534, 2707-2711

taxes and tax exemptions, 1229-1230,1231-1232, 1238-1239

Gasoline vehiclesemission control technology, 73-79emissions from, 65

Gas phase Controlling absorption, 105Gas producers, aircraft engines, 226-228Gas thermometers, 2595, 2623Gas-to-gasoline process (ARCO), 1531Gas turbine cogeneration cycles, 842-849Gas turbine engines, for automobiles, 378,

395Gas turbine power producers, 226-228Gas turbines, 1044-1045, 1206-1207, 1577-

1583. See also Closed Brayton cycle;Combined cycles

closed vs. open cycles, 455coal-fueled, 1639, 1642-1645combustion mödeling, 887, 888, 889exhaust heat recovery, 844for locomotives, 2342Performance, 1580-1583temperature: liquid fuel sprays, 1896-

1897thermodynamics of, 1577-1579

Gaussian plume model, 40-41, 42, 211-212,221

in risk assessment, 2446Geiger-Müller counters, 2325-2326GEKKO XII laser, 1556Gemini capsule, fuel cells for, 1420-1421,

1423General Atomics iodine-sulfur cycle, 1770General Electric

coal-fired gas turbine work, 1642coal-fired locomotives work, 1646diesel engines, 2340

Generalized Rank Annihilation Method(GRAM), 1256

Genetic diversity, 424Genetic libraries, 425Genetic toxicity tests, 2440Gentilly-1 nuclear reactor, 2042Gentry coal field, 620Geographie information Systems, 428, 429Geologie repositories, for plutonium dis-

posal, 2075-2076Geo Metro, 1171, 1173Geopressurized aquifers, 2010Geopressurized energy resources, 1583, 1586Georges Creek coal field, 616, 617Geostrophic currents, 2124Geothermal Drilling Organization, 1591Geothermal energy, 1583-1593

ypmetA VcenAs, \?ß\—Y

, see

Geothermal Energy Program, 1591Geothermal heat pumps, 1588Geothermal Program to Accelerate Commer-

cialization of Technology, 1584Geothermal Resources Association, 1584Geothermal Technology Organization, 1591Germany

coal gasification efforts (W.W. II), 769coal liquefaction efforts (W.W. II), 792coal resources, 629-631diesel engine air pollution, 62

emission Standards, 69, 70lignite deposits, 1870

Geysers geothermal field, 1585, 1587-1588,1589-1590

GF-1 engine oil category, 1Giant brown kelp, 1473, 1476, 2429Giauque-Hampson heat exchangers, 975-

976, 978Gifford-McMahon refrigerators, 974-975Gilliland correlation, 995Gippsland Basin coal deposits, 653Gladys McCall well, 1589Glass

as encapsulation for radioactive wastes,2029-2030, 2075-2076

lubrication with, 1923recycling, 2347, 2378-2379.

Glauber's salt, 2509-2510Glazing, in solar collectors, 2506Glitscg Ballast valve, 999Global circulation modeis, for global warm-

ing prediction, 56Global climate change, 1595. See also Global

warming; Greenhouse effectGlobal Climate Change Action Plan, 1586Global climate change mitigation, 1595-

1605 .best practice technology options, 1597-

1602 • c

indirect costs, 1603-1604 \international measures, 1604-1605Option comparison, 1602policy and, 1603-1604

Global Convention on Biological Diversity,424

Global environment change, 1607-1618. Seealso Deforestation

Solutions, 1616-1618Global Environment Monitoring System

(U.N.), 1612-1613Global health index, 1619-1626

mödeling, 1620-1623multiple impact analysis, 1623

Global illnesses, 1624-1626Global 2100 model, 511, 515-516, 518, 523Global warming, 54-56. See also Green-

house effectaluminum production and, 294, 297and carbon cycle, 501-503control protocols, 64direct, 2406-2407indirect, 2407-2409\.o\.aY ec\u-Vja\ervt v iaming Vmpact coneept,

•2.40%ÄTVÄ ve\\\c\e air poWution, 62, 354—355

G\ctoa\ warmmg potenttaV Y596,1401

INDEX 2943

Glucose, 1466Gluocester Basin coal deposits, 646Glycerol, production from synthesis gas,

1757Gold, from coal, 689Goudey furnaces, combustion mödeling, 887Goulder model, 517Governmental constraints, as technology as-

sessment issue, 927Governors, 1041-1042Grade, of coal, 700, 704, 710-711, 722Graham Island coal deposits, 612Grand composite curves, 937-939Granulär bed filtration, 140-141Graphics arts industry, 1367Graphite, as solid-film lubricant, 1917-1918Grasses, as biomass, 1474-1475Gravimelt process, 680Gravimetric heat content, 248Gravity settling, 125Greases, 1914-1916, 2254

additives, 1914synthetic, 1915-1916thickeners for, 1914

Great Britain, see United KingdomGreat Lakes-Upper St. Lawrence River ba-

sin water quality, 2808-2810, 2817-2818 "" ^

Great Plains coal fields, 621-623Greece, coal resources, 633Green Computers, 1072-1073Greenhouse agriculture, 2618Greenhouse effect, 54-57, 492. See also Car-

bon balance mödeling; Carbon Cycle;specific Greenhouse gases

enhanced greenhouse effect, 56Greenhouse gases, 55, 293-294, 1596, 1615.

See also specific Greenhouse gasesGreen Lights Program, 1072, 1187Green model, 514, 516, 518, 520, 523, 525'Green River coal/oil shale field, 625, 626,

2128Gridded air pollution inventories, 40Gross National Product, and emission reduc-

tion cost, 504, 519-520, 521Gross polluters, 363, 365Ground idle rated, 225Groundwater modeis, 2446Guasare coal field, 607Guayule shrub, 1445, 1456Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assess-

ment (EPA), 91-92Guizhou Region coal field, 641Gulf-Badger program, 1380Gulf Coast coal fields, 620-621Gums, in gasoline, 1626-1627, 2682-2683Gunnedah coalfield, 644-646Gyp muds, 1015

Habitat destruction, as technology assess-ment issue, 927

Half cells, 400Halide lamps, 477Halle-Leipzig-Borna Basin coal deposits,

631Hall-Heroult smelting process, 291-293,

1076

Halocarbon emissions, 293-294Halogenated hydrocarbons, 1365-1366Halons

and ozone depletion, 57tax on, 595

Hammer mills, 747 -Hanna Basin coal field, 625Hanna field test study, 787Hard coals, 704, 706Harmonie spectroscopy, 1277Hartshorne coal bed, 620HASDrive process, 448Hat Creek coal field, 613Hauling, by bicycle, 1705Hazard aeeeptance, 1638Hazard analysis, 1628-1638

consequence mödeling, 1635hazard identification, 1629-1635probabilities, 1636-1638scenario identification, 1635source mödeling, 1635-1636

Hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP),1630-1633.

Hazard avoidance, 1638Hazard identification, 2433, 2434-2441Hazardous air pollutants, see Toxic air pol-

-lutantsHaze, 52, 53HBNPC process, 728HCFCs, see HydrochlorofiuorocarbonsHcKp packings, 1560H-Coal process, 794, 801-802, 1536Health effects, see also Risk assessment

air pollution, see Air pollution, health ef-fects

asphalt, 333-335automobile emissions, 352-353carbon monoxide, 183-185cellular phones, 1095, 1106electric power transmission, 1058electromagnetic fields, 1100-1109

extremely low frequency, 1101-1106hydrogen, 1777lead, 1613methanol, 1998-2001microwave radiation, 1106-1109nitrogen dioxide, 176-178ozone, 172-176particulates, 180-183passive smoking, 185-188, 195radio frequency radiation, 1106-1109sulfur dioxide, 178-180

Health index, global, 1619-1626Health physics, 2309-2319Heat, 1022-1023, 2627Heat balances, 1638-1639Heated catalytic Converters, 77-78Heated fuel injectors/fuel prep Systems, 76Heated oxygen sensors, 76-77Heat engines

direct-fired coal, 1639-1649pinch technology approach to placement,

950-951sodium-based, 2478-2481thermodynamic limitations, 1142

Heat exchanger networks, 1209design for energy conservation, 1121—

1122

pinch technology approach to design, 940-947

retrofit modification, 943-947traditional approach to design, 935-936

Heat exchangers, 1211, 1651-1668. See alsospecific Heat exchanger types

classification, 1652-1653closed Brayton cycle, 455cryogenic, 975-978design for energy conservation, 1121-

1125extended-surface, 1659-1663Optimum pressure drop, 1123-1124plate-type, 1656-1659regenerators, 1651, 1663-1665tubular, 1651-1656waste heat recovery, 1665-1668

Heat gain, 26calculation, 31from infiltration, 23

Heating, electrical, see Electrical heatingHeating, Ventilation, and air conditioning

(HVAC), see Air conditioningHeating load, 19-20, 25-26Heating oil, 1695-1697Heating seasonal Performance factor

(HSPF), 27, 1064Heating Systems, 1696-1697. See also Air

conditioningHeating value, 1697-1698Heat Mirror film, 1863Heat of combustion, 1697-1698Heat of wetting reaction, 691Heat pipes, 1209, 1211, 1662-1663, 1670-

1675, 1674U1693.\applications, 1674-1675design, 1671-1672material selection, 1673-1674operational limits, 1672-1673principles of Operation, 1670-1671for waste heat recovery, 1668

Heat pumps, 19, 475-476, 1064-1065, 1209,1676-1685, See also Air conditioning

absorption heat pumps, 1680-1682applications, 1683-1685in distillation, 1119future developments, 1685geothermal, 1588history, 1676for industrial processes, 1076-1077Performance, 1677-1679pinch technology approach to placement,

951placement, 1682-1683temperature boosting, 1129theory, 1676-1679thermodynamic limitations, 1142vapor compression (mechanical) heat

pumps, 1679-1680Heat pump water heaters, 1065, 1072Heat recovery, 1686-1694

equipment for, 1209-1211incineration, 115, 116multiple effect configurations, 1692reactors, 1117

Heat recovery and seed regeneration Sys-tem, MHD plants, 1966-1968

Heat recovery networks, 1689-1692

f.

2944 INDEX

Heat recovery steam generators, 844-845,1045

Heat recovery water heaters, 1065, 1072Heat transfer, in combustion: mödeling of,

873Heat transfer coefficients, in HVAC, 25Heat wheels, 1663Heaving float in caisson wave power, 2871-

2873Heavy cut naphtha, 547Heavy-duty diesel trucks

European emission Standards, 69-70U.S. emission Standards, 66—67

Heavy-duty vehicle emission Standards,597-598

Heavy metalspartitioning in incinerators, 1806—1807removal from wastewater, 2840-2841toxicity to trees, 7

Heavy oil conversion, 1699-1704environmental aspects, 1702-1704

Heavy oils, 1370-1371, 1698-1699upgrading to liquid fuels, 1545

Hebei Region coal field, 638Heber geothermal field, 1591Hedonistic estimation technique, 1299-1300Height equivalent to a theoretical plate

(HETP), 1004 - i>Heilongjiang Region coal field, 641Helicopter engines, 230-231Heliostats, 2524Helium

use in closed Brayton cycle, 456use in cryogenics, 980

Helium-3, 975Helium-4, 975Helium liquefaction, 980Hellman odor fountain, 148Helmholtz resonators, 1818Hemeon olfactometer, 148Henan Region coal field, 641Henry Mountains coal field, 626Henry's law, 989-990, 1569-1570Heptamethylnonane, 572Herbaceous biomass, 1487-1488Herbicides, 14-15Heritage Program, 427HERMES model, 517Herrin coal field, 620Hetaerolite, 404Heteroatom removal, from fuels, 1758Heterocompounds, in coal: elucidation by an-

alytical pyrolysis, 817-818Heterodyne radiometry, 1284Heterogeneous azeotropes, 990Heterogeneous combustion mödeling, 872Hevea braziliensis, 1456HEXTRAN program, 1690Heyrovsky reaction, 1416HFCs, see HydrofluorocarbonsHick's Dome coal field, 620Hiflow rings, 1560High-altitude motor vehicle testing, 598High bypass turbofan aircraft engines, 233-

234High-efficiency particulate arresting (HEPA)

filters, 190Higher alcohols synthesis, 1382-1383

Highest useful compression ratio, 2126High-flux solar furnaces, 2517High grade deinking papers, 2345High gradient maghetic and electrostatic

cleaning process, 680High heat-value gas, 1507High level radioactive waste disposal, 2040Highly-enriched uranium, 2058-2059

disposition, 2077-2079storage, 2079-2080

High Performance Demonstration Experi-ment, 1959

High Performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, 1261

High pressure atomizing gun burners, 1696High pressure discharge lamps, 477High speed civil transport, noise emissions,

246-247High swirl, fast-burn combustion chambers,

386High technology sector, energy efficiency,

1154-1155High-temperature air preheaters, for MHD

Systems, 1953-1954High-temperature carbonization, 1508—

1509, 1877for synthesis gas production, 1979

High-temperature fuel cells, 1415, 1418—1419, 1424. See also Molten carbonatefuel cells; Solid oxide fuel cells

High-temperature gas-cooled reactors,2072-2073

for hydrogen production, 1771High Temperature Gas Reactor, 456-457High temperature solar heat storage, 2511High temperature steam electrolysis, 1770High temperature superconductors, 980High Temperature Winkler process, 784,

1878•'High voltage direct current (HVDC) trans-

mission, 1050health issues, 1058

High Voltage Transmission Research Cen-ter, 1094

Highway taxesFederal, 1229-1232impact of, 1234-1237State, 1232-1234

Highway traffic controls, 1172Highway Trust Fund, 1231Hindered phenols, as gasoline additives,

1627Hoe Creek field test study, 787H-Oil process, 798, 799Hold-down plates, 1565Holography, for combustion measurements,

898Home heating Systems, 1696-1697. See also

Air conditioningHome wiring, fields from, 1093Honda Civic VX, 1171, 1173Hong Kong, diesel vehicle pollution, 72Horizontal drilling, 1011Horsepower, 1144Hosanna Creek coal field, 626Hospital-related illnesses, 203-204Hot blast, 718Hot composite curves, 936-937

Hot dry rock energy resources, 1583, 1586Hot-gas sulfur removal, 790Hot process softening, 2773Hot surface ignition, 1994-1995Hot water drying process, 1640-1641Hot water heaters, indoor pollution from, 58Hot-water tar sands processing, 2593-2594HRS Rectifier, 2863Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 1, 3Hugonoit curves, 864Human Development Index, 504Human-powered vehicles, 1704-1709Human wastes, 1612Humic coals, 433, 710Humidifier fever, 198-199Hungary, lignite deposits, 1871Hunter coalfield, 644HVAC (heating, Ventilation, and air condi-

tioning), see Air conditioningHyacinth (water hyacinth), 1476-1477Hybrid Electric Vehicle Challenge, 1712Hybrid-electric vehicles, 1174, 1709-1723,

2536-2537, 2541, 2549-2553. See alsoSupercars

advantages, 2551-2552batteries for, 1712-1713, 1714costs and marketing, 1719-1723design options, 1710-1711 ,environmental aspects, 1709-1710, 1719fuel economy, 1718-1719motor Systems, 2552-2553operating strategies, 1714-1717Performance, 1717-1719, 2552synergy with ultralight construction,

2549-2550 • ̂ \\technologies, 1712-1714Vvs. battery-electric cars, 2550-2551

Hydrated lime injection, 111Hydraulic Decoking system, 855-856, 857-

858Hydraulic fluids, 1724 \

synthetic, see Synthetic hydraulic fluidsHydrazine, in fuel cells, 1414, 1415 ^Hydride ion, 1757Hydrides, 1759

analysis, 1776-1777 f

hydrogen storage as, 1775Hydrinos, 860Hydrobin System, 856Hydrocarbon Research Inc. coal-to-oil test

plant, 799Hydrocarbon resources, 1737-1738Hydrocarbons, 1737-1744. See also specific

Hydrocarbonsair pollutants, 44from biomass, 1456-1457as chemical intermediates, 1738-1740as end-use chemicals, 1740-1742in fuel cells, 1414-1416regulatory issues, 1743-1744toxicity, 1742-1743, 2149from vehicle exhaust, 63

Hydrocarbon traps, 78, 79, 1344Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

and ozone depletion, 57as refrigerants, 2403-2404, 2404table

alternatives, 2402-2410Hydroconversion processes, 1701-1702

INDEX 2945

Hydrocracker bottoms, 1751Hydrocracker middle distillate, 1749-1750Hydrocracker naphtha, 1750-1751Hydrocracking, see HydroprocessingHydrocyclones, 679Hydroelectric generators, 1045-1046Hydroelectric power, 1786-1791

low head, 1786-1791Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

as alternative refrigerants, 2402-2406,2408-2409

and ozone depletion, 57Hydroforming process, 554Hydrogasification, 1463-1464, 1510Hydrogen, 1752-1778

absorption in metals, 1759analysis, 1776-1777chemical reactions of, 1756-1759economic aspects, 1774environmental aspects, 1773-1774health and safety factors, 1777hydrogen economy, 1777-1778liquid, as fuel, 980manufacture, 1759-1772

from natural gas, 2017-2019from solar energy, 2495

physical and thermodynamic properties,1753-1756

production from wave power, 2881purification, 1772-1773and reformulated gasoline requirements,

2399shipment and storage, 1774-1776

storage Systems, 1782-1786as transportation fuel, 2712-2729uses, 1777

orf/io-Hydrogen, 1753para-Hydrogen, 1753Hydrogenation

for biomass conversion, 1462-1465of coal, 797, 798, 1535-1536

Hydrogen embrittlement, 1759, 2777Hydrogen fluoride, exposure guidelines, 286Hydrogen-fueled vehicles, 1778Hydrogen once-through process, 1851-1852Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, 1412, 1416-

1419, 1425-1426, 1778Hydrogen peroxide, formation in smog, 43,

47Hydrogen sulfide

hydrogen production from, 1772removal by caustic washing, 567removal in gas processing, 2251—2252

Hydrogen transfer reactions, in cat crack-ing, 541

Hydroliquefaction, of biomass, 1464-1465Hydroprocessing, 1745-1751, 1791-1795,

2242-2244for bitumen recovery, 446catalysts for, 1747classification, 1791-1792environmental aspects, 1749flexibility, 1745-1747low conversion, 1747—1749sulfur removal by, 1792

Hydropyrolysis, 797Hydrorefining, 1791Hydrosweetening, aircraft fuels, 250

Hydrothermal energy resources, 1583, 1586Hydrotreating, 1791, 2247-2248HYGAS process, 769, 1878Hy-Pak packings, 1560Hypalon, 1840Hyperbaric filters, 681Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 198-199Hypoid gears, lubrication, 1901HYSOLAR program, 2646

Ice point, 2624Ideal gas law, 1576-1577, 2627-2628IFP process, 118IGCC, see Integrated Gasification Combined

CycleIGCC Repowering Project, 784-785Ignition misfire, gasoline engines, 74Ignition mödeling, see Combustion mödelingIllinois Basin coal field, 620Illite, and slagging, 688Illuminance, 466. See also Lighting

calculating, 470IMPAC, 1560Impact analysis, 1295-1296Impact-isolating construction, for sound iso-

lation, 1825Impact isolation class, 1823Impact (new automobile), 1174Impact noise rating, 1823Impedance, 1834Impedance tube test method, 1817-1818Imperial Valley hot water fields, 1590-1591Impingo filter, 141Impregnated sorbents, 106Impsonite, 434Incandescent filaments, 1024Incandescent lights, 477-478, 1066Incineration, 111-116, 1350-1352, 1796-

1815. See alsospecific types of Incinerators

combustion efficiency, 116emissions, solid waste Systems, 1805-

1807, 1812-1814EPA requirements, 590equipment for, 114-116, 1798-1800heat/mass transfer, 1802-1803heat recovery, 115, 116heat transfer, 1802-1803kinetics of, 112-114, 1800-1801, 1803-

1805liquid waste, 1807-1814mass transfer, 1803-1805NIMBY movements and, 2357nitrogen oxides, 118-121PCB liquids, 2204radioactive tank wastes, 2027regulatory issues, 1797-1798solid waste, 1797-1807vapors and gases, 1814-1815

Incremental losses, transmission lines, 1051India

coal resources, 666-671lignite deposits, 1871tidal power prospects, 2666vehicle air pollution in, 63wave power efforts, 2897

Indicated thermal efficiency, 374, 375-376

Indirect coal liquefaction, 792, 803-806,1522

Indirect global warming, 2407-2409Indirect-injection diesel engines, 85, 383

thermodynamic efficiency, 391Indirect internal reforming, 1431Individual cylinder torque control, 76Individual lifetime risk, 2452Indonesia

coal resources, 659-666vehicle air pollution in, 63

Indoor air conditioning design conditions, 20Indoor air pollution, 57-59, 162, 194-204,

465. See also Tobacco smoke and otherspecific indoor pollutants

biologic agents, 59, 197-200building airtightness, 57Controlling, 189-191developing countries, 1613hospital-related illnesses, 203-204tight building syndrome, 201-203

Induction air conditioning Systems, 473-474Induction heating, 1021, 1024-1025Inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrome-

try, 1262Industrial boilers, 97Industrial Energy Efficiency, 1073Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement

Program, 1158Industrial exhaust control, 1349-1369Industrial gases, 1154Industrial sector

electrical energy efficiency savings/techno-logies, 1073-1078

energy consumption (U.S.), 1137, 1203energy-efficiency, 1151-1163

policy analysis, 1160-1163energy management policies, 1193-1194shifting composition of production, 1153-

1155Inertial confinement fusion, 1555-1556Inertial impaction, in ash formation, 315-

316Inertinite, 684, 720, 825

analytical pyrolysis, 816Infiltration, 21-23 !•Infinite dilution activity coefficients, 988Infrared absorption spectroscopy, 1272-1277Infrared heating, 1021, 1024Ingramite, 434Inherent moisture, coal, 709Inherent safety, 1638Inlet cooling, gas turbines, 1582Inner Mongolia-Shanxi Region coal field,

638Inorganic scintillation detectors, 2327-2328In-plant power generation, 836Input-output analysis, 1149Insecticides, petroleum-derived, 12Insitec probe, 902In situ oil shale retorting, 2132-2135Insolation, 1447

and biomass production, 1468, 1469, 1470Instantaneous power, synchronous genera-

tors, 1042Institute of Nuclear Power Operations,

2086-2087Instrumentation wires, 1831

2946 INDEX

Insulation, see Acoustic insulation; Electricinsulation; Thermal insulation

Insulation shields, 1832, 1839-1840Insulator walls, MHD Systems, 1958-1959Intake manifolds, 388-389Intalox metal saddles, 1002Intalox metal tower packings, 1560Intalox saddles, 1001, 1560Intalox snowflake packings, 1560Integrated Bottoming Cycle program, 1968Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

(IGCC), 779-780, 784-785with fuel cell "topping" cycle, 1426, 1427pollution from, 789, 791

Integrated Gross Oil Refining Process(IGOR), 802-803

Integrated reforming, 1425Integrated resource planning (IRP), 1087-

1088, 1192Integrated Topping Cycle program, 1968Intelligent Buildings Institute, 1193, 1197Intelligent vehicle and highway Systems,

1172Intensive silviculture, 1473Interconnections, transmission lines, 1052Interface processes, in environmental chemo-

dynamics, 575-578Interfuel Substitution elasticities, 521 *Intergranular corrosion, 2783Intermediate coals, 710Intermediate condensers, 1119Intermediate energy audits, 1111Intermediate reboilers, 1119Intermodal Surface Transportation and Effi-

ciency Act of 1991, 2360Internal combustion engines, 1848—1849.

See also Automobile enginestypes, 369-374

Internally-cooled methanation reactor, 1771Internal resistance, of batteries, 397International Agency for Research on Can-

cer, 2438International Atomic Energy Agency, 2315International Commission on Radiological

Protection, 2315International Facility Management Associa-

tion, 1193International Non-Ionizing Radiation Com-

mittee, 1098International Radiation Protection Associa-

tion, 2315International Thermonuclear Experimental

Reactor (ITER), 1554-1555Interruptible Service, 1058Interruption duration, 1036Interruption frequency, 1036Intrinsic germanium radiation detectors,

2334Inverse Raman scattering, 1289Inversions, of the atmosphere, 41, 45Inversion temperature, 970Invert emulsion muds, 1016Inverters, 1050 ,In-vessel composting, 2349In vitro cell studies, 2440-2441In vivo animal studies, 2437Iodine, 106

in lithium batteries, 414-415Iodine-sulfur cycle, 1770

Ion exchange water conditioning, 2774Ion-implanted radiation detectors, 2332Ionization chambers, 2321-2324Ion mobility spectrometry, 1263-1264Ipswich Basin coal field, 649Irian Jaya, coal resources, 663Iron disulfide, in lithium batteries, 413-414Iron making, 718-719

new processes: coke eliminating or reduc-ing, 729-730

Iron smelting, 713Iron sulfide-lithium aluminum batteries,

421Iron titanium hydride, 1775Irrigation, 13, 14Ishikari coal field, 638ISO document 2314, 1578Isomerization, 2245

in cat Cracking, 541paraffins, 1849-1855

IsoSiv process, 1854Isothermal processes, 2629Israel, oil shale operations, 2143Issaquah-Grand Ridge coal field, 626ITS temperature scale, 2597-2598

Jacketing materials (electrical insulation),1840

Jackson lignite field, 620Jaeger Top-Pak, 1560Japan

coal resources, 638Solar cell work, 2487vehicle air pollution in, diesel Standards,

70-71wave power efforts, 2897-2898

Java, coal resources, 663Jet burners, 747, 750Jet engines, air cycle refrigerators for, 2421Jet fighters, air cycle refrigerators for, 2421Jet fuels, 2236

taxes, 1229Jiangsu Region coal field, 641Jiangxia tidal power project, 2660Jigging, 678Joban coal field, 638Joggins coal field, 615Joules, 1144Joule-Thomson coefficient, 969Joule-Thomson effect, 969-970Joule-Thomson refrigerators, 970-971Joule-Thomson valves, 969Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data,

990Journal of Thermal Insulation, 1844Jumbo-slot coke ovens, 729

Kaimei, 2867-2869Kaiparowits Plateau coal field, 626Kaiyo, 2877Kalimantan, coal resources, 663—666Kaiman filtering, 1251Kansk-Achinsk Basin coal deposits, 635Karaganda Basin coal deposits, 635Karharbari formation coal, 668-669Katemfe, 425Kazakhstan, coal resources, 635

KDF filters, 681Kearl Lake pilot area, 449Kellogg Reforming Exchanger System, 1764Kelp, 1473, 1476, 2429Kelso-Castle Rock coal field, 626Kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale,

2595-2596, 2623k-e model, 866, 886Kenaf, 1475Kenai coal field, 626Kentucky bluegrass, 1474Kentucky coal fields, 615Kernkraftwerk Niederaichbach nuclear reac-

tor, 2042Kerogens, 816, 825, 826

classification, 435-436conversion, 436-437in oil shales, 2129

Kerosene, 1857-1858, 2236, 2253Kerosene heaters, indoor pollution from, 58Ketone dewaxing, 983-984Keystone Biodiversity Report, 426K factor, UOP, 540Killer fogs, 39Kiln-type gasifiers, 771Kilowatchers Club, 1081Kinetic energy, 2625Kirtland Underground Munitions Storage

Complex, 2068-2069Kislaya Guba tidal power project, 2660-

2661KIVA-II model, 886Klappan-Groundhog coal field, 612Knocking, 372-373, 381? 1859. See also Anti-

knock compounds ,'\Koch Flexitray, 998Konin Basin coal deposits, 631Koppelman process, 728Koppers continuous steaming oven, 1508Koppers-Totzek gasification, 769, 781-782,

1512-1513, 1878, 1977-\1978Korea, 71-72, 187, 635-637

tidal power prospects, 2666 :Kowan-Muchon coal field, 637K-PAC packings, 1560Kutei Basin coal deposits, 663Kuznetsk Basin coal deposits, 635

Labor efficiency, 1200Lacustrine, 435Lagoons, 2848Lagrangian air quality modeis, 211LaJet Solar Plant 1, 2521-2522Lake asphalt, 323Lambda sensor, 1338-1339Lamb dips, 1285Laminar flame mödeling, 863-864Laminaria seaweed, 1476Lamps, 477Land availability, and biomass production,

1472-1473Land-based biomass, 1473-1475Landfill closings, 2357Landfill gases, 1602Land management, monitoring effects of,

427-428Landscape diversity, 424Land use, and carbon cycle, 494-496

INDEX 2947

Land use classes, 1473tableLangelier Saturation index, 2784LANPAC packings, 1560Lapple cyclones, 127, 128Lapse rate, 41La Rance tidal power project, 2658-2660Large block Underground coal gasification

study, 787Large eddy Simulation, 867Large European Bioenergy Project, 1489LaserCell, 2713Laser cutting, 1026Laser Doppier anemometry, for combustion

measurements, 897, 899, 900, 906Laser heating, 1021, 1025Laser-induced fluorescence, 899, 1282-1283,

1288Lasers

inertial confinement applications, 1555—1556

spectroscopy applications, 1269-1290. Seealso specific methods

Laser secondary neutral mass spectrometry,1263

Laser welding, 1026Laterals, electric power distribution, 1030Latexes, 1741Latex monomer production, 1367Latin America, diesel vehicle emission Stan-

dards, 72Latrobe Valley coal field, 653-654Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1193LC Fining process, 452, 798LDV Systems, combustion measurements,

897-898Lead

automotive emissions, 50, 61as criteria pollutant, 39health effects in developing countries,

1613toxicity to trees, 7, 8

Lead acetate, 106Lead acid batteries, 398, 416Leaded gasoline phasedown, 599Lead substitute gasoline additives, 599-600.

See also specific additivesLeaf area index, 488-489Leaking „Underground Storage Tank (LUST)

trust fund, 1229Lean-bum engines, 372, 390, 1342-1343

methanol fueled, 1989Lean machine, 1174Lean natural gas, 2007LEAP model, 518Leclanch cells, 402-405Legionnaires' disease, 59, 199Legumes, rotating crops with, 14Leigh Creek coal deposit, 650-651Leon Region coal deposits, 632Lessing rings, 1560Levapak, 1560Liaoning Region coal field, 638Lidar methods, 1279-1282Life cycle analysis, 1860-1861Light cut naphtha, 547Light cycle oil, by FCC, 546, 547Light-duty diesel trucks

European emission Standards, 68-69U.S. emission Standards, 66

Light-duty vehicle emission Standards, 595-597

Light ends, 1881Light extinction budgets, 52-53Lighting, 477-478

energy-efficiency technology/savings,1861-1864commercial sector, 1071industrial sector, 1077residential sector, 1066-1067

energy management in, 1214occupant requirements, 465-466passive (solar), 469-471

Light reformate processing, 2394Light scoops, 470Light water reactors, 2070-2071Light Weight Nuclear Propulsion, 459-461Lignin, ash composition, 308Lignite, 824, 1864-1880

ash composition, 309briquetting, 1874classification, 1865-1866combustion,-1874-1876composition and properties, 1867-1868defined, 699, 706, 1864-1865direct hydrogenation, 1879-1880

"gäsifibation, 1877-1879integrated projects, 1872-1873liquid fuels from, 1879mining, 1871-1872production, 1869-1871pyrolysis, 1876-1877reserves, 1868-1869spontaneous combustion, 691storage and transportation, 1872

Lignosulfonate muds, 1015LIMB Demonstration Project Extension and

Coolside Demonstration, 790Lime muds, 1015Limestone injection

in coal combustion, 744, 748, 763, 1517in coal gasification, 790

Limestone injection multistage burners, 748,765

Limp wall law, 1824Linear rollback air quality modeis, 208Line dipole fields, 1093Line sources, of air pollution, 40Linking, 787LINK model, 517Liptinite, 684, 720, 722, 825

analytical pyrolysis, 816Liquefaction

of biomass, 1464-1465, 1485, 1491, 1492of coal, see Coal liquefactionof peat, 2215-2216of polymers, 2372-2374 :

Liquefaction theory, of coke making, 721-722

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 1881-1893,2235-2236

as alternative fuel, 89, 1341chemicals from, 1891-1892taWecomposition and properties, 1888-1892production, 1881-1886Separation and purification, 1887taxes, 1229uses, 1892-1893

Liquid bubble point line, 987

Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry,1261, 1265-1266

Liquid crystal theory, of coke making, 721Liquid-from-coal process, 786Liquid fuel spray combustion, 1893-1898Liquid hydrogen, shipment and storage,

1774-1775Liquid-in-glass thermometers, 2606-2607Liquid metals, as lubricants, 1921Liquid-phase Controlling absorption, 105Liquid runarounds, 1209Liquid scintillation detectors, 2329Liquid synthetic fuels, 1520-1546. See also

specific Fuelsfrom lignite, 1879

Liquid waste incineration, 1807-1814. Seealso Incineration

Lithium aluminate, 1421Lithium batteries, 398, 411-416

rechargeable, 421Lithium bromide-water refrigerators, 2418-

2419Lithium-carbon monofluoride cells, 413Lithium-drifted semiconductor detectors,

2333Lithium-iodine cells, 414-415Lithium ion batteries, 421Lithium-iron disulfide cells, 413-414Lithium-manganese dioxide cells, 412-413Lithium-sulfur dioxide cells, 415, 422Lithium-thionyl chloride cells, 415-416,

422Lithium-vanadium pentoxide batteries, 422Lithium-water batteries, 422Lithotypes, 815Livestock manure fertilizers, 14Ljungstrom wheels, 1663, 1664-1665, 1693Load Calculation for Residential Winter and

Summer Air Conditioning, 20Load flow studies, transmission Systems,

1057Load shaping, 1080Lobatera coal field, 607Local governments, see State and local gov-

ernmentsLocation constraints, as technology assess-

ment issue, 928Locomotives, 2339-2340

alternative fuels, 2342-2343coal-fueled, 1646emission Standards, 603energy consumption, 1136environmental aspects, 2341-2342

LOFRECO process, 2132LOMI process, 2046Long Emma, 1705Long John, 1705Long-term chronic exposure tests, 2438-

2439Longwall mining, 675Lookout Mountain coal field, 618Loop flows, transmission lines, 1053Lorentz force, 1089Lorenz-Mie theory, 903Lorraine coal field, 631Loss factor, 1827Loss of life expectancy, 2452Lost work, 1115Lough Neigh Basin coal deposits, 629

2948 INDEX

Low bypass turbofan aircraft engines, 233,235

Low conversion hydrocracking, 1747-1749Low emission buses, 68Low emission trucks, 68Low emission vehicles, 356, 589, 600Lower Silesia coal deposits, 631Lowest achievable emission rate (LAER), 43Low excess air, for nitrogen oxides control,

119Low head hydroelectric power, 1045Low heat rejection engines, 2002Low heat-value gas, 1506—1507Low-level radioactive waste disposal, 2036-

2039Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act,

2036Low-pressure atomizing burners, 1696Low-pressure discharge lamps, 477Low-temperature carbonization, 1507-1508,

1876-1877for synthesis gas production, 1979

Low toxicity oil-based muds, 1016LPG, see Liquefied petroleum gasLublin Basin coal deposits, 631Lubricants, 1740-1741, 1899-1926, 2254

additives, 1906-1909, 1927-1933biodegradable, 1933-1941 *for electrical insulation, 1837environmental aspects, 1924-1926extreme conditions, 1921-1923food-grade, 1925-1926gas lubrication, 1921greases, see Greaseshistory of use, 1898-1899liquid metals, 1921metal working, 1920-1921nuclear applications, 1923-1924petroleum-based, 1902-1906

viscosity, 1903-1906production, 1923-1924recycling, 1924-1925solid-film, 1917-1920synthetic, 1909-1914. See also Synthetic

hydraulic fluidsLubricating oils, from dewaxing, 983, 984,

986Lubrication

automobile engines, 371, 388boundary regime, 454, 1900-1901dry sliding, 1899-1900elastohydrodynamic, 1901-1902fluid-film, 1900

Lugging, 390Luminance, see IlluminanceLumped chemical mechanism modeis, 214Lurgi gasifiers, 769, 780-781, 1513-1514

for oil shale retorting, 2132Lurgi-Spülgas process, 1508, 1876-1877Luscar coal deposits, 615Lye treatment, see Caustic washingLynch filter, 141

Macerals, 684, 686, 720, 722-723, 815, 825and coal classification, 710properties oi", 796tablereactive, 724

Macrofouling organism control, 2790-2792MACRO model, 518Madhya Pradesh coal field, 670Magallanes coal field, 604Maglev, 979, 980, 2705

fields from, 1092, 1095Magma energy resources, 1583, 1586-1587Magnesium-silver chloride batteries, 422Magnetic confinement fusion, 1551-1555Magnetic fields, 1089-1090. See also Electro-

magnetic fieldsMagnetic heat pumps, 1685Magnetic mirrors, 1551-1552Magnetic refrigerators, 975Magnetohydrodynamic Channels, 1943,

1950, 1956design, 1959-1963

Magnetohydrodynamic generators, for coalcombustion, 754-755

Magnetohydrodynamic power plants, 1948-1952

components/subsystems, 1953-1967economics, 1952-1953seed reprocessing, 1947

Magnetohydrodynamics, 1942-1969chemical regeneration, 1944-1945development programs, 1967-1969economics, 1945efficiency, 1945environmental aspects, 1945-1948principles of, 1942-1944Status and assessment, 1969

Magnetohydrodynamic topping cycle, 1944Magnetoquasistatics, 1090Magnets, MHD Systems, 1964-1966Magnet wires, 1830, 1837Maharashtra coal fields, 670Maintenance respiration, 483, 484—485Maltenes, 321, 440Malvern particle sizers, 900Mampun Pandan coal field, 661Manganese, toxicity to trees, 7Manganese antiknock compounds, 2686Manganese dioxide

in carbon-zinc cells, 402-405in lithium batteries, 412-413

Manufactured gas, see Synthesis gasManure fertilizers, 14Manzano Mountain facility, 2064Marcellin-DeDonder equation, 1413Marginal (Clean Air Act) nonattainment

areas, 589Marginal damage cost curves, 1297-1298Marginal social benefit curves, 1297Marginal social cost curves, 1297Margules model, 989Marine biomass, 1475-1477, 2428-2430Marine geology, 2121-2122Marine photosynthesis, 493Maritime Provinces coal deposits, 615MARKAL model, 515, 518Markets, economic modeis of, 516-519,

1292-1295Mark 9 process, 1770Mark 13 process, 1770Mark VII MHD Channel, 1959Mark VI MHD Channel, 1959Marsh funnels, 1013

Masks, 189-190MAS process, 1382Mass heat content, 249Mass spectrometry, 1258-1268

fieldable units, 1265recent advances, 1264-1268

Mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, 1262Mass transfer

absorption towers, 1571-1573distillation columns, 1004-1005

Matanuska coal field, 626Mathematical programming, 959—960Maximum achievable control technology

(MACT), 51, 590Maximum boiling azeotropes, 990Maximum climb rating, 225Maximum contingency rating, 225Maximum cruise rating, 225Maximum inversion temperature, 970Maximum technical potential, 1060Maximum tolerated dose, 2438Maxwell equations, 1020-1022Maxwellian distribution, 1024MBT (maximum for best torque) spark ad-

vance, 385McCabe-Thiele method, 992-993McKelvey box, 2264McLeod River coal field, 615Mechanical efficiency, 374, 375, 1168-1169Mechanical energy, 2625Mechanical heat pumps, 1679-1680Mechanistic dose-response modeis, 2449Mediän lethal concentration, 2437Mediän lethal dose, 2437 rMedicine, cryogenic applications, 980Medium-bypass turbofan aircraft engines,

233-234 '.Medium coal preparation, 678-679Medium heat-value gas, 1507Megamouse study, 2438 c

Megavar, 1050 \MEK process, 983Melamine, for thermal insulation, 1843)Melt crystallization, design for energy con-

servation, 1120Membrane mass spectrometry, 1265 fMembrane reforming, 1764-1765Membranes, design for energy conservation,

1121Membrane water conditioning, 2774-2776Mercapsol process, 570-571Mercaptans, removal by caustic washing,

567Mercury

emission Standards, 51toxicity to trees, 7use in batteries, 404

Mercury lamps, 477Mercury thermometers, 2606Merox process, 1851Merritt coal field, 613Mersey tidal power prospects, 2667-2668Meta-anthracite coals, 824Metal deactivators, 258Metal film lubricants, 1919-1920Metal freezing-point cells, 2597Metal halide lamps, 477Metallic radiation recuperators, 1666

INDEX 2949

Metallic Substrates, catalytic Converters,1333-1334

Metallurgical coke, see CokeMetal oxides

as adsorbents, 106for hot-gas sulfur removal, 790

Metal pan assemblies, 1820Metal passivation, 2781Metals industry, energy efficiency, 1157Metal working lubricants, 1920-1921Metaplasts, 810Metaplast theory, of coke making, 721Methane, see also Coalbed gas; Natural gas;

Substitute natural gasand carbon cycle, 492

increasing atmospheric concentration,494

coal mining emissions, 831—833combustion reaction pathways, 870in fuel cells, 1415, 1416as greenhouse gas, 55, 831

emission estimate, 1596taWemitigation, 1602

and ozone production, 44—45petrochemicals from, 2255production by anaerobic digestion, 1453-

1454, 1490production by biomass hydrogasification,

1463-1464production by biomass pyrolysis, 1460,

1461thermogenic, 825from vehicle emissions, 354, 355

Methane reforming, 778Methanogenic microorganisms, 824-825,

1453Methanol

as alternative fuel, 79, 89, 1341-1342,1533-1534

from biomass, 262biomass feedstock economics, 264as biomass fuel, 15, 16from coal, 262coal feedstock economics, 264fires, 2000-2001in fuel cells, 1415, 1425fuel characteristics, 1982handling, 1998health/safety/environmental aspects,

1998-2001highway taxes, 1229-1230, 1239from natural gas, 262natural gas feedstock economics, 263—264octane number, 305production from biomass, 1997production from coal liquefaction, 805-

806production from synthesis gas, 779, 1757production from wood, 1465resources/conversion, 1982-1983

Methanol-diesel fuel blends, 1992Methanol fumigation, 1993Methanol spark ignition engines, 1984—

1989Methanol-to-Gasoline process, 794, 806,

1381, 1526-1527Methanol-to-Olefins process, 806, 1527,

1530

Methanol vehicles, 1981-2003diesel engines, 1991-1996emissions benefits, 1983-1984future prospects, 2001-2003spark-ignition engines, 1984—1989

Methoxy groups, as methane precursors,809-810

ra-Methyl aniline (NMA), 305Methyl tert-hntyl ether, see MTBEMethyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricar-

bonyl (MMT), 305Methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC), 679Methyl isocyanate, 50Metric sabin (unit), 1816Meulaboh coal field, 661Mexico

coal resources, 611diesel vehicle emission Standards, 68

Mexico City, vehicle air pollution in, 63Micrinite, 722, 723, 724

properties of, 796 tableMicroalgae, oils from, 1458Microbial respiration mödeling, 485Microbiologically influenced corrosion, 2783Microcapsules, hydrogen storage in, 1775—

1776Microfabrication, of chemical sensors, 1256Microwave heating, 1021, 1024Microwave ovens, 1025

fields from, 1095, 1106Microwave radiation, health effects, 1106-

1109MIDAS model, 517Middle distillates, 2005-2006Midland Valley Basin (Scotland) coal depos-

its, 627-628Miike coal field, 638Mild coal gasification, 770, 779, 785-786,

1508Military bases, plutonium storage at, 2064,

2065Mineral fiber, 1818Mineral matter, 307, 724

and coal combustion, 742mödeling of combustion effects, 872—873

Mineral resources, classification, 604tableMineral waxes, 434Miniature alkaline batteries, 407-411Minimum boiling azeotropes, 990Minimum equilibrium stages, 993-994Minimum reflux ratio, 993-994Minimum-till plowing, 14Minor Oilseed Provision of 1990 Farm Bill,

1458Misfueling, 600MISR program, 2522-2523Mississippi River basin water quality,

2815-2817, 2819-2820Mist muds, 1017Mitochondrion, 1411Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), 9Mixed-oxide nuclear fuels, 2059, 2061,

2069-2073Mixed radioactive waste disposal, 2036-

2039MOBILE 4 model, 40Mobile source emission Standards, 339-340,

340table, 589-590, 595-603

Mobil Methanol-to-Gasoline process, 794,806, 1381, 1526-1527

Mobil Methanol-to-Olefins process, 806,1527, 1530

Mobil Olefins-to-Gasoline and Distillates pro-cess, 806, 1527-1528

Mödeling, of pollutants, see Air pollutionmödeling

Moderate (Clean Air Act) nonattainmentareas, 589

Modifying agents, 679Modular high-temperature gas-cooled reac-

tor, 2072-2073Modular Inclined Screen, 1788Moisture, of coals, 706, 708-710Molecular beam spectroscopy, 1284-1285Molecular efficiency, 1183Molecular sieves, as adsorbents, 106Molecular weight

asphalt, 330asphaltenes, 330, 336

Molex process, 1852Molten-ash furnaces, 748Molten-bath coal gasification, 772, 773, 786Molten carbonate fuel cells, 757, 780, 1415,

1421, 1422demonstration projects, 1431-1432reactions in, 1412—1413

Molten iron process, 786Molten Salt Electric Experiment, 2520Molten salt process, 1462Molybdenum, toxicity to trees, 7Molybdenum disulfide, 1918Monitoring, of pollutants, 41-42, 43Monolithic honeycomb catalytic Converters,

1331-1331Monte Carlo methods, in combustion mödel-

ing, 872, 873Montreal Protocol, 57, 64Moonlight Program, 1430Moreton Basin coal field, 649Morton coal field, 626Moscow Basin coal deposits, 635Motorcycle emissions, 73Motor fuels

Federal highway taxes, 1229-1232State highway taxes, 1232-1234

Motor octane number (MON), 381, 546,2126, 2127

Motor oils, see Automobile engine oilsMotor vehicle emissions, see Automobile

emissionsMotor vehicle emissions testing and certifi-

cation, 598, 1326-1328. See also Auto-mobile emissions

Motor Vehicle Information and Cost SavingsAct of 1975, 1173

Mount Pinatubo, 2165, 2171Mousse, 2148Moving bed catalytic reforming, 557Moving-grate incinerators, 1798MTBE (methyl fert-butyl ethe'r), 305, 547,

549, 1534-1535, 1850Mud balances, 1013Muds, drilling, see Drilling fluids/mudsMulti-chamber incinerators, 1798Multicomponent calculations, distillation,

995-996

2950 INDEX

Multi-Downcomer, 1567Multigrade engine oils, 388Multi-hearth furnaces, 1799Multimedia modeis, 2446-2447Multiphoton ionization, 1285-1286Multiple cropping, 14-15Multiple Downcomer plates, 999Multiple equilibrium staging, 992-996Multiple linear regression (MLR), 1254-

1255Multiple liquid-path plates, 999Multiple-outage criteria, transmission Sys-

tems, 1055Multiple phase aspects, of combustion mödel-

ing, 868Multiple retort underfeed stokers, 745, 746Multiple Use Sustained Use Act, 1398Multistep thermochemical water Splitting,

1770Municipal solid waste incinerators, 1441Municipal solid wastes, 1448, 1496, 1497-

1498. See also Incinerationash composition, 311, 2760-2761biomass component, 16biomass use, 1482-1483economics, 2761-2770emissions, 2759-2761energy recovery, 2758-2759 *fuel characteristics, 1497table, 1497-1500mass-burn technology, 2754-2756processing, 2756-2758pyrolysis, 2283, 2293, 2758recycling, 2343-2344, 2351

Munter wheels, 1663Muon-catalyzed fusion, 1557M85 vehicles, 1988M100 vehicles, 1989, 1996

Nacolite, 118Nafion, 1769Nafion fuel cells, 1421, 1422Nanaimo coal field, 612Naphthalenes, in coal, 816Naphthas, 2252-2253

as catalytic reforming feeds, 554, 557-558caustic treating, 569-572by FCC, 543steam reforming, 1762

Naphthenescatalytic reforming reactions, 558cat Cracking, 540

Naphthenoaromatic hydrocarbons, in coal,816

Naricual coal field, 607NASA-Lewis program, 869NAS model, 519National Air Monitoring Sites, 43National Ambient Air Quality Standards,

39, 42-43, 96, 97table, 162, 587National Atmospheric Deposition Program,

1National Council on Radiation Protection

and Measurements, 2315National Desiccant Cooling Program, 2504—

2505National Emissions Standards for Hazard-

ous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs), 43, 51

National Energy Conservation Policy Act of1978, 1162

National Energy Policy Plan Projections to2010, 1222

National Energy Policy Plans, 1218-12191979-1991 plans, 1220toWe, 1220-1222,

1224-1225National Energy Strategy, 732, 1061-1062,

1068, 1078, 1186, 1222National Environmental Policy Act of 1969,

1295National Forest Management Act of 1976,

1398National Geothermal Association, 1584National Parks solar homes, 2503National Renewable Energy Laboratory,

2482Native asphalt, see Natural asphaltNatural asphalt, 321-322, 433, 435, 1371

composition, 438-441exploration, 450formation from oil, 437-438properties, 441-442recovery, 444-450resources, 442

Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii, 2105,2116- - -

Natural gas, 2007-2022. See also Substitutenatural gas

as alternative fuel, 88-89, 372, 1341,2730-2741

ash composition, 308chemicals from, 2017-2022in coalbeds, see Coalbed gascomposition, 2013-2014consumption (U.S.), 1138-1140development from kerogen, 436—437direct conversion to liquid fuels, 1530-

1531f drilling, 2010-2011

as drilling fluid, 1016-1017in fuel cells, 1425for locomotives, 2342as major fuel of chemical industry, 1203partial oxidation, 1764processing, 2014-2017reserves, 2008-2010, 2267toWe

U.S., 1440-1441storage, 2012-2013terminology, 2007-2008transport, 2013world proven reserves, 263

Natural gas pipelines, 2279-2280Natural gas vehicles, 2699, 2702-2704,

2733-2734vs. electric vehicles, 2706

Naturalistic silviculture, 1473Natural manganese dioxide (NMD), 402-

403Naturelle hydraulic fluid, 1937, 1938Nedol process, 799-800Needle coke, 852Negamile markets, 2568Negative ionization mass spectrometry,

1267Nelson-Westland coal region, 658-659Neoprene, 1840Nernst equation, 399

Nernst Glower, 1421Network control units, 1195Neutralization, 2838-2839Neutralizing amines, 2780Neutron detection, 2337-2338Nevada, energy management policy, 1191Newcastle coalfield (Australia), 644New Energy Development Organization,

794New England Electric System, 1086

solar installations, 2485New Generation of Vehicle Initiative, 1712,

2537New Paraho asphalt research, 2143New River coal field, 617New Source Performance Standards (NSPS),

590-591New South Wales, coal resources, 641-646Newspaper recycling, 2345Newtonian nudging, 217Newton-Raphson numerical integration,

868-869New York, energy management policy, 1191New York State Energy Plan, 1085New Zealand

coal resources, 656-659lignite deposits, 1871

Nickel, toxicity to trees, 7, 8Nickel-cadmium batteries, 398, 416, 417-

419Nickel-hydrogen batteries, 418, 419-420Nickel-iron batteries, 398Nickel-metal hydride batteries, 418, 420NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) movement,

2344, 2356-2357,.2466'.\Nitrates

in acid deposition, 53and haze, 53'in particulates, 49, 50

Nitrate salt direct-absorption ,solar receiv-ers, 2524-2525 \

Nitric acidfrom acid rain, 6 jformation in smog, 43, 47

Nitric acid production, 1202-1203Nitric oxide, 47 f.

from coal combustion, 742-743 >thermal, 743

Nitrogenand carbon cycle, see Carbon balance möd-

elingremoval from natural gas, 2015removal from wastewater, 2841-2843removal from wastewater via activated

sludge, 10Nitrogen cycle, 2804-2805Nitrogen dioxide

from coal combustion, 742as criteria pollutant, 39health effects, 176-178as indoor air pollutant, 196-197

Nitrogen oxidesin acid rain, 3, 96aircraft turbine emissions, 240-241, 253-

254CAA acid deposition control requirements,

591from coal combustion, 741-743

INDEX 2951

control technologies, 758-763mödeling, 873-874

control methods for, 118-123, 758-763,1362-1365

by FCC, 549formation kinetics, 118-119incinerator emissions, 1805-1806magnetohydrodynamic power plant emis-

sions, 1946from municipal solid waste incineration,

2759-2760and ozone production, 44—47pinch technology approach to targeting,

958Protocol Concerning the Control of Emis-

sions of NitrogenOxides or Their Transboundary

Fluxes, 63vehicle emissions, 265-272from vehicle exhaust, 61, 63

diesel vehicles, 80from waste-derived fuels combustion,

1503Nitro-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

(nitro-PNA), from diesel vehicles, 80,81,84

Nitrous oxide, 47from coal combustion, 741-742as greenhouse gas, 55

emission estimate, 1596tablefrom vehicle emissions, 354, 355

NMHC (nonmethane hydrocarbons), see Vol-atile organic compounds

Noise emissions, aircraft engine, 242-247Noise isolation class, 1823Noise measurement, 244-245Noise pollution, and technology assessment,

926Noise reduction, air conditioning Systems,

1819Noise reduction coefficient, 1817Noise reduction principles, 245Nonaqueous absorption methods, 102Non-associated natural gas, 2007Nonattainment requirements, Clean Air Act,

588-589Nonbanded coals, 710Nonbilinear Rank Annihilation Method,

1256Noncondensing steam turbines, 839, 840,

841Nondispersive infrared absorption spectros-

copy, 1275Nondispersive infrared analysis, for air pol-

lution monitoring, 98Nonelectronic radiation detectors, 2336-

2337Nonferrous metals recycling, 2347Nonisothermal gas absorption, 1573-1574Nonlinear saturated absorption, 1285Nonmethane hydrocarbons, see Volatile or-

ganic compoundsfrom coal combustion, 742

Nonmethane organic gas Standard, 600Nonoxidizing antimicrobials, 2790, 2791-

2792Nonrandom two-liquid phase modeis, 989Nonrecovery coke ovens, 729

Nonregenerative caustic treatment, 568Nonselective catalytic reduction, 1365Nonslagging coal gasifiers, 776Nonuse values, 1300-1301Nord et Par de Calais coal field, 631Normal rated, 225NORPAC, 1560North America

coal resources, 611-626lignite deposits, 1871

North American Electric Reliability Council(NERO, 1054

Northern Appalachian coal field, 616-617Northern Ireland coal deposits, 629North Korea

coal resources, 635-637lignite deposits, 1871

Northumberland coal field, 629Norway, wave power efforts, 2898Notched trough distributors, 1564No-till plowing, 14Not in kind CFC replacements, 2409-2410Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY) movement,

2344, 2356-2357, 2466Nottinghamshire coal field, 629NOVA laser facility, 1556Novalöx packings, 1560NO„ see Nitrogen oxidesNOxOUT process, 122Nsutite, 402Nucla Power Station, 753, 790Nuclear fuel cycle, 2032-2033Nuclear fusion energy, see Fusion energyNuclear Management and Resources Coun-

cil, 2086, 2087Nuclear materials, 2058-2080. See also

Highly-enriched uranium; Plutonium;Radioactive wastes

disposition, 2060-2064Nuclear Plant Aging Research program,

2090-2091, 2092Nuclear power, 1045, 2032-2033

for hydrogen production, 1771risk perceptions, 2468

Nuclear power plant decommissioning,2033-2055

approaches to, 2033 •costs, 2046-2050experiences with, 2040-2045funding, 2054-2055radiation exposure, 2050-2051retirement and financial requirements,

2051-2054technologies, 2045-2046

Nuclear power plantsaging, 2082-2099closed Brayton cycle applications, 456-

457Nuclear reactors, 1045, 1046

lubricants for, 1923-1924pressure vessel embrittlement, 2084

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)aging plant safety assurance, 2086-2088financial assurance requirements, 2052-

2053residual radioactivity Standards, 2034-

2035Nuclear steam turbines, 2530

Nuclear weaponsdismantlement, 2079-2080disposition, 2059, 2060, 2078

Nuclear Weapons Complex, 2064-2066Numerical evaluation, of combustion mod-

eis, 877-878Numerical methods, in combustion mödel-

ing, 876-877Nutrient removal, from wastewater, 2841-

2844Nutter Float valves, 999Nutter rings, 1002, 1560Nylon, hydrolysis, 2370

Oaklands Basin coal deposits, 646Oak Ridge Y-12 plant, 2059, 2079Oaxaca Region coal deposits, 611Obed Mountain coal field, 615Oberlausitz Basin coal deposits, 631Oblad model of coal, 794Observational epidemiology, 2435-2436Occidental mild gasification process, 785-

786Occupant needs, in buildings, 464-466Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1744Ocean current power recovery, 2427-2428Ocean currents, 2124, 2427Oceanography, 2119-2126Oceans. See also Wave power

and carbon cycle, 493-494, 496-497, 501-502

circulation cells, 2123-2124renewable resources from, 2426-2432

Ocean thermal energy conversion, 2104-2118 *

closed cycle, 2105, 2112-2113economics, 2118environmental aspects, 2107-2109limitations of, 2107 c

open cycle, 2105, 2109-2117Potential Sites, 2117-2118

Ocean winds, 2428 iOctane additives, 543Octane number, 373, 546, 2126-2127

measuring, 381 f

Odd oxygen, 2163 VOden, Svante, 1Odors

as air pollution, 52control methods, 147-148measurement, 147

Off-gases, hydrogen-rich, 1765Office lighting, 478Office of Technology Assessment, 1061Off-road vehicles, emission Standards, 68,

603Offshore drilling, 1011Ohmic heating, 1020Ohmic polarization, 400Oil, see PetroleumOil-based drilling fluids, 1013, 1015-1016,

1018Oil embargo of 1973-1974, 1146Oil emulsion muds, 1015Oils, from biomass, 1457-1458, 1491-1492Oil sands, 443, 1371, 2275

bitumen recovery from, 444-447, 448-449

2952 INDEX

Oilseed crops, 1457-1458, 1491-1492Oil Service categories, API, 1Oil shale, 1517, 1543-1544, 2127-2144,

2276crude shale oil, 2135

upgrading, 2135-2139current operations, 2143—2144direct combustion, 2139economics, 2142-2143environmental aspects, 2141gasification, 2139-2140petrochemicals production from, 2140properties, 2129-2130reserves, 2127-2129retorting processes, 2130-2135, 2131table

above ground, 2132in situ, 2132-2135

test methods for, 2129Oil spills, 2145-2155

environmental impacts, 2150-2153remedial measures, 2153-2155

Oil-water emulsions, 1933Olefin-enhancing additives, 543Olefins

cat cracking, 541toxicity, 1742

Olefins-to-Gasoline and Distillates process,806, 1527-1528

Olfactometers, 148Ombilin coal field, 661OMEGA laser, 1556Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993,

1232Onboard diagnostics, 598, 1339On-Board Diagnostics II requirements, 76,

1339Onboard refuelirig control Systems, 598Onda correlation, 1573One Engine Inoperative rating, 225Onion diagram, 935-936OPEC, 2104, 2200-2221Open-circuit voltage, 397Open cycle ocean thermal energy conver-

sion, 2105, 2109-2117Open-field agriculture, 2618Operational improvements, and energy effi-

ciency, 1155-1156Opposed-flow high-pressure intermediate

steam turbines, 2533-2534Optical deformation potential scattering,

1028Optical multichannel analyzers, 1278Optical pyrometers, 2603Optical spectroscopy, 1268-1290. See also

specific spectroscopic methodsfuture trends, 1290-1291theory, 1269-1272

Option value, 1300Optoelectronic imaging devices, 1278Optogalvanic effect, 1287Opzel design, electrostatic precipitators,

132Ordinary least Squares, 1254-1255Organic compounds, in particulates, 49, 50Organic Rankine cycle, 1129, 2157-2158Organic Rankine engines, 2157-2160Organic scintillation detectors, 2328-2329

Organizational of Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC), 2104, 2220-2221

Organizations, environmental, 1309—1325Orifice trough distributors, 1564Orissa coal fields, 670Orthophosphoric acid, in fuel cells, 1420,

1422OSLO Project, 446Ostrava-Karvina Basin coal deposits, 633Otago coal region, 659OTEC, see Ocean thermal energy conversionOtisca process, 680Otto cycle, 227Otto cycle engines, see Spark-ignition en-

ginesOutdoor air conditioning design conditions,

20-21Ovens, 1066-1067

indoor pollution from, 58Overfeed stokers, 745Overgrazing, 1608, 1621OXCO process, 1531Oxidation catalysts, 1339-1340Oxidation inhibitors, 1907, 1927-1928Oxides, as mineral matter in fuels, 307Oxidizing antimicrobials, 2789-2790, 2791OxTrike project, 1706-1707OxyFuel, see Oxygenated fuelsOxygenated fuels, 1531-1533, 2383-2384,

2675gasoline additives, 265-266meeting requirements, 2394-2395, 2396-

2397properties, 2687-2693renewable oxygenate requirement, 2390-

2391Oxygen scavenging, 2781Oxygen sensors, 76-77, 1336, 1338-1339Oxygen supply, in activated sludge, 9-10iOxy process, 1541-1542Ozocerite, 434Ozone

as antimicrobial, 2790clean air background concentration, 44climatology and variability, 2167-2174as criteria pollutant, 39, 2180-2181distribution, 2167-2170formation in smog, 43—47as greenhouse gas, 55health effects, 172-176as indoor pollutant (from outside), 59production in electrostatic precipitators,

130production reactions, 2163-2165, 2181quasi biennial oscillation, 2170-2171reservoir compounds, 2164-2165and solar cycle, 2172-2174stratospheric, 2162-2179transport, 2166-2167tropospheric, 2180-2188from vehicle air pollution, 62"and volcanic eruptions, 2165, 2171-2172

Ozone depletion, 56-57, 96, 2174-2179and Clean Air Act, 594-595global health index for, 1619recent trends, 2175and vehicle air pollution, 62

Ozone hole, 57, 2162Ozone nonattainment areas, 588, 599

Pacific Gas & Electric Company, 1086agricultural water efficiency efforts, 2796-

2797Pacific Northwest coal fields, 626Pacificorp, 2797Pacinox welded-plate heat exchangers, 1658Packaged rooftop unit air conditioners, 33Packaged terminal air conditioners, 33Packed distillation columns, 1001-1005Packed tower absorbers, 102-104, 1559-

1565design considerations, 1561-1563internals, 1559-1561, 1563-1565

Packingsdistillation columns, 1001-1002in packed tower absorbers, 1559-1561

PACTI, 728Pall rings, 1001-1002, 1560Pan distributors, 1564Pantex plant, 2059, 2064Paper industry, 1157Paper recycling, 2345-2346, 2378Parabolic dish solar power Systems, 2521-

2522Parabolic trough solar power Systems,

2522-2526Parachute Creek oil shale deposits, 2128Paraffinic oils, 1902-1903Paraffins, 1737

catalytic reforming reactions, 558-559cat cracking, 540 ^ ,\isomerization, 1849-1855toxicity, 1742

Paraho retorting, 2132, 2143Parallel hybrid-electric vehicles, 1711,

1716-1717Parallel-path flows, transmission lines,

1053-1054Paranä Basin coal deposits, 604-605 f>Parking control tricycles, 1706Parnaiba Basin coal deposits, 605Parr formulas, 701 yParr's coal classification System, 696, 698-

700Partial-arc admission, steam turbines, 2534Partial burn Operation, FCC, 548Partial combustion, 1797Partial-immersion thermometers, 2606Partial least Squares regression, 1254Partial oxidation, 1518

for hydrogen production, 1756, 1765-1767Particle beam fusion, 1556Particle board, as source of formaldehyde,

58Particle field holography, 898Particle filtration, see FiltrationParticle Rejection Impact Separator, 1644Particle size determination, for particulates,

100Particle size measurements, in combustion,

900-902Particle size reduction, of biomass, 1452—

1453

INDEX 2953

Particle sizing interferometry, for combus-tion measurements, 900

Particle-source-in-cell method, 867Particulates, 48—50. See also Diesel particu-

latesfrom coal combustion, 742from coal gasification, 788, 791control methods, 123-147

cyclones, 125-130developing (new) methods, 146-147electrically augmented particle collec-

tion, 136-137electrostatic precipitation, 130-136filtration, 137-142gravity settling, 125physical principles involved, 123-125,

I24tablewet scrubbing, 142-146

as criteria pollutants, 39developing countries, 1612-1613formation in smog, 47health effects, 180-183magnetohydrodynamic power plant emis-

sions, 1947-1948from municipal solid waste incineration,

2759particle sizes, 48-49, 100pinch technology approach to targeting,

958sampling for, 98-100

Pasir Basin coal deposits, 663-665Pasquil turbulence, 580, 581Passivation additives, 543Passivation inhibitors, 2786Passive smoking, 185-188, 195Passive solar commercial buildings program,

2505-2506Passive solar homes, 2503Passive (solar) lighting and heating, 468-

471, 2501-2503Pathfinder nuclear reactor, 2041PB-PK modeis, 2449PCBs, see Polychlorinated biphenylsPCGC-2 model, 886PCGC-3 model, 874, 885, 886Peace River coal deposits, 615Peace River oil sand deposits, 448-449Pease-Anthony absorbers, 103, 104Peat, 824, 2205-2216

ash composition, 308combustion, 2213-2214defined, 2206dewatering, 2212-2213energy uses, 2211-2216environmental applications, 2206-2211gasification, 2214-2215liquefaction, 2215-2216spontaneous combustion, 691

PEATGAS process, 2214-2215Pechora Basin coal deposits, 635Peg walls, 1959

Pellet-type catalytic Converters, 1331Pendulor system, 2870-2871Penetration theory, 1571Penex-Plus process, 1855Penex process, 1852-1853Penine Basin coal deposits, 628-629

Pennsylvania coal fields, 615-616Percolation theory, in combustion mödeling,

872Perfluoroalkylpolyethers, as lubricants,

1913, 1916Perforated-plate cryogenic heat exchangers,

976-977Permits, 1303

Clean Air Act, 591, 594as technology assessment issue, 929

Peroxyacetyl nitrate, formation in smog, 43,47

Persian Gulf War, 2221-2222Personal monitoring, 2444—2445

of electromagnetic fields, 1098-1099for radiation, 2317-2318

Perth Basin coal deposits, 656Pesticides, petroleum-derived, 12, 13PETC process, 1947Petrochemicals, 2256-2259

by catalytic reforming, 564-565Petrofarming, 11-13Petrographic composition, of coal, 704, 710,

722Petrolenes, 321Petroleum, 2218-2219

chemistry and spill behavior, 2146-2147consumption, 2225-2226

U.S., 1137-1138development from kerogen, 436—437markets, 2219-2226partial oxidation, 1518pyrolysis, 1517steam reforming, 1518synthetic fuel production from, 1517—

1-518transportation, 2332world proven reserves, 263

Petroleum asphalts, 323-327Petroleum coke, 2236, 2256Petroleum dewaxing, 983-986Petroleum lubricants, 1740-1741, 1902-

1906viscosity, 1903-1906

Petroleum pipelines, 2279Petroleum production, 2227-2232, 2268-

2270costs, 2225enhanced recovery, 2230-2232primary recovery, 2228-2229secondary recovery, 2229-2230

Petroleum products, 2232-2236, 2239table,2252-2259, See also specific Petroleumproducts

Petroleum refining, 1883-1885, 2237-2259.See also numerous specific Operationsand Processes

emissions, 2259-2264energy efficiency, 1156evolution of, 2238tablegas collection during, 1882gas processing, 2250-2252overview of operations, 2241for synthesis gas production, 1979-1980

Petroleum reserves, 2264-2276unconventional, 2274-2276 •undiscovered estimates, 2273-2274

U.S., 1440-1441, 2270, 2271world supply, 2222-2225, 2265-2266to62e

Petroleum residues, 1371coprocessing with coal, 798-799delayed coking, 850-859

PETROSLX retorting, 2132, 2143Phase Doppier particle analyzers, 901Phase shifters, 1049Phasor diagrams, 1042Phenanthrene-anthracenes, 816Phenolics, for thermal insulation, 1843Phenols

in coal, 818, 820production from wood, 1466

Phenylenediamine, in caustic washing, 567Phenylenediamines, as gasoline additives,

1627Philippines, vehicle air pollution in, 63Phoebus project, 2526PHOENICS model, 885Phosphate esters, 1731-1732

as lubricants, 1912-1913Phosphate treatment, for boiler water, 2778Phosphenes, 1090Phosphoric acid fuel cells, 757, 1420

demonstration projects, 1426—1429electric Utility units, 1429-1431

Phosphorusin coke, 720removal from wastewater, 2843—2845removal from wastewater via activated

sludge, 10Photoacoustic spectroscopy, 1277, 1286-

1287Photochemical(smog,v43-48, 161Photographic plates, for radiation detection,

2336Photomultiplier tubes, 2329-2330Photorespiration, 483Photosynthesis

in biomass, 1445, 1467-1469efficiency, 1467-1469marine, 493mödeling, 482-483

Photothermal spectroscopy, 1277, 1287Photovoltaic cells, 1408, 2481-2495

environmental aspects, 2491-2492foreign involvement, 2487future of, 2493-2495government involvement, 2483history, 2481-2482manufacturing, 2488modules/arrays, 2490-2491Potential electric power contribution, 2482present Status, 2482residential applications, 2484-2485technologies, 2488-2490third-world applications, 2487Utility projects, 2483-2484

Photovoltaic hydrogen, 2495Photovoltaic-powered vehicles, 2485-2487PHPA muds, 1015Physical Containment, of oil spills, 2154Phytotoxicants, 39Piceance Basin oil shale deposits, 2128Pickup heat, 25-26Pictou coal field, 615

2954 INDEX

Piecewise direct standardization, 1256Pig iron, 718Pinch technology, 936, 939, 2638

for basic energy targeting, 936-940for emissions targeting, 958-959for'heat exchanger network design, 940-

947for heat pump placement, 1682-1683for heat recovery networks, 1689-1692for placement of heat and Utilities, 950-

954for process modification design, 947-950rules for, 937, 938, 941-943for total Site targeting, 954-958

Pinon Pine IGCC Power Project, 790Pipe distributors, 1564Pipelines, 2278-2280Pistons, automobile engines, 370

friction losses in, 387new designs/materials for, 387, 388

Pitches, 321Pitching float wave power, 2877-2878Pitting, 2782Pittsburgh-Huntington synclinorium, 616Pivoting flap wave power, 2870-2871Planck blackbody radiation law, 1024Plants

mödeling changes with time, 481-482*nutrient uptake/carbon allocation mödel-

ing, 486-487respiration mödeling, 483-485succession modeis, 481-482

Plasma processing, 1077Plasmas, in fusion, 1550-1551Plasticizers, for electrical insulation, 1837Plastics, 1742

pyrolysis, 2283, 2290-2293recycling, 2347-2348, 2365-2376, 2379-

2380Plastics industry, 1154, 1157Plateau (Ala.) coal field, 618Plate column absorbers, 103Plate distillation columns, 997-1001Plate electrostatic precipitators, 130, 131-

132Plate-fin cryogenic heat exchangers, 976Plate-fin heat exchangers, 1659-1661Plate-type heat exchangers, 1211, 1656-

1659Platforming process, 554

description, 555-557Platinum, for pollutant incineration, 116Platinum catalysts

in fuel cells, 1416, 1430in Platforming process, 554, 561

Platinum resistance thermometers, 2598-2599

Pleasant Bayou well, 1588Plume blight, 52, 53Plume model, of pollution transport, 40-41,

42Plutonium, 2058-2059

"burning" in advanced reactors, 2059—2060, 2070-2073

civilian-military connections, 2063-2064disposal

in geologic repositories, 2075-2076

in space, 2077sub-seabed, 2075-2076Underground detonation, 2076-2077

disposition, 2060-2062processing, 2069-2075storage, 2064-2069

Plywood, as source of formaldehyde, 58PM10, 43, 48, 98Pneumatic drilling fluids, 1016-1017Pocahontas coal field, 617Pocket filters, 137Point dipole fields, 1092-1093Point sources, of air pollution, 40Poisons, catalytic Converters, 1337Poland

coal resources, 631lignite deposits, 1871

Polar acoustic phonon scattering, 1028Polar optical phonon scattering, 1028Police radar units, health effects, 1106Policy analysis

industrial sector, 1160-1163transportation sector, 1172-1175

Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming,1219

Pollution, see Air pollution; Noise pollution;Water pollution

Polonium-214, 58Polonium-218, 58Polyalkylene glycols, as lubricants, 1912Polyalphaolefin (PAO), 1732, 1733, 1735,

1909-1910Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2189-

2204applications, 2192-2193contaminants in, 2195decontamination/destruction methods,

2203-2204environmental distribution/fate, 2195-

2196production and sales, 2190-2192properties, 2193-2195regulations, 2200-2203toxicology, 2196-2200

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, 2190ms analysis, 1260, 1267-1268

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans, 1260, 1267-1268, 2189-2190

Polycyclic organic matter (POM), from vehi-cle air pollution, 62

Polyethylenefor electrical insulation, 1836, 1840for thermal insulation, 1843

Polyethylene terephthalatealcoholysis, 2371glycolysis, 2371hydrolysis, 2370methanolysis, 2370-2371

Polyimide, for thermal insulation, 1843Polyisocyanurate foams, 1842Polyisoprene, 1457Polymer electrolyte fuel cells, see Proton ex-

change membrane fuel cellsPolymerization, 2245-2247, 2280-2281Polymer muds, 1015Polymers, 1742

pyrolysis, 809

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNA),from diesel vehicles, 80, 81, 84

Polyolefins, pyrolysis, 2292-2293Polyphenyl ethers, 1732

as lubricants, 1914Polypropylene, for electrical insulation, 1836Polystyrene, 1842Polysulfide treatment, 568-569Polyurethane foams, 1842Polyurethanes

glycolysis, 2371-2372hydrolysis, 2370

Poly(vinyl chloride), for electrical insulation,1836-1837, 1840

Pontiac fever, 59Pooling, 1052Population growth, and emissions abate-

ment cost, 519-520Population growth, and environmental

change, 1608-1618Population risk, 2452Populus trees, 1474Port Hood coal field, 615Portland cement, fly ash in, 319Positive crankcase Ventilation Systems, 344,

347, 1341Positive-displacement compressors, 2415Post-accident premature decommissioning

insurance, 2054Potasol process, 568Potassium polyethylene glycolate process,

2204Potassium sulfate, from MHD plants, 1947Potential energy, 2625 r<Potential transformers, 1049Potomac Electric Power Company, 1081Pott-Broche process, 798Pottsville coal field, 619-620Pour-point depressants, 1908, 1929Poverty, and environmental ^change, 1608-

1610 \Powder River Basin coal field, 623

methane emissions from, 832-833 f.Power cables, 1831-1832, 1837-1839Power factor, 1835Power factor angle, 1042 r

Power producer, aircraft engines, 226-228Power ratings, aircraft engines, 225Prandtl mixing length model, 866Prebake cell process, 292Precarbon process, 718Precipitating inhibitors, 2786Precipitation, and biomass production,

1469-1471Precipitation, acidic, see Acid rainPrecipitation softening, 2772-2773Precursor pollutants, 39-40Precursors of metaplast theory, of coke mak-

ing, 721Premashield, 1839Pre-reformers, 1764-1765Pressure cycle oxygen frre flooding, 450Pressure partial oxidation, 1765Pressure-swing adsorption, 109-110, 1120

hydrogen purification by, 1762Pressurized fluidized-bed combustion, 749,

753-754

INDEX 2955

Pressurized thermal shock, 2084Pressurized water nuclear reactors, 1045,

1046Prevaporized premixed combustion, 1896Prevention of Significant Deterioration

(PSD), 591Prices, see Energy pricesPrimary batteries, 397, 401-416. See also

specific types of Primary batterieshistory of, 398shelf life, 404, 407

Primary electric power distribution, 1030-1033

Primary loop power distribution Systems,1032

Primary network power distribution Sys-tems, 1032-1033

Primary petroleum recovery, 2228-2229Primary radial power distribution Systems,

1031-1032Princess Reserve coal field, 616Principal components regression (PCR),

1254Principle Organic Hazardous Constituent

list, 1796Printing industry, 1367Proalcool program, 1534, 2707-2711Probabilistic risk assessment, 2433*,12441-

2444Probability, in hazard analysis, 1636-1638Process derived fuel, 2296Process design

onion approach to, 935-936pinch technology approach to, see Pinch

technologyProcess integration, 936PROCO DI, 2002Progress in. Energy and Combustion Science,

865Project Independence, 1219Propane, 2257

State highway taxes, 1233-1234Propane deasphalting, 324-325Propane dewaxing, 984Propfan aircraft engines, 231Proportional counters, 2324-2325Propulsive efficiency, aircraft engines, 229Propulsor, aircraft engines, 228-229Propylene, 282

petrochemicals from, 2257Propylene glycol, production from synthesis

gas, 1757Protective relays, 1049Proteins, single-cell, 1741Protocol Concerning the Control of Emis-

sions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Trans-boundary Fluxes, 63

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, 757,1417, 1421, 1422, 1423

demonstration projects, 1435-1436PS Frog, 2871Public hearings, for National Policy Plans,

1223-1224Public opinion

and risk communication, see Risk commu-nication

as technology assessment issue, 929

Public Service Company of New Mexico, so-lar project, 2518-2519

Public utility commissions, 1191Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935,

1193Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of

1978 (PURPA), 1077, 1137, 1193and biomass fuels, 1482, 1484

Puff modeis, 2446Pulp substitutes, 2345Pulse mode ionization detectors, 2323Pulverizers, 747Pumped storage, hydroelectric generators,

1046, 1791Pumping losses

diesel engines, 392-393spark-ignition engines, 388

Pumpsfor air conditioners, 34design for energy conservation, 1125-

1126energy management in, 1215-1216

Purasiv HR system, 109PUREX process, 2023, 2028-2029Putty-clay modeis, 516Putty-putty modeis, 516PV- Bonus program, 2488Pyongyang-North Pyongyang coal field,

637Pyrite, 313

and slagging, 688Pyrobitumens, 434

resources, 442Pyrolusite, 402Pyrolysis, 808-809, 2240, 2281-2306

analytical, 815applied, 809of biomass, 1459-1462, 1492, 2282-2283

product upgrading, 2300-2301catalysts for, 2293-2294of coal, see Coal pyrolysiscosts, 2303-2305environmental aspects, 2301-2303future developments, 2305-2306of petroleum, for synthetic fuel gas produc-

tion, 1517of rubber and plastics, 2283, 2290-2293

product upgrading, 2301for solid waste incineration, 1797of solid wastes, 2283

Pyrometers, 2603-2605Pyrometric cone thermometers, 2607

Quasi biennial ozone oscillatiön, 2170-2171Quasistatics, 1090Queensland, coal resources, 646-649Quench Systems, liquid waste incineration,

1808Quiescent diesel engine combustion cham-

bers, 392

R-ll, 476-477R-22, 476-477R-123, 477

R-134a, 477Radar speed detection units, health effects,

1106Radiation detectors, 2319, 2320. See also spe-

cific Detectorselectronic equipment for, 2334-2336gas-filled, 2321-2326nonelectronic detectors, 2336-2337scintillation detectors, 2326-2330semiconductor detectors, 2330-2334

Radiation fields, 1096Radiation hazards, 2309-2319

sources, 2313-2314Radiation monitoring, 2317-2319, 2320-

2338Radiation protection, 2314-2317Radiative forcing, 56Radiative heat transfer, in combustion: möd-

eling of, 873Radioactive tank wastes, 2023-2031Radioactive waste disposal, 2036-2040

low-level wastes, 2036-2039mixed wastes, 2039-2040spent fuel, 2040

Radioactive wastescharacterization, 2026chemical Separation processes, 2027-2029pretreatment, 2025-2026

Radio frequency heating, 1021Radio frequency radiation, health effects,

1106-1109Radiometry, 1269, 1283-1284Radionuclides, emission Standards, 51Radio signal interference, as technology as-

sessment issue, 926Radon, 2314 ^

in sürface ocean, 497Radon-222, as indoor pollutant, 57-58

remedial action, 58Railroad cables, 1831Railroads, 2339-2343. See also LocomotivesRain. See also Acid rain

acidity of, natural, 2, 54 f

Rainforest destruction, 425 l

Ralston coal field, 617Raman scattering, for combustion measure-

ments, 899 c

Raman spectroscopy, 1280-1281Ramjet aircraft engines, 235-238Ramsdellite, 402Rancho Seco nuclear reactor, 2053Random packings, 1001-1002, 1560-1561Raniganj formation coal, 669-670Rank, of coal, 697-702, 704, 706-710, 722,

815, 824tableRankine cycle, 1044

organic, 1129, 2157-2158Rankine temperature scale, 2624Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube, 2423Raoult's law, 988RapReNox, 88Raschig rings, 1001, 1560Raton Mesa coal field, 623Ravenscrag coal deposits, 615Rayleigh distillation, 996-997Rayleigh scattering, 53

for combustion measurements, 899

INDEX 2955

Pressurized thermal shock, 2084Pressurized water nuclear reactors, 1045,

1046Prevaporized premixed combustion, 1896Prevention of Significant Deterioration

(PSD), 591Prices, see Energy pricesPrimary batteries, 397, 401-416. See also

specific types of Primary batterieshistory of, 398shelf life, 404, 407

Primary electric power distribution, 1030—1033

Primary loop power distribution Systems,1032

Primary network power distribution Sys-tems, 1032-1033

Primary petroleum recovery, 2228-2229Primary radial power distribution Systems,

1031-1032Princess Reserve coal field, 616Principal components regression (PCR),

1254Principle Organic Hazardous Constituent

list, 1796Printing industry, 1367Proalcool program, 1534, 2707-2711Probabilistic risk assessment, 2433^ 2441-

2444Probability, in hazard analysis, 1636-1638Process derived fuel, 2296Process design

onion approach to, 935-936pinch technology approach to, see Pinch

technologyProcess Integration, 936PROCO DI, 2002Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,

865Project Independence, 1219Propane, 2257

State highway taxes, 1233-1234Propane deasphalting, 324-325Propane dewaxing, 984Propfan aircraft engines, 231Proportional counters, 2324-2325Propulsive efficiency, aircraft engines, 229Propulsor, aircraft engines, 228-229Propylene, 282

petrochemicals from, 2257Propylene glycol, production from synthesis

gas, 1757Protective relays, 1049Proteins, single-cell, 1741Protocol Concerning the Control of Emis-

sions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Trans-boundary Fluxes, 63

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, 757,1417, 1421, 1422, 1423

demonstration projects, 1435-1436PS Frog, 2871Public hearings, for National Policy Plans,

1223-1224Public opinion

and risk communication, see Risk commu-nication

as technology assessment issue, 929

Public Service Company of New Mexico, so-lar project, 2518-2519

Public utility commissions, 1191Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935,

1193Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of

1978 (PURPA), 1077, 1137, 1193and biomass fuels, 1482, 1484

Puff modeis, 2446Pulp substitutes, 2345Pulse mode ionization detectors, 2323Pulverizers, 747Pumped storage, hydroelectric generators,

1046, 1791Pumping losses

diesel engines, 392-393spark-ignition engines, 388

Pumpsfor air conditioners, 34design for energy conservation, 1125—

1126energy management in, 1215-1216

Purasiv HR system, 109PUREX process, 2023, 2028-2029Putty-clay modeis, 516Putty-putty modeis, 516PV Bonus program, 2488Pyongyang-North Pyongyang coal field,

637Pyrite, 313

and slagging, 688Pyrobitumens, 434

resources, 442Pyrolusite, 402Pyrolysis, 808-809, 2240, 2281-2306

analytical, 815applied, 809of biomass, 1459-1462, 1492, 2282-2283

product upgrading, 2300-2301catalysts for, 2293-2294of coal, see Coal pyrolysiscosts, 2303-2305environmental aspects, 2301-2303future developments, 2305-2306of petroleum, for synthetic fuel gas produc-

tion, 1517of rubber and plastics, 2283, 2290-2293

product upgrading, 2301for solid waste incineration, 1797of solid wastes, 2283

Pyrometers, 2603-2605Pyrometric cone thermometers, 2607

Quasi biennial ozone oscillation, 2170-2171Quasistatics, 1090Queensland, coal resources, 646-649Quench Systems, liquid waste incineration,

1808Quiescent diesel engine combustion cham-

bers, 392

R-ll, 476-477R-22, 476-477R-123, 477

R-134a, 477Radar speed detection units, health effects,

1106Radiation detectors, 2319, 2320. See also spe-

cific Detectorselectronic equipment for, 2334-2336gas-filled, 2321-2326nonelectronic detectors, 2336-2337scintillation detectors, 2326-2330semiconductor detectors, 2330-2334

Radiation fields, 1096Radiation hazards, 2309-2319

sources, 2313-2314Radiation monitoring, 2317-2319, 2320-

2338Radiation protection, 2314-2317Radiative forcing, 56Radiative heat transfer, in combustion: möd-

eling of, 873Radioactive tank wastes, 2023-2031Radioactive waste disposal, 2036-2040

low-level wastes, 2036-2039mixed wastes, 2039-2040spent fuel, 2040

Radioactive wastescharacterization, 2026chemical Separation processes, 2027-2029pretreatment, 2025-2026

Radio frequency heating, 1021Radio frequency radiation, health effects,

1106-1109Radiometry, 1269, 1283-1284Radionuclides, emission Standards, 51Radio signal interference, as technology as-

sessment issue, 926Radon, 2314 **

in sürface ocean, 497Radon-222, as indoor pollutant, 57-58

remedial action, 58Railroad cables, 1831Railroads, 2339-2343.'See also LocomotivesRain. See also Acid rain

acidity of, natural, 2, 54 ^Rainforest destruction, 425Ralston coal field, 617Raman scattering, for combustion measure-

ments, 899 r

Raman spectroscopy, 1280—1281Ramjet aircraft engines, 235-238Ramsdellite, 402Rancho Seco nuclear reactor, 2053Random packings, 1001-1002, 1560-1561Raniganj formation coal, 669-670Rank, of coal, 697-702, 704, 706-710, 722,

815, S24tableRankine cycle, 1044

organic, 1129, 2157-2158Rankine temperature scale, 2624Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube, 2423Raoult's law, 988RapReNox, 88Raschig rings, 1001, 1560Raton Mesa coal field, 623Ravenscrag coal deposits, 615Rayleigh distillation, 996-997Rayleigh scattering, 53

for combustion measurements, 899

2956 INDEX

R-141b, 477Reactions, see Chemical reactionsReactive macerals, 724Reactive power, synchronous generators,

1042Reactive power equipment, 1049-1050Reactors, chemical, see Chemical reactorsReactors, nuclear, see Nuclear reactorsReal power, synchronous generators, 1042Reasonable available control technology

(RACT), 43Reboilers, design for energy conservation,

1123, 1216Rebuilt engines, emission Standards, 597Reburning, 121, 743Receptor-oriented air quality modeis, 210,

220Receptors, for air pollution, 42Rechargeable batteries, 397, 416-421. See

also Secondary batteries; specific typesof Rechargeable batteries

history of, 398Reciprocating engines, 227Reciprocating-grate incinerators, 1798Reclosers, 1031Recreation, assigning value to, 1300Rectification, 986Rectification section, 992 " 5>

Rectifiers, 1050Rectifying internal reflux ratio, 993Rectisol process, 790Recuperative heat recovery, incinerators,

115, 116Recuperators

closed Brayton cycle, 455in cryogenic Systems, 975-977defined, 1651

Recycling, 2343-2351aluminum, 2347, 2379composting, 2349construction aggregates, 2350drop-off centers, 2355-2356energy savings from, 2377-2382ferrous metal, 2346-2347, 2380glass, 2347, 2378-2379history, 2344-2346history in United States, 2352-2365nonferrous metals, 2347paper, 2345-2346, 2378plastics, 2347-2348, 2379-2380policy issues, 2350-2351textiles, 2349-2350tires, 2348-2349wood, 2349

Red Lodge-Bighorn coal field, 623-625REDOX process, 2023Reduced-till plowing, 14Reduction reactions, 1758Reductive pentose phosphate cycle, 1468Reference electrodes, 401Reflective materials, solar collectors, 2506Reflux, 986, 993-995Reflux ratios, 993-994, 1118, 1216Reforestation, 1621

to increase carbon storage, 535—536Reforming, catalytic, see Catalytic reforming

Reforming catalysts, 561. See also Catalyticreforming

Reformulated gasoline, 549-550, 564, 589,1531, 2383-2402

CAA requirements, 599, 2383-2392cost projections, 2399-2401refinery impacts, 2392-2399

Refrigerants, 2402-2404, 2403ta«e, 2413-2415

alternatives, 2402-2410Refrigeration, 2410-2425. See also Air condi-

tioningabsorption cycles, 2417-2420air cycles, 2420-2422compressors for, 2415-2416condensers for, 2416-2417cryogenic Systems, see Cryogenicsdesign for energy conservation, 1127ejector refrigeration, 2422-2423energy management in, 1214-1215evaporators for, 2417expansion devices, 2417history, 2410-2411thermoelectric, 2423-2425vapor-compression cycle, 2411-2413vortex tube refrigeration, 2423

Refrigeratorsfor air conditioners, 34energy-efficient technologies

commercial sector, 1071-1072residential sector, 1065-1066

Refuse-derived fuels, 1453, 1798, 2757-2758

ash composition, 311biomass use, 1482-1483fuel characteristics, 1496, 1497-1500

. pyrolysis, 1460-1461Regenerable bed adsorption equipment, 108,

109Regeneration, trap oxidizers, 87Regenerative air cycle refrigeration, 2422Regenerative flue gas desulfurization pro-

cesses, 117 table, 118Regenerative heat recovery, incinerators,

115Regenerators, 1651, 1663-1665

in cryogenic Systems, 977-978defined, 1651for FCC, 538-539, 545, 552

Regional haze, 52, 53Reg-Neg, 2385Regression air quality modeis, 209-210Regulatory environment

and emissions abatement cost, 522-523as technology assessment issue, 927

Reid vapor pressure, 546CAA requirement, 599

Reinluft process, 106Relative risk, 2452Relative volatility, 988Reliability probabilities, 1636-1637Remote terminal units, 1038Renewable carbon resources, see BiomassRenewable energy technologies, 2425-2426.

See also specific Renewable technologiesRenewable ocean resources, 2426-2432

Rerefining, of lubricants, 1924-1925Research and development, 916-923

and industrial energy efficiency, 1162-1163

Research octane number (RON), 381, 546,2126, 2127

Reserve batteries, 397, 421-422Reserves, defined, 603-604Reservoir bitumens, 435Residence times, of air pollutants, 41Residential sector

building energy consumption (U.S.), 1133electrical energy efficiency savings/tech-

nologies, 1062-1068Residua, see Petroleum residuesResidual Bilinearization, 1256Residual fuel oils, 2236Residual radioactivity Standards, 2034-

2036Residue natural gas, 2007Resinite, 722, 723Resins, 438, 1742Resistance thermometers, 2599-2601Resistive heating, 1021, 1024Resonance Raman spectroscopy, 1281Resonant ionization mass spectrometry,

1286Resonant ionization spectroscopy, 1286Resonant sound absorbers, 1818Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of

1976, 1744, 1796Resources, defined, 603Respiration mödeling, 483-485Response factor method,'26Restricted Tucker modeis) 1256Retorts, 769-Retrofit mbdification, of heat exchanger net-

works, 943-947REVCAS codes (Australian coal classifica-

tion), 703 "Reverberation control, 1818-1819Reverberation room test method, 1817Reverse electrodialysis, 2431 l

Reverse osmosis, 2774-2776Reversible processes, 2626REVMAS codes (Australian coal classifica-

tion), 703Reynolds averaging, 866Reynolds decomposition, 866 ,Reynolds stress tensor, 866RFG-5, 550Rheology, asphalt, 330-331Rhine Basin coal deposits, 630-631Rhodium loading, catalytic Converters, 77,

1333Rhodophyta, 1476Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, 1771Richardson-Dushman equation, 1024Richardson's number, 580Rich/quench/lean combustor, 1642Rickshaws, 1705-1706Ridge regression, 1254, 1255Rights-of-way, for transmission lines, 1049Rio Fresco coal field, 605Rio Grande do Sol coal field, 605Rio Turbio coal field, 604

INDEX 2957

Ripple trays, 999Risk, from radiation, 2315-2317Risk analysis, of environmental economics,

1298Risk assessment, 2432-2457. See also

Health effectsdose-response assessment, 2433, 2447-

2451ecological, 2452-2453error and uncertainty evaluation, 2453-

2456exposure assessment, 2433, 2444-2447hazard identification, 2433, 2434-2441objectives, 2432-2434of pollutant health effects, 168-169risk characterization, 2451-2452source/release assessment, 2433, 2441-

2444Risk categories, 2433tableRisk characterization, 2451-2452Risk communication, 2458-2474

using risk comparisons, 2467—2473 •Risk comparisons, 2467-2473Risk management, 2434Risk perception, 2458, 2460-2461R number, 25Road drag, 2543Road oil, 326Roadside pullover FEAT studies, 366Rock asphalt, 323Rocket propulsion Systems, cryogenic appli-

cations, 980Rocking chair batteries, 421Rocking-grate incinerators, 1798Rockwool, 1818Rocky Fiats Plant, 2064, 2065, 2066Rocky Mountains coal fields, 623-626Roll-and-race pulverizers, 747Room-and-pillar mining, 674-675Rosin Rammler distribution, 900Rosyn Buttner burners, 718Rotary drilling, 1010-1011, 1012, 2010-

2011Rotary kiln incinerators, 1799-1800

bed mixing in, 1801-1802heat transfer in, 1802-1803mass transfer in, 1803-1805

Rotary kilns, 2298-2299Rotary regenerators, 1663-1665Rotary stream dust Separators, 130Rotating biological contactors, 2849Rotating grates, in coal gasifiers, 771Rotational Raman spectroscopy, 899Rotors, synchronous generators, 1041-1043RP 13B-1, 1013RP 13B-2, 1013R-30 series catalysts, 561Rubber, pyrolysis, 2283, 2290-2293Rubber recycling, cryogenic applications,

980Rubber trees, 1445, 1456Rüben cells, 398Ruhr Basin coal deposits, 630Run-around coils, 1667Run-around heat recovery Systems, 1694Russia

coal resources, 635

lignite deposits, 1870Plutonium disposition, 2061tidal power prospects, 2666-2667

Rust inhibitors, 1907, 1932-1933

Sabinas Basin coal deposits, 611Sabine equation, 1818Sabin (unit), 1816Saccharomyces cerevisae, 1454Saddle packings, 1001, 1002, 1560SAE motor oil grades, 1, 1904, 2477SafeCat System, 1854, 1855Safety. See also Hazard analysisSafety constraints, as technology assess-

ment issue, 928-929Safety reviews, 1629SAFSTOR approach, 2033, 2050, 2051St. Lawrence River basin water quality,

2808-2810, 2817-2818Salination, 1614Salinity differences, as energy source, 2430-

2432Salt marshes, 1476Salton Sea hot water field, 1590Salton Sea solar pond project, 2512Saltsprings coal field, 615Sampling, of pollutants, 98-100San Diego Gas & Electric Company, solar in-

stallations, 2484-2485San Diego Utilities water efficiency projects,

2794-2795Sand Mountain coal field, 618San Juan Basin coalbed gas, 824

aquifer contamination by, 833San Juan River Region coal field, 626 -San Onofre nuclear reactor, 2053-2054Santa Catarina coal field, 605Sapropelic coals, 433, 710SARA II, 1183Sargassum, 1476Saskatchewan coal deposits, 612, 615Sasol

coal gasification projects, 769, 781coal liquefaction projects, 793, 794Fischer-Tropsch synthesis at, 1375-1377,

1523-1524lignite projects, 1872-1873

Satellites, Vegetation cover data, 488-489Saturation limit, chemical sensors, 1249Savannah River Site, 2064, 2065Scale, 2787Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), for ash

studies, 314Scenario identification, in hazard analysis,

1635Scenic resource impact, as technology assess-

ment issue, 927Scentometer, 148Scheerite, 434Scintillation detectors, 2326-2330Scirpus lacustris, 1476Scotland coal deposits, 627-628SCOT process, 118SCOT Tail Gas Treating, 790Scrap dealers, 2344Scrap steel, 2346

Screens, for fish passage, 1788Scrubbers, see Wet scrubbingScrubbing, see Absorption methodsSEA Clam, 2878Sealants, solar collectors, 2507Sealed bipolar lead acid batteries, 78Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), 27,

1064Sea water, 2122-2123Seaweeds, 1476Secondary batteries, see Rechargeable bat-

teriesSecondary electric power distribution, 1033-

1035Secondary network power distribution Sys-

tems, 1034-1035Secondary petroleum recovery, 2229-2230Secondary pollutants, 39Secondary reforming, 1764Second Generation Model, 514Second law of thermodynamics, 1115, 114.2-

1143, 1181-1183, 2628-2629Sectionalizing fuses, 1031Securing America's Energy Future, 1221Sedimentation, hydropower and, 1790Sediment capping, 583Seeback effect, 2643Seeback effect thermometers, 2601-2603Seed reprocessing, 1947Segmented bar walls, 1959SEGS power plants, 2523-2524Seismic activity, as technology assessment

issue, 928Selective catalytic reduction, 88, 121-122

catalysts for, 1363-1364for industriai exhaust control, 1362-1365Problems with, 1364-1365reactions in, 1363use in coal combustion, 763use in FCC, 551 t

Selective leaching, 2782Selective noncatalytic reduction, 88, 122-

123 lSelenium, from coal: environmental impact,

689Selexol process, 790 f

Self-ignition, 864Semianthracite coals, 824

defined, 699, 703Semiconductor radiation detectors, 2330-

2334Semicontinuous Activated Sludge test, 1935Semifusinite, 722, 723, 724Semiregenerative catalytic reforming, 556Sensible heat factor (SHF), 30Sensitivity analysis

of combustion modeis, 878in risk assessment, 2454

Separated flow turbofans, 233-234Separation

of biomass, 1453design for energy conservation, 1117—

1121Separators, in batteries, 397Sequential fuel control, 76Series hybrid-electric vehicles, 1710, 1715—

1716

2958 INDEX

Serious (Clean Air Act) nonattainmentareas, 589

Serpentine, 58Settling velocity, 123Severe (Clean Air Act) nonattainment areas,

589Severn Estuary barrage, 2651-2652, 2667SGM model, 518Shaft mines, 674Shaking tables, 678Shale oil, see Oil shaleShale oil asphalt, 2140, 2143Shallow solar ponds, 2513Shandong Region coal field, 641Shanxi Region coal field, 638Shell and tube heat exchangers, 1651,

1653-1655, 1662Shell entrained-flow gasifier, 783Shell Gasification process, 1377Shell Heavy Paraffin Conversion process,

1378-1379Shell Heavy Paraffin Synthesis process,

1377-1378Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis process,

806, 1377, 1525-1526Shell Naturelle hydraulic fluid, 1937, 1938Shell partial oxidation process, 1766SH engine oil category, 1 - • &Shielding, of electromagnetic fields, 1096-

1098Shift conversion reaction, 1510Shippingport PWR reactor, 2041-2042Ships, closed Brayton cycle applications, 459Shoreham BWR nuclear reactor, 2042, 2044Short circuit studies, transmission Systems,

1057Short-rotation silviculture, 1473-1474Short-rotation woody crops, 1473-1474,

1488-1489Short-term In vitro cell studies, 2440-2441Shortwall mining, 675Shot coke, 852Shuman/Boys solar thermal powerplant,

2522Shungite, 434Shunt capacitor banks, 1031Shunt capacitors, 1050Shunt reactors, 1050Sick building syndrome, 201-203Sidestream draw-off distillations, 996Siemens-Martin process, 1507Sieve plates, 103, 104, 998Sieve trays, 1565-1566Silesia coal deposits, 631Silica-alumina catalysts, for cat cracking,

537Silica gel, as adsorbent, 106Silicate esters, 1732Silicates

as corrosion inhibitors, 2786as mineral matter in fuels, 307

Silicone greases, 1916Silicone rubber, for electrical insulation,

1836Silicones, 1913-1914Silver

from coal, 689toxicity to trees, 7

Silver oxide, in zinc-silver oxide batteries,408-410

Silvichemicals, 1465-1466Silviculture, 1473-1474Simcar process, 718Similkameen coal field, 613Simple cycle, double-shaft gas turbines, 843,

844Simple cycle, single-shaft gas turbines, 842, -

843Simple distillation, 986, 991-992Simple lidar ranging, 1279SIMPLE model, 885, 886Simple model, reformulated gasoline, 2386-

2388, 2393-2397SIM-PLEV program, 1717Simultaneous saccharification and fermenta-

tion, 1466, 1491Sinamar coal field, 661Singapore

diesel vehicle pollution, 72vehicle air pollution in, diesel Standards,

72Single-automatic extraction condensing

steam turbines, 839Single-automatic extraction noncondensing

steam turbines, 839Single-cell proteins, 1741Single-contingency Operation, transmission

Systems, 1055Single-duct air conditioning Systems, 473Single-nonautomatic extraction condensing

steam turbines, 839Single-nonautomatic extraction noncondens-

ing steam turbines, 839Single spool fans, 233-234Single-stage electrostatic precipitation, 131-

' 135Single-zone air conditioners, 31-32

/Site Decommissioning Management Plan,2045

Size reduction, 675-676Slack wax, 984Slagging

coal quality and, 688mödeling, 873

Slagging coal gasifiers, 776Slagging deposits, 308Slagging incinerators, 1798Slat-type drift eliminators, 967Slicing and scaling, 1845Slimehole wells, 1011Slope mines, 674Sludge destabilization, 2854Sludge dewatering, 2855-2856Sludge disposal, 2856Sludge dissolution, radioactive wastes,

2028Sludge handling, 2853-2856Sludge thickening, 2854-2855Slurry oil, by FCC, 546, 547 -Slush hydrogen, 1756Small-particle solar receivers, 2525Smart buildings, 1197, 1200Smog, 43-48Smoke limit, 79Smoke suppressing fuel additives, 84-85Smokey River coal deposits, 615

Smoky Mountains, 53Snoqualmie Falls Hydroelectric Plant,

1787Social forestry, 1395Socioeconomic constraints, as technology

assessment issue, 929Sodasol process, 568Soddy-Daisy coal field, 618Soderberg process, 292Sodium bicarbonate injection, 111Sodium heat engines, 2478-2481Sodium.lamps, 477Sodium-nickel Chloride batteries, 421Sodium Reactor Experiment, 2041Sodium silicate, 106Sodium sulfate decahydrate, 2509-2510Sodium zeolite softening, 2774Soil contamination, environmental chemo-

dynamics, 583-585Soil erosion, 14Soils

acidification, 4-7aluminum toxicity, 7carbon accumulation mödeling, 485-486heavy metal toxicity, 7-8

Solar 100, 2521, 2524Solar-activated absorption refrigeration,

2420Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet experiment,

2168Solar cells, see Photovoltaic cellsSolar Central Receiver Utility Studies pro-

gram, 2520Solar Challenger, 2486 ,..Solar Chargeport, 2486 \Solar collector boxes*? 2507/Solar cooknig, 2495-2500Solar cycle, and ozone, 2172-2173Solar-electric vehicles, 2486-2487Solar energy,.1047, 1624-1626, 2500-2501

heat pipe applications, 1674-1675for hydrogen production, 1771, 2491

Solar energy capture efficiency, 1469,tl470Solar Energy Research Institute, 2482Solar heating, 2500-2517

active, 2503-2505heat storage, 2508-2511for industrial process heat, 2513-2517materials for, 2506-2508passive, 468-471, 2501-2503

Solar One, 2519-2520Solar (passive) lighting, 469-471Solar ponds, 2511-2513Solar power, 2518-2527

future of, 2526-2527next-generation receivers, 2524-2526parabolic dish solar power Systems, 2521-

2522parabolic trough solar power Systems,

2522-2524Solar-powered jet refrigeration, 2422-2423Solar-powered vehicles, 2485-2487Solar Power Satellit«, 2493-2495Solar proton events, 2173-2174Solar Turbines Incorporated, 1643-1644Solar Two, 2520-2521Solid-film lubricants, 1917-1920Solid organic scintillation detectors, 2329

INDEX 2959

Solid oxide fuel cells, 757, 1413, 1422demonstration projects, 1432-1434

Solid phosphoric acid condensation, 2280—2281

Solid polymer electrolyte electrolysis, 1769-1770

Solid polymer electrolyte (fuel cell) System,1420-1421

Solid-state device heating, 1028Solid waste disposal, and technology assess-

ment, 926Solid waste incineration, 1797-1807. See

also IncinerationSolid waste management, 2353-2365Solid wastes

from delayed coking, 858developing countries, 1614-1615from oil shale operations, 2142

Soluble organic fraction, of diesel particu-lates, 80

Solvent dewaxing, 983-984, 986Solvent dilution, petroleum, 983Solvent extraction theory, of coke making,

720Solvent Refined Coal process, 794, 798,

1536-1537Solvent refining, 797, 798, 2250SOMAT, 2140, 2143Sonic agglomeration, 147Sonora Region coal deposits, 611Soot, 531

property measurement in combustion,902-903

Sorbents, see AdsorbentsSorghum, 1475Souders-Brown capacity parameter, 999Sound absorption, 1816-1817Sound-absorptive blankets, 1827-1828Sound blocking materials, 1819Sound isolation, 1822-1825

materials, 1824-1825test methods for, 1823-1824

Source mödeling, in hazard analysis, 1635-1636

Source/release assessment, 2433, 2441-2444Sources, of air pollution, 40Sour natural gas, 2007South Africa, coal resources, 671-673South America

coal resources, 604-607lignite deposits, 1871

South Coast Air Quality Management Dis-trict, 265, 277

Southern Appalachian coal field, 618-620Southern California Air Quality Study, 219Southern California Water and Energy Con-

servation Partnership, 2794Southern coalfield (Australia), 642, 644South Korea

coal resources, 637diesel vehicle pollution, 71-72vehicle air pollution in, diesel Standards,

71-72 'Southland coal region, 659South Wales coal deposits, 629South Yakutsk Basin coal deposits, 635(former) Soviet Union

bitumen deposits, 442

carbon dioxide emission abatement stud-ies, 511-513

coal resources, 633-635lignite deposits, 1870

SO,, see Sulfur oxidesSpace, plutonium disposal in, 2779Space cooling, 1065, 1071Space flight, closed Brayton cycle applica-

tions, 461-463Space heaters, indoor pollution from, 58Space heating, 1064-1065, 1071

active solar, 2503-2504Space Shuttle

cryogenic applications, 980fuel cells for, 1418, 1423-1424, 1434

Space Station Freedom, 461-463Space vehicle propulsion Systems, cryogenic

applications, 980Spain, coal resources, 631-633Spark-assisted diesel engines, 1993-1994Spark-ignition engines, 372-373. See also

Automobile enginesapplications, 376-377efficiency, 376, 380-383

improvements to, 385-390fuel economy vs. diesel engines, 390-391

-methanol fueled, 1984-1989turbocharging, 393-394vs. diesel, 374

Sparking potential, electrostatic precipita-tors, 132

Spark timing, 385-386Spartina alterniflora, 1476Species diversity, 424Specific major emission control components,

598Specific power, aircraft engines, 228Specific Purpose Monitors, 43Speed governors, 1041-1042Spent fuel radioactive waste disposal, 2040Spiral plate heat exchangers, 1659Spiral Separators, 679Splash bars, 965Sponge coke, 852Spontaneous combustion, coal, 691-695Sporite, analytical pyrolysis, 816Spot lighting, 477Spot network power distribution Systems,

1035Spotted owls, 430-431Spray distributors, 1564Spray flow, 999Spray towers, 103-104Spreader stokers, 745, 2757Springfield coal field, 620Springhill coal field, 615SPROUT technology, 2374Stable foam muds, 1017Standard platinum resistance thermometers

(SPRIT), 2598, 2600Starved-air incineration, 1797, 1799State and local governments, see also spe-

cific Statesand energy management, 1191-1193

State and Local Monitoring system(SLAMS), 43

State highway motor fuel taxes, 1232-1234

State Implementation Plans, 43, 588air visibility requirements, 52

Static dilution methods, for odor control,147-148

Static electricity, 1089Static secondary ion mass spectrometry,

1263Static VAR compensators, 1050Statoil, 1381-1382Stators, synchronous generators, 1041-1043Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage process,

447Steam balances, 1211-1213Steam distillation, 986, 1007, 2240Steam generator corrosion, nuclear reactors,

2084-2085Steam injection, gas turbines, 1582Steam-iron process, 1771-1772Steam jet refrigeration, 2422Steam reforming, 1425, 1518, 1739

for hydrogen production, 1756, 1760-1764Steam-regenerative caustic treatment, 568Steam Stimulation bitumen recovery, 450Steam stripping, 1119Steam Systems

design for energy conservation, 1127-1128

energy management in, 1211-1213Steam turbine cogeneration cycles, 837-842Steam turbine power generation, 1043Steam turbine power plants, 1043-1044Steam turbines, 1043, 1213, 2528-2536

bearings, 2535-2536design, 2530-2536impulse staging, 2531-2533opposed-flow high-pressure intermediate,

2533-2534partial-arc admission, 2534types, 839

Steel can recycling, 2346, 2380Steel industry, energy efficiency, 1155,

1156-1157Steel Initiative, 1175 'j,Steel making, 718-719Stellarton coal field, 615Step aeration, 10 t ^STEPS project, 2522Step-up transformers, 1030Sterling cycle heat pumps, 1685Steroid hydrocarbons, in coal, 818Stills, see Distillation columnsStimulated Raman gain spectroscopy, 1289Stimulated Raman scattering, 1281, 1288-

1289Stirling engines, for automobiles, 395Stirling refrigerators, 973Stoichiometric mixture, 79Stokers, 744-746Stokes-Anti-Stokes method, 899Stopes-Heerlen System, 796Stormwater control, 2856-2858Stoves, indoor pollution from, 58Straight condensing steam turbines, 839Straight noncondensing steam turbines,

839, 841Straight run asphalt, 323-324Stratco Contractor, 283-284Stratified-charge engines, 372, 390

2960 INDEX

Stratified combustion, 1896Stratosphere Aerosol and Gas Experiment,

2168Stratosphere Aerosol Monitor II, 2165Stratospheric aircraft, and ozone depletion,

2177-2179Stratospheric ozone, 2162-2179. See also

OzoneStrawn Group Thurber coal bed, 620Streamer corona discharge, 765Stream water quality, see Water qualityStress corrosion cracking, 2777, 2783Stretford process, 118, 790, 2017, 2251Strip mining, 673Stripping, see Absorption methodsStripping internal reflux ratio, 993Stripping section, 992Structure-activity relationship analysis,

2441Structured packings, 1002, 1004, 1560, 1561Subbituminous coals, 824

ash composition, 309defined, 699, 706

Subchronic exposure tests, 2437-2438Submarine cables, 1051Submarines, closed Brayton cycle applica-

tions, 459-461Submerged buoyant absorber wave power,

2878-2880Sub-Saharan Africa, 1608, 1610Sub-seabed plutonium disposal, 2076Subsidies, and emissions abatement cost,

524Substitute natural gas, 803, 1505. See also

specific processes for production of SNG,such as Coal gasification

biomass potential, 1447tableproduction by anaerobic digestion, 1453production by biomass hydrogenation,

1464 .«'production by coal gasification, 779production from synthesis gas, 1757

Sugarcane, 1474-1475Sulawesi, coal resources, 663Sulfates

in acid deposition/rain, see Acid deposi-tion; Acid rain

and haze, 53as mineral matter in fuels, 307in particulates, 49-50

Sulfides, as mineral matter in fuels, 307Sulfinol process, 790Sulfolin process, 1878Sulfur

in coal, 689, 818diesel fuels, 66, 83-84

Sulfur cycle, 2804Sulfur dioxide, 47, 294

in acid rain, 3, 96as criteria pollutant, 39developing countries, 1613and diesel vehicles, 83-84exposure guidelines, 286health effects, 178-180in lithium batteries, 415from waste-derived fuels combustion,

1502-1503Sulfuric acid

from acid rain, 6

exposure guidelines, 286in fuel cells, 1420

Sulfur oxides, 47. See also Flue gas desulfur-ization

CAA acid deposition control requirements,591

from coal combustion, 743-744control technologies, 763-765mödeling, 874

control methods for, 117table, 118, 763-765

by FCC, 548-549magnetohydrodynamic power plant emis-

sions, 1946-1947pinch technology approach to targeting,

958Sulfur oxides transfer additives, 548-549Sumatra, coal resources, 661-662Summary Matrices (California EDR), 907Sunflowers, 1475SunRaycer, 2485-2486Sunscoops, 470Sunshine Project, 794, 799Supercars, 2536-2569. See also Hybrid-elec-

tric vehiclesSupercharging, diesel engines, 394Superconducting electric motors, 979, 980Superconducting magnetic energy storage,

979Superconducting magnets, 979, 980Superconducting magnet Systems, MHD,

1964-1966Superconducting QUauntum Interference

Devices (SQUIDs), 980Superconductivity, cryogenic applications,

979-980Supercritical fluid chromatography/mass

spectrometry, 1261-1262Supercritical gas extraction, of coal, 798Super-Efficient Refrigerator Program, Inc.,

1066Superfund Amendments and Reauthoriza-

tion Act (SARA) of 1986, 50Superior retorting, 2132Supersonic combustion ramjet aircraft en-

gines, 235-236Supersonic transport engines, 237, 242-243SUPERTARGET program, 1683Superwindows, 1863Supplementary fired heat recovery steam

generators, 845Suppliers of energy technology, as assess-

ment criteria, 913-914Support plates, 1563-1564Surface barrier detectors, 2332Surface coal mining, 673-674Surface mass spectrometry, 1263Surface renewal theory, 1571Surface Transportation Assistance Act of

1982, 1231Surface-water modeis, 2446Surfactants, 1741Surge arresters, 1049Surrogate chemical mechanism modeis, 214Susitna coal field, 626Suspended particulates, see ParticulatesSuspended solids removal, from wastewater,

2840Suspension-fired incinerators, 1798, 2757

Sustainable development, 1607Sustainable forestry, 1396-1407Sustainable resource ethics, 2571-2587Swamps, 1476Sweden

diesel engine emission Standards, 70wave power efforts, 2898

Swedish vehicles, 367-368Sweetening inhibitors, 567Sweet natural gas, 2007Swing batteries, 421SwirlJ)urners, 747, 749Switchgear, 1049Sydney (Canada) coal field, 615Sydney-Gunnedah Basin coal deposits, 641-

646Synchronous generators, 1040-1043

Performance, 1042-1043power regulation, 1041-1042

Synchronous Operation, 1052-1053Synchronous reactance, 1042Syncrude Operation, 446Synthane process, 769Synthesis gas, see also Fischer-Tropsch syn-

thesisconversion to high heat-value gas, 1507desulfurization, 1767reactions of, 1757-1758,

Synthesis gas production, 1739, 1974-1981from biomass, 1980from coal, 1974-1979by coal gasification, 778-779history of, 1974-1975by indirect coal liquefaction, 803-804,

805 >.from natural gas, 2017-2019, 2021from'. petroleum, 1979-1980

Synthetic-based drilling fluids, 1016, 1018Synthetic fibers, 1742Synthetic- fuels c

economics, 1545-1546 \gaseous, 1505-1519liquid, 1520-1546 f

Synthetic greases, 1915-1916Synthetic hydraulic fluids, 1724-1736,

1740-1741 f

applications, 1731-1736Performance, 1727-1731properties and chemistry, 1725-1727

Synthetic lubricants, 1909-1914hydraulic fluids, 1724-1736, 1740-1741

Synthetic natural gas, see Substitute natu-ral gas

Synthol process, 1376, 1523-1524Systems, 2622

Taciuk processor, 446, 447, 451Tafel equation, 400, 1414Tafel reaction, 1416Tagliabue method, 1385Tailpipe emissions, see Automobile emis-

sionsTaiwan

coal resources, 637-638diesel vehicle pollution, 72vehicle air pollution in, diesel Standards,

72Take-off rating, 225

INDEX 2961

Tallow, 1898TAME (i-amyl methyl ether), 549, 2395Tampering, with vehicle emission controls,

349-350, 352, 599Tandem bicycles, 1706Tapered Channel, 2863Tarakan Basin coal deposits, 665Taranaki coal region, 658Tar decanters, 717TARGET program, 1426-1427, 1683Tarong Basin coal field, 649Tars, 321, 1372

from by-product ovens, 717from coal pyrolysis, 809, 810from coking, 798defined, 810

Tar sands, 1371, 2589-2594liquid fuels from, 1545mining, 2592-2593occurrence, 2589, 2591processing, 2593-2594recovery, 2589-2592

Task lighting, 477Tasmania, coal resources, 651-652Tax credits, 1162Taxes

automobile fuels, see Highway taxesbiomass incentives, 1238-1246and emissions abatement cost, 524

Tax incentives, as technology assessment is-sue, 927

Taxis, bicycle, 1705-1706Tax Reform Act of 1986, 1231-1232TBP process, 2023Teaching axisymmetric calculations heuristi-

cally (TEACH) algorithm, 876Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of

1988, 1232Technology assessment, see Energy technol-

ogy assessmentTechnology cost curves, 505-506Technology Evaluation Matrix (California

EDR), 908-926toöZe, 934-935Technology maturity, as assessment criteria,

908-913Television signal interference, as technology

assessment issue, 926Telkwa-Red Rose coal field, 612TEMA Standards, 1651Temperate forests, 1388, 1391-1392Temperature, 2622-2624

and biomass production, 1471Temperature measurement, 2595-2607Temperature measurement, in combustion,

898-900Terephthalic acid production, 1367Terminal activity coefficients, 988Terpene extraction, 1456Terpenoid hydrocarbons, in coal, 818Terrestrial carbon, 492-493, 498-499, 502-

503Tertiary plastics, recycling, 2365-23762,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD),

2451Tetraethyl lead (TEL), 50, 305, 2685Tetralin, 798Tetramethyl lead (TML), 305, 2685Texaco entrained-flow gasifier, 782-783,

1514, 1978

Texaco pressure partial oxidation process,1765, 1879

Texas lignite deposits, 620-621Textiles, recycling, 2349-2350Thailand

coal resources, 637vehicle air pollution in, 63

Thermal asphalt, 326Thermal comfort, 20, 21, 465

bioclimatic Charts, 466, 467Thermal cracking, see PyrolysisThermal degradation temperature, 1725Thermal Denox process, 88, 122Thermal depolymerization, 2372Thermal discharges, as technology assess-

ment issue, 927Thermal efficiency, 374, 375-376, 380-381,

1168Thermal fluid heaters, 1667, 1668Thermal insulation, 25, 1215, 1841-1847

design for energy conservation, 1129—1130

materials, 1842-1843properties, 1843-1847

Thermally-optimized cogeneration, 837Thermal NO, 743Thermal oxidation, see IncinerationThermal pollution, 2607-2619Thermal polymerization, 2280-2281Thermal storage, 476Thermal treatment, for biofouling, 2791Thermal value, 1697-1698Thermal water Splitting, 1768Thermal wheels, 1663Thermal zones, 471-472Therminol VP, 1215Thermionic Converters, 1408Thermionic emission, 1024Thermistors, 2601Thermobitumen theory, of coke making,

721Thermochemical gasification, of biomass,

1484, 1491Thermochemical liquefaction, of biomass,

1492Thermocompressors, design for energy con-

servation, 1126Thermocouples, 2601-2603, 2645Thermodynamic cycles, 2629-2633Thermodynamic efficiency

batteries, 399diesel engines, 391-392spark-ignition engines, 385—386

Thermodynamic properties, 2624-2625Thermodynamics, 2620-2634

of batteries, 398-399HVAC, 30-31process analysis, 2635-2641

Thermoelectric Converters, 1408Thermoelectric cooling, 2646-2647Thermoelectric energy conversion, 2642-

2647Thermoelectric power generation, 2645—

2646Thermoelectric refrigeration, 2423-2425Thermofor Catalytic Cracking; 536Thermogenic gas, 824, 825, 827, 828Thermoluminescence dosimeters, 2337Thermometers, 2595-2607

Thermometry, for combustion measure-ments, 899

Thermophoresis, 146in ash formation, 316-317

Thermostatic expansion valves, 2417Thermostats, 473Thickeners, for greases, 1914Thiele-Geddes model, 996Thin-bed adsorption equipment, 108Thin-film evaporators, for lubricant rerefin-

ing, 1924-1925Thin.film photovoltaic cells, 2489-2490Thin-skin approximation, 872Thionyl Chloride, in lithium batteries, 415-

416Thomson effect, 2644Threatened species, 430Three Mile Island nuclear plant, 2045, 2053Three-pass drift eliminators, 967Three-way catalysts, 348, 349, 372, 1331,

1334activated coating, 1332-1333catalyst type and function, 1334-1336

Three-zone shaft reactor furnace, 1462, 1463Threshold detectors, 1249Threshold distribution dose-response mod-

eis, 2449-2450Threshold inhibitors, 2787Threshold limit values (TLVs), 50Throttling losses, automobile engines, 389-

390Throwaway flue gas desulfurization pro-

cesses, Wtable, 118Thrust ratings, aircraft engines, 225Thrust selection, aircraft engines, 225, 227Thyristors, 1051)Tidalmills, 2648-2649Tidal power, 2647-2673

assessing energy Output, 2653-2655development possibilities, 2661-2668environmental aspects, 2668-2671equipment for, 2656—2658existing projects, 2658-2661 £future prospects, 2671-2673history, 2647-2649

Tides, 2125, 2427, 2649-2652 f

amplification, 2650-2651Tight building syndrome, 201-203Tight gas, 2276Tight sands, 2009Tight shales, 2009-2010Timber, see ForestsTime-of-flight mass spectrometry, 1263Tin, toxicity to trees, 7Tipping fees, 2357TIP process, 1854, 1855Tires

pyrolysis, 2292recycling, 2348-2349

Tissue culture studies, 2440-2441Title III, 50Tobacco smoke, 194-196

constituents of, 186table, 194-195control, 195-196health effects (passive smoking), 185—188,

195as indoor pollutant, 57

Tokamaks, 1552-1554Toluene, for supercritical gas extraction, 798

2962 INDEX

Tomography, for combustion measurements,900

Toms Creek IGCC Demonstration Project,790

Top-down emissions abatement cost modeis,514-516

Topping cycles, 836Toroidal magnetic field confinement, 1552TOSCOAL process, 1542TOSCO II retorting, 2132Total ash, 311-312Total energy air conditioning Systems, 34Total energy Systems, 836Total equivalent temperature differential/

time averaging method, 26Total equivalent warming impact concept,

2408Total-immersion thermometers, 2606Total moisture, coal, 709Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS),

2168Total reflux, 993Total suspended particulates (TSP), 48Townsend cascade, 2324Toxic air pollutants, 39, 50-52, 51table,

163, 590from automotive exhaust, 62, 91-95sampling methods for, 98, 99 table ' fc

Toxicology studies, of pollutant health ef-fects, 169-170

Toxic Substances Control Act (TOSCA),1744, 1797

PCB regulations/requirements, 2200-2203

Toxic waste disposal, solar applications,2517

Trace elementsin coal, 744and coal gasification, 788

Traffic management, 1172Trains, see LocomotivesTransfer coefficient, 400Transfer function method, 26Transformers, 1030, 1048, 1049

fields from, 1095-1096individual per customer, 1034

Transient fusion theory, of coke making,720-721

Transient stability studies, transmission Sys-tems, 1057

Transit cables, 1831Transitional low emission trucks, 68Transitional low emission vehicles, 356Transmissibility, 1826Transmission, see Electric power trans-

missionTransmission access, 1057-1058Transmission tomography, for combustion

measurements, 904Transpiration mödeling, 483Transport, 573-575

of air pollution, 40-42, 578-580of water pollution, 580-583

Transportation fuelsautomotive, 2675-2696electricity, 2698-2706hydrogen, 2712-2729natural gas, 2730-2741Proalcool program, 1534, 2707-2711

Transportation-related air pollution, see Au-tomobile emissions

Transportation sectorenergy consumption, 1134-1136energy efficiency, 1163-1175

policy analysis, 1172-1175energy use, 1163-1164

Trap oxidizers, diesel engines, 86-87Travel bicycles, 1706Travel cost method, 1300Traveling bed adsorption equipment, 109Traveling grate overfeed stokers, 745, 746Traveling grate spreader stokers, 745Traveling grate incinerators, 1798Trayed absorption towers, 1565-1569Trays

in absorption towers, 1565-1567in distillation columns, 998, 999

T50 reduction, 2399T90 reduction, 2398Tree rings, 502Tremolite, 58Trend analysis, of combustion modeis, 878Trickling filtere, 2849Tricycles, 1705Triethylene glycol dinitrate, 274-276Trinidad Lake asphalt, 323Triplate Converter, 2871Triple point, 2624Trojan nuclear reactor, 2054Trombe walls, 469, 2503Trona, 118Tropical deforestation, 425Tropical forests, 1388, 1392-1394Tropospheric ozone, 2180-2188. See also

OzoneTrough distributors, 1564Trucks

energy consumption (U.S.), 1134use of alcohol fuels, 269-277

TRUEX process, 2029Tsunamis, 2125Tube electrostatic precipitators, 130, 132Tube-fin heat exchangers, 1661-1663Tubifex tubifex, 582Tubular cryogenic heat exchangers, 975-

976Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Associa-

tion (TEMA) Standards, 1651Tubular heat exchangers, 1651-1656Tunable lasers, 1276-1277, 1278-1279Turbine generators, 1041

tidal power, 2657-2658Turbines, see specific Turbine typesTurbocharging

of diesel engines, 86, 394of spark-ignition engines, 393—394

Turbocompressors, 2416Turbofan aircraft engines, 231, 233-234Turbofan bypass ratio, 233-235Turbofan engines, 225

afterburning, 10—11Turbojet aircraft engines, 233, 235Turbojet engines, 225, 233, 235

afterburning, 10-11Performance chart, 226

Turboprop aircraft engines, 231-233Turboramjet engines, 237-238Turborigid trays, 999

Turbulenceand air pollution dispersion, 213, 580in combustion: mödeling, 864, 866-867,

886in incinerators, 112-113

Turkey, coal resources, 633Twisted-pair cables, 1830Two-line fluorescence thermometry, 899Two-stage combustion, for nitrogen oxides

control, 119-120Two-stage electrostatic precipitation, 135—

136 -Two-stroke engines, 371-372, 1342

applications, 380stratified Charge, 395

Type, coal classification by, 796

U factor, 25U-GAS process, 1514, 1879Uinta Region coal field, 625Ukraine, coal resources, 634-635Ultracapacitors, 78, 1712-1713, 1715Ultrafast pyrolysis, 1492Ultra-high bypass aircraft engines, 245-246Ultra-high bypass turbofan aircraft engines,

231, 233Ultralight automobiles, 2537, .2541-2549

integrated design, 2553-2558Ultralite (GM), 2544-2545Ultra low emission buses, 68Ultra low emission trucks, 68Ultra low emission vehicles, 356, 589Ultrasonic extraction, for PCB cleanup,

2203-2204 a l\Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, 1277-

1279Ultraviolet curing, 1077Umatilla Electric Cooperative Association,

2798 • ,Umbroiler, 2498 \Underfeed stokers, 745, 746Underground coal gasification, 773, 7$6-

787, 1879,2743-2747. See also specific processes

water pollution, 788-789 f

Underground coal mining, 674-675 -Underground detonation, for plutonium dis-

posal, 2076-2077Underground residential power distribution,

1031, 1032Underground Test Facility, 447, 448Underwood equations, 994, 995Unducted fan aircraft engines, 231UN-ECE coal classification System, 696,

698,704-711Unfired heat recovery steam generators,

845Unger-Suuberg correlation, 811, 812UNIFAC method, 989UNIQUAC method, 989UNISHALE B retorting, 2132Unisol process, 571-572Unitary air conditioning Systems, 32-33Unit commitment, 1051United Kingdom

coal classification system, 699tablecoal resources, 627-629diesel engine emission Standards, 69-70

INDEX 2963

tidal power prospects, 2666-2667wave power efforts, 2898-2899

United Nations Conference on Environmentand Development, 1604

United Nations World Commission on Envi-ronment and Development, 1607

United Statesautomobile emissions standards/control,

64, 339-358carbon dioxide emission abatement stud-

ies, 510coal resources, 615-626. See also specific

coalfieldsdiesel emissions Standards, 65-68energy consumption, see Energy con-

sumptionlignite deposits, 1871tidal power prospects, 2667wave power efforts, 2899-2900

Unocal Parachute Creek operations, 2143UOP 1-8 catalyst, 1850Upper Silesia coal deposits, 631Upwelling, 501-502Urban buses

alternative fuels, 600-603emission Standards, 597

Urban-scale haze, 52, 53Urea foam, as source of formaldehyde, 58Urea—formaldehyde, for thermal insulation,

1843Urea-formaldehyde resins, 58Urea injection, 122Urea-methanol injection, 122-123U.S. Energy Association, 1193Use values, 1300-1301Utilities, see also specific Utilities

energy management, 1193, 1211-1213pinch technology approach to design, 937-

939, 954-955traditional approach to design, 935-936water efficiency projects, 2794-2795

Utility audits, 1111Utility boilers, 97Utility furnaces, combustion mödeling, 887,

890, 891Utility integration constraints, as technol-

ogy assessment issue, 927-928Utility regulation, 1162U-tube heat exchangers, 1655

Vacuum distillation, 2240Vacüum residuals, delayed coking, 850Vacuum Systems

design for energy conservation, 1126—1127

energy management in, 1216Valley (VA.) coal fields, 617Valve plates, 998Valves, automobile engines, 370, 371

friction losses in, 386-387timing improvements, 388valve area improvements, 389variable valve timing, 390, 393

Valve trays, 103, 1565-1566Vanadium, toxicity to trees, 7Vancouver Island coal deposits, 612Vanguard 1, 2522van Krevelen diagrams, 436, 825, 826

Van Laar equations, 988-989Vapor-compression cycle refrigeration,

2411-2413Vapor-compression heat pumps, 1679-1680Vapor dew point line, 987Vaporization, in combustion: mödeling of,

871-872Vapor-liquid equilibria

in absorption, 1569-1574in distillation, 987-990, 1006-1007

Vapor lock, 2748Var, 1050Variable base degree day method, 28Variable-conductance heat pipes, 1671-

1672Variable cycle aircraft engines, 237Variable flow exhaust gas recirculation,

1325Variable frequency impedance measure-

ments, 401Variable fueled vehicles, see Flexible-fuel ve-

hiclesVariable orifice scrubbers, 1814Variable pitch fan blades, 233-234Variable-speed motor drives, 473, 474,

1213-1214VEBA-CÖMBI-Cracking, 452Veba Combicracking process, 798Vegetation, see PlantsVehicle Combustion Products Committee,

339Vehicle emissions, see Automobile emissionsVehicle miles per capita, 1166Velocity measurement, in combustion, 897-

898, 899-900, 901Vending bikes, 1705Venezuela, coal resources, 607, 611Ventilation, 22-24, 472-473. See also Air

conditioningenergy-efficient technologies, 1071illnesses caused by, 199-200passive, 468-469Standards, 164

Venturi scrubbers, 104, 144-145, 1813Very large floating structures, 2902Vibration damping, 1827-1829Vibration isolation, 1825-1827Victoria, coal resources, 652-654Video display terminals (VDTs), fields from,

1098Vietnam, coal resources, 637Vinyl chloride, emission Standards, 51Vinyl monomer production, 1367Visbreaking, 1700, 2240, 2748-2749Viscosity classifications, oils, 1904-1905Viscosity index, 1906Viscosity index improvers, 1725, 1908-1909,

1928-1929Visibility, and air pollution, 52-53Vitrain, and spontaneous combustion, 693Vitrinite, 684, 720, 721, 722, 723illus., 825

analytical pyrolysis, 816, 819-820properties of, 796table

VMIS process, 2133, 2135VOC, see Volatile organic compoundsVolatile organic compounds

control protocol, 64as criteria pollutants, 39as indoor pollutants, 200-201

from municipal solid waste incineration,2760

and ozone production, 45—47removal from wastewater, 2841

Volatility, of diesel fuels, 84Volcanic eruptions, and ozone, 2165, 2171-

2172Volmer reaction, 1416Volta, Allessandro, 398Voltage drop, transmission lines, 1053Voltage security studies, transmission Sys-

tems, 1057Voltaic piles, 398Volume averaging, 866Volumetrie efficiency, 375

improving, 388-389Volumetrie solar receivers, 2525VORTAC stations, 926Vortex ablative Pyrolysis, 2298Vortex incinerators, 1799Vortex tube refrigeration, 2423V/STOL aircraft engines, 236-237Vuilleumier refrigerators, 973-974

Waikato coal region, 658Wales coal deposits, 629Walk-through energy audits, 1110—1111Wall flame rotary vaporizing burners, 1696Wankel engines, 395Warm lime softening, 2773Warranties, for emission control equipment,

598Warrior/Plateau coal;field, 618, 620Waste biomass,>|1448\v

Waste-derived fuels, 1496-1504applications, 1500-1504combustion, 1500-1504fuel characteristics of, 1497-1500resources, 1441utilization, 1203-1204

Waste heat boilers, 1209, 1667design for energy conservation, 1122

Waste heat recovery, 1075-1076, 1686-1694Waste heat recovery heat exchangers, 1665-

1668 f.Waste heat recovery networks, 1689-1692Waste heat reforming, 1764Waste management planning, 2750-2753Waste minimization, 2829-2830Waste-to-energy technologies, see Municipal

solid wastesWastewater

characterization, 2830-2831constituents, 2831-2833

Wastewater treatment, 9-10, 2833-2856Water

in coal, 684from coalbed gas, 829, 830-831, 833impurities, 2770removal from natural gas, 2014-2015

Water availability, and biomass production,1473

Water-based biomass, 1451, 1475-1477,2428-2430

Water-based drilling fluids, 1013, 1014-1015, 1018

Water-based freight transport, energy con-sumption, 1136

2964 INDEX

Water conditioning, 2770-2792for boilers, 2776-2780for condensate Systems, 2780-2781for cooling Systems, 2781-2782filtration, 2773-2774ion exchange, 2774membrane processes, 2774-2776precipitation softening, 2772-2773

Water distribution Systems, cooling towers,966

Water efficiency, 2792-2798in agriculture, 2795-2796Utility projects, 2794-2795

' Water electrolysis, 1756, 1768-1769Water-gas shift reaction, 778, 804, 1506,

1739Water heating

active solar, 2503energy-efficient technologies

commercial sector, 1072residential sector, 1065

Water hyacinth, 1476-1477Water injection, gas turbines, 1582Waterlogging, 1614Waterloo flash pyrolysis process, 2296-

2297Water plants, 1476-1477Water pollution *

from coal gasification, 787-788Underground gasification, 788-789

from delayed coking, 858developing countries, 1611-1612from drilling fluids, 1017effects in natural waters, 2827-2829environmental chemodynamics, 580—583human wastes, 1612from oil shale operations, 2142peatland applications, 2206-2211and technology assessment, 926Underground coal gasification, 773

Water pumping, wind power for, 2915-2916Water quality, 2799-2820

human activities and, 2802hydropower impact, 1787-1790sensitivity to development, 2817-2820trends in selected basins, 2805-2817

Water quality management, 2823-2859Water quality Standards, 2823-2827Water resource problems, 11Water Splitting, 1768-1771Water trees, 1835-1836Watertube boilers, 1667Water vapor, and greenhouse effect, 54Water washing, of oil, 437Watt, 1144Wave energy module, 2876Waveguides, unintentional heating in,

1027-1028Wave power, 2859-2904

coproducts, 2881-2882current research, 2896-2900economics, 2882-2891

environmental aspects, 2891-2896future prospects, 2900-2903technologies, 2863-2880temporal variability, 2861-2863Utility applications, 2880-2881

Waves (ocean), 2124-2125Wave surge reservoirs, 2863-2864Waxes, 2254-2255

from petroleum dewaxing, 983-984Weapons grade plutonium, 2059Weather data, for air conditioning design,

20-21, 22, 23Weathering, of spilled oil, 2147Welded-plate heat exchangers, 1658Wellman-Galusha gasifiers, 1507, 1511-

1512, 1975, 1977-1978Wellman-Lord process, 118West Bengal coal field, 668, 670Western Area Power Administration, 2796Western coalfield (Australia), 642Western Interior (U.S.) coal fields, 620West-Gaeke method, for air pollution moni-

toring, 98Westinghouse, coal-fired gas turbine work,

1644-1645Westinghouse S cycle, 1770West Virginia coal fields, 615Wet bulb temperatures, 20-21, 22

and cooling tower design, 961-964data sources, 962

Wet concentrating tables, 678Wet decking fill, 965-966Wet electrostatic precipitators, 132Wet flue gas desulfurization processes,

mtable, 118Wet natural gas, 2007Wet scrubbing, 142-146

design, 142-143equipment selection, 143-144venturi scrubbers, 144-145

Wet shredders, 1452What-if analysis, 1630Wheeling Services, 1058White noise, 242Wicking limit, heat pipes, 1672Wicks, in heat pipes, 1670-1671, 1672,

1673-1674Wilcox lignite field, 620Wilderness Act of 1973, 1403Wilkeson-Carbonado coal field, 626Williston Basin coal field, 623Wilson model, 989Wilsonville coal liquefaction project, 1539-

1540Wind Chili index, 21, 23Wind-diesel Systems, 2916Window air conditioners, 32-33Window frame MHD Channels, 1960, 1961Wind power, 1046-1047, 2907-2918

applications, 2915-2918economics, 2915system design, 2912-2915

Wind River coal field, 625Windrow composting, 2349Wind turbines, 2908-2910Winkler gasifiers, 769, 783-784, 1512, 1878,

1977 /'Wisconsin, energy management policy, 1192Wood

chemicals manufacture from, 1465-1466hydrogasification, 1464liquid fuels from, 2922-2923recycling, 2349

Wood fuels, 1390-1391, 1482, 2919-2923Wood production, 1389-1391

developing countries, 1390-1391Wood stoves/fireplaces, indoor pollution

from, 58Work, 2625Working Group on Nitrogen Oxides, 63Wurtzilite, 434Wyoming coal fields, 615

Yankee Rowe nuclear reactor, 2053, 2087Yenta coal field, 626Yugoslavia, lignite deposits, 1871

Zahn-Wellens test, 1935Zenz-Ducon filter, 141Zeolites

as adsorbents, 106for water conditioning, 2774in hydrocarbon traps, 79, 1344for hydrocracking, 1747for paraffin isomerization, 1850, 1853-

1854 . i\for SCR, 1364"ultrastable," 542

Zeolite Y, for FCC, 537, 541-543, 550Zeolitic once-through isomerization, 1853-

1854Zeolitization, in situ, 537 \Zero emission buses, 68Zero emission trucks, 68 £•Zero emission vehicles, 356-357

"Virtual," 2558-2559Zinc f

from coal, 689toxicity to trees, 7, 8

Zinc-air batteries, 410-411Zinc Chloride cells, 402, 404Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphonates, 1907Zinc-manganese dioxide batteries, 398,

405-407rechargeable, 420

Zinc oxide, for hot-gas sulfur removal, 790Zinc-silver oxide batteries, 408-410

rechargeable, 420ZSM-5

as cat cracking additive, 538, 543, 550-551

in MTG process, 794, 1381, 1526Z-walls, 1959, 1961