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All rights reserved © 2012 ElectroMagneticWorks Inc. 8300 St-Patrick, Suite 300, Montreal, H8N 2H1, Qc, CANADA - www.emworks.com - [email protected] - Phone: (514) 634 9797
Printed Documentation
User Guide 2012
iii
Table of Contents
EMS Online User's Guide .............................................................................................................................................. 1
Overview .................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Conventions................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Access to Help ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
What's New in EMS 2012 ............................................................................................................................................... 5
What's New in EMS 2012 - Overview ......................................................................................................................... 5
New in User Interface ................................................................................................................................................. 6
New in Analysis .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
New in Meshing & Pre-Processing ........................................................................................................................... 10
New in Result Viewing .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Analysis Background .................................................................................................................................................... 13
Analysis Background ................................................................................................................................................ 13
About Maxwell's Equations ....................................................................................................................................... 14
What is Low Frequency Electromagnetics? .............................................................................................................. 15
Electrostatic Analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 16
What is Electrostatic Analysis? ............................................................................................................................. 16
Material Properties ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Assigning a Voltage to a Conductor ...................................................................................................................... 19
Forces and Torques .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Required Input for Electrostatic Analysis .............................................................................................................. 21
Performing Electrostatic Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 22
Output of Electrostatic Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 23
Electric Conduction Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 24
What is Electric Conduction Analysis? .................................................................................................................. 24
Material Properties ................................................................................................................................................ 26
EMS User Guide
iv
Applicable Restraints ............................................................................................................................................ 27
Resistance Calculation ......................................................................................................................................... 28
Required Input for Electric Conduction Analysis ................................................................................................... 29
Performing Electric Conduction Analysis .............................................................................................................. 30
Output of Electric Conduction Analysis ................................................................................................................. 31
Magnetostatic Analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 32
What is Magnetostatic Analysis? .......................................................................................................................... 32
Material Properties ................................................................................................................................................ 34
Applicable Boundary Conditions ........................................................................................................................... 35
Forces and Torques .............................................................................................................................................. 36
Required Input for Magnetostatic Analysis ............................................................................................................ 37
Performing Magnetostatic Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 38
Output of Magnetostatic Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 39
AC Magnetic Analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 40
What is AC Magnetic Analysis? ............................................................................................................................ 40
Skin Depth Calculation .......................................................................................................................................... 42
Material Properties ................................................................................................................................................ 43
Applicable Boundary Conditions ........................................................................................................................... 44
Forces and Torques .............................................................................................................................................. 45
Required Input for AC Magnetic Analysis ............................................................................................................. 46
Performing AC Magnetic Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 47
Output of AC Magnetic Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 48
Transient Magnetic Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 50
What is Transient Magnetic Analysis? .................................................................................................................. 50
Material Properties ................................................................................................................................................ 52
Applicable Boundary Conditions ........................................................................................................................... 54
Forces and Torques .............................................................................................................................................. 55
Table of Contents
v
Required Input for Transient Magnetic Analysis .................................................................................................... 56
Performing Transient Magnetic Analysis ............................................................................................................... 57
Output of Transient Magnetic Analysis ................................................................................................................. 58
Thermal Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................... 60
What is Thermal Analysis?.................................................................................................................................... 60
Performing Thermal Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 61
Output of Thermal Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 62
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer ............................................................................................................................... 63
Motion Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................ 74
What Is Motion Analysis? ...................................................................................................................................... 74
Performing Motion Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 75
Output of Motion Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 80
EMS Fundamentals ...................................................................................................................................................... 81
EMS Fundamentals .................................................................................................................................................. 81
Benefits of Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 82
Basic Concepts of Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 83
EMS Manager Tree .................................................................................................................................................. 85
Design Studies ......................................................................................................................................................... 86
Using Design Studies ............................................................................................................................................ 86
Analysis Steps .......................................................................................................................................................... 87
Material Properties ................................................................................................................................................... 88
Restraints and Loads ................................................................................................................................................ 89
Specifying Directions ................................................................................................................................................ 90
Coordinate Systems .............................................................................................................................................. 90
Coils or Electromagnets ........................................................................................................................................... 91
Air Modeling.............................................................................................................................................................. 92
Air truncation ......................................................................................................................................................... 92
EMS User Guide
vi
How far is the air region? ...................................................................................................................................... 92
Air meshing ........................................................................................................................................................... 92
An exception ......................................................................................................................................................... 92
Meshing .................................................................................................................................................................... 93
Running Studies ....................................................................................................................................................... 94
Viewing Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 95
Coordinate Systems ................................................................................................................................................. 96
The Global Coordinate System ............................................................................................................................. 96
Local Coordinate Systems .................................................................................................................................... 96
Result Databases ..................................................................................................................................................... 97
Working with Assemblies .......................................................................................................................................... 98
About Units ............................................................................................................................................................... 99
Languages .............................................................................................................................................................. 100
EMS Interface ............................................................................................................................................................ 101
EMS Interface Components.................................................................................................................................... 101
EMS Manager Tree ................................................................................................................................................ 102
EMS Manager Tree ............................................................................................................................................. 102
EMS Manager Tree Conventions ........................................................................................................................ 103
Define Study Name ............................................................................................................................................. 104
Drag and Drop Functionality ............................................................................................................................... 105
Toolbars ................................................................................................................................................................. 106
EMS Toolbars ..................................................................................................................................................... 106
Design Studies ........................................................................................................................................................... 109
Design Studies ....................................................................................................................................................... 109
Concept of Design Studies ..................................................................................................................................... 110
Study Types............................................................................................................................................................ 111
Element Types ........................................................................................................................................................ 112
Table of Contents
vii
Study ...................................................................................................................................................................... 113
EMS Analysis Options ............................................................................................................................................ 114
Electrostatic Analysis Options ............................................................................................................................. 115
Electric Conduction Analysis Options ................................................................................................................. 116
Magnetostatic Analysis Options .......................................................................................................................... 117
AC Magnetic Analysis Options ............................................................................................................................ 118
Transient Magnetic Analysis Options .................................................................................................................. 119
EMS Matrix Solvers ................................................................................................................................................ 120
Multiple Studies ...................................................................................................................................................... 121
Activating a SolidWorks Configuration .................................................................................................................... 122
Modifying the Properties of a Study ........................................................................................................................ 123
Deleting a Study ..................................................................................................................................................... 124
Running a Study ..................................................................................................................................................... 125
Material Information ................................................................................................................................................... 127
Material Properties ................................................................................................................................................. 127
Material Properties Used in EMS ............................................................................................................................ 128
Material Models ...................................................................................................................................................... 130
Linear Materials .................................................................................................................................................. 130
Nonlinear Materials ............................................................................................................................................. 130
Isotropic Materials ............................................................................................................................................... 130
Orthotropic Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 130
Defining Orthotropic Properties For Solids .......................................................................................................... 130
About Permanent Magnets ..................................................................................................................................... 132
The B-H Curve of a Material ................................................................................................................................... 135
Assigning Materials to your Model .......................................................................................................................... 136
Creating or Inserting a Materials Library ................................................................................................................. 137
Adding a Material to an Existing Library ................................................................................................................. 138
EMS User Guide
viii
Assigning a B-H Curve to a Material ....................................................................................................................... 139
Assigning a Permanent Magnet.............................................................................................................................. 140
Assigning an Orthotropic Material ........................................................................................................................... 141
Using Drag and Drop to Define Materials ............................................................................................................... 142
Function Curves ......................................................................................................................................................... 143
About Function Curves ........................................................................................................................................... 143
Creating or Editing a Curve Library ........................................................................................................................ 144
Viewing a Curve Library ......................................................................................................................................... 145
Loads and Restraints ................................................................................................................................................. 147
Loads and Restraints .............................................................................................................................................. 147
Fixed Voltage.......................................................................................................................................................... 148
Floating Conductor ................................................................................................................................................. 149
Contact Resistance ................................................................................................................................................ 150
Charge Density ....................................................................................................................................................... 151
Total Charge ........................................................................................................................................................... 152
Normal Flux ............................................................................................................................................................ 153
Modifying Loads and Restraints ............................................................................................................................ 154
Thermal Loads & Restraints ................................................................................................................................... 155
Temperature ....................................................................................................................................................... 155
Convection .......................................................................................................................................................... 156
Heat Flux............................................................................................................................................................. 157
Volume Heat ....................................................................................................................................................... 158
Summary of Loads and Restraints ......................................................................................................................... 159
Coils ........................................................................................................................................................................... 161
About Coils ............................................................................................................................................................. 161
Wound and Solid Coils ........................................................................................................................................... 162
Magnetostatic Study ........................................................................................................................................... 162
Table of Contents
ix
AC and Transient Magnetic Studies .................................................................................................................... 162
Coil Properties ........................................................................................................................................................ 163
Net Current ......................................................................................................................................................... 163
Entry and Exit Ports ............................................................................................................................................ 163
Loops or closed Coils .......................................................................................................................................... 163
Current-Time Curve ................................................................................................................................................ 165
Adding a Coil .......................................................................................................................................................... 166
Adding a Coil to Magnetostatic study ..................................................................................................................... 167
Adding a Coil to an AC Magnetic Study .................................................................................................................. 168
Adding a Coil to a Transient Magnetic Study .......................................................................................................... 170
Modifying a Coil ...................................................................................................................................................... 172
Summary of Coils ................................................................................................................................................... 173
Forces and Torques ................................................................................................................................................... 177
About Forces and Torques ..................................................................................................................................... 177
The Lorentz Force Method .................................................................................................................................. 178
The Virtual Work Method .................................................................................................................................... 178
The Maxwell Stress Method ................................................................................................................................ 179
Force Computation Methods .................................................................................................................................. 180
The Lorentz Force Method .................................................................................................................................. 180
The Virtual Work Method .................................................................................................................................... 180
The Maxwell Stress Method ................................................................................................................................ 181
Computing a Force/Torque ..................................................................................................................................... 182
Modifying a Force/Torque ....................................................................................................................................... 183
Summary of Forces/Torques .................................................................................................................................. 184
Resistance ................................................................................................................................................................. 185
About Resistance ................................................................................................................................................... 185
Computing a Resistance ........................................................................................................................................ 186
EMS User Guide
x
Modifying a Resistance Set .................................................................................................................................... 187
Capacitance ............................................................................................................................................................... 189
Computing Capacitance Matrix............................................................................................................................... 189
Circuit Parameters ..................................................................................................................................................... 191
Computing Circuit Parameters................................................................................................................................ 191
Meshing ..................................................................................................................................................................... 193
Background on Meshing ......................................................................................................................................... 193
Meshing Parameters .............................................................................................................................................. 194
Rebuilding the Mesh ............................................................................................................................................... 195
Automatic Looping .................................................................................................................................................. 196
Meshing Options ..................................................................................................................................................... 197
Mesh ....................................................................................................................................................................... 198
Controlling the Mesh ............................................................................................................................................... 199
Mesh Control Parameters ................................................................................................................................... 199
Mesh Control Parameters ................................................................................................................................... 200
Mesh Control Examples ...................................................................................................................................... 201
Failure Diagnostics ................................................................................................................................................. 202
Meshing Tips .......................................................................................................................................................... 203
Viewing Results.......................................................................................................................................................... 205
Viewing Analysis Results ........................................................................................................................................ 205
Compare Studies Results ....................................................................................................................................... 206
Plotting Results ....................................................................................................................................................... 208
Plotting Results ................................................................................................................................................... 208
Electric Potential Plot .......................................................................................................................................... 210
Electric Field Plot ................................................................................................................................................ 211
Electric Displacement Plot .................................................................................................................................. 212
Current Density Plot ............................................................................................................................................ 213
Table of Contents
xi
Magnetic Flux Density Plot.................................................................................................................................. 214
Magnetic Field Plot ............................................................................................................................................. 215
Applied Current Density Plot ............................................................................................................................... 216
Current Density Plot ............................................................................................................................................ 217
Force Density Plot ............................................................................................................................................... 218
Losses Density Plot ............................................................................................................................................ 219
Compute Flux ...................................................................................................................................................... 220
Compute Voltage ................................................................................................................................................ 221
Thermal Plotting Results ..................................................................................................................................... 222
Summary of Plots ................................................................................................................................................ 225
Graphing Results .................................................................................................................................................... 226
Graphing Results ................................................................................................................................................ 226
Graphing of Probed Result Plots ......................................................................................................................... 227
Graphing Results on a Line Segment ................................................................................................................. 228
Manipulating Result Plots ....................................................................................................................................... 229
Processing Result Plots ...................................................................................................................................... 229
Editing a Result Plot ............................................................................................................................................ 230
Section ................................................................................................................................................................ 231
Iso Clipping ......................................................................................................................................................... 233
Animate 3D Plots ................................................................................................................................................ 234
3D Plot Listing ..................................................................................................................................................... 235
Chart Options ...................................................................................................................................................... 236
Printing Result Plots ............................................................................................................................................ 238
Saving Result Plots ............................................................................................................................................. 239
Renaming Plot .................................................................................................................................................... 240
Deleting a Result Plot ......................................................................................................................................... 241
Copying a Result Plot Between Studies .............................................................................................................. 242
EMS User Guide
xii
Adding a Plot Title ............................................................................................................................................... 243
Annotating Extreme Values on a Plot ................................................................................................................. 244
Customizing Plot Legend .................................................................................................................................... 245
Including User Information in a Plot .................................................................................................................... 246
Probing Results ...................................................................................................................................................... 247
Probing Results ................................................................................................................................................... 247
Point Probing ...................................................................................................................................................... 248
Spline Probing ..................................................................................................................................................... 249
Probe .................................................................................................................................................................. 250
Study Reports ............................................................................................................................................................ 251
Study Reports ......................................................................................................................................................... 251
Report ..................................................................................................................................................................... 252
Generating a Report ............................................................................................................................................... 253
Setting the Cover Page .......................................................................................................................................... 254
Setting Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 255
Setting Description ................................................................................................................................................. 256
Setting Model View ................................................................................................................................................. 257
Setting Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 258
EMS Options .............................................................................................................................................................. 259
System Options - General ...................................................................................................................................... 259
What's Wrong Messages .................................................................................................................................... 259
Mesh colors ......................................................................................................................................................... 259
Result plots ......................................................................................................................................................... 259
System Options - Default Library ............................................................................................................................ 260
Default Options (New Study) - Units ....................................................................................................................... 261
Symbol Settings-Default Options ............................................................................................................................ 262
Symbol quality ..................................................................................................................................................... 262
Table of Contents
xiii
Default Options (New Study) - Load/Restraint ........................................................................................................ 263
Symbol size ......................................................................................................................................................... 263
Symbol colors ..................................................................................................................................................... 263
Resistance Set - Default Options (New Study) ....................................................................................................... 264
Symbol size ......................................................................................................................................................... 264
Symbol colors ..................................................................................................................................................... 264
Coils - Default Options (New Study) ....................................................................................................................... 265
Symbol size ......................................................................................................................................................... 265
Symbol colors ..................................................................................................................................................... 265
Force/Torque - Default Options (New Study).......................................................................................................... 266
Symbol size ......................................................................................................................................................... 266
Symbol colors ..................................................................................................................................................... 266
Mesh Control - Default Options (New Study) .......................................................................................................... 267
Symbol size ......................................................................................................................................................... 267
Symbol colors ..................................................................................................................................................... 267
Mesh - Default Options (New Study) ...................................................................................................................... 268
Element Growth Rate .......................................................................................................................................... 268
Accurate Curvature Representation .................................................................................................................... 268
Automatic Looping for solids ............................................................................................................................... 268
Default Options (New Study) - Results ................................................................................................................... 269
Results folder ...................................................................................................................................................... 269
Report folder ....................................................................................................................................................... 269
Default Options (New Study) - Plot ......................................................................................................................... 270
Annotation and range .......................................................................................................................................... 270
Settings options .................................................................................................................................................. 270
Font ..................................................................................................................................................................... 270
Default Options (New Study) - Color Chart ............................................................................................................. 271
EMS User Guide
xiv
Position ............................................................................................................................................................... 271
Width ................................................................................................................................................................... 271
Number format .................................................................................................................................................... 271
Color options ....................................................................................................................................................... 271
Default Options (New Study) - User information ..................................................................................................... 272
Support and Service ................................................................................................................................................... 273
How to Contact Us? ................................................................................................................................................ 273
Mailing Address ...................................................................................................................................................... 274
World Wide Web ..................................................................................................................................................... 275
Index .......................................................................................................................................................................... 277
1
EMS Online User's Guide
EMS Online User's Guide
EMS2012 online help includes descriptions and instructions for all the analysis features and capabilities of the EMS software.
What's New in EMS 2012
Read an overview of the new functionality in this software release and learn how to access topics with more information.
EMS Fundamentals
Learn basic concepts and terminology used throughout the EMS software.
EMS Reference
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
Design Studies
Material Properties
Function Curves
Loads and
Restraints
Coils
Forces and Torques
Resistance
Capacitance
Inductance
Meshing
Viewing Results
Study Reports
EMS Options
EMS User Guide
2
Overview
Welcome to the EMS Online User's Guide. This help includes
descriptions and instructions for all of the analysis features and
capabilities of the EMS software. Conventions. Describes the font conventions and buttons used in help
Access to Help. Lists the ways to access the help, as well as helpful hints for
searching
Resources. Lists other EMS documents
What's New. Lists the new functionality in this software release as well as
links to other topics with more information
EMS 2012 requires SolidWorks 2012 version.
EMS Online User's Guide
3
Conventions
The help uses the following font and icon conventions:
bold - Indicates a user interface element such as a menu item, tool tip, title of a dialog box, and so on.
italic green - Click to display more information. This shortens long topics so you can quickly scan the information.
- Represents a note or a tip. It is not a link; the information
follows the icon. Notes and tips provide time-saving steps and helpful hints.
EMS User Guide
4
Access to Help
You can access the EMS Online User's Guide in many ways,
including:
click Help, EMS Help Topics to open the default page.
Click Help, or click in a dialog box or PropertyManager to access
context-sensitive help.
Once in the help, you can use the TOC, Index, or Search tab to
locate a topic. Here are some hints for using the Search tab:
Use wildcard characters to broaden your search.
Try to create Boolean searches by adding terms such as "AND", "OR", "NOT", and "NEAR".
Select the Search previous results check box to use only the previously
found topics for the next search. This allows you to narrow down your search by adding keywords.
Select the Match similar words check box to highlight similar words in the
found topics. For example, if you search for "open", topics with both "open" and "opening" are found.
Select the Search titles only check box to find only topics where the
keyword is in the title.
5
What's New in EMS 2012
What's New in EMS 2012 - Overview
EMS 2012 is the sixth release of EMS as a Gold Certified add-in to SolidWorks.
This is a major new release of the software and incorporates several new features at the meshing/preprocessing, solving and post-processing levels. New capabilities have been added in this release to EMS's 5 solvers to provide users with more comprehensive simulation options and a more complete set of results. Materials and meshing have also been improved in this release while post-processing now incorporates new functionality.
To access What's New topics, select a subject area from the Table of Contents or follow the links:
What's New - User Interface What's New - Meshing & Pre-Processing What's New - Analysis What's New - Result Viewing
EMS User Guide
6
New in User Interface
Tool tip added to EMS Feature manager tree
EMViewer License: Read-only license of EMS that enable user to view EMS results
without requiring a full license.
Results tables: results tables are now accessible directly through a single mouse click.
EMViewer License: This is a special license that allows users to open EMS studies, browse all settings, view
results and have full access to all post-processing operations without requiring a full EMS license. By default, studies are opened in view-only mode, which allows users to modify existing plots,create new ones and generate new reports. A read-only option, which does not allow any modifications is also available to users and can be selected at the time of opening the study. The EMViewer does not allow users to create studies or run an analysis.
What's New in EMS 2012
7
New in Analysis
Electric Conduction Analyses
Motion Analysis : Motion with six degrees of freedom using
SolidWorks motion 2012.
user can run motion analysis and access motion results after a good run.
Exclude From Analysis: this feature enable the user to exclude an existant
component from the analysis solution without having to suppress the excluded component.
Compute Capacitance: users will access computed capacitance results after a good run.
Precision control: Users can now choose from three levels of precision, Normal, High and Very High, when performing Electrostatic or Conduction analyses. This feature helps users capture highly varying electric fields and currents with increased precision.
True floating conductors: the floating conductor boundary condition is now treated differently in EMS. Whereas the solver internally assigned a different voltage (1 or 0) to each floating conductor in previous release, now it treats floating conductors are equipotential bodies/surfaces with unknown potential values to be computed. This approach is more realistic and accurate than alternative options such as specifying a large permittivity to a conductor in order to consider it truly floating.
Magnetostatic Analysis
Motion Analysis :Motion with six degrees of freedom using
SolidWorks motion 2012.
More accurate Transient-motion coupled solver.
Faster nonlinear Newton-Raphson solver.
Exclude From Analysis: this new feature enable the user to exclude an
existant component from the analysis solution without having to suppress the excluded component.
Compute Circuit Parameters: users will access computed circuit parameters results after a good run.
Coil Modeling: coil modeling in EMS is now substantially improved. Wound coils can now be defined using the wire gage (using AWG standard sizes) or the wire diameter.
Coil Excitation: in addition to the existing current driven coil excitation, a voltage driven coil can now be defined. The external voltage source’s resistance can be specified.
Coil DC Resistance: the coil’s DC resistance is now accurately and automatically computed based on the AWG/diameter specification.
Applied Current Density: the computation of the applied current density distribution has been improved for wound coils to reflect its uniform nature due to insulation between wires.
EMS User Guide
8
Normal Flux Boundary Condition: the use of the normal flux boundary condition on an outer face, which was required for uniqueness of the solution, in no longer necessary. EMS now uses a new technique based on the tree-cotree branch cuts to ensure solution uniqueness. The normal flux boundary condition can still be used to applicable symmetry situations.
AC-Magnetic Analysis
Motion Analysis : Motion with six degrees of freedom using
SolidWorks motion 2012.
Faster nonlinear Newton-Raphson solver.
user can run motion analysis and access motion results after a good run.
Exclude From Analysis: this new feature enable the user to exclude an
existant component from the analysis solution without having to suppress the excluded component.
Compute Circuit Parameters: users will access computed circuit parameters results after a good run.
Split Core Loss: users will access computed losses results after a good run.
Coil Modeling: coil modeling in AC-Magnetic analysis has also been enhanced to include AWG standard specs for wound coils.
Coil Excitation and Coupling to External Circuits: voltage driven coil can now be defined along with an RLC external circuit.
Normal Flux Boundary Condition: the use of the normal flux boundary in AC-Magnetic analysis has been modified as in the case of Magnetostatic analysis.
Core Loss: all three components of core loss, i.e., Eddy, Hysteresis and Excess losses, are now computed. Ohmic, Eddy, Hysteresis, Excess, and Core losses are output to the results table for each component. Loss density distributions can be viewed with EMS’s standard visualization tools.
Loss Input: users have the option of importing manufacturer’s loss data through a file or entering it manually using EMS’s standard curve definition interface. Alternatively, users can use Steinmetz loss model and specify the proper coefficients for their material.
Lamination: users can now define laminated materials through EMS’s standard material editor. As with other EMS materials users can create, edit and save their own laminated materials libraries.
New Computed Parameters: voltages, currents, impedance matrices, coupling coefficients between coils and various loss terms. Leakage inductance is also computed for two conductor systems.
Multiply Connected Conductor Regions: conductors with one or more holes inside, i.e., multiply connected, require careful attention to obtain a unique solution. EMS now uses an automatic and more efficient approach to solving multiply connected regions that ensures solution uniqueness with speed and accuracy.
Transient Analysis
Motion Analysis : Motion with six degrees of freedom using
SolidWorks motion 2012.
Faster nonlinear Newton-Raphson solver.
user can run motion analysis and access motion results after a good run.
Exclude From Analysis: this new feature enable the user to exclude an
existant component from the analysis solution without having to suppress the excluded component.
Compute Circuit Parameters: users will access computed circuit parameters results after a good run.
What's New in EMS 2012
9
Thermal Analysis : Fully embedded thermal simulation inside transient magnetic model.
Coil Modeling, Coil Excitation and Normal Flux Boundary Condition: these features are implemented in the Transient Analysis in similar manner to the AC-Magnetic analysis.
Coil Excitation Functions: in addition to the existing curve-based excitation definitions, users can now define excitation by functions. Implemented functions include: sinusoidal, exponential, pulse and single frequency FM (SFFM) current and voltage sources.
Non-linear Transient Solver: improved stability and convergence.
EMS User Guide
10
New in Meshing & Pre-Processing
Auto-insert Air part is not possible allowing to insert a box, sphere or cylinder in the model : the inserted part will automatically include the required cavities to avoid interference.
Automatic insertion of the required cavities to avoid interference.
Auto-apply Air to apply air to all solid bodies in the study where no material
has been applied.
3D Mesh Pre-processing: Visualize and analyze the 3D mesh before
launching the solver. Because meshing is critical to solution accuracy and speed, EMS now provides users unparalleled mesh viewing capabilities. This powerful feature allows users to visually inspect the mesh in a clear and uncluttered manner before launching the solver. It includes probing, section viewing and iso-clipping of the 3D mesh.
Improved Meshing: In addition to existing mesh controls on faces and
components, which already give users complete control over the meshing process, new meshing features in EMS 2012 make meshing even faster and more robust. A new way of computing global element size has been added and mesh controls can now be applied to make the mesh coarser of finer. These features increase the mesher’s robustness considerably so that users will have more first time success in creating meshes.
Material Library: enhanced EMS built-in material library including many new
non-linear materials and material loss parameters.
What's New in EMS 2012
11
New in Result Viewing
Auto generation of 2D drawing of the model under study and including it in
the study report.
More control on motion results exporting allowing to select all time steps for selected result or all results for selected time step.
New 2D plot of a selected 3D point over motion time steps.
2D plot of a selected parameters over transient time steps.
3D plot saving the plot view camera settings.
More control on transient results exporting allowing to select all time steps for selected result or all results for selected time step.
Comparison of Study Results: Enhanced tabular results from different
studies and different configurations can now be compared through 2D plots.
Advanced 3D Spline Probing: generates a 2-plot along spline curve cuts
through the model for any computed quantity (fluxes, fields, currents, temperature, etc). This feature allows users to probe results along arbitrarily curved lines in their model gaining access to otherwise hard to view data.
New Results: more 3D plots type are computed, like Voltage and Flux.
New Results: more 3D and tabular results are computed for Core Loss,
Ohmic Loss, Hysteresis Loss, Excess Loss, etc.
3D Plots Animation: plots from different studies can be animated in the
same plot window or saved to video file. This animation feature is available in the following cases:
o Any study type with motion results o Transient Magnetic study type with results o AC magnetic Study type with results
3D Plots Export: plots from different studies can be exported to a
Paraview( aopen source standalone 3D viewer for Windows/Unix/etc.)
2D Plots: Added text annotation to all reference point associated with a 2D
plot.
2D Plots: plots from different studies and different configuration can now be
superimposed in one window.
Report: Embedded HTML and Word Doc Viewer.
13
Analysis Background
Analysis Background
In EMS you can perform five types of analysis relevant to the electromagnetic and electromechanical engineering design process. This chapter provides the basic theoretical information you should have before running any type of analysis in EMS. It explains what each analysis does, the underlying assumptions, the required input, and the expected output. It also gives a brief description of how to perform each type of analysis.
The following is a list of the analysis types you can perform in EMS:
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
EMS User Guide
14
About Maxwell's Equations
Maxwell’s equations are a set of partial differential equations that govern the behavior of electromagnetic devices. They are linear in space and time. When electromagnetic fields interact with materials, the equations can become nonlinear. The main quantities involved in Maxwell’s equations are:
The electric field intensity E
The electric flux density or electric displacement D
The magnetic field intensity H
The magnetic flux density or magnetic induction B
The surface current density J
The volume charge density .
In addition, we define:
The magnetic permeability
The electric permittivity
The electric conductivity
The four Maxwell’s equations are:
The above field equations are supplemented with the constitutive relations that describe the behavior of general electromagnetic material or media:
Analysis Background
15
What is Low Frequency Electromagnetics?
There are two major sub-domains in electromagnetics: low-frequency and high-frequency domains. Both domains are governed by Maxwell's equations.
The low-frequency domain includes the major part of the electromagnetic devices such as bushing, insulators, circuit breakers, power generators, transformers, electric motors, capacitors, magnetic levitation devices, synchronous machines, DC machines, permanent magnet motors, actuators, solenoids, etc.
Strictly speaking, any application in which displacement currents are negligible can be classified as low-frequency. The absence of the displacement currents de-couples the electric and magnetic fields and the situation becomes static.
The high-frequency domain includes the study of electromagnetic waves and propagation of energy through matter. It may be some times difficult to distinguish between high-frequency and low frequency. Nevertheless, we can generally say that electromagnetic fields in which the displacement currents cannot be neglected belong to the high-frequency domain. The displacement currents couple the electric and magnetic fields to each other and the situation becomes fully dynamic. Examples of devices that use high-frequency include antennas, waveguides, transmission lines, filters, couplers, dielectric resonators, etc.
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Electrostatic Analysis
What is Electrostatic Analysis?
Electrostatic analysis belongs to the low-frequency electromagnetic domain or regime. In this domain,
displacement currents are neglected. In addition, the fields depend on position only. They do not depend on time. The size of the object is much smaller than the wavelength.
With these conditions, the first two of Maxwell’s equations become:
Along with the constitutive relation:
By introducing an electric scalar potential, , and expressing the electric field as:
the famous Poisson’s equation:
is obtained. The electrostatic analysis solves the Poisson equation.
Applications
Most applications require the computations of electric field and related quantities such as capacitance. Applications include:
Bushing
Insulators
Capacitors
Strip-lines
Circuit breakers.
Electrostatic Assumption
Analysis Background
17
Electrostatic analysis assumes that no current flows in any material. Objects are either perfect conductors or perfect insulators. For conducting objects, the electric charges are condensed on their surfaces, which forces the field inside the conductors to be zero. Insulators are considered as perfect insulators with no current flowing inside them.
It is important to bear in mind the above electrostatic assumptions. Therefore, thick conductors can either be left as mesh voids or fully meshed. In the case where a thick conductor is kept as a mesh void, the boundary conditions are applied on the surface of the conductor to simulate their presence. However, if the thick conductors are actually meshed, the boundary conditions are applied on the component itself.
Conductors can have a zero thickness. In such cases, conductors are specified by a perfect conducting surface.
The only material property required is the relative permittivity. The electric conductivity is not required because it is considered either infinite in conducting objects or zero in insulators.
Linearity Assumption
The relationship between electric and displacement fields is linear requiring all materials in the model to have a linear relative permittivity.
Lossless Assumption
All materials are lossless which implies real permittivity in all material regions. As a result, all potential, electric, and displacement fields are real.
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Material Properties
For Electrostatic analysis, each component or body must be assigned a relative permittivity. This quantity is just a real number larger than or equal to 1.0 for isotropic materials. It can also be a tensor that varies with direction for orthotropic materials.
How about electric conductivity? You do not need to specify the electric conductivity of any part for this module. Electrostatic analysis assumes zero electric field inside conductors and zero current flow in non-conductors, i.e. insulators.
Certain materials maintain electric flux due to its microscopic dipoles permanent orientation. Such materials are to be permanently polarized or have a Permanent polarization. For such class of materials the constitutive relation between E and D are slightly different:
: where P is the permanent dipole moment. It is a vector quantity.
Since a permanently polarized material maintains an electric flux, it is considered like an excitation in EMS.
Analysis Background
19
Assigning a Voltage to a Conductor
In Electrostatic analysis you may assign either a fixed voltage or a floating conductor boundary condition to a
conductor as follows:
Fixed Voltage
Floating Conductor
The floating conductor restraint has an unspecified voltage value. It is treated differently depending whether the capacitance matrix is computed or not. That is, if the capacitance matrix is requested, the simulator assigns 1.0 or 0 V on the floating conductors and computes the matrix using the stored electric energy. On the other hand, if the capacitance matrix is not requested, the floating conductor is treated as an equi-potential entity with unknown voltage value, and thus solved for. Consequently, to treat the voltage on a floating conductor as unknown, the capacitance matrix shall not be requested.
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Forces and Torques
The Electrostatic module computes the forces and torques. The following points must be taken into account to
properly compute the force and torques for this type of analysis:
The nodal force distribution is automatically computed for each node of a fixed-voltage conductor.
To plot a nodal force distribution after a successful run, right-click the Force Distribution folder in the
EMS Manager tree.
The rigid body force is computed upon the user request by defining a force set before running the study.
The results for all predefined rigid body force sets are included in the study report and the results table
after a successful run.
Only the Virtual Work method is permissible for this type of analysis.
The floating conductor restraint shall not be used on a conductor if the forces and torques are desired to
be computed.
The nodal force distribution does not necessitate any user input before running the study while the rigid body force does.
Analysis Background
21
Required Input for Electrostatic Analysis
To perform an Electrostatic analysis, you need the following:
Meshed model. You must Mesh the model before running the analysis. Any change in geometry requires re-
meshing.
Material properties: You must specify a relative permittivity (er) for each component or body. The relative
permittivity is defined as:
where
er is the permittivity of the material or some times called the dielectric constant.
eois the permittivity of free space; eo = 8.854x10-12
F/m.
er is a constant real number.
Loads/Restraints. At least one of the following type of loading/restraints: o Fixed voltage o Floating conductor o Charge density o Total Charge
Note: When you create a study, click Properties in the Study dialog box to set the desired options. To modify the properties of an existing study, right-click its icon in the EMS Manager tree and choose Properties.
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Performing Electrostatic Analysis
To perform Electrostatic analysis:
1. Create an electrostatic study. To access the Study dialog box, right-click the top icon in the EMS Manager tree and select Study . Define the Properties of the study.
2. Define material for each solid. To define a material for a solid, right-click its icon and select Define/Edit Material. If you have assigned an orthotropic material to a component, right-click the component’s icon and select Coordinate System to specify the coordinate system that defines the main 3 axes of the
material. 3. Right-click the Load/Restraint folder and define at least one. If thermal solution option is on define the
desired thermal boundary conditions. 4. To compute a rigid body force, right-click the Forces/Torques folder and define a force set. 5. Mesh the model and run the study. Before running the study, you can use the Result Options to
request the default plots .
NOTE: If you run a study before meshing it, the program meshes the study automatically before running it. You can also request to run the study by checking Run analysis after meshing in the meshing PropertyManager.
6. View the results:
View potential.
View electric field.
View electric displacement.
View force distribution.
View thermal results if thermal solution is available o View temperature o View temperature gradient o View heat flux
To generate a report, right-click the Report folder and select Define.
To view the results table, right-click the Report folder and select Results Table.
Analysis Background
23
Output of Electrostatic Analysis
The Electrostatic analysis solves for the potential or the voltage inside the model. Once a solution is obtained, the
following additional quantities are computed:
Electric field distribution
Electric displacement distribution
Nodal force distribution
Rigid body force
Capacitance matrix The potential, the electric field, the electric displacement, and the nodal force distributions are displayed on the model at nodes. For each one of these quantities, the following components are available: Electric Field :
Ex: Electric Field in the X direction
Ey: Electric Field in the Y direction
Ez: Electric Field in the Z direction
Er: Resultant Electric Field Electric Displacement:
Dx: Electric Displacement in the X direction
Dy: Electric Displacement in the Y direction
Dz: Electric Displacement in the Z direction
Dr: Resultant Electric Displacement Force Density:
Fx: Force Density in the X direction
Fy: Force Density in the Y direction
Fz: Force Density in the Z direction
Fr: Resultant Force Density Electric potential or voltage The lumped quantities such as capacitance matrix, forces and torques are output to the Report folder where a
report could be generated and a results table could be viewed.
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Electric Conduction Analysis
What is Electric Conduction Analysis?
Electric Conduction or the so called current flow analysis belongs to the low-frequency electromagnetic domain or
regime; i.e. displacement currents are neglected. In addition, the fields depend on position only. They do not depend on time. Furthermore, the size of the object is much smaller than the wavelength. Unlike the Electrostatic
analysis which deals with insulators and electric conductors, the Electric Conduction deals with only conducting media which can sustain a current flow. Therefore, all components must have a nonzero electric conductivity.
The conduction equation is obtained from the continuity relation:
Along with the constitutive relation
We obtain
By introducing an electric scalar potential, , and expressing the electric field as:
the famous conduction equation:
is obtained. The Electric Conduction analysis solves the conduction equation.
In the above equations, J is the electric current density, is the electric conductivity, E is the electric field, and is the electric scalar potential.
Applications
Most applications require the computations of the electric current density that defines the current flow and related quantities such as resistance. Applications include:
Analysis Background
25
Electric cables
Resistors
Shunts
Fuses
Electric welding.
Electric Conduction Assumption
The Electric Conduction analysis assumes that there is a current flow in all materials in the model. All materials involved in the conduction analysis must have non-zero electric conductivity. Consequently, unlike most other
electromagnetic analyses, air is not meshed in conduction problems just because air has a zero electric conductivity.
The only material property required is the electric conductivity. The permittivity is not required because
insulators are not allowed in this type of analysis.
Linearity Assumption
The relationship between electric field and the current density is linear requiring all materials in the model to have a linear electric conductivity.
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Material Properties
For Electric Conduction analysis, each component or body must be assigned an electric conductivity. This quantity is just a real number for isotropic materials. It can also be a tensor that varies with direction for orthotropic materials.
How about the permittivity? You do not need to specify the permittivity of any part for this analysis type. The Electric Conduction analysis assumes a current flow in all components and no insulators are permitted.
Analysis Background
27
Applicable Restraints
In the Electric Conduction analysis you may assign either a fixed voltage or a contact resistance restraints as
follows:
Fixed Voltage
Contact Resistance
The fixed voltage is the most commonly used for this type of analysis. Whereas the contact resistance is rarely used.
Remember that the units of the contact resistance is Ohms per square.
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Resistance Calculation
The Electric Conduction module computes the resistance. The resistance is defined as:
The resistance is calculated as follows:
Calculating Resistance
All resistance sets must be defined before running the study.
Analysis Background
29
Required Input for Electric Conduction Analysis
To perform an Electric Conduction analysis, you need the following:
Meshed model. You must Mesh the model before running the analysis. Any change in geometry requires re-
meshing.
Material properties: You must specify a non-zero electric conductivity for each component or body.
Loads/Restraints. You must specify at least one Fixed voltage
To get a non-trivial solution, at least one of the fixed voltages must be non-zero.
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Performing Electric Conduction Analysis
To perform Electric Conduction analysis:
1. Create a static study. To access the Study dialog box, right-click the top icon in the EMS Manager tree and select Study . Define the Properties of the study.
2. Define material for each solid. To define a material for a solid, right-click its icon and select Define/Edit Material. If you have assigned an orthotropic material to a component, right-click the component’s icon and select Coordinate System to specify the coordinate system that defines the main 3 axes of the
material. 3. Right-click the Load/Restraint folder and define at least one. If thermal solution option is on define the
desired thermal boundary conditions. 4. To compute resistance, right-click the Resistance Settings folder and define a resistance set. 5. Mesh the model and run the study. Before running the study, you can use the Result Options to
request the default plots .
NOTE: If you run a study before meshing it, the program meshes the study automatically before running it. You can also request to run the study by checking Run analysis after meshing in the meshing PropertyManager.
6. View the results:
View potential.
View electric field.
View electric current density.
View thermal results if thermal solution is available o View temperature o View temperature gradient o View heat flux
To generate a report, right-click the Report folder and select Define.
To view the results table, right-click the Report folder and select Results Table.
Analysis Background
31
Output of Electric Conduction Analysis
The Electric Conduction analysis solves for the potential or the voltage inside the model. Once a solution is
obtained, the following additional quantities are computed:
Electric field distribution
Electric current density
Resistance The potential, the electric field, and the electric current density are displayed on the model at nodes. For each one of these quantities, the following components are available: Electric Field :
Ex: Electric Field in the X direction
Ey: Electric Field in the Y direction
Ez: Electric Field in the Z direction
Er: Resultant Electric Field Electric Current Density:
Jx: Electric Current Density in the X direction
Jy: Electric Current Density in the Y direction
Jz: Electric Current Density in the Z direction
Jr: Resultant Electric Current Density Electric potential or voltage Notice: In case of Motion analysis option is turned on: For each one of the above quantities, results are available
at each motion time step Thermal Output Results (Available when Thermal Solution is on )
The lumped quantities such as resistance and dissipated power are output to the Report folder where a report
could be generated and a results table could be viewed.
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Magnetostatic Analysis
What is Magnetostatic Analysis?
Magnetostatic or the so called DC Magnetic Field analysis belongs to the low-frequency electromagnetic domain
or regime; i.e. displacement currents are neglected. In addition, the fields depend on position only. They do not depend on time. Furthermore, the size of the object is much smaller than the wavelength.
The Magnetostatic Analysis, linear and non-linear, calculates the magnetic fields produced by one the following:
A Permanent magnet.
A steady DC electric current.
Maxwell’s equations relevant to magnetostatic analysis fields are:
where H is the magnetic field, Js is the source current density, and B is the magnetic flux density. The constitutive relation connects B and H:
where m is the magnetic permeability, in general a function of H. Hc is the coercive force or coercivity. Thus the
Magnetostatic Analysis solves the above two Maxwell’s equations
Applications
This type of analysis does not consider time-dependent effects such as eddy currents. It has many applications, including:
DC machines
Permanent magnets
Motors
Generators
Actuators
Magnetic recording
Magnetic levitation devices
Magnetic levitation devices
Lossless Assumption
All materials are lossless which implies real magnetic permeability in all material regions. As a result, all magnetic field and magnetic flux density are real.
Analysis Background
33
EMS User Guide
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Material Properties
For Magnetostatic analysis, the following issues should be taken into consideration:
Linear isotropic
Linear orthotropic
Nonlinear isotropic
Permanent magnets
Electric conductivity
Linear Isotropic
For linear isotropic materials, a relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each component or body which is just a real number larger or equal to 1.0.
Linear Orthotropic
For linear orthotropic materials, a relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each of the three principal axes of the material. In addition, a local coordinate system must be specified if different from the global coordinate system.
Nonlinear Isotropic
Most of ferromagnetic materials exhibit a nonlinearity behavior where the permeability is function of the magnetic field H. Practically, material manufactures provide a B-H or a magnetization curve that gives the magnetic flux B as a function of H. From such curve, the permeability is extracted. The user could input the B-H curve in MKS units
(B in T and H in A/m) or Gaussian units (B in Gauss and H in Oersted).
Permanent Magnets
Permanent magnets or the so called hard magnetic materials have a special treatment for this type of
analysis. That is, depending on whether the material is linear or nonlinear, the following quantities must be specified:
Material is nonlinear: Just specify a B-H curve that start in the second quadrant where the first point must be (-coercivity, 0) and the maximum magnetic flux density represents the remanence.
Material is linear: specify either the relative magnetic permeability and the coercivity or the remanence and the coercivity.
Electric Conductivity
In addition to the above mentioned magnetic permeability , an electric conductivity must be assigned to all coils.
Nonlinear orthotropic materials are not supported.
Analysis Background
35
Applicable Boundary Conditions
The only applicable restraint or boundary condition for the Magnetostatic analysis is the Normal Flux type. All outer faces have the default Tangential Flux type.
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Forces and Torques
The Magnetostatic module computes the forces and torques. The following points must be taken into account to
properly compute the force and torques for this type of analysis:
The nodal force distribution is automatically computed for each node of all ferromagnetic and conducting components.
To plot a nodal force distribution after a successful run, right-click the Force Distribution folder in the
EMS Manager tree.
The rigid body force is computed upon the user request by defining a force set before running the study.
The results for all predefined rigid body force sets are included in the study report and the results table
after a successful run.
The Virtual Work method is the preferred method for ferromagnetic materials whereas the Lorentz Force method is the preferred method for coils.
The nodal force distribution does not necessitate any user input before running the study while the rigid body force does.
Analysis Background
37
Required Input for Magnetostatic Analysis
To perform a Magnetostatic analysis, you need the following:
Meshed model. You must Mesh the model before running the analysis. Any change in geometry requires re-
meshing.
Material properties: Depending on the material, the following must be specified: o Linear isotropic: A relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each component or body which
is just a real number larger or equal to 1.0. o Linear orthotropic: A relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each of the three principal
axes of the material. In addition, a local coordinate system must be specified if different from the global
coordinate system. o Nonlinear isotropic: A B-H curve must be specified. o A permanent magnet: Specify either the relative magnetic permeability and the coercivity or the
remanence and the coercivity. Specify also the direction of coercivity. o A coil: In addition to the magnetic permeability , an electric conductivity must be assigned to all coils.
o Loads/Restraints. At least one Normal Flux boundary restraints must be specified. o Coils: Specify the coil properties.
To get a non-trivial solution, at least one coil or a permanent magnet must be defined for a Magnetostatic study.
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Performing Magnetostatic Analysis
To perform a Magnetostatic analysis:
1. Create a magnetostatic study. To access the Study dialog box, right-click the top icon in the EMS Manager tree and select Study . Define the Properties of the study..
2. Define material for each solid. To define a material for a solid, right-click its icon and select Define/Edit Material. Additional steps may be needed:
If you have assigned an orthotropic material to a component, right-click the component’s icon and select Coordinate System to specify the coordinate system that defines the main 3 axes of
the material.
If you have assigned a permanent magnet to a component, right-click the component’s icon and select Direction of Coercivity to define the preferred direction of the permanent magnet
and the local coordinate system if applicable. 3. Right-click the Load/Restraint folder and define at least one Normal Flux. If thermal solution option is
on define the desired thermal boundary conditions. 4. To compute a rigid body force, right-click the Forces/Torques folder and define a force set. 5. Define all applicable coils. 6. Mesh the model and run the study. Before running the study, you can use the Result Options to
request the default plots .
NOTE: If you run a study before meshing it, the program meshes the study automatically before running it. You can also request to run the study by checking Run analysis after meshing in the meshing PropertyManager.
6. View the results:
View magnetic field.
View magnetic flux density.
View applied current density.
View force distribution.
View thermal results if thermal solution is available o View temperature o View temperature gradient o View heat flux
To generate a report, right-click the Report folder and select Define.
To view the results table, right-click the Report folder and select Results Table.
Analysis Background
39
Output of Magnetostatic Analysis
The Magnetostatic analysis solves for the magnetic field inside the model. Once a solution is obtained, the
following additional quantities are computed:
Magnetic field distribution
Magnetic flux density distribution
Applied current density
Nodal force distribution
Electric Field
Rigid body force
Inductance matrix The magnetic field, the magnetic flux density, the nodal force, the electric field and the current density distributions are displayed on the model at nodes. For each one of these quantities, the following components are available: Magnetic Field :
Hx: Magnetic Field in the X direction
Hy: Magnetic Field in the Y direction
Hz: Magnetic Field in the Z direction
Hr: Resultant Magnetic Field Magnetic Flux Density:
Bx: Magnetic Flux Density in the X direction
By: Magnetic Flux Density in the Y direction
Bz: Magnetic Flux Density in the Z direction
Br: Resultant Magnetic Flux Density Applied Current Density:
Jax: Applied Current Density in the X direction
Jay: Applied Current Density in the Y direction
Jaz: Applied Current Density in the Z direction
Jar: Resultant Applied Current Density Force Density:
Fx: Force Density in the X direction
Fy: Force Density in the Y direction
Fz: Force Density in the Z direction
Fr: Resultant Force Density Electric Field :
Ex: Electric Field in the X direction
Ey: Electric Field in the Y direction
Ez: Electric Field in the Z direction
Er: Resultant Electric Field Flux:
Compute a single flux value at a given selected entities.
Notice: In case of Motion analysis option is turned on: For each one of the above quantities, results are available
at each motion time step Thermal Output Results (Available when Thermal Solution is on )
The lumped quantities such as inductance matrix, magnetic energy, flux linkage, forces and torques are output to the Report folder where a report could be generated and a results table could be viewed.
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AC Magnetic Analysis
What is AC Magnetic Analysis?
The AC Magnetic or the so called time harmonic magnetic analysis belongs to the low-frequency electromagnetic domain or regime; i.e. displacement currents are neglected. In addition, the fields have a time
harmonic, i.e. ejt
, time dependence.
The AC Magnetic Analysis calculates the effects of alternating currents (AC) in electromagnetic devices. These effects include:
Eddy currents
Skin effects
Power loss due to eddy currents
Maxwell’s equations relevant to AC Magnetic analysis fields are:
where E is the electric field, and B is the magnetic flux density. The constitutive relation connects J and E:
where is the electric conductivity. Thus the AC Magnetic Analysis solves the above two Maxwell’s equations
Applications
Applications include:
Transformers
Electric motors
Induction machines
Eddy-current braking systems
Induction heating
Circuit breakers
Linearity Assumption
The relationship between magnetic flux density and magnetic field is linear requiring all materials in the model to have a linear magnetic permeability. Thus, no B-H curves are allowed for AC Magnetic analysis.
Permanent Magnets
Permanent magnets are not allowed for AC Magnetic analysis.
Analysis Background
41
EMS User Guide
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Skin Depth Calculation
A very important quantity that shall be computed for any AC Magnetic study is Skin Depth, which gives an indication about the penetration of the field in the conducting regions. It is given by
Where m is the magnetic permeability in H/m, s is the electric conductivity in S/m, and f is the frequency in Hz.
For example, for an Aluminum plate where m = m0, s = 3.526x107 S/m at a frequency = 50 Hz, d = 11.98 mm
The Skin in Depth is a measure of how deep the field penetrates the conductor. Therefore, the higher is the frequency the shallower is the penetration.
Why is the calculation of the Skin Depth important?
It is important for two main reasons:
Reason 1:
It gives us an indicator of whether the problem at hand must be treated with the AC Magnetic analysis or it is sufficient to use the Magnetostatic analysis.
The rule of thumb for this type of decision is:
If the ratio of the thickness of the conductor to the Skin Depth in that conductor is less than one, then the problem is resistance limited and can be treated as a magnetostatic problem.
if the ratio is larger or equal to one, then the problem must be treated with AC Magnetic analysis.
o If d/ < 1, then Magnetostatic is sufficient.
o If d/ >=1, Must use AC Magnetic analysis
Nevertheless, we can still use the AC Magnetic even if d/ < 1; the opposite is not true.
Reason 2:
It gives an indication of how to mesh inside a conductor. For the first skin depth penetration from the surface of the
conductor, the mesh must have at least two elements per skin depth. Beyond the first skin depth penetration, the mesh could be made coarser but that may require splitting the conducting region to more components for mesh control purposes. This process of splitting the first skin depth volume to a separate part out of the overall conductor may be worthwhile if the conducting region is several skin depth deep and which may lead to a huge mesh if it were meshed uniformly with a mesh size of at least two elements/skin depth.
Analysis Background
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Material Properties
For AC Magnetic analysis, the following issues should be taken into consideration:
Linear isotropic
Linear orthotropic
Nonlinear materials
Permanent magnets
Electric conductivity
Linear Isotropic
For linear isotropic materials, a relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each component or body.
Linear Orthotropic
For linear orthotropic materials, a relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each of the three principal axes of the material. In addition, a local coordinate system must be specified if different from the global coordinate system.
Nonlinear Materials
Nonlinear materials are not allowed for the AC Magnetic analysis.
Permanent Magnets
Permanent Magnets are not allowed for the AC Magnetic analysis.
Electric Conductivity
In addition to the above mentioned magnetic permeability , an electric conductivity must be assigned for each
conducting component or body. If a component has a non zero conductivity, it supports eddy currents. However, wound coils in spite of their electric conductivity, they do not support eddy currents because the wire turns are too thin and isolated with some form of insulators. On the other hand, solid coils do support eddy currents and exhibit skin effects.
Remember that wound coils do not support eddy currents, whereas solid coils do.
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Applicable Boundary Conditions
The only applicable restraint or boundary condition for the AC Magnetic analysis is the Normal Flux type. All outer faces have the default Tangential Flux type.
Analysis Background
45
Forces and Torques
The AC Magnetic module computes the forces and torques. The following points must be taken into account to
properly compute the force and torques for this type of analysis:
The nodal force distribution is automatically computed for each node of all ferromagnetic and conducting components.
To plot a nodal force distribution after a successful run, right-click the Force Distribution folder in the
EMS Manager tree.
The rigid body force is computed upon the user request by defining a force set before running the study.
The results for all predefined rigid body force sets are included in the study report and the results table
after a successful run.
The Virtual Work method is the preferred method for ferromagnetic materials whereas the Lorentz Force method is the preferred method for coils.
The nodal force distribution does not necessitate any user input before running the study while the rigid body force does.
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Required Input for AC Magnetic Analysis
To perform an AC Magnetic analysis, you need the following:
Meshed model. You must Mesh the model before running the analysis. Any change in geometry requires re-
meshing.
Material properties: A relative magnetic permeability and an electric conductivity must be specified for
each component or body.
Loads/Restraints. At least one Normal Flux boundary restraints must be specified.
Coils: Specify the coil properties. Remember that wound coils do not support eddy currents, whereas solid coils do.
To get a non-trivial solution, at least one coil must be defined for an AC Magnetic study.
Analysis Background
47
Performing AC Magnetic Analysis
To perform an AC Magnetic analysis:
1. Create an AC Magnetic study. To access the Study dialog box, right-click the top icon in the EMS Manager tree and select Study . Define the Properties of the study..
2. Define material for each solid. To define a material for a solid, right-click its icon and select Define/Edit Material. Additional steps may be needed:
If you have assigned an orthotropic material to a component, right-click the component’s icon and select Coordinate System to specify the coordinate system that defines the main 3 axes of
the material. 3. Right-click the Load/Restraint folder and define at least one Normal Flux. If thermal solution option is
on define the desired thermal boundary conditions. 4. To compute a rigid body force, right-click the Forces/Torques folder and define a force set. 5. Define all applicable coils. Remember that wound coils do not support eddy currents, whereas solid
coils do. 6. Mesh the model and run the study. Before running the study, you can use the Result Options to
request the default plots .
NOTE: If you run a study before meshing it, the program meshes the study automatically before running it. You can also request to run the study by checking Run analysis after meshing in the meshing PropertyManager.
6. At each t phase , the following results are available: :
View magnetic field.
View magnetic flux density.
View applied current density.
View eddy current density.
View force distribution.
View thermal results if thermal solution is available o View temperature o View temperature gradient o View heat flux
To generate a report, right-click the Report folder and select Define.
To view the results table, right-click the Report folder and select Results Table.
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Output of AC Magnetic Analysis
The AC Magnetic analysis solves for the magnetic field inside the model. Once a solution is obtained, the
following additional quantities are computed:
Magnetic field distribution
Magnetic flux density distribution
Applied current density
Eddy current density
Nodal force distribution
Electric Field
Flux
Rigid body force
Inductance matrix The magnetic field, the magnetic flux density,the electric field, the nodal force, and the current density distributions
are displayed on the model at nodes. All quantities have a ejt
time dependence. Except for the nodal force, all other quantities are complex. For each one of these quantities, the following components are available: Magnetic Field :
Hx: Magnetic Field in the X direction
Hy: Magnetic Field in the Y direction
Hz: Magnetic Field in the Z direction
Hr: Resultant Magnetic Field Magnetic Flux Density:
Bx: Magnetic Flux Density in the X direction
By: Magnetic Flux Density in the Y direction
Bz: Magnetic Flux Density in the Z direction
Br: Resultant Magnetic Flux Density Applied Current Density:
Jax: Applied Current Density in the X direction
Jay: Applied Current Density in the Y direction
Jaz: Applied Current Density in the Z direction
Jar: Resultant Applied Current Density Current Density:
Jex: Current Density in the X direction
Jey: Current Density in the Y direction
Jez: Current Density in the Z direction
Jer: Resultant Current Density Force Density:
Fx: Force Density in the X direction
Fy: Force Density in the Y direction
Fz: Force Density in the Z direction
Fr: Resultant Force Density Electric Field (E) :
Ex: Electric Field in the X direction
Ey: Electric Field in the Y direction
Ez: Electric Field in the Z direction
Er: Resultant Electric Field Losses Density : is available only if analysis property Split Core Loss option is checked
Ohmic Loss
Eddy Loss
Hysteresis Loss
Excess Loss
Core Loss Flux:
Analysis Background
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Compute a single flux value at a given selected entities.
Voltage:
Compute a single voltage value at a given selected two point entities. Notice: In case of Motion analysis option is turned on: For each one of the above quantities, results are available
at each motion time step Thermal Output Results (Available when Thermal Solution is on )
The lumped quantities such as inductance matrix, magnetic energy, flux linkage, power loss in conducting regions, forces and torques are output to the Report folder where a report could be generated and a results table could be
viewed.
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Transient Magnetic Analysis
What is Transient Magnetic Analysis?
The Transient Magnetostatic analysis belongs to the low-frequency electromagnetic domain or regime; i.e.
displacement currents are neglected. It calculates magnetic fields that vary over time. These fields are typically caused by surges in currents or voltages. This type of analysis can be linear or non-linear. It also addresses eddy currents, power losses and magnetic forces.
The pertinent Maxwell’s equations for this type of analysis:
where E is the electric field, and B is the magnetic flux density.
The constitutive relation that connects B and H:
where m is the magnetic permeability, in general a function of H. Hc is the coercive force or coercivity
The constitutive relation that connects J and E:
where is the electric conductivity.
Applications
Typical applications of this analysis include:
Rotating machines
Linear actuators
Linear motors
Magnetic recording
Speakers
Nondestructive testing
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The Transient Magnetic analysis is truly the most general among all the available analyses. Below are some features of the analysis:
The time dependence of the excitation is arbitrary. It must be described via a curve called the Current-Time curve.
The materials may be linear or nonlinear.
Permanent magnets are supported.
The skin effects and eddy currents are included.
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Material Properties
For Transient Magnetic analysis, the following issues should be taken into consideration:
Linear isotropic
Linear orthotropic
Nonlinear isotropic
Permanent magnets
Electric conductivity
Linear Isotropic
For linear isotropic materials, a relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each component or body which is just a real number larger or equal to 1.0.
Linear Orthotropic
For linear orthotropic materials, a relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each of the three principal axes of the material. In addition, a local coordinate system must be specified if different from the global coordinate system.
Nonlinear Isotropic
Most of ferromagnetic materials exhibit a nonlinearity behavior where the permeability is function of the magnetic field H. Practically, material manufactures provide a B-H or a magnetization curve that gives the magnetic flux B as a function of H. From such curve, the permeability is extracted. The user could input the B-H curve in MKS units
(B in T and H in A/m) or Gaussian units (B in Gauss and H in Oersted).
Permanent Magnets
Permanent magnets or the so called hard magnetic materials have a special treatment for this type of
analysis. That is, depending on whether the material is linear or nonlinear, the following quantities must be specified:
Material is nonlinear: Just specify a B-H curve that start in the second quadrant where the first point must be (-coercivity, 0) and the maximum magnetic flux density represents the remanence.
Material is linear: specify either the relative magnetic permeability and the coercivity or the remanence and the coercivity.
Electric Conductivity
In addition to the above mentioned magnetic permeability , an electric conductivity must be assigned for each
conducting component or body. If a component has a non zero conductivity, it supports eddy currents. However, wound coils in spite of their electric conductivity, they do not support eddy currents because the wire turns are too thin and isolated with some form of insulators. On the other hand, solid coils do support eddy currents and exhibit skin effects.
Nonlinear orthotropic materials are not supported.
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Applicable Boundary Conditions
The only applicable restraint or boundary condition for the Transient Magnetic analysis is the Normal Flux type. All outer faces have the default Tangential Flux type.
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Forces and Torques
The Transient Magnetic module computes the forces and torques. The following points must be taken into
account to properly compute the force and torques for this type of analysis:
The nodal force distribution is automatically computed for each node of all ferromagnetic and conducting components.
To plot a nodal force distribution after a successful run, right-click the Force Distribution folder in the
EMS Manager tree.
The rigid body force is computed upon the user request by defining a force set before running the study.
The results for all predefined rigid body force sets are included in the study report and the results table
after a successful run.
The Virtual Work method is the preferred method for ferromagnetic materials whereas the Lorentz Force method is the preferred method for coils.
The nodal force distribution does not necessitate any user input before running the study while the rigid body force does.
The forces and torques are time dependent. Before viewing the results, choose the desired time.
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Required Input for Transient Magnetic Analysis
To perform a Transient Magnetic analysis, you need the following:
Meshed model. You must Mesh the model before running the analysis. Any change in geometry requires re-
meshing.
Material properties: Depending on the material, the following must be specified: o Linear isotropic: A relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each component or body which
is just a real number larger or equal to 1.0. o Linear orthotropic: A relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each of the three principal
axes of the material. In addition, a local coordinate system must be specified if different from the global
coordinate system. o Nonlinear isotropic: A B-H curve must be specified. o A permanent magnet: Specify either the relative magnetic permeability and the coercivity or the
remanence and the coercivity. Specify also the direction of coercivity. o A coil: In addition to the magnetic permeability , an electric conductivity must be assigned to all coils.
o Loads/Restraints. At least one Normal Flux boundary restraints must be specified. o Coils: Specify the coil properties. Remember that wound coils do not support eddy currents, whereas
solid coils do.
To get a non-trivial solution, at least one coil or a permanent magnet must be defined for a Transient Magnetic study.
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Performing Transient Magnetic Analysis
To perform a Transient Magnetic analysis:
1. Create a Transient Magnetic study. To access the Study dialog box, right-click the top icon in the EMS Manager tree and select Study . Define the Properties of the study..
2. Define material for each solid. To define a material for a solid, right-click its icon and select Define/Edit Material. Additional steps may be needed:
If you have assigned an orthotropic material to a component, right-click the component’s icon and select Coordinate System to specify the coordinate system that defines the main 3 axes of
the material.
If you have assigned a permanent magnet to a component, right-click the component’s icon and select Direction of Coercivity to define the preferred direction of the permanent magnet
and the local coordinate system if applicable. 3. Right-click the Load/Restraint folder and define at least one Normal Flux. 4. To compute a rigid body force, right-click the Forces/Torques folder and define a force set. 5. Define all applicable coils. Remember that wound coils do not support eddy currents, whereas solid
coils do. 6. Mesh the model and run the study. Before running the study, you can use the Result Options to
request the default plots .
NOTE: If you run a study before meshing it, the program meshes the study automatically before running it. You can also request to run the study by checking Run analysis after meshing in the meshing PropertyManager.
6. At each time step, the following results are available:
View magnetic field.
View magnetic flux density.
View applied current density.
View eddy current density
View force distribution.
To generate a report, right-click the Report folder and select Define.
To view the results table, right-click the Report folder and select Results Table.
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Output of Transient Magnetic Analysis
The Transient Magnetic analysis solves for the magnetic field inside the model. Once a solution is obtained, the
following additional quantities are computed at each time step:
Magnetic field distribution
Magnetic flux density distribution
Applied current density
Eddy current density
Nodal force distribution
Rigid body force
Inductance matrix The magnetic field, the magnetic flux density, the nodal force, and the current density distributions are displayed on the model at nodes. For each one of these quantities, the following components are available at each time step:: Notice: In case of Motion analysis option is turned on: the time step is the motion time step
Magnetic Field :
Hx: Magnetic Field in the X direction
Hy: Magnetic Field in the Y direction
Hz: Magnetic Field in the Z direction
Hr: Resultant Magnetic Field Magnetic Flux Density:
Bx: Magnetic Flux Density in the X direction
By: Magnetic Flux Density in the Y direction
Bz: Magnetic Flux Density in the Z direction
Br: Resultant Magnetic Flux Density Applied Current Density:
Jax: Applied Current Density in the X direction
Jay: Applied Current Density in the Y direction
Jaz: Applied Current Density in the Z direction
Jar: Resultant Applied Current Density Current Density:
Jex: Current Density in the X direction
Jey: Current Density in the Y direction
Jez: Current Density in the Z direction
Jer: Resultant Current Density Force Density:
Fx: Force Density in the X direction
Fy: Force Density in the Y direction
Fz: Force Density in the Z direction
Fr: Resultant Force Density Flux:
Compute a single flux value at a given selected entities.
Thermal Output Results (Available when Thermal Solution is on )
The lumped quantities such as inductance, magnetic energy, flux linkage, power loss in conducting regions, forces and torques are output to the Report folder where a report could be generated and a results table could be
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viewed. However, the inductance and flux linkage are viewable only if the total number of coils is equal one. In future releases, the inductance matrix will be available for N coils.
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Thermal Analysis
What is Thermal Analysis?
There are two mechanisms of heat transfer. These mechanisms are:
Conduction
Convection
Thermal analysis calculates the temperature distribution in a body due to one or both of these mechanisms. In both cases, heat energy flows from the medium with higher temperature to the medium with lower temperature. Heat transfer by conduction and convection requires the presence of an intervening medium while heat transfer by a third mechanism, (radiation, which is not currently supported in EMS) does not.
In EMS all heat sources are due to electric current flowing in non-perfect conductors. In theses cases, Joule heating is generated and acts as a heat source. Therefore, thermal analysis in EMS must always follow an electromagnetic analysis so that the heat sources in the model are automatically pre-computed. By default, thermal coupling is not enabled on any of the electromagnetic studies and the user must explicitly turn it on to perform thermal analysis.
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Performing Thermal Analysis
To perform Thermal analysis:
1. Thermal analysis is not a standalone EMS analysis type but must be preceded by an electromagnetic analysis. Thermal analysis is coupled to all EMS analysis types except for the Transient Magnetic analysis, i.e., it is coupled to Electrostatics, Electric Conduction, Magnetostatics, and AC Magnetics.
2. To couple thermal analysis to your electromagnetic analysis of a given study:
Right-click the desired study's folder and select Properties. The study properties page is
displayed.
Check the Steady State Thermal checkbox.
3. Continue the usual steps of performing your electromagnetic analysis. 4. Make sure that all materials have their proper thermal conductivity values defined (you may need to
change the default values). 5. Make sure to add to the proper thermal boundary conditions under the Load/Restraint. 6. A thermal solution will be automatically computed after the electromagnetic analysis is completed and the
corresponding thermal results folders will be generated.
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Output of Thermal Analysis
After running a study with the thermal solution option on, you can view the following thermal quantities(in case of transient the results will be available at each transient time step:
Temperature
Temperature distribution Temperature Gradient :
TGx: Temperature gradient in the X direction
TGy: Temperature gradient in the Y direction
TGz: Temperature gradient in the Z direction
TGr: Resultant Temperature gradient Heat Flux :
FLx: Heat Flux in the X direction
FLy: Heat Flux in the Y direction
FLz: Heat Fluxin the Z direction
FLr: Heat Flux gradient
where:
X, Y, and Z refer to the global coordinate system. If you choose a reference geometry, these directions refer to the selected reference entity.
Notice: In case of Motion analysis option is turned on: For each one of the above quantities, results are available
at each motion time step
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
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Conduction
Conduction
Conduction is the heat transfer mechanism in which thermal energy transfers from one point to another through the interaction between the atoms or molecules of the matter. Conduction occurs in solids, liquids, and gasses.
Conduction does not involve any bulk motion of matter. Gases transfer heat by direct collisions between energetic molecules, and their thermal conductivity is low compared to solids since they are dilute media. The conduction of energy in liquids is the same as in gases except that the situation is considerably more complex since the molecules are more closely spaced and molecular force fields exert a strong influence on the energy exchange in the collision process. Nonmetallic solids transfer heat by lattice vibrations so there is no motion of the media as heat propagates through. Metals are better conductors than nonmetals at normal temperatures because they have free electrons that carry thermal energy.
The heat transfer by conduction obeys Fourier's law which states that the rate of heat conduction Qconduction is
proportional to the heat transfer area (A) and the temperature gradient (dT/dx), or:
Qconduction = - K A ( dT/dx)
where K, the thermal conductivity, measures the ability of a material to conduct heat. The units of K are W/moC or
(Btu/s)/inoF. The conversion between different unit systems is as follows: 1 W/(mK) = 1 W/(m
oC) = 0.85984 kcal/(hr
moC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft hr
oF)
For the planar layer shown below, the rate of heat conduction is given by,
Qconduction = - K A ( THot - TCold )/L
The following figure shows ranges for the thermal conductivity values for liquids, nonmetallic solids, and pure metals at normal temperature and pressure.
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Thermal conductivity (K) for some materials
The following table lists thermal conductivities (in W/m.oK) for selected materials at room temperature (25oC):
Material K
(W/m.oK)
Copper 401
Aluminum 250
Silver 429
Gold 310
Steel 46
Stainless Steel
16
Lead 35
Platinum 70
Zinc 116
Silicon 112
Click here for a more complete list of thermal conductivity values of different materials.
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List of thermal conductivity values of different materials
The following table lists thermal conductivities (in W/m.oK) for selected materials at room temperature (25oC):
1 W/(mK) = 1 W/(moC) = 0.85984 kcal/(hr moC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft hr oF)
Material K (W/m.oK)
Acetone 0.16
Acrylic 0.2
Air 0.024
Alcohol 0.17
Aluminum 250
Aluminum Oxide 30
Ammonia 0.022
Antimony 18.5
Argon 0.016
Asbestos-cement board 0.744
Asbestos-cement sheets 0.166
Asbestos-cement 2.07
Asbestos, loosely packed 0.15
Asbestos mill board 0.14
Asphalt 0.75
Balsa 0.048
Bitumen 0.17
Benzene 0.16
Beryllium 218
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Brass 109
Brick dense 1.31
Brick work 0.69
Cadmium 92
Carbon 1.7
Cement, portland 0.29
Cement, mortar 1.73
Chalk 0.09
Cobalt 0.9
Concrete, light 0.42
Concrete, stone 1.7
Constantan 22
Copper 401
Corian (ceramic filled) 1.06
Corkboard 0.043
Cork, regranulated 0.044
Cork, ground 0.043
Cotton 0.03
Carbon Steel 54
Cotton Wool insulation 0.029
Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel) 0.06
Earth, dry 1.5
Ether 0.14
Epoxy 0.35
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Felt insulation 0.04
Fiberglass 0.04
Fiber insulating board 0.048
Fiber hardboard 0.2
Fireclay brick 500oC 1.4
Foam Glass 0.042
Gasoline 0.15
Glass 1.05
Glass, Pearls, dry 0.18
Glass, Pearls, saturated 0.76
Class, window 0.96
Glass, wool Insulation 0.04
Glycerol 0.28
Gold 310
Granite 1.7 - 4.0
Gypsum or plaster board 0.17
Hairfelt 0.05
Hardboard high density 0.15
Hardwoods (oak, maple..) 0.16
Helium 0.142
Hydrogen 0.168
Ice (0oC, 32oF) 2.18
Insulation materials 0.035 - 0.16
Iridium 147
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Iron 80
Iron, wrought 59
Iron, cast 55
Kapok insulation 0.034
Kerosene 0.15
Lead Pb 35
Leather, dry 0.14
Limestone 1.26 - 1.33
Magnesia insulation (85%) 0.07
Magnesium 156
Marble 2.6
Mercury 8
Methane 0.030
Methanol 0.21
Mica 0.71
Mineral wool blanket 0.04
Molybdenum 138
Monel 26
Nickel 91
Nitrogen 0.024
Nylon 6 0.25
Oil, machine 0.15
Olive oil 0.17
Oxygen 0.024
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Paper 0.05
Paraffin Wax 0.25
Perlite, atmospheric pressure 0.031
Perlite, vacuum 0.00137
Plaster, gypsum 0.48
Plaster, metal lath 0.47
Plaster, wood lath 0.28
Plastics, foamed 0.03
Platinum 70
Plywood 0.13
Polyethylene HD 0.42 - 0.51
Polypropylene 0.1 - 0.22
Polystyrene expanded 0.03
Porcelain 1.5
PTFE 0.25
PVC 0.19
Pyrex glass 1.005
Quarts mineral 3
Rock Wool insulation 0.045
Sand, dry 0.35
Sand, saturated 2.7
Sandstone 1.7
Sawdust 0.08
Silica aerogel 0.02
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Silicon 112
Silicone oil 0.1
Silver 429
Snow (temp < 0oC) 0.05 - 0.25
Sodium 84
Softwoods (fir, pine ..) 0.12
Steel 46
Stainless Steel 16
Straw insulation 0.09
Styrofoam 0.033
Tin Sn 67
Zinc Zn 116
Urethane foam 0.021
Vermiculite 0.058
Vinyl ester 0.25
Water 0.58
Water, vapor (steam) 0.016
Wood across the grain, white pine
0.12
Wood across the grain, balsa 0.055
Wood across the grain, yellow pine
0.147
Wood, oak 0.17
Wool, felt 0.07
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Convection
Convection
Convection is the heat transfer mode in which heat transfers between a solid face and an adjacent moving fluid (or gas). Convection has two elements:
Energy transfer due to random molecular motion (diffusion), and
Energy transfer by bulk or macroscopic motion of the fluid (advection).
The mechanism of convection can be explained as follows: as the layer of the fluid adjacent to the hot surface becomes warmer, its density decreases (at constant pressure, density is inversely proportional to the temperature) and becomes buoyant. A cooler (heavier) fluid near the surface replaces the warmer fluid and a pattern of circulation forms.
The rate of heat exchange between a fluid of temperature Tf and a face of a solid of area A at temperature Ts obeys the Newton's law of cooling which can be written as:
Qconvection = h A (Ts - Tf)
where h is the convection heat transfer coefficient. The units of h are W/m2K or Btu/s in
2F. The convection heat
transfer coefficient (h) depends on fluid motion, geometry, and thermodynamic and physical properties.
Generally, there are two modes convection heat transfer:
Natural (Free) Convection
The motion of the fluid adjacent to a solid face is caused by buoyancy forces induced by changes in the density of the fluid due to differences in temperature between the solid and the fluid. When a hot plate is left to cool down in the air the particles of air adjacent to the face of the plate get warmer, their density decreases, and hence they move upward.
Forced Convection
An external means such as a fan or a pump is used to accelerate the flow of the fluid over the face of the solid. The rapid motion of the fluid particles over the face of the solid maximizes the temperature gradient and increases the rate of heat exchange. In the following image, air is forced over a hot plate.
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Convection Heat Coefficient
Newton's law of cooling states that the heat transfer rate leaving a surface at temperature Ts into a surrounding fluid at temperature Tf is given by the equation:
Qconvection = h A (Ts - Tf)
where the heat transfer coefficient h has the units of W/m2K or Btu/s in
2F. The coefficient h is not a thermodynamic
property. It is a simplified correlation to the fluid state and the flow conditions and hence it is often called a flow property.
Convection is tied to the concept of a boundary layer which is a thin layer of transition between a surface that is assumed adjacent to stationary molecules and the flow of fluid in the surroundings. This is illustrated in the next figure for a flow over a flat plate.
Where u(x,y) is the x-direction velocity. The region up to the outer edge of the fluid layer, defined as 99% of the free stream velocity, is called the fluid boundary layer thickness d(x).
A similar sketch could be made of the temperature transition from the temperature of the surface to the temperature of the surroundings. A schematic of the temperature variation is shown in the next figure. Notice that the thermal boundary layer thickness is not necessarily the same as that of the fluid. Fluid properties that make up the Prandtl Number govern the relative magnitude of the two types of boundary layers. A Prandtl Number (Pr) of 1 would imply the same behavior for both boundary layers.
The actual mechanism of heat transfer through the boundary layer is taken to be conduction, in the y-direction, through the stationary fluid next to the wall being equal to the convection rate from the boundary layer to the fluid. This can be written as:
h A (Ts - Tf) = - k A (dT/dy)s
Thus the convection coefficient for a given situation can be evaluated by measuring the heat transfer rate and the temperature difference or by measuring the temperature gradient adjacent to the surface and the temperature difference.
Measuring a temperature gradient across a boundary layer requires high precision and is generally accomplished in a research laboratory. Many handbooks contain tabulated values of the convection heat transfer coefficients for different configurations.
The following table shows some typical values for the convective heat transfer coefficient:
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Motion Analysis
What Is Motion Analysis?
EMS couples to SolidWorks Motion which is available as in add-in from SolidWorks Premium. Using SolidWorks, you can accurately simulate and analyze the motion of an assembly while incorporating the effects of Motion Study elements (including forces, springs, dampers, and friction). A Motion Analysis study combines motion study elements with mates in motion calculations. Consequently motion constraints, material properties, mass, and component contact are included in the SolidWorks Motion kinematic solver calculations.
For a complete documentation about SolidWorks Motion, please refer to SolidWorks Help and SolidWorks Tutorials. As explained therein, in the motion manager, there are three types of motion study that can be defined:
Animation (available in core SolidWorks). You can use Animation to animate the motion
of assemblies:
Add motors to drive the motion of one or more parts of an assembly.
Prescribe the positions of assembly components at various times using set key points.
Animation uses interpolation to define the motion of assembly components between key points.
Basic Motion (available in core SolidWorks). You can use Basic Motion for approximating the effects of motors, springs, contact, and gravity on assemblies. Basic Motion takes mass into
account in calculating motion. Basic Motion computation is relatively fast, so you can use this for creating presentation-worthy animations using physics-based simulations.
Motion Analysis (available in SolidWorks Premium). You can use Motion Analysis for accurately simulating and analyzing the effects of motion elements (including forces, springs, dampers, and friction ) on an assembly. Motion Analysis uses computationally strong kinematic solvers, and
accounts for material properties as well as mass and inertia in the computations. You can also use Motion Analysis to plot simulation results for further analysis.
You may use any of the three types in SolidWorks Motion. However, you must use Motion Analysis if you want to couple the motion to EMS.
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Performing Motion Analysis
You may couple to SolidWorks Motion Magnetostatic, Electrostatic, AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses but not the Electric Conduction. The process of coupling an EMS study to SolidWorks Motion is straightforward and requires only a check mark when creating an EMS study. However, before creating an EMS study, a Band component that encloses the moving parts must be created in SolidWorks.
What's a Band?
A Band is a region that encapsules completely the moving components, e.g. the rotor, the shaft, and the permanent magnets in a permanent magnet brushless DC motor, and can not intersect any fixed component. Since EMS supports both rotational and translational motions. A rotary motion is cyclic, thus the Band is typically a cylinder that fills the air gap and encloses all rotating components. An example of a band for a brushless DC motor is shown below:
Cross section of a brushless permanent magnet DC motor. The yellow part is the Band. It encloses the moving parts from all sides. It also includes the air gap and touches the stator.
In case of a translational motion, the Band must occupy the entire range of the motion, i.e. from minimum to maximum. Thus, it tends to occupy a much larger volume compared to rotational motion. An example of band for a linear reluctance motor is shown below:
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It is the user's responsibility to make sure that the moving object remains inside the band. If the moving part, e.g. the plunger is the above example, goes beyond the band, the results will be wrong.
Starting a New Motion Study
You can create the first motion study for an assembly by clicking the Motion Study tab to the right of the Model tab toward the lower portion of the graphics area.
To start a new motion study for an assembly, open the assembly and do one of the following:
Right-click the Motion Study tab and click Create New Motion Study.
Click New Motion Study (Assembly toolbar).
The new motion study appears with the MotionManager tree defined by components of the FeatureManager design tree.
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Selecting a Motion Type
The available motion studies types are:
Animation
Basic Motion
Motion Analysis
You can select the type of motion study from the Type of Study list at the top of the MotionManager, located
below the FeatureManager design tree. However, to couple your motion study to EMS Motion, you can only choose Motion Analysis.
What to do at the EMS level?
Not much? you would define your EMS study the usual way with one exception. You must check the Motion Analysis check mark.
How about mass and moment of inertia?
You simply specify the material of the moving parts at the SolidWorks level, i.e. not at the EMS level. SolidWorks automatically computes the mass and moment of inertia properties and feed them into SolidWorks motion. The mass and inertia are important only for Force-based and not for the Motor-based motion.
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Motor-based versus Force-based motion studies
It important to distinguish between Motor and Force-based motion studies. SolidWorks Motion help includes a complete explanation of both type of studies. A brief discussion about these 2 type of motions is given below:
Motor-based motion
A Motor-based motion can be considered a "driven motion" as if it were applied by a motor without consideration of mass or inertia. In this case, we do not care about what causing and/or driving the motion. A typical example for this type of motion is a constant speed DC rotational motor with known speed. It is true that there magnetic forces and torques due to permanent magnets and/or windings. However, in Motor based situation, these forces are not directly related to the motion. At each time step, thus at each position, EMS solves the electromagnetic problem and computes the requested lumped quantities such as force, torque, inductance, impedance, back emf, etc.
Force-based motion
A Forcer-based motion can be considered a "driving motion" where mass or inertia are taken into consideration . In this case, we do care about what causing and/or driving the motion. A typical example for this type of motion is a generator. The applied external load, i.e. force or torque, is combined with the internal magnetic forces and torques due to permanent magnets and/or windings to drive the motion. Hence, the kinematic
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quantities such as the position, speed, and acceleration are not known a priori. At each time step, thus at each position, EMS interacts with SolidWorks Motion to obtain the external load, combines it with the magnetic force and torque, and then feeds back to SolidWorks Motion to solve the kinematics problem. Since, EMS computes the forces and torques to combine them with the external mechanical loads to drive the motion, it is important to specify in EMS the force set on the moving rigid body ensemble before solving, e.g.
Consequently, for Force-based motion EMS yields not only the usual electromagnetic quantities such as force, torque, impedance, back emf, but also the kinematics results such as speed and acceleration.
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Output of Motion Analysis
After running a study with the Motion Analysis option on, you can view the following:
The same electromagnetic results as non-motion study at each motion time step, hence position. In addition, the back emf due to the effect of the motion on the coils is readily available.
Kinematics results, i.e. position, speed, and acceleration.
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EMS Fundamentals
EMS Fundamentals
What is EMS?
EMS is a 3D-field simulator for electromagnetic and electromechanical applications. These applications include: bushing, insulators, circuit breakers, power generators, transformers, electric motors, capacitors, magnetic levitation devices, synchronous machines, DC machines, permanent magnet motors, actuators, solenoids, etc. EMS is an Add-in to SolidWorks® .
EMS is based on the powerful finite element method (FEM), which solves the physical equations directly without any simplifications or assumptions. It is designed to help you gain physical insight into the performance of your designs through the computation of important parameters such as: torques, forces, fields, currents, inductances, capacitances, flux linkages, current losses, electrical stresses, etc.
EMS shortens time to market by saving time and effort in searching for the optimum design.
This chapter discusses some basic concepts and terminology used throughout the EMS software. It provides an overview of the following topics:
Benefits of Analysis
Basic Concepts of Analysis
EMS Manager Tree
Design Studies
Analysis Steps
Material Properties
Restraints and Loads
Coils or Electromagnets
Meshing
Running Analysis
Viewing Results
Global and Local Coordinate Systems
Results Databases
Working With Assemblies
Using Units
Languages
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Benefits of Analysis
After building your design in SolidWorks, you need to make sure that it performs efficiently. In the absence of analysis tools, this task can only be answered by performing expensive and time-consuming product development cycles and prototypes. A product development cycle typically includes the following steps:
1. Building your model using the SolidWorks software. 2. Building a prototype of the design. 3. Testing the prototype in the field. 4. Evaluating the results of the field tests. 5. Modifying the design based on the field test results.
This process continues until a satisfactory solution is reached. Analysis can help you accomplish the following tasks:
Reduce cost by simulating the testing of your model on the computer instead of expensive field tests.
Reduce time to market by reducing the number of product development cycles.
Improve products by quickly testing many concepts and scenarios before making a final decision, giving you more time to think of new designs.
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Basic Concepts of Analysis
EMS uses the Finite Element Method (FEM). FEM is a numerical technique for analyzing engineering designs. FEM is accepted as the standard analysis method due to its generality and suitability for computer implementation. FEM divides the model into many small pieces of simple shapes called elements effectively replacing a complex problem by many simple problems that need to be solved simultaneously.
CAD model of an assembly Model subdivided into small pieces (elements)
Elements share common points called nodes and common sides called edges. The process of dividing the model into small pieces is called meshing.
The response at any point in an element is interpolated from the response at the element nodes and edges. Each node/edge is fully described by a number of parameters depending on the analysis type and the element used. For example, the voltage of a node fully describes its response in electrostatic analysis. For magnetic analyses, both nodes and edges are used where the scalar quantities are placed on nodes and vectors quantities are placed on edges. The unknown coefficients associated with the nodes and/or edges are called degrees of freedom (DOFs). Analysis using FEM is called Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
EMS formulates the equations governing the behavior of each element taking into consideration its connectivity to other elements. These equations relate the response to known material properties, restraints, and excitations.
Next, the program organizes the equations into a large set of simultaneous algebraic equations and solves for the unknowns or the DOFs.
In electrostatic analysis, for example, the solver finds the voltage at each node and then the program calculates electric and displacement fields. For electrostatic
EMS offers the following type of studies:
Electrostatic (or Electric Field) studies. Electrostatic studies calculate electric field, electric displacement, voltage, capacitance matrix, force, torque, and electric energy.
Electrostatic analysis can help you identify points of high electric fields or the so called hot points that may generate sparks or lead to dielectric breakdowns. You may use it to determine forces and torques for electric motors and MEMS.
Electric Conduction (or Current Flow) studies. Electric Conduction studies calculate electric field, voltage, current density, resistance, and dissipated power.
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Electric Conduction analysis can help you determine current flow in wires and other conducting media. It can be instrumental in identifying points of high current density that may lead to a metal melting or fuse failure.
Magnetostatic studies. Magnetostatic studies calculate magnetic field, magnetic flux density, inductance
matrix, force, torque, and magnetic energy.
Magnetostatic analysis is probably the most commonly used by EMS users. Most electromechanical devices and instruments use permanent magnets and/or electric coils as their source of energy at DC frequency. This analysis can be instrumental in determining the performance of your electromechanical device. It may also be useful in computing the inductance matrix of your electronic device.
AC Magnetic (or Time Harmonic) studies. AC Magnetic studies calculate magnetic field, magnetic flux density, inductance matrix, force, torque, eddy currents, and power dissipated.
AC Magnetic analysis can help you determine eddy currents and skin effects which play an important role for both electronic and electromechanical devices and circuits. For example, for a circuit board you may determine the eddy current on a neighboring line which would indicate to you the level of cross talk. For a motor, you may determine the skin effects for your ferromagnetic components. You may also determine the induced voltage in a receiving coil due the currents in transmitting coils.
Transient Magnetic Studies. Just like the AC Magnetic, Transient Magnetic studies calculate magnetic
field, magnetic flux density, inductance matrix, force, torque, eddy currents, and power dissipated but for an arbitrary time dependence such as a pulse.
Again, Transient Magnetic analysis is similar to AC Magnetic analysis, except it has an arbitrary time dependence. Therefore, all features and capabilities of AC Magnetic are also available for Transient Magnetic at each time step. This type of analysis can be instrumental to determine the response of the system after the source is turned off.
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EMS Manager Tree
The EMS Manager tree organizes analysis studies. Its functionality is similar to the FeatureManager tree. You can use the menu system or the EMS Manager tree to manage analysis studies. Because of its intuitive representation and context-sensitive right-mouse menus, the EMS Manager is preferred over the menu system.
EMS creates a folder in the EMS Manager tree for each study. Subfolders define the parameters of the study. For example, each electrical or magnetic study has a Load/Restraint subfolder. Each restraint and load condition is
represented by an icon in this subfolder.
Right-mouse menus provide context-sensitive options. Drag and drop (or copy and paste) help you to define
subsequent studies quickly.
Restraints and loads use PropertyManager instead of dialog boxes, allowing your graphics to be displayed instead of hidden by dialog boxes.
The EMS Manager tree provides a convenient view of most important information of analysis studies in a document
The EMS Manager tree provides the following folders and tools:
Each study is represented by a folder and subfolders in the tree. The subfolders depend on the study type. EMS assigns a unique icon to each study type for easy identification of the study type.
Study type Study icon
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
After a successful run of a study, EMS creates result folders in the tree. The subfolders depend on the type of the study.
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Design Studies
A device is usually subjected to different operational conditions and design criteria to achieve the desired specifications. It is, therefore, important to consider all possible scenarios of loads and boundary conditions and try different material properties in the analysis of a device.
A design study is defined by the following factors:
model dimensions
study type and related options to define analysis intent
material properties
loads, loads, and boundary conditions
To create a study, right-click the top icon in the EMS Manager tree and click Study. Click Add to define a study by
name, analysis type, and properties. The properties of the study set options related to a particular analysis type.
EMS meshes only with first order tetrahedral or the so called Tetra 4 mesh elements. Internally, first and second order scalar and vectors shape functions are derived.
Using Design Studies
You can use design studies to check existing products or design new ones.
Checking an existing design. When checking an existing product, the geometry is already determined.
The goal is to check the performance of the product under different working conditions and investigate the possibility of improving the performance.
Making a new design. When using design analysis to make a new design, you can try different
geometric configurations and materials to test the response of the model in various working conditions.
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Analysis Steps
The steps needed to perform an analysis depend on the study type. You complete a study by performing the following steps:
Create a study defining its analysis type and options.
Define material properties for each body.
Specify restraints and loads. Specify restraints such as Flux is Normal for magnetic studies. For
electric studies, specify voltages or charges.
Mesh the model where EMS divides the model into many small pieces called elements.
Run the study.
View results.
NOTE: You can define material properties, loads, restraints, and create the mesh in any order. However, you must define all the necessary steps before running the study.
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Material Properties
Before running a study, you must define all the necessary material properties required by the corresponding analysis type. For example, the permeability is required for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic studies, while the permittivity is needed for Electrostatic studies. You can define material properties at any time before running the analysis. All material properties are defined through the Material dialog box.
When you create a study, the program creates a Solids folder. The Solids folder will contain an icon for each body
in the component. Each body in the component must be assigned a material before running the analysis.
This section discusses the following topics:
Material Properties Used by EMS
Material Models
About Permanent Magnets
The B-H Curve of a material
Assigning a Material from a Material Library
Adding or Inserting a Material Library
Adding a Material to an Existing Library
Assigning a B-H Curve to a material
Assigning a Permanent Magnet
Materials in EMS are not related to materials defined in SolidWorks or CosmosWorks.
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Restraints and Loads
Restraints, loads, or boundary conditions define the environment of the model. For Electrical analyses fixed voltages are commonly applied. For Magnetic studies Normal fluxes are often needed to enforce a symmetry condition or a far field truncation. Each restraint or load condition is represented by an icon in the EMS Manager tree. EMS provides study-sensitive options for defining restraints. For example, if a Magnetic study is considered, only Normal and/or Tangential fluxes are available for selection.
Loads and restraints are fully associative and automatically adjust to changes in geometry. The drag and drop (or copy and paste) functionality in the EMS Manager tree lets you copy studies, folders, and items.
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Specifying Directions
Specifying directions is often necessary during model definition and result viewing. In model definition, directions are used to define orthotropic material properties and permanent magnets. In result viewing, directions are required for viewing directional results, like electric fields, magnetic flux densities, applied current densities, and eddy current densities in certain directions.
In essence, one can think of different ways to specify directions such as references planes, planar faces, coordinate systems, and straight edges. Nevertheless, in this present release only the coordinate system is available to specify the directions for orthotropic material and permanent magnets. The result viewing is displayed in the global coordinate system.
Coordinate Systems
A coordinate system defines 3 directions, X, Y, and Z. The default coordinate system used by EMS, called the global coordinate system, is based on Plane1. The origin of the global coordinate system is located at the origin of the part or assembly. Plane1 is the top reference plane that appears in the FeatureManager design tree and can have a different name. The reference triad shows the global X-, Y-, and Z-directions. All other coordinate systems are referred to as local coordinate systems.
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Coils or Electromagnets
A coil literally means a multiple-turn winding of a conductor such as copper wire wound around a bobbin. When the conducting windings carry current, a magnetic field is produced. Much stronger magnetic fields can be produced if a core of ferromagnetic material such as iron or steel is placed inside the coil. The field produced by the coil causes the iron to magnetize and generate a field of its own. This field can be hundreds or thousands of times stronger than that of the coil itself. A coil is also called electromagnet.
The main advantage of a electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic field can be rapidly manipulated over a wide range by controlling the electric current. The poles of an electromagnet can even be reversed by reversing the flow of electricity.
The main disadvantage of an electromagnet compared to a permanent is the possible accumulation of residual magnetization in the ferromagnetic core. Whenever, a coil with a ferromagnetic core is turned on and off again, the core may retain some residual magnetization due to hysteresis. This magnetic field can persist indefinitely. As more electricity is passed through the electromagnet, more domains align, causing the magnetic field strength to increase.
In applications where a variable magnetic field is not required, permanent magnets are generally superior. Since a electromagnet requires a constant flow of electricity, it consumes electrical power. Additionally, permanent magnets can be manufactured to produce stronger fields than any electromagnet of similar size.
Both electromagnets and permanent magnets are of prime importance in EMS. They are the driving force for any magnetic device. In the finite element sense, they represent the excitations. However, they are treated differently in EMS.
When you create a Magnetic study, the program creates a Coils folder in the EMS Manager tree. EMS adds an item in the Coils folder for each coil you define on one or more entities. However, permanent magnets are specified with the materials.
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Air Modeling
Unlike structural analysis, electromagnetic analysis requires the modeling of the air regions between the different components and the air surrounding the device. Why? Because electromagnetic fields generated by the device span and extend over such air regions. How far do they extend? It depends on the frequency, the materials of the device, and the strength of the source.
Air truncation
The air region surrounding the device is in essence infinite. Shall the finite element model include an infinite region? No. The infinite region must be truncated in order to limit the number of unknowns to a manageable size that can fit in the computer memory. What is the shape such region? It does not matter as long as it is far enough from the device. But what is far enough?
How far is the air region?
There is no exact rule! But if you take an imaginary box that covers your device and you place your air region away from you device by about 1/2 to 1 of the longest side of your box shall be far enough. How do I check if it is indeed so? Run your study and examine the fields on the outer boundary of the air. If the fields have decayed to very small value compared to the maximum, then the outer boundary is far enough. Otherwise, push the outer boundary even further out. But won't that lead to a very large problem? Not if you follow the guidelines below.
Air meshing
You have to distinguish between the outer air that is surrounding the device and the inside air between the various parts of the device such air gaps. The inside air shall be meshed moderately fine to capture the fields variations. However, the outer air need not to be fine because the fields decay away from the device.
An exception
Air has to be modeled and meshed for all the analyses, except for the Electric Conduction. Why? Because for
this type of analysis the electrically conducting media making up the device is modeled. Since air has an almost zero conductivity, it needs not to be meshed. Nonetheless, if the air region has a nonzero electric conductivity for any reason, then such region must also be modeled even in the case of the Electric Conduction analysis.
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Meshing
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) provides a reliable numerical technique for analyzing engineering designs. The process starts with the creation of a geometric model. Then, the program subdivides the model into small pieces of simple shapes called elements connected at common points called nodes. The process of subdividing the model into small pieces is called meshing. Finite element analysis programs look at the model as a network of interconnected elements.
The accuracy of the solution depends on the quality of the mesh. In general, the finer the mesh the better the accuracy. The generated mesh depends on the following factors:
Created geometry
Mesh options.
Mesh control.
Global element size and mesh tolerance. EMS suggests a global element size and tolerance. The global element size refers to the average length of an element edge. The number of elements increases rapidly by using a smaller global element size.
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Running Studies
After assigning materials, defining loads and restraints, and meshing the model, you can run the study to calculate the results. If you run a study before meshing it, EMS meshes the model and runs the study.
To run a study, right-click its icon in the EMS Manager tree and select Run or click Run in the EMS toolbar.
Solvers
Direct methods solve the equations using exact numerical techniques. Iterative methods solve the equations using approximate techniques where in each iteration, a solution is assumed and the associated errors are evaluated. The iterations continue until the errors become acceptable.
Depending on the analysis type, the following points must be taken into consideration.
For Electrostatic, Electric Conduction, and Magnetostatic studies EMS offers both direct and iterative matrix solvers. The direct is the recommended and default solver. However, if the program complains about the lack of memory, please switch to the iterative solver.
For AC and Transient Magnetic studies, there is no matrix solver option. But internally it is the iterative solver that is implemented.
Refer to the Design Studies section for more information.
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Viewing Results
After running the analysis, EMS generates standard plots for each type of analysis automatically. The standard plots for an analysis type are the most commonly used results. For example, after running a Magnetostatic study, EMS creates result folders containing default plots for magnetic flux density, magnetic field, and applied current density if applicable. You can view a plot by double-clicking its icon in the EMS Manager tree.
You can also define other plots by right-clicking a result folder and selecting Define.
EMS result viewing tools include fringe plots, section plots, iso plots, probing, and vector plots. For sections plots, you can choose various planes. A clipping utility is provided for convenient viewing of section and iso plots.
For more information, refer to the Viewing Results section.
Generating Reports
You can generate a structured Internet-ready report that includes all available plots automatically. The report wizard guides you to customize the report and include result plots. To start the Report wizard, right-click the Report folder and select Define.
Saving Result Plots
You can save result plots in various formats. You can include result plots automatically in the study report. To save a plot in any of these formats, right-click the plot icon and select Save As.
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Coordinate Systems
The Global Coordinate System
Directional input in EMS refers by default to the global coordinate system (X, Y, and Z), which is based on Plane1 with its origin located at the Origin of the part or assembly. Plane1 is the first plane that appears in the FeatureManager tree and can have a different name. The reference triad shows the global X-, Y-, and Z-directions.
The figure below illustrates the relationship between the global coordinate system and Plane1, Plane2, and Plane3.
Where X is Direction 1 of Plane 1, Y is Direction 2 of Plane 1, and, Z is the Normal to Plane 1.
Local Coordinate Systems
Local coordinate systems are coordinate systems other than the global coordinate system. Use local coordinate system to specify the magnetization direction of a permanent magnet and principal axes for orthotropic materials.
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Result Databases
EMS saves the results of each study a database file with extension EMS The database name for a study is constructed automatically by joining the study name to the part or assembly name separated by “-”. For example if the document name is Magnet-assembly and the study name is Study1, then the file name for the study will be Magnetassembly-Study1.EMS.
To transfer the results of a study from computer A to computer B, copy the EMS file of the study and the SolidWorks document file. You should copy the EMS file to the proper folder as specified in the Results Options of computer B. To change this folder, right-click the top icon in the EMS Manager tree, select Options, and click the Results tab.
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Working with Assemblies
When working with assemblies, note the following:
Click Tools, Interference Detection to check interference. Make sure that the Treat coincidence as interference option is unchecked. All parts should be free from interference with each other for proper
modeling.
Click Tools, Check to check for invalid faces and invalid edges. Checking for short edges can help in
diagnosing meshing problems.
You can exclude a component from analysis by suppressing it and then remeshing the model. If a mesh exists and you do not remesh, the components will be considered in the analysis.
Hiding a component does not exclude it from analysis. In other words, the program meshes hidden components. You can hide components and create exploded views for improved selection and viewing during study definition.
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About Units
EMS uses the MKS system of units. Nevertheless, it offers you the choice between MKS and CGS when it comes to material properties of a permanent magnet and B-H curve. Most material data for permanent magnets and
ferromagnetic materials are specified in CGS units. As for output results, you have the option to view them in various units.
The Meshing PropertyManager displays the suggested average element size and the tolerance in the default
unit of length in SolidWorks.
The MKS units of principal electromagnetic quantities are given in the table below.
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Languages
EMS is available in the following languages:
English
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EMS Interface
EMS Interface Components
This section discusses the following interface components of EMS:
EMS Manager Tree
Toolbars
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EMS Manager Tree
EMS Manager Tree
The EMS Manager tree organizes analysis studies. Its functionality is similar to the FeatureManager tree. You can use the menu system or the EMS Manager tree to manage analysis studies. Because of its intuitive representation and context-sensitive right-mouse menus, the EMS Manager is preferred over the menu system.
EMS creates a folder in the EMS Manager tree for each study. Subfolders define the parameters of the study. For example, each electrical or magnetic study has a Load/Restraint subfolder. Each restraint and load condition is represented by an icon in this subfolder.
Right-mouse menus provide context-sensitive options. Drag and drop (or copy and paste) help you to define subsequent studies quickly.
Restraints and loads use PropertyManager instead of dialog boxes, allowing your graphics to be displayed instead of hidden by dialog boxes.
The EMS Manager tree provides a convenient view of most important information of analysis studies in a document
The EMS Manager tree provides the following folders and tools:
Each study is represented by a folder and subfolders in the tree. The subfolders depend on the study type. EMS assigns a unique icon to each study type for easy identification of the study type.
Study type Study icon
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
After a successful run of a study, EMS creates result folders in the tree. The subfolders depend on the type of the study.
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EMS Manager Tree Conventions
The EMS Manager tree uses the following conventions:
A plus sign symbol to the left of an item’s icon indicates that it contains associated sub-items, such as load or restraint items, mesh controls. Click to expand the item and display its contents.
EMS assigns the following icons to each study type for easy identification of the study type:
Study type Study icon
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
A red check mark on an item indicates that the item has been partially or fully defined. For example, when a
material is assigned to a part, the part's icon changes from to .
When meshing of an assembly is completed, the mesh icon changes from to .
EMS assigns this icon to user-defined mesh controls.
When you right-click an item, a right-mouse menu opens. Use this menu to quickly access related operations.
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Define Study Name
The Define Study Name dialog box allows you to create a new study by drag and drop or by copy and paste. You
can also associate the study with any of the existing SolidWorks configurations.
Study Name. Type a name for the study.
SolidWorks configuration to use. Select the desired SolidWorks configuration from the list.
To create a study by drag and drop:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, drag a study icon and drop it onto the part or assembly icon at the top of the tree.
The Define Study Name dialog box opens.
2. Type a name for the new study in the Study Name box.
3. Select a SolidWorks configuration.
4. Click OK
To create a study using copy and paste:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click a study icon the select Copy. 2. At the top of the tree, right-click the part or assembly icon and select Paste.
The Define Study Name dialog box opens.
3. Type a name for the new study in the Study Name box.
4. Select a SolidWorks configuration.
5. Click OK .
NOTES:
When using drag and drop (or copy and paste) to create a study, the new study will have the same analysis and mesh types as the original study.
If the configuration you selected is not the active SolidWorks configuration, the new study is grayed out. A
feature that is not well-defined with the specified configuration appears with x (in red) on top of its icon in the tree. To access a grayed-out study, activate the SolidWorks configuration associated with it.
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Drag and Drop Functionality
Once you have defined a study, you can use drag and drop to help you define subsequent studies quickly and efficiently. Drag and drop are similar to copy and paste.
Drag and Drop Rules
You can drag and drop (or copy and paste) studies, materials, loads/restraints, mesh control, and results. You can drag and drop folders (including all items inside), a single item, or a group of items.
To avoid invalid input, EMS will let you drop items and folders to valid destinations only. While dragging an item, a group of items or folder, only the valid destinations in the EMS Manager tree will highlight. For example you can drag and drop material folders and items from any study to any other study, but you cannot drag and drop Load/restraint folders or items from an electrostatic study to a magnetostatic study or vice versa.
NOTES:
You can only drag and drop result folders and items from one study to another study of the same type. For example, when you drag a Magnetic Flux Density Plot icon from a magnetostatic study and move it along the EMS Manager tree, only the Magnetic Flux Density folders of a magnetostatic studies will highlight. This table summarizes these rules.
Item to Drag Drop to Notes
Solid Folder Solid Folder Valid for all studies (copies materials)
Items in the Solids Folder Solids folder Valid for all studies (copies materials)
Load/Restraint Folder Study Valid for relevant studies only (compatible analysis)
Items in the Loads/Restraint Folder
Loads/Restraint folder
Valid for relevant studies only (electric study to electric study, or magnetic study to magnetic study)
Results Folder Study Valid for the same type of study only
Items in the Results Folder Corresponding folder Same result type only (field item to field folder, potential item to potential folder, etc.)
Mesh folder Study folder Valid for all studies (copies mesh)
Mesh control items Mesh icon
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Toolbars
EMS Toolbars
EMS toolbars provide you with shortcuts to frequently used operations. This section gives brief description of all EMS toolbar. You can easily customize the toolbar by hiding it or moving it around as desired.
To move the toolbar, click anywhere on its boundary and drag it to the desired location.
To hide/show a toolbar, click View, Toolbars and choose the toolbar that you want to hide/show.
If you drag a toolbar away from the edges, it becomes a floating palette.
If you drag a toolbar close to a horizontal edge, it will extend horizontally. Similarly, if you drag it to a vertical edge, it will extend vertically.
To display a tool tip, place the mouse pointer on it. To execute a tool, point to it and click the left mouse button.
EMS has the following toolbar:
Button Tool Tip Purpose
Study Defines, modifies, or deletes studies.
Mesh Creates solid mesh for the active study.
Run Starts the solver for the active study.
Show/Hide Mesh Toggles the visibility of the mesh.
Apply Mesh Control Defines a mesh control for selected entities.
Flux is Normal Imposes a normal flux boundary condition on the selected faces for the active magnetic study (magnetostatic, AC magnetic, and transient magnetic).
Flux is Tangential Imposes a tangential flux boundary condition on the selected faces for the active magnetic study (magnetostatic, AC magnetic, and transient magnetic).
Electric Charge Defines an electric charge density on the selected entities for the active electrostatic study only.
Floating Conductor Defines a floating conductor on the selected entities for the active electrostatic study only.
Contact Resistance Defines a contact resistance on the selected face for the active electric conduction study only.
Fixed Voltage Defines a fixed voltage on the selected entities for the active electrical study (electrostatic and electric conduction).
Temperature Defines a temperature on the selected entities for the active study when thermal solution option is on (electrostatic, electric conduction, magnetostatic and AC magnetic).
Convection Defines a convection on the selected entities for the active study when thermal solution option is on (electrostatic, electric conduction, magnetostatic and AC magnetic).
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Heat Flux Defines a heat heat on the selected entities for the active study when thermal solution option is on (electrostatic, electric conduction, magnetostatic and AC magnetic).
Volume Heat Defines a volume heat on the selected entities for the active study when thermal solution option is on (electrostatic, electric conduction, magnetostatic and AC magnetic).
Solid Coil Defines a solid coil for the active magnetic study (magnetostatic, AC magnetic, and transient magnetic).
Wound Coil Defines a wound coil for the active magnetic study (magnetostatic, AC magnetic, and transient magnetic).
Function curve Defines a function curve.
Virtual work force Calculates the virtual work force & torque on the selected entities for the active study. Valid for all studies except for electric conduction.
Lorentz force
Calculates the Lorentz force & torque on the selected entities for the active study. Valid for the active magnetic study (magnetostatic, AC magnetic, and transient magnetic).
Resistance Calculates resistance on the selected entities for the active electric conduction study only .
Report Creates an html report for the active study.
Results Table View the results table for the active study.
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Design Studies
Design Studies
The concept of design studies lies at the heart of the operation of EMS. In this section, you learn about the following topics:
The Concept of Design Studies
Study Types
Mesh Types
Creating a Study
Electrostatic Study Properties
Electric Conduction Study Properties
Magnetostatic Study Properties
AC Magnetic Study Properties
Transient Magnetic Study Properties
EMS Matrix Solvers
Multiple Studies
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Concept of Design Studies
A model is usually subjected to different design criteria and performance conditions. It is therefore important to consider all possible scenarios of loads and boundary conditions and try different material properties in the analysis of a model.
A design study is defined by the following factors:
model dimensions
study type and related options to define the analysis intent
material properties
loads and boundary conditions
mesh
Analysis Types
Defining an Analysis Study
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Study Types
EMS offers the following types of studies:
Electrostatic (or Electric Field) studies. Electrostatic studies calculate electric field, electric displacement, voltage, capacitance matrix, force, torque, and electric energy.
Electrostatic analysis can help you identify points of high electric fields or the so called hot points that may generate sparks or lead to dielectric breakdowns. You may use it to determine forces and torques for electric motors and MEMS.
Electric Conduction (or Current Flow) studies. Electric Conduction studies calculate electric field, voltage, current density, resistance, and dissipated power.
Electric Conduction analysis can help you determine current flow in wires and other conducting media. It can be instrumental in identifying points of high current density that may lead to a metal melting or fuse failure.
Magnetostatic studies. Magnetostatic studies calculate magnetic field, magnetic flux density, inductance matrix, force, torque, and magnetic energy.
Magnetostatic analysis is probably the most commonly used by EMS users. Most electromechanical devices and instruments use permanent magnets and/or electric coils as their source of energy at DC frequency. This analysis can be instrumental in determining the performance of your electromechanical device. It may also be useful in computing the inductance matrix of your electronic device.
AC Magnetic (or Time Harmonic) studies. AC Magnetic studies calculate magnetic field, magnetic flux density, inductance matrix, force, torque, eddy currents, and power dissipated.
AC Magnetic analysis can help you determine eddy currents and skin effects which play an important role for both electronic and electromechanical devices and circuits. For example, for a circuit board you may determine the eddy current on a neighboring line which would indicate to you the level of cross talk. For a motor, you may determine the skin effects for your ferromagnetic components. You may also determine the induced voltage in a receiving coil due the currents in transmitting coils.
Transient Magnetic Studies. Just like the AC Magnetic, Transient Magnetic studies calculate
magnetic field, magnetic flux density, inductance matrix, force, torque, eddy currents, and power dissipated but for an arbitrary time dependence such as a pulse.
Again, Transient Magnetic analysis is similar to AC Magnetic analysis, except it has an arbitrary time dependence. Therefore, all features and capabilities of AC Magnetic are also available for Transient Magnetic at each time step. This type of analysis can be instrumental to determine the response of the system after the source is turned off.
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Element Types
EMS uses Vector Finite Element which necessitate first-order tetrahedral 3D solid elements. Therefore, the mesher generates only these elements.
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Study
The Study PropertyManager allows you to create studies.
To create a study:
1. Right-click the assembly or part icon at the top of the EMS Manager tree and select Study, or click EMS, Study.
The Study PropertyManager appears.
2. Under Study name, type the name of the study. 3. Under Analysis type, select one of the following:
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
4. Click OK
NOTE: You can click Apply to create the study without closing the PropertyManager .
To delete a study, right-click its icon and select Delete.
To view details about a study, right-click its icon and select Details.
Note: Properties of the study play an important role in defining it. To view or modify the properties of a study, right-click its icon in the EMS Manager tree and select Properties.
You can create a study using drag and drop or copy and paste.
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EMS Analysis Options
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Electrostatic Analysis Options
Electrostatic Options
Use the Electrostatic dialog box to set the desired options for the active Electrostatic study.
Solver the following two solver options are available:
o Direct. Check this option to use the Direct sparse solver. This is default and
recommended solver type. o Iterative Check this option to use the Iterative solver. Use if the memory available is
not sufficient for Direct solver.
Solver precision. Select the desired level of precision. Three level are available ( Normal Precision,
High Precision or Very High Precision).
Compute Capacitance. Check this box if you want to compute capacitance.
Motion Analysis. Check this box if you want to include a Motion analysis solution to the current
electrostatic analysis.
To change the default Results folder location, click and select a different directory.
What is Electrostatic Analysis....
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Electric Conduction Analysis Options
Electric Conduction Options
Use the Electric Conduction dialog box to set the desired options for the active Electric conduction study.
Solver currently, the only option available for Electric Conduction studies is the matrix solver (Direct )
type .
For future release two solver options will be available:
o Direct. Check this option to use the Direct sparse solver. This is default and
recommended solver type. o Iterative Check this option to use the Iterative solver. Use if the memory available is
not sufficient for Direct solver.
Steady State Thermal. Check this box if you want to include a Thermal analysis solution to the
current Electric Conduction study.
Motion Analysis. Check this box if you want to include a Motion analysis solution to the current
Electric Conduction analysis.
To change the default Results folder location, click and select a different directory.
What is Electric Conduction Analysis....
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Magnetostatic Analysis Options
Magnetostatic Options
Use the Magnetostatic dialog box to set the desired options for the active Magnetostatic study.
Solver Two choices are available: o Direct. Check this option to use the Direct sparse solver. This is default and recommended
solver type. o Iterative Check this option to use the Iterative solver. Use if the memory available is not
sufficient for Direct solver.
The number of increments for nonlinear problems. If the coil current or the permanent magnet load is
high, the nonlinear solution may not converge. In such case, the load must be subdivided into smaller increments. For each increment, the Modified Newton-Raphson technique is used. If at any given increment, the total number of iterations is reached without convergence, the program stops and asks you to increase the number of increments.
Compute circuit parameters. Check this box if you want the inductance matrix and flux linkage to be
computed. It takes extra time to compute these quantities. Therefore, if the user does not need them, they should not be computed.
Steady State Thermal. Check this box if you want to include a Thermal analysis solution to the
current magnetostatic analysis.
Motion Analysis. Check this box if you want to include a Motion analysis solution to the current
magnetostatic analysis.
To change the default Results folder location, click and select a different directory.
What is Magnetostatic Analysis...
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AC Magnetic Analysis Options
AC Magnetic Options
Use the AC Magnetic dialog box to set the desired options for the active AC Magnetic study.
Frequency. Enter the frequency in Hz.
Compute circuit parameters. Check this box if you want the inductance matrix, the flux linkage, and
the induced voltage to be computed. It takes extra time to compute these quantities. Therefore, if the user does not need them, they should not be computed.
Split Core Loss. Check this box if you want to compute the Eddy, Hysteresis and Excess losses for the
current AC Magnetic study.
Steady State Thermal. Check this box if you want to include a Thermal analysis solution to the
current AC Magnetic study.
Motion Analysis. Check this box if you want to include a Motion analysis solution to the current AC Magnetic analysis.
To change the default Results folder location, click and select a different directory.
What is AC Magnetic Analysis...
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Transient Magnetic Analysis Options
Transient Magnetic Options
Use the Transient Magnetic dialog box to set the desired options for the active Magnetostatic study.
Compute circuit parameters. Check this box if you want the inductance matrix and flux linkage to be
computed. It takes extra time to compute these quantities. Therefore, if the user does not need them, they should not be computed.
Time Duration: You must specify the following time quantities; o Start Time: Enter here the starting time in seconds. For example: 1e-05. o End Time: Enter the ending time in seconds. For example: 1e-03. o Time Increment: Enter the time step in seconds. The solver will start from the start time and
increment the time by the step entered here.
Maximum number of bisections: During the simulation, if the solver does not converge, the program will
automatically bisect each time step recursively until it converges or reaches the maximum number of bisections.
Steady State Thermal. Check this box if you want to include a Thermal analysis solution to the
current Transient analysis.
Motion Analysis. Check this box if you want to include a Motion analysis solution to the current analysis.
To change the default Results folder location, click and select a different directory.
What is Transient Magnetic Analysis...
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EMS Matrix Solvers
In finite element analysis, a problem is represented by a set of algebraic equations that must be solved simultaneously. There are two classes of matrix solution methods: direct and iterative.
Direct methods solve the equations using exact numerical techniques. Iterative methods solve the equations using approximate techniques where in each iteration, a solution is assumed and the associated errors are evaluated. The iterations continue until the errors become acceptable.
Depending on the analysis type, the following points must be taken into consideration.
For Electrostatic, Electric Conduction, and Magnetostatic studies EMS offers both direct and iterative matrix solvers. The direct is the recommended and default solver. However, if the program complains about the lack of memory, please switch to the iterative solver.
For AC and Transient Magnetic studies, there is no matrix solver option. But internally it is the iterative solver that is implemented.
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Multiple Studies
You can create multiple studies as desired. Each study is presented in the EMS Manager tree. When you run a study, the program uses the active mesh if it is current, otherwise it meshes the model before running the study.
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Activating a SolidWorks Configuration
To activate a SolidWorks configuration associated with a study:
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the study icon and select Activate SW configuration.
The study and the associated configuration become active.
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Modifying the Properties of a Study
To modify the properties of a study:
1. In the EMS Manager, right-click the study's icon and select Properties.
The corresponding study dialog box appears.
2. Make your changes and click OK.
3. Click any of the following links to learn more about the properties available for each study (analysis) type.
Electrostatic Options
Electric Conduction Options
Magnetostatic Options
AC Magnetic Options
Transient Magnetic Options
4. You can also change the location of the results folder by clicking on under Results Folder box.
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Deleting a Study
To delete a study using the EMS Manager tree:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the study icon and select Delete.
A message window appears.
2. Click OK .
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Running a Study
Verifying the Input
It is important to verify your input before running a study:
Verify that you have assigned the proper material for each component.
Verify that you have specified the proper study properties.
Verify that you have specified the proper loads and restraints.
Verify the mesh and make sure it corresponds to the desired mesh options.
Running a Study
When you run a study, EMS calculates the results based on the specified input for materials, restraints, loads, and mesh.
You can choose to run a study automatically after meshing it by checking the Run analysis after meshing option in the Mesh PropertyManager.
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Material Information
Material Properties
Before running a study, you must define all the necessary material properties required by the corresponding analysis type. For example, the permeability is required for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic studies, while the permittivity is needed for Electrostatic studies. You can define material properties at any time before running the analysis. All material properties are defined through the Material dialog box.
When you create a study, the program creates a Solids folder. The Solids folder will contain an icon for each body in the component. Each body in the component must be assigned a material before running the analysis.
This section discusses the following topics:
Material Properties Used by EMS
Material Models
About Permanent Magnets
The B-H Curve of a material
Assigning a Material from a Material Library
Adding or Inserting a Material Library
Adding a Material to an Existing Library
Assigning a B-H Curve to a material
Assigning a Permanent Magnet
Materials in EMS are not related to materials defined in SolidWorks or CosmosWorks.
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Material Properties Used in EMS
Permittivity. Permittivity, or dielectric constant, can be looked at as the quality of a material that allows it
to store electrical charge. A given amount of material with high permittivity can store more charge than a material with lower permittivity. A high permittivity tends to reduce any electric field present. Therefore the capacitance of a capacitor can be increased by increasing the permittivity of the dielectric material inside it. In electromagnetism one can define an electric displacement field D, which represents how an applied electric field E will influence the organization of electrical charges in the medium, including charge
migration and electric dipole reorientation. Its relation to permittivity is given by D = E, where ε is the
permittivity which is a scalar if the medium is isotropic or a 3 by 3 matrix otherwise. In MKS units, permittivity is measured in farads per meter (F/m).
Free Space Permittivity (o). Is the permittivity of vacuum or the scale factor that relates the values of
D and E in a vacuum. o= 8.8541878176×10-12
F/m.
Relative Permittivity. It is the ratio of the permittivity of the medium to the free space permittivity r =
/o. It is dimensionless.
Since the permittivity it is a very small number, the relative permittivity is the most commonly used. The relative permittivity is used in the Electrostatic analysis.
Permeability. Permeability is the degree of magnetisation of a material that responds linearly to an
applied magnetic field. Although permeability is related in physical terms most closely to permittivity, it is probably easier to think of permeability as representing "conductivity for magnetic flux"; just as those materials with high electrical conductivity let electric current through easily so materials with high permeabilities allow magnetic flux through more easily than others. Materials with high permeabilities
include iron and the other ferromagnetic materials. The permeability is usually denoted by and it relates
the magnetic flux density B to the magnetic field intensity H; BH In MKS units, permeability is
measured in henrys per meter (H/m). It is a scalar if the medium is isotropic or a 3 by 3 matrix otherwise. Unlike permittivity , permeability is often a highly non-linear quantity, especially for steel and iron.
Free Space Permeability(o). Is the permeability of vacuum or the scale factor that relates the values of
B and H in a vacuum. o= 4×10-7
H/m.
Relative Permeability. It is the ratio of the permeability of the medium to the free space permeability r =
/o. It is dimensionless.
Since the permeability it is a very small number, the relative permeability is the most commonly used. The relative permeability is used in the Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic analyses.
Electric Conductivity. Electric conductivity, or simply conductivity, is a measure of how well a material
accommodates the transport of electric charge. Its MKS derived unit is the siemens per meter (named after Werner von Siemens). Electrical conduction is an electrical phenomenon where a material (solid or otherwise) contains movable particles with electric charge, which can carry electricity. When a difference of electrical potential is placed across a conductor, its movable charges flow, and an electric current appears. Conductivity is defined as the ratio of the current density to the electric field strength. It is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It is usually represented by the letter σ. Scientists often divide materials into three classes based upon their respective conductivities:
o A conductor such as a metal has high conductivity. o An insulator like glass or a vacuum has low conductivity. o The conductivity of a semiconductor is generally intermediate, but varies widely under different
conditions, such as exposure of the material to electric fields or certain frequencies of light.
Electrical conductivity is used in Electric Conduction, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic analyses.
Coercivity. Coercivity or the coercive force is a property of a permanent magnet. Commonly denoted by
the letter Hc, it is the intensity of the magnetic field needed to reduce the magnetization of a ferromagnetic material to zero after it has reached saturation. On a Hysteresis loop, it is the point where the loop intersects the H axis .The coercivity is measured in Amperes per meter (A/m) in MKS units and in Oersted in Gaussian units.
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Coercivity is used in Magnetostatic and Transient Magnetic analyses.
Residual Induction. Residual induction or remanence is also a property of a permanent magnet.
Commonly denoted by the letter Br, it is the amount of magnetic flux density remaining in a ferromagnetic material after an external magnetic field is removed after saturation in a closed circuit. On a Hysteresis loop, it is the point where the loop intersects the B axis. The Br represents the maximum magnetic flux density output of this material without an external magnetic field. The Residual induction is measured in Tesla in MKS units and in Gauss in Gaussian units.
Residual Induction is used in Magnetostatic and Transient Magnetic analyses.
Permanent Polarization. Certain materials maintain an electric flux due to its microscopic dipoles
permanent orientation even in the absence of an external electric field. A body such as this with a permanent polarization P is called an electret, by analogy with "magnet." In MKS units, it is measured in
Coulombs/m2.
Thermal Conductivity. The Thermal Conductivity indicates the effectiveness of a material in transferring
heat energy by conduction. It is defined as the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of the material per unit temperature difference. The units of thermal conductivity is W/m*K ( Watt / meter * Kelvin )
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Material Models
Linear Materials
The induced response is directly proportional to the applied loads. For example, if you double the applied voltage, the potential and electric field would double. Similarly, if you double the coil current, the magnetic flux density and magnetic field would double.
In EMS, the conductivity and permittivity are always linear. Consequently, the Electrostatic and Electric Conduction analyses are always linear.
Nonlinear Materials
The induced response depends on the past history of the material. For example, most ferromagnetic materials have a hysteresis loop or B-H curve where the response depends whether the device is operated above the knee of the curve.
In EMS, only the permeability may be nonlinear. Furthermore, such nonlinearity is permitted only for the Magnetostatic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The AC Magnetic analysis does not support nonlinear permeability.
Isotropic Materials
A material is isotropic if its electrical and magnetic properties are the same in all directions. Isotropic materials can have a homogeneous or non-homogeneous microscopic structures.
Orthotropic Materials
A material is orthotropic if its electrical or magnetic properties are unique and independent in three mutually perpendicular directions.
The table below gives a summary for the different analyses:
ANALYSIS TYPE LINEAR
ISOTROPIC LINEAR
ORTHOTROPIC NONLINEAR
ISOTROPIC NONLINEAR
ORTHOTROPIC
Electrostatic YES YES NO NO
Electric Conduction
YES YES NO NO
Magnetostatic YES YES YES NO
AC Magnetic YES YES NO NO
Transient Magnetic
YES YES YES NO
Defining Orthotropic Properties For Solids
The orthotropic material directions throughout a component are defined based on the local coordinate system selected. If a part is manufactured such that this is not true, then you should model it as different parts in order to define orthotropic directions properly. For example, consider the part shown in the figure:
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You need to model this component as two components; the cylinder and the planar part. You can then define a coordinate system for the planar part where the main orthotropic axes are along (x,yz). As for the cylindrical part,
define a second coordinate system where the main orthotropic axes are along ( z).
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About Permanent Magnets
A permanent magnet is a material that when inserted into a strong magnetic field will begin to exhibit a magnetic field of its own. Furthermore, it also continue to exhibit a magnetic field once removed from the original field due to its atomic micro-structure. That's what makes permanent magnets interesting! Indeed, the exhibited field would allow the magnet to exert force, i.e. ability to attract or repel, on other magnetic materials. Such exhibited field would then be continuous without weakening provided the material is not subjected to a change in environment such as temperature, demagnetizing field, etc.. The ability to continue exhibiting a field while withstanding different environments helps to define the capabilities and types of applications in which a magnet can be successfully used.
Permanent magnets are usually called hard magnetic materials. This type of material is characterized by a B-H Curve that starts in the second quadrant if it exhibits a nonlinearity behavior. They are other magnets but they are not permanent magnets which are called soft magnetic materials whose B-H Curve is limited to the first quadrant.
They are similar to permanent magnets in that they exhibit a magnetic field of their own in the presence of an external magnetic field. However, they do not continue to exhibit a magnetic field once the applied field is reduced to zero. These materials are useful for carrying, concentrating and shaping magnetic fields. They are used throughout the magnetic industry and are often as vital in the design of a magnetic assembly as the permanent magnet.
In EMS, two important permanent magnets quantities that must be specified:
Coercivity. Coercivity or the coercive force. Commonly denoted by the letter Hc, it is the intensity of the
magnetic field needed to reduce the magnetization of a ferromagnetic material to zero after it has reached saturation. On a Hysteresis loop, it is the point where the loop intersects the H axis .The coercivity is measured in Amperes per meter (A/m) in MKS units and in Oersted in Gaussian units.
Residual Induction. Residual induction or remanence. Commonly denoted by the letter Br, it is the
amount of magnetic flux density remaining in a ferromagnetic material after an external magnetic field is removed after saturation in a closed circuit. On a Hysteresis loop, it is the point where the loop intersects the B axis. The Br represents the maximum magnetic flux density output of this material without an external magnetic field. The Residual induction is measured in Tesla for MKS units and in Gauss for Gaussian units.
There are four main types of permanent magnets that are commonly used nowadays in various magnetic applications:
NdFeB (Neodymium-Iron-Boron) -- Or the so-called 'rare-earth' permanent magnets. They are very powerful magnets as they have the highest (B, Br, BHmax) and high Hc. They are however very brittle, hard to machine, and sensitive to corrosion and high temperatures. They are generally the most expensive magnets .
Typical Magnetic Properties of NdFeB .
Grade
Residual Induction (Gauss)
Coercivity (Oersteds)
Max. Energy Prod
(MGOe)
Br Hc BHmax
N5513 15,000 12,000 55
N5214 14,700 10,300 52
N4816 14,100 12,700 48
N4221 13,200 12,000 42
N3625 12,400 11,100 36
N3430 11,900 10,700 34
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Ferrite (Ceramic) -- Or the so-called 'hard ceramic' permanent magnets. They are generally made from Strontium or Barium Ferrite. Lower in power (B, Br, BHmax) compared to other magnets, and are very brittle. However, they have very high Hc and good Tc, and are quite corrosion-resistant. A very cost-effective choice. Less expensive than NdFeB magnets, but still very powerful and resistant to demagnetization.
Typical Magnetic Properties of Ferrite.
Grade
Residual Induction (Gauss)
Coercivity (Oersteds)
Max. Energy Prod
(MGOe)
Br Hc BHmax
1 2,200 1,900 1.1
5 3,950 2,400 3.6
8 3,900 3,200 3.5
10 4,200 2,950 4.2
AlNiCo (Aluminum-Nickel-Cobalt) for medium strength and excellent machinability. They perform much better than plain steel, but are much weaker in strength (lower B, Br and BHmax). They must be carefully stored because they are prone to demagnetization.
Typical Magnetic Properties of AlNiCo .
Grade
Residual Induction (Gauss)
Coercivity (Oersteds)
Max. Energy Prod (MGOe)
Br Hc BHmax
5 Cast 12,500 640 5.5
5-7 Cast 13,500 740 7.5
6 Cast 10,500 780 3.9
8 Cast 8,300 1,650 5.5
2 Sintered
6,600 550 1.4
5 Sintered
10,800 600 3.8
8 Sintered
7,000 1,900 5.0
SmCo (Samarium Cobalt)-- Or the so-called the 'first rare earth' magnets. They have high power and resistance to high temperatures and corrosion. They are almost as powerful as NdFeB magnets, and far more powerful than all the others (high B and Br). Usually only used where resistance to high temperatures and corrosion are needed. Also very brittle and hard to machine. They are the most expensive magnets.
Typical Magnetic Properties of SmCo .
Grade
Residual Induction (Gauss)
Coercivity (Oersteds)
Max. Energy Prod (MGOe)
Br Hc BHmax
S3214 11,600 9,500 31
S2818 10,700 10,300 28
S2818 11,000 10,300 28
S2712 10,600 9,250 27
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S1809 8,600 7,200 18
All the above magnetic properties tables are from www.intemag.com
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The B-H Curve of a Material
A B-H curve or the hysteresis loop is a property of all ferromagnetic materials. As its name indicates, it is a plot of the magnetic flux density B against the magnetizing field H. It describes the cycles of magnet in a closed circuit as it reaches saturation, demagnetized, saturated in the opposite direction, and then demagnetized again under the influence of an external magnetic field.
In practice, only the B-H curve in the second quadrant or the so called the"Demagnetization Curve" is used. In particular, if the air-gap dimensions of the magnetic circuit are kept fixed and neighboring fields are help constant, the permanent magnet would have a static operating point. Else, such operating point will be any where on the demagnetization curve. In such case, the device must be designed carefully to account for the movement of the operating point.
In any magnetic device, the designer must carefully consider three quantities:
The residual induction or the remanence which is commonly denoted by the letter Br. It is the point
where the B-H curve intersects the B axis. In other words, it is always the value of flux density for the condition when a magnet develops no magnetizing force (H=0). It is measured in Tesla in MKS units and in Gauss in Gaussian units.
The Coercivity or the coercive force which is commonly denoted by the letter Hc. It is the point where
the B-H curve intersects the H axis. In other words, it is the magnetizing force required to reduce the magnet's flux density B to zero. It is measured in Amperes per meter (A/m) in MKS units and in Oersted in Gaussian units.
BHmax or the maximum energy product. It is the point where the product of magnetic flux density B and
the magnetic field H is at a maximum. Obviously, the higher is this product, the less volume of the magnet is required.
It is very important to distinguish between hard and soft magnetic materials. The hard magnetic materials which are also called permanent magnets are characterized by a B-H Curve that starts in the second quadrant and may extend to the first quadrant. Whereas the B-H Curve of soft magnetic materials is limited to the first
quadrant. Consequently, if the user enters a B-H data where the first row has a negative value for H, EMS treats that material as a permanent magnet. In such case, it automatically assigns a Coercivity (Hc) value equals to minus the negative value of H specified in the first row of the B-H data. It also assigns a Remanence (Br) value equals to that maximum B value in the specified B-H data.
Assigning a B-H Curve to a Material...
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Assigning Materials to your Model
Before running an analysis, you must define all necessary material properties required by the corresponding analysis. EMS comes with a material browser that you can use to assign material properties. It includes a default material library. You can easily add other materials and define new libraries.
To assign a material from an existing material library file:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the icon of the desired body in the Solids folder of a study and select Apply Material to All Bodies from the right-mouse menu.
2. The Material PM page opens. 3. From the Material Database pull-down menu, select the desired material library. 4. Click on (+) sign to open the desired material folder.
5. Click the desired material.
6. Click OK .
Note: After assigning a material to a component, a checkmark appears on the corresponding icon.
To add or insert a material library ...
To add a material to an existing library...
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Creating or Inserting a Materials Library
To create a new material library:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click on the root (the document name).
2. Choose Material Browser. The Material PM page opens.
3. From the Material Database pull-down menu, select <New Material Library>.
4. Type name of the new library. An empty material library with the specified name is added to the Material
PM.
5. Click on Create/Edit Material.
6. Type a folder's name.
7. Type a material's name.
8. Choose the material units. The default is MKS.
9. Type the corresponding material properties.
10. Click OK
To insert an existing material library:
1. In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the assembly icon at the top of the tree and select Options.
2. Click System Options, Default Library.
3. To specify the path of material library: a. Click Add.
The Browse for Folder dialog box appears.
b. Navigate to the folder where library files exist and click OK. The library must have .emsmtr
extension. c. Click Move Up or Move Down to change the folder search order. d. Click Delete to delete a folder. To undo deleting a folder, click Cancel.
4. Click OK.
The material library whose path is specified above is now added to the material browser.
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Adding a Material to an Existing Library
To add a new material to an existing library:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click on the root (the document name).
2. Choose Material Browser. The Material PM page opens.
3. From the Material Database pull-down menu, select the desired library.
4. Click on Create/Edit Material.
5. Type a folder's name.
6. Type a material's name.
7. Choose the material units. The default is MKS.
8. Type the corresponding material properties.
9. Click OK .
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Assigning a B-H Curve to a Material
Most of ferromagnetic materials exhibit a nonlinearity behavior where the permeability is function of the magnetic field H, i.e. they have a B-H curve. Practically, material manufactures provide a B-H or a magnetization curve that
gives the magnetic flux B as a function of H. The user could input the B-H curve in MKS units (B in T and H in A/m) or Gaussian units (B in Gauss and H in Oersted).
To specify a B-H curve:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the component’s icon in the Solids folder and select Apply Material
to All Bodies. The Material PM page opens.
2. From the Material Database pull-down menu, select the material library name.
3. Click on the proper folder.
4. Click on Create/Edit Material. The new material PM page opens.
5. Type the material name and choose the material units. The default is MKS.
6. Under the Relative Permeability, select Non Linear Isotropic.
7. Click on an browse for a curve database
The function curves PropertyManager opens.
5. Click Browse and open the .emscur curves library defined in Function Curves section .
6. In the Curve Library box, do one of the following: 1. Select an existing B-H Curve from the available curves in the current library. 2. Right-click B-H Curve and select Create Curve to define a new B-H curve. The created curve
will be saved in the current library. In such case, you can either type pair of data in the table or click on File and read in a text file.
7. click OK
Note: A B-H curve that starts in the second quadrant is treated by EMS as a permanent magnet or hard magnetic
material. In other words, if the user enters a B-H data where the first row has a negative value for H, EMS treats that material as a permanent magnet. In such case, it automatically assigns a Coercivity (Hc) value equals to minus the negative value of H specified in the first row of the B-H data. It also assigns a Remanence (Br) value
equals to that maximum B value in the specified B-H data.
The B-H Curve of a Material...
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Assigning a Permanent Magnet
A permanent magnet has both magnitude and direction. The magnitude is a material property. The direction depends on how the north and south poles of the magnet are positioned relative to the model. Therefore, the assignment of a permanent magnet is carried out in 2 steps. The first step consists of specifying the coercivity and remanence of the magnet. The second step consists of fixing the easy direction of the magnet relative to a coordinate system.
To define a permanent magnet:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click on the root (project name).
2. Choose Material Browser. The Material PM page opens.
3. From the Material Database pull-down menu, select the desired library.
4. Click on Create/Edit Material.
5. Type the a folder's name.
6. Type the material name and choose the material units. The default is MKS.
7. Take the default values for material properties. Do not specify any values for the permeability and the
permittivity.
8. Scroll down to the Magnetization box and select Permanent Magnetization for the pull-down menu.
9. Type the value of the Coercivity and of the Remanence. Pay attention to the units.
10. Click OK .
To fix the easy direction of the permanent magnet relative to a coordinate system:
1. Right-click on the body and select Direction of Coercivity. The click is on the body and not the component. 2. In the Coordinate System box, check the coordinate system in which the direction of coercivity is
defined. The default is the global coordinate system. 3. If you checked a local coordinate system, click inside the Local Coordinate System box. and choose an
existing local coordinate system. If such local system is not defined yet, exit the Direction of Coercivity dialogue altogether and define a local coordinate system by using Insert->Reference Geometry-> Coordinate System and then repeat steps 1-3.
4. In the Direction Type box, check Cartesian, Cylindrical, or Spherical type. The default is Cartesian. 5. In the Direction box, click on the desired direction relative to that coordinate system. For example, the
possible directions for a Cartesian system is +x, -x, +y, -y, +z, or -z.
6. Click OK .
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Assigning an Orthotropic Material
A material is orthotropic if its electrical or magnetic properties are unique and independent in three mutually
perpendicular directions. Furthermore, the effective material tensor also depends on how it is placed relative to the model. Therefore, the assignment of an orthotropic material is carried out in 2 steps. The first step consists of specifying the diagonal properties along the three orthogonal axes of the material. The second step consists of specifying the local coordinate system that defines the three orthogonal axes.
To define the material properties along the three axes:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click on the root (project name).
2. Choose Material Browser. The Material PM page opens.
3. From the Material Database pull-down menu, select the desired library.
4. Click on Create/Edit Material.
5. Type the a folder's name.
6. Type the material name and choose the material units. The default is MKS.
7. Depending on the material, select Orthotropic under Relative Permeability, Relative Permittivity, or
Electric Conductivity boxes. Actually for Magnetic studies, only orthotropic permeability matters. Vice
versa, for Electric studies, only the orthotropic permittivity does. The conductivity could be orthotropic for
Electric Conduction studies but not for Magnetic studies. Whereas for Electric studies the
conductivity does not play any role because the components are assumed either perfectly conducting or
perfectly insulating.
8. Specify the value of the corresponding quantity along the three orthogonal axes of the material.
9. Click OK .
To specify the material local coordinate system:
1. Right-click on the body and select Coordinate System. The click is on the body and not the component. 2. In the Coordinate System box, check the coordinate system in which the three mutually orthogonal axes are
defined. The default is the global coordinate system. 3. If you checked a local coordinate system, click inside the Local Coordinate System box. and choose an
existing local coordinate system. If such local system is not defined yet, exit the Coordinate System dialogue altogether and define a local coordinate system by using Insert->Reference Geometry-> Coordinate System and then repeat steps 1-3.
4. Click OK .
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Using Drag and Drop to Define Materials
Once you defined material(s) for a study (source study), you can use drag and drop (or copy and paste) to define materials for another study (target study) in one of the following ways:
Drag the Solids folder of an existing study (source study) and drop it on a compatible target study. All material assignments in the source Solids folders will be copied to the target study.
Drag an icon in the Solids folder of a source study to the Solids folder of a compatible target study.
Use copy and paste to copy materials from one study to another.
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Function Curves
About Function Curves
Function curves define pairs of values for use by different types of studies. The Function Curves dialog lets you create and edit curve libraries.
NOTE: We recommend that you use this dialog to include all your frequently used curves to a library so that you
can use them conveniently in other studies and documents.
Curve Library. Click Open to load an existing library file or create a new one by pushing the New button.
The following types of function curves are available:
I-t Curve - Current-Time curve defines the current variation with time to be used in coils for
transient magnetic studies.
B-H Curve - defines the variation of the magnetic flux density versus the magnetic field for
ferromagnetic materials and permanent magnets.
P-B Curve - defines the variation of the magnetic flux density versus the magnetic field for
ferromagnetic materials and permanent magnets.
Vt Curve - defines the variation of the magnetic flux density versus the magnetic field for
ferromagnetic materials and permanent magnets.
The following topics are covered in this section:
Creating or Editing a Curve Library
Viewing a Curve Library
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Creating or Editing a Curve Library
To create a new Curve Library or edit an existing one:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the top icon and select Define Function Curves.
The Function Curves dialog box appears.
2. Click Open to select an existing library file or click New to enter a name for a new library. The extension
of EMS Curve libraries is emscur. 3. In the Curve Library box, do one of the following:
Right-click I-t Curve and select Create Curve to define a current-time curve.
Right-click B-H Curve and select Create Curve to define a B-H curve.
Right-click P-B Curve and select Create Curve to define a P-B curve.
Right-click Vt Curve and select Create Curve to define a Vt curve. 4. In the Curve Name box, select the name of an existing curve to edit or a enter a name for a new curve. 5. In the Curve Data box, do the following:
Depending on the curve type, specify required units.
To import a curve from an external text file, click Import and browse
NOTE: The format of the file depends on the type of the curve.
To add a new row, double-click in the Point column.
Fill in the columns as desired.
To delete a row, highlight it and click the Delete key or right-click it and select Delete.
6. Click View to create a graph of the curve 7. Repeat steps 3 through 6 to define as many curves as desired and then click OK. 8. Click Save to save the library. You can use the curves in the library in any study.
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Viewing a Curve Library
To view a curve library :
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the top icon and select Define Function Curves.
The Function Curves dialog box appears.
2. Click Open to select an existing library or push the New button to enter a name for the new library. The
extension of EMS Curve library files is emscur. 3. In the Curve Library box, select the desired curve.
4. The curve data appears in the table and a graph appears in the Preview area. 5. Click OK.
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Loads and Restraints
Loads and Restraints
Loads and restraints are necessary to define the electric and magnetic environment of the model. The results of analysis directly depend on the specified loads and restraints. Loads and restraints are applied to geometric entities as features that are fully associative to geometry and automatically adjust to geometric changes.
For example, if you apply a voltage to a face, all the nodes of that face are assigned the applied voltage. If you modify the geometry such that the area of the face is changed, then again all the nodes of that face are assigned that same applied voltage. Nevertheless, remeshing the model is required after any change in geometry to update loads and restraints.
When you create a study, the program creates a Load/Restraint folder in the EMS Manager tree. EMS adds an item in the Load/Restraint folder for each load or restraint you define on one or more entities.
The types of loads and restraints available depend on the type of the study. A load or restraint is applied by the corresponding PropertyManager accessible by right-clicking the Load/Restraint folder of a study in the EMS Manager tree, or by clicking EMS, Loads/Restraint.
NOTE: To help you define studies faster, you can drag and drop Load/Restraint folders and items from one study to another compatible study in the EMS Manager tree. You can also copy studies and other folders and items.
The following topics are discussed in this section:
Fixed Voltage
Floating Conductor
Contact Resistance
Charge Density
Total Charge
Normal Flux
Temperature
Convection
Heat Flux
Volume Heat
Summary of Loads and Restraints
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Fixed Voltage
The fixed voltage restraint or boundary condition imposes a voltage on a face, component, or body. All the nodes of the restrained face, component, or body are assigned the specified voltage. This type of restraint is only applicable to Electrostatic and Electric Conduction analyses.
To apply a fixed voltage:
1. In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Fixed Voltage.
-or-
click Fixed Voltage on the EMS toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Loads/Restraint, Fixed Voltage.
The Fixed Voltage PropertyManager appears. This type of restraint is applicable on faces and bodies.
2. Click inside the Faces for Voltage box then select the face to which you want to apply the fixed
voltage.
3. Click inside the Components or Bodies for Voltage box then select the components or
bodies to which you want to apply the fixed voltage. 4. Type the voltage value in the Voltage value box in volts.
5. Click OK .
Remember that this type of condition is applicable only to Electrostatic and Electric Conduction analyses.
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Floating Conductor
The floating conductor restraint has an unspecified voltage value. It is treated differently depending whether the capacitance matrix is computed or not. That is, if the capacitance matrix is requested, the simulator assigns 1.0 or 0 V on the floating conductors and computes the matrix using the stored electric energy. On the other hand, if the capacitance matrix is not requested, the floating conductor is treated as an equi-potential entity with unknown voltage value, and thus solved for. Consequently, to treat the voltage on a floating conductor as unknown, the capacitance matrix shall not be requested.
To apply a floating conductor:
1. In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Floating Conductor.
-or-
click Floating Conductor on the EMS toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Loads/Restraint, Floating Conductor.
The Floating Conductor PropertyManager appears. This type of restraint is applicable on faces and bodies.
2. Click inside the Faces for Floating Conductor box then select the face to which you want to
apply the fixed voltage.
3. Click inside the Components or Bodies for Floating Conductor box then select the
components or bodies to which you want to label as floating conductor.
4. Click OK .
Remember that this type of condition is applicable only to Electrostatic analyses.
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Contact Resistance
The Contact Resistance, in Ohms per square, load imposes a contact resistance on a face. It is used only for Electric Conduction analysis.
To apply a Contact Resistance:
1. In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Contact Resistance.
-or-
click Contact Resistance on the EMS toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Loads/Restraint, Contact Resistance.
The Contact Resistance PropertyManager appears. This type of restraint is applicable on faces and bodies.
2. Click inside the Faces for Contact Resistance box then select the face to which you want to
specify a contact resistance. 3. Type the value of the contact resistance in the Contact Resistance box. Its unit is in Ohms per
square.
4. Click OK .
Remember that this type of condition is applicable only to Electric Conduction analyses.
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Charge Density
The charge density, in Coulombs per meter cubic (C/m3), load imposes a uniform charge distribution on
a component or body. This type of load is only applicable to Electrostatic analysis.
To apply a charge density:
1. In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Charge Density.
-or-
click Charge Density on the EMS toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Loads/Restraint, Charge Density.
The Charge Density PropertyManager appears. This type of restraint is applicable on faces and bodies.
2. Click inside the Components or Bodies for Charge Density box then select the components or
bodies to which you want to apply a charge density. 3. Type the value of the charge density in the Charge Density box. Its unit is in C/m
3
4. Click OK .
Remember that this type of condition is applicable only to Electrostatic analyses.
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Total Charge
The total charge , in Coulombs (C), load imposes a uniform charge distribution on a component or body. This type of load is only applicable to Electrostatic analysis.
To apply a total charge :
1. In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Total Charge .
-or-
click Total Charge on the EMS toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Loads/Restraint, Total Charge .
The Total Charge PropertyManager appears. This type of restraint is applicable on faces and bodies.
2. Click inside the Components or Bodies for Total Charge box then select the components or
bodies to which you want to apply a charge density. 3. Type the value of the charge density in the Total Charge box. Its unit is in C
4. Click OK .
Remember that this type of condition is applicable only to Electrostatic analyses.
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Normal Flux
The Normal Flux boundary condition (NFBC) imposes a normal flux, i.e. tangential flux is zero, on a face.
Symmetry plane: If the model is symmetric and the flux density is normal to the plane of symmetry, use
this type of boundary condition. You can use symmetry to model a portion of the model instead of the full model. When appropriate, taking advantage of symmetry can help you reduce the size of the problem and obtain more accurate results.
This type of boundary condition is applicable to magnetic analyses only , i.e. Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic.
To apply a normal flux:
1. In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Normal Flux.
-or-
click Normal Flux on the EMS toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Loads/Restraint, Normal Flux.
The Normal Flux PropertyManager appears. This type of restraint is applicable on faces and bodies.
2. Click inside the Faces for Normal Flux box then select the face to which you want to apply the
fixed voltage.
3. Click OK .
Remember that this type of condition is applicable only to Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses.
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Modifying Loads and Restraints
To modify any load or restraint
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the corresponding load or restraint that you want to modify and select
Edit Definition.
The proper PropertyManager appears.
2. Make the desired changes.
3. Click OK .
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Thermal Loads & Restraints
Temperature
The Temperature PropertyManager lets you define temperature boundary condition for use with thermal analysis. This type of restraint is only applicable to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's Properties.
To apply a fixed temperature:
1. In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Thermal >> Temperature.
-or-
click Temperature on the EMS toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Loads/Restraint, Thermal, Temperature on the main menu.
The Temperature PropertyManager appears. This type of restraint is applicable on faces and bodies.
2. Click inside the Faces box then select the face to which you want to apply the temperature.
3. Click inside the Components or Bodies box then select the components or bodies to which you
want to apply the temperature. 4. Under Temperature, do the following:
Set Temperature to the desired value.
Set Units to the units you want to use to enter the temperature value.
5. Click OK .
Remember that this type of thermal condition is applicable only to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's
Properties.
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Convection
Use the Convection PropertyManager to apply convection boundary condition to selected components and bodies of the model. This type of restraint is only applicable to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's Properties.
To apply a convection:
1. In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Thermal >> Convection.
-or-
click Convection on the EMS toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Loads/Restraint, Thermal, Convection on the main menu.
The Convection PropertyManager appears. This type of restraint is applicable on faces only.
2. Click inside the Components or Bodies box then select the components and bodies to which
you want to apply the convection. 3. Under Convection properties, do the following:
Type a value for the Convection Coefficient in the selected unit system.
Type a value for the Bulk Ambient Temperature
Set Units to the desired unit system.
4. Click OK .
Remember that this type of thermal condition is applicable only to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's
Properties.
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Heat Flux
The Heat Flux PropertyManager lets you apply heat flux to the selected faces. This type of restraint is only applicable to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's Properties.
To apply a heat flux:
1. In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Thermal >> Heat Flux.
-or-
click Heat Flux on the EMS toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Loads/Restraint, Thermal, Heat Flux.
The Heat Flux PropertyManager appears. This type of restraint is applicable on faces only.
2. Click inside the Faces box then select the face to which you want to apply the Heat Flux.
3. Under Heat Flux, do the following:
Type a value for the Heat Flux . in the selected unit system.
Set Units to the desired unit system.
Check Reverse direction box if desired
4. Click OK .
Remember that this type of thermal condition is applicable only to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's
Properties.
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Volume Heat
The Volume Heat PropertyManager lets you define Volume Heat boundary condition to the bodies and components for use with thermal analysis. This type of restraint is only applicable to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's Properties.
To apply a volume heat:
1. In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Thermal >> Volume Heat.
-or-
click Volume Heat on the EMS toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Loads/Restraint, Thermal, Volume Heat on the main menu.
The Temperature PropertyManager appears. This type of restraint is applicable on bodies and components.
1.
2. Click inside the Components or Bodies box then select the components or bodies to which you
want to apply the volume heat. 3. Under Volume Heat, do the following:
Type a value for the Volume Heat . in the selected unit system.
Set Units to the desired unit system.
4. Click OK .
Remember that this type of thermal condition is applicable only to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's
Properties.
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Summary of Loads and Restraints
The following table summarizes the loads and restraints and their application conditions.
LOAD/RESTRAINT ANALYSIS TYPE GEOMETRICAL ENTITY REQUIRED INPUT UNITS
Fixed Voltage Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Faces
Components
Bodies
Voltage Volts
Floating Conductor
Electrostatic
Faces
Components
Bodies
Conductor Number None
Charge Density
Electrostatic Components
Bodies Charge Density C/m
3
Contact Resistance
Electric Conduction
Faces Contact Resistance Ohms/Square
Normal Flux
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
Faces
None
N/A
THERMAL
LOAD/RESTRAINT
Temperature
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Faces
Components
Bodies
Temperature
Kelvin
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Convection
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Faces
Convection Coefficient
Bulk Temperature
SI
English (IPS)
Metric (G)
Heat Flux
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Faces
Heat Flux
SI
English (IPS)
Metric (G)
Volume Heat
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Components
Bodies
Temperature
Kelvin
Fahrenheit
Celsius
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Coils
About Coils
A coil literally means a multiple-turn winding of a conductor such as copper wire wound around a bobbin. When the conducting windings carry current, a magnetic field is produced. In the context of EMS, it can also mean a solid or a volume conductor carrying a current that produces a magnetic field. We make the distinction between the former and the latter by calling them wound or stranded and solid coils, respectively.
When you create a Magnetic study, the program creates a Coils folder in the EMS Manager tree. EMS adds an item in the Coils folder for each coil you define on one or more entities.
The coil properties depend on the type of the Magnetic study. A coil is applied by the corresponding PropertyManager accessible by right-clicking the Coils folder of a Magnetic study in the EMS Manager tree, or by clicking EMS, Coils.
NOTE: To help you define studies faster, you can drag and drop Coils folders and items from one study to another
compatible study in the EMS Manager tree. You can also copy studies and other folders and items.
The following topics are discussed in this section:
Wound and Solid Coils
Coil Properties
Adding a Coil
Modifying a Coil
Summary of Coils
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Wound and Solid Coils
A wound, or sometimes called stranded, coil is a multiple-turn winding of a conductor such as copper wire wound around a bobbin. Whereas a solid or a volume coil is made of one bulk piece of conductor carrying a net current. The total current flowing in a wound coil is just the current per turn multiplied by the number of turns (I = N*Current/PerTurn). Whereas in a solid conductor, the total current is simply net current I flowing through it. If the net current is the same, what is really the difference? It depends on the study type.
Magnetostatic Study
There is no induced current for Magnetostatic studies, thus the total current in the coil is just the applied current. On the cross section of a wound coil, the applied current density is uniform. It is varying on a solid coil. Consequently, the resulting field can be slightly different. However, the value of inductance is completely different because it depends on the number of turns.
AC and Transient Magnetic Studies
For AC and Transient Magnetic studies, it is very important to make to the distinction between a wound and a solid coil. The diameter of a wire turn is usually much smaller than the Skin Depth. In addition, individual turns are
separated by an insulting cover. Thus, a wound coil does not support Eddy Currents, i.e. induced currents. On the other hand, a solid coil supports Eddy currents because the size of the conductor is usually larger than a Skin Depth. The Eddy currents usually flow in opposite direction to the applied current in the coil.
Remember that coils are defined for Magnetic analyses only .
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Coil Properties
Coils are defined only for Magnetic analyses, i.e. Magnetostatic, AC and Transient Magnetic. There is no limit on the number of coils in a model. For each coil the net current as well as entry and exit ports must specified, as explained below.
Net Current
In EMS, a coil must be current driven and a net current must be specified. Therefore, if you know the voltage, you must obtain the corresponding net current because you won't be able to specify a voltage. If the coil is wound, both the number of turns and the current per turn must be specified. In such case, the net current is simply: I = Number of turns*Current/PerTurn. As for a solid coil, the net flowing current shall be specified. The current form depends on the analysis type, as follows:
Magnetostatic: Specify just the magnitude of the current.
AC Magnetic: Specify both the magnitude and phase of the current.
Transient Magnetic: Specify a function curve that gives the current as a function of time.
Entry and Exit Ports
The net current does not give information about the direction of current flow in the coil. It is the current density that gives such information. Therefore, it is necessary to specify an Entry Port and Exit Port of the coil. Such ports must be planar and can be made up of many faces. The current density flows orthogonally into the Entry Port and out of the Exit Port. Thus the ports specification gives the direction of the current flow. How about loop coils or the so-called multiply connected coils? How to specify their ports?
Loops or closed Coils
Loop coils must be taken into consideration at the level of geometry creation. A planar port composed of one or many faces where the current density flows orthogonal to must be made accessible. The following steps shall be followed:
Divide the coil to at least to two separate components to have an inside face where an entry port condition can be applied.
Hide one of the coil components in such away that the entry port face is visible and easily accessible.
For the Exit Port, check the "Same as Entry Port".
Bear in mind that the current flow convention: The current always flows into the Entry Port .
An example of a multiply-connected coil where it is broken to two parts
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Entry and Exit Ports are planar faces. The current always flows into the Entry Port .
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Current-Time Curve
For Transient Magnetic analysis, the current in the coil varies as function of time. Therefore, a current-time function curve must be defined instead of a just a current quantity. The current-time curve may be defined even
before the creation of the coil and later imported into the coil when it is created. It can equally be defined with the coil creation.
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Adding a Coil
Coils are defined for Magnetic analyses. The process of adding a coil in EMS is about the same for all Magnetic studies. However, there is a slight variation between wound and solid coils and the current form for different analyses. Follow the links below to add a coil for the various analysis types:
Adding a coil to a Magnetostatic study
Adding a coil to an AC Magnetic study
Adding a coil to a Transient Magnetic study
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Adding a Coil to Magnetostatic study
The only difference between a Wound and a Solid coil is the number of turns. Therefore, both procedures are given below:
To add a coil to a Magnetostatic study:
1. In a study, right-click the Coils folder and select Wound or Solid.
-or-
click Wound or Solid on the EMS Loads toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Coils , Wound or Solid.
The Coils PropertyManager appears.
2. Select the coil type: o Current Driven Coil o Voltage Driven Coil
3. Enter extra Coil General Properties: o Enter the fraction of this coil with respect to the actual coil. e.g. if you are modeling half of the
actual coil , enter 0.5. o In case of a wound coil, enter either the AWG (American wire gage) value or the wire diameter..
4. Click inside the Components or Bodies for Coils box then select the components or bodies to
which you want to add to the coil
5. Click inside the Faces for Entry Port box then select the faces that make up the Entry Port. 6. If the coil is a closed loop, check Same as Entry Port in Exit Port selection list.
7. If it is not a closed loop, click inside the Faces for Exit Port box then select the faces that make up the
Exit Port. 8. In case of Wound Coil:
o Type the number of turns in the Turns box . It is an integer. o If current driven coil option is selected, Type the value of the current per turn in the Current per
Turn box . The units in Amp-Turns. o If voltage driven coil option is selected, type the voltage driven properties ( voltage and serial
resistance) values. 9. In case of Solid Coil :
o If current driven coil option is selected, type the value of the net current in the Net Current box
. The units in Amps. o If voltage driven coil option is selected, type the voltage driven properties ( voltage and serial
resistance) values.
10. Click OK
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Adding a Coil to an AC Magnetic Study
The only difference between a Wound and a Solid coil is the number of turns. Therefore, both procedures are given below.
To add a coil to an AC Magnetic study:
1. In a study, right-click the Coils folder and select Wound or Solid.
-or-
click Wound or Solid on the EMS Loads toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Coils , Wound or Solid.
The Coils PropertyManager appears.
2. Select the coil type :
o Current Driven Coil o Voltage Driven Coil
3. Enter extra Coil General Properties:
o Enter the fraction of this coil with respect to the actual coil. e.g. if you are modeling half of the
actual coil , enter 0.5. o In case of a wound coil, enter either the AWG (American wire gage) value or the wire diameter.
4. Click inside the Components or Bodies for Coils box then select the components or bodies to which you want to add to the coil.
5. Click inside the Faces for Entry Port box then select the faces that make up the Entry Port. 6. If the coil is a closed loop, check Same as Entry Port in Exit Port selection list.
7. If it is not a closed loop, click inside the Faces for Exit Port box then select the faces that make up the
Exit Port. 8. In case of Wound Coil:
o Type the number of turns in the Turns box . It is an integer. o If current driven coil option is selected, type the value of the current per turn in the RMS Current per
Turn box . The units in Amp-Turns.
9. In case of Solid Coil and current driven coil option is selected, type the value of the net current in the
Net RMS Current box . The units in Amps.
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169
10. In case of Solid or Wound coil and current driven coil option is selected, type the value of the phase
in the Current phase box . The units in degrees.
11. In case of Solid or Wound coil and if voltage driven coil option is selected, type the voltage driven properties:
o Enter the RMS voltage value.
o Enter the voltage phase box . The units in degrees. o Enter the serial resistance value in Ohms.
o Enter the serial inductance value -Henry. o Enter the serial capacitance value in pF (1e-12F)
12. Click OK .
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Adding a Coil to a Transient Magnetic Study
The only difference between a Wound and a Solid coil is the number of turns. Therefore, both procedures are given below:
To add a coil to a Transient Magnetic study:
1. In a study, right-click the Coils folder and select Wound or Solid.
-or-
click Wound or Solid on the EMS Loads toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Coils , Wound or Solid.
The Coils PropertyManager appears.
2. Select the coil type: o Current Driven Coil o Voltage Driven Coil
3. Enter extra Coil General Properties: o In case of a wound coil, enter either the AWG (American wire gage) value or the wire diameter.. o Enter the fraction of this coil with respect to the actual coil. e.g. if you are modeling half of the
actual coil , enter 0.5.
4. Click inside the Components or Bodies for Coils box then select the components or bodies to which you want to add to the coil.
5. Click inside the Faces for Entry Port box then select the faces that make up the Entry Port. 6. If the coil is a closed loop, check Same as Entry Port in Exit Port selection list.
7. If it is not a closed loop, click inside the Faces for Exit Port box then select the faces that make up the
Exit Port.
8. In case of Wound coil , type the number of turns in the Turns box . It is an integer. 9. In case of Solid or Wound coil and If voltage driven coil option is selected, type the voltage driven
properties: o Enter the serial resistance value in Ohms.
o Enter the serial inductance value in -Henry.. o Enter the serial capacitance value in pF (1e-12F)
10. In case of Solid or Wound coil and if voltage driven coil option is selected,
o Select function from the list of voltage functions o DC Voltage o Exponential Voltage o Pulse Voltage o SFFM Voltage o Sinusoidal Voltage o Imported Voltage-Time Curve
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171
o Fill extra field values belonging to the selected function.
11. In case of Solid or Wound coil and If current driven coil option is selected: o Select function from the list of current functions
o DC Current Source o Exponential Current Source o Pulse Current Source o SFFM Current Source o Sinusoidal Current Source o Imported Current-Time Curve
o Fill extra field values belonging to the selected function. 12. In case of Imported Current-Time Curve selected as current source:
o click to add a curve from a curve database button from the Current-Time Curve box . This command will place you in the Function Curves dialogue box.
o In the Function Curves dialogue box, click Browse to select an existing library or enter a name for the
new library. The extension of EMS Curve libraries is emscur. o In the Curve Library box, do one of the following:
Select an existing I-t Curve from the available curves in the current library.
Right-click I-t Curve and select Create Curve to define a new current-time curve. The created
curve will be saved in the current library. o Click OK in the Function Curves dialogue box will take you back to Coils PropertyManager. The
current-time curve that you just added or defined will appear in the Curve Preview box.
13. Click OK
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Modifying a Coil
To modify a coil
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the corresponding coil that you want to modify and select Edit
Definition.
The proper PropertyManager appears.
2. Make the desired changes.
3. Click OK .
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Summary of Coils
The following table summarizes the coils and their properties.
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175
You can have a coil with a zero net current. Useful, if you have a receiving coil where you want to compute the induced voltage.
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Forces and Torques
About Forces and Torques
The majority of electromagnetic devices convert electromagnetic energy to mechanical energy or vice versa. Practically speaking, there is a vast number of motors and generators that use this same principal. In these devices, we attempt to generate mechanical forces such that the moving parts of the device can perform work. Similarly, there are other types of devices that convert one form of electric energy to another such as transformers, converts, and inverts.
EMS computes force distributions on each node in the appropriate regions which depends on the analysis type. For instance, the nodal force distribution is computed only for fixed-voltage conductors in case of Electrostatic analysis; while it is computed for all coils and ferromagnetic media when it comes to Magnetostatic analysis. This
type of force is automatically computed without any input from the user. After a successful run, the program creates a Force Distribution folder in the EMS Manager tree. The user can then right-click on the folder and
define the desired force distribution plot. In other words, the user input for this type of force is after running the study.
EMS also computes the so called the rigid body force. Unlike the force distribution method, this type of force actually requires the user input before running the study. That is, the user has to decide a priori on which components the force and torque shall be computed. EMS makes it convenient by creating a Forces/Torques
folder in the Manager tree for all study types except for Electric Conduction. EMS adds an item in the Forces/Torques folder for each force set you define on one or more entities. It is worth mentioning that the rigid body must be completely enclosed by air. The output for this type of calculation, which is included in the study report and results table, is a force/torque vector for each force set.
A force/torque is applied by the corresponding PropertyManager accessible by right-clicking the Forces/Torques folder of a study in the EMS Manager tree, or by clicking EMS, Forces/Torques.
NOTE: To help you define studies faster, you can drag and drop Forces/Torques folders and items from one study to another compatible study in the EMS Manager tree. You can also copy studies and other folders and items.
The following topics are discussed in this section:
Force Computation Methods
Computing a Force/Torque
Modifying a Force/Torque
Summary of Force/Torque
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Forces can be calculated in several ways including:
The Lorentz Force or JxB Method
The Virtual Work Method
The Maxwell Stress Method (Not used in CosmosEMS)
The Lorentz Force Method
The method is used to calculate the force acting on a conductor carrying a current I and located in a magnetic field whose magnetic flux density is B. That is,
J is the current density either input and therefore known or computed in an eddy current region.
Similarly, the torque is given by
It is worth clarifying a possible confusion here. That is, for AC magnetic analysis both J and B are complex
quantities and are time dependent in the form of ejt. The force calculated by the program is the time average force which is given by:
This Lorentz method is very useful for finding forces acting on conductors. However, it is of limited use for non-conducting regions.
The Virtual Work Method
This method consists of finding the change in the total magnetic energy when the object is displaced a distance s in the direction of the force component we week. That is, the force in the s direction is
where
The torque is obtained by rotating the component a around x-, y-, or z-axis.
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This method of force calculation is well suited since the finite element method starts for an energy minimization any way. Furthermore, since the stored magnetic energy is global quantity, it is rather less sensitive to local errors.
Again for AC Magnetic analysis, we calculate the time average of the force.
The Maxwell Stress Method
The Maxwell Stress Method uses the magnetic field H on the surface of the object. That is,
This method is generally yields good results but it is very sensitive to local errors which make it unstable, especially in very small air gaps. For this reason, EMS does not use it for force calculation.
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Force Computation Methods
Electromagnetic forces and torques can be calculated in several ways including:
The Lorentz Force or JxB Method
The Virtual Work Method
The Maxwell Stress Method (Not used in CosmosEMS)
The Lorentz Force Method
The method is used to calculate the force acting on a conductor carrying a current I and located in a magnetic field whose magnetic flux density is B. That is,
J is the current density either input and therefore known or computed in an eddy current region.
Similarly, the torque is given by
It is worth clarifying a possible confusion here. That is, for AC magnetic analysis both J and B are complex
quantities and are time dependent in the form of ejt
. The force calculated by the program is the time average force which is given by:
This Lorentz method is very useful for finding forces acting on conductors. However, it is of limited use for non-conducting regions.
In EMS, it is available for Magnetostatic, AC and Transient Magnetic studies.
The Virtual Work Method
This method consists of finding the change in the total magnetic energy when the object is displaced a distance s in the direction of the force component we week. That is, the force in the s direction is
where
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The torque is obtained by rotating the component a around x-, y-, or z-axis.
This method of force calculation is well suited since the finite element method starts for an energy minimization any way. Furthermore, since the stored magnetic energy is global quantity, it is rather less sensitive to local errors.
Again for AC Magnetic analysis, we calculate the time average of the force.
In EMS, it is available for all type of studies except the Electric Conduction.
The Maxwell Stress Method
The Maxwell Stress Method uses the magnetic field H on the surface of the object. That is,
This method is generally yields good results but it is very sensitive to local errors which make it unstable, especially in very small air gaps. For this reason, EMS does not use it for force calculation.
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Computing a Force/Torque
EMS automatically computes the nodal force distribution without any user input. However, for the rigid body force calculation the user must decide before hand which parts that constitute the rigid body on which the force/torque shall be calculated. The following steps highlight the procedure for choosing a force that must be followed before running the study.
To define a force set:
1. In a study, right-click the Forces/Torques folder and select Virtual Work or Lorentz Force.
-or-
click Virtual Work or Lorentz Force on the EMS toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Forces/Torques, Virtual Work or Lorentz Force.
The Forces/Torques PropertyManager appears.
2. Click inside the Components and Bodies for Forces/Torques box then select the components
and bodies that make up the rigid body. 3. By default the torque center is at the origin of the global coordinate system. If a center other than the
origin is desired, check At another Point in the Torque Center selection list. Then click inside the
Point for Torque Center box then select a point. The point must already exist.
4. Click OK .
Remember that Force/Torque is applicable only to Electrostatic , Magnetostatic , AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's Properties.
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Modifying a Force/Torque
To modify a force/torque set:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the corresponding force/torque set that you want to modify and select
Edit Definition.
The proper PropertyManager appears.
2. Make the desired changes.
3. Click OK .
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Summary of Forces/Torques
EMS automatically computes the nodal force distribution without any user input. However, for the rigid body force calculation the user must decide before hand which parts that constitute the rigid body on which the force/torque shall be calculated. The following table gives a summary of force and torque calculations for rigid bodies:
ANALYSIS TYPE VIRTUAL
WORK LORENTZ
FORCE REMARKS
Electrostatic YES NO The rigid body must be completely enclosed by air.
A rigid body could be made up of many components and bodies.
By default, the torque center is at the global origin (0,0,0).
The force is output in Newtons and the torque in Newton-meters.
The force and torques vectors are included in the study report.
Electric Conduction
NO NO
Magnetostatic YES YES
AC Magnetic YES YES
Transient Magnetic
YES YES
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Resistance
About Resistance
Electrical resistance is a measure of the extent to which an object opposes the flow of an electric current. It is equal to voltage/current. The MKS unit of electrical resistance is the ohm. Its reciprocal quantity is electrical conductance measured in siemens.
In EMS the current flow problem is addressed in the Electric Conduction analysis. The user has to decide before
running the study in which components the resistance is desired to be computed. EMS makes it convenient by creating a Resistance folder in the Manager tree for Electric Conduction studies. EMS adds an item in the Resistance folder for each resistance set you define on one or more entities.
A resistance is applied by the corresponding PropertyManager accessible by right-clicking the Resistance folder of a study in the EMS Manager tree, or by clicking EMS, Resistance .
NOTE: To help you define studies faster, you can drag and drop Resistance folders and items from one study to
another compatible study in the EMS Manager tree. You can also copy studies and other folders and items.
The following topics are discussed in this section:
Computing a Resistance
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Computing a Resistance
The Electric Conduction module computes the resistance. The resistance is defined as Voltage/Current. The voltage is defined between two points. Therefore, the user has to specify the entry and exit ports for the resistor set. The entry port is where the current flows into the resistor set and exit port is where the current exits. EMS automatically computes the voltage difference between the entry and exit ports as well as the current flowing through the resistor set. From the current and voltage, the resistance is deduced.
To define a resistance set:
1. In a Electric Conduction study, right-click the Resistance fold and select Define.
-or-
click Resistance on the EMS toolbar.
-or-
click EMS, Resistance
The Resistance PropertyManager appears.
2. Click inside the Components and Bodies for Resistance box then select the components and
bodies that make up the resistance set.
3. Click inside the Faces for Entry Port box then select the faces that make up the Entry Port.
4. Click inside the Faces for Exit Port box then select the faces that make up the Exit Port.
4. Click OK .
Resistance computation is available only for Electric Conduction analysis.
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Modifying a Resistance Set
To modify a resistance set:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the corresponding resistance set that you want to modify and select
Edit Definition.
The proper PropertyManager appears.
2. Make the desired changes.
3. Click OK .
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Capacitance
Computing Capacitance Matrix
Capacitance is a measure of the amount of electric charge stored for a given electric potential between conductors. Capacitance exists between any two conductors insulated from one another. It is usually defined as the total electric charge placed on the object divided by the potential of the object: The MKS unit of capacitance is the farad (F). A capacitance of one farad results in a potential of one volt for one coulomb of charge. The capacitance of the majority of capacitors used in electronic circuits is several orders of magnitude smaller than the farad. The most common units of capacitance in use today are the microfarad (µF), the nanofarad (nF) and the picofarad (pF).
For N conductors system, the capacitance is a NxN matrix where Cii is called self capacitance and Cij is called mutual capacitance. A self capacitance is generally defined as the amount of electric charge necessary to increase its electrical potential by one volt. A mutual inductance is generally defined as the capacitance between two conductors when the effect of all other conductors is removed.
Since the capacitance is a matrix, the conductors in the model must be numbered consecutively. In EMS, we make use of the concept of Floating Conductor to number the conductors. Internally, EMS assigns a 1 volt on
each floating conductor. The 1 volt assigned is actually arbitrary because the capacitance does not depend on the applied voltage. However, the conductor number is important.
To compute the capacitance matrix in EMS:
Use the Electrostatic module.
Assign a Floating Conductor restrain to each conductor in the system.
Using the Fixed Voltage restraint, assign a zero volt to all grounded conductors.
The capacitance matrix is output to the Study Report and Results Table
Capacitance computation is available only for Electrostatic analysis.
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Circuit Parameters
Computing Circuit Parameters
This process of generating an electrical current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called electromagnetic induction or just induction. It is called induction because the current is said to be induced in the conductor by the magnetic field. When induction occurs in an electrical circuit and affects the flow of electricity it is called inductance, L. Self-inductance, or simply inductance is the property of a circuit whereby a change in current causes a change in voltage in the same circuit. When one circuit induces current flow in a second nearby circuit, it is known as mutual-inductance. Inductance is expressed in henrys.
The effect of inductance can be understood using a single loop of wire as an example. If a voltage is suddenly applied between the ends of the loop of wire, the current must change from zero to non-zero. However, a non-zero current induces a magnetic field by Ampere's law. This change in the magnetic field induces an emf that is in the opposite direction of the change in current. The strength of this emf is proportional to the change in current and the inductance. When these opposing forces are in balance, the result is a current that increases linearly with time where the rate of this change is determined by the applied voltage and the inductance.
For N coils system, the inductance is a NxN matrix where Lii is the self inductance and Lij is the mutual inductance. Therefore, the coils have to be numbered consecutively. Upon the user request, EMS computes the Circuit Parameters matrices for the Magnetic analyses. The computation of the circuit parameters necessitates additional computational time. Therefore, unless the user needs it, the circuit parameters should not be computed to save CPU time.
The product of the flux passing through a coil with the number of turns of that coil is called flux linkage ( =
N). The flux linkage gives an indication of how the magnetic flux generated by one turn of the coil is linked to
adjacent turns of the coil. This quantity is also equal to the product of the inductance with the current ( = LI). It is therefore also computed if the user chooses to compute circuit parameters.
Another important quantity which is also computed with the inductance is induced voltage in each coil. However, it is computed only for AC Magnetic analysis because it is equal to the time derivative of the flux linkage with
respect to time (V = d /dt).
To compute the inductance matrix, flux linkage, and the induced voltage in EMS:
Use the Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, or Transient Magnetic.
Check Compute Circuit Parameters in the study property.
Starting from 1 assign consecutive numbers to each coil.
The inductance matrix, flux linkage, and the induced voltage and others quantities are output to the Study Report and Results Table.
The induced voltage is available only for AC Magnetic analysis.
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Meshing
Background on Meshing
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) provides a reliable numerical technique for analyzing engineering designs. The
process starts with the creation of a geometric model. Then, the program subdivides the model into small pieces of
simple shapes (elements) connected at common points (nodes). Finite element analysis programs look at the
model as a network of discrete interconnected elements.
The Finite Element Method (FEM) predicts the behavior of the model by combining the information obtained from
all elements making up the model.
Meshing is a very crucial step in design analysis. The automatic mesher in EMS generates a mesh based on a
global element size, tolerance, and local mesh control specifications. Mesh control lets you specify different sizes
of elements for components and faces.
EMS estimates a global element size for the model taking into consideration its volume, surface area, and other
geometric details. The size of the generated mesh (number of nodes and elements) depends on the geometry and
dimensions of the model, element size, mesh tolerance, and mesh control. In the early stages of design analysis
where approximate results may suffice, you can specify a larger element size for a faster solution. For a more
accurate solution, a smaller element size may be required.
This section discusses the following topics:
Meshing Parameters
Meshing Options
Controlling the Mesh
Mesh Quality Checks
Meshing Failure Diagnostics
Meshing Tips
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Meshing Parameters
The mesh is generated by right clicking the Mesh icon in the EMS Manager tree and selecting Create. The generated mesh depends on the following factors:
Active mesh options
Mesh control specifications
Global element size and tolerance
NOTE: It is recommended that you verify all these factors before meshing. Any change in these factors requires remeshing. The Options button in the Mesh PropertyManager provides a convenient access to check meshing preferences. Right-click the Mesh icon and select Details to view how an existing mesh was generated.
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Rebuilding the Mesh
You can use one mesh for multiple studies to investigate the effect of using different materials, loads, and restraints. However, to consider the impact of geometry changes on the results, you must rebuild the mesh and rerun the study after making any change in geometry. The new mesh is used in subsequent runs. However, you can still view the old mesh and results associated with a study. If you rerun a study after rebuilding the mesh, the new mesh is used and all old results are overwritten.
To run a study using its old mesh:
1. Click the study icon in the EMS Manager tree.
The study becomes active.
2. Right-click the Mesh icon and select Show Mesh. 3. Right-click the Study icon and select Run.
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Automatic Looping
Automatic looping instructs the mesher to automatically retry to mesh the model using a smaller global element size. You control the maximum number of trials allowed and the ratio by which the global element size and tolerance are reduced each time.
To enable and set automatic looping options:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the Mesh icon and select Create.
The Mesh PropertyManager appears.
2. Click Options.
The Options dialog box appears with the Mesh tab selected.
3. Under Automatic looping, do the following: a. Check Enable automatic looping for solids. b. Set No. of loops, Global element size factor for each loop, and Tolerance factor for each
loop. 4. Click OK.
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Meshing Options
Meshing Options are essential factors in determining the quality of the mesh and hence the results. Results based on different preference settings should converge to each other if an adequately small element size is used.
Element Growth Rate is the maximum ratio between two neighboring elements. The default value is 1.4 which is adequate for most problems.
Accurate Curvature Representation option, when checked, the mesher follows accurately curved surfaces. The default value is 12 which the maximum angle between the normal to the surface and the normal to the mesh faces.
Automatic looping instructs the mesher to automatically retry to mesh the model using a smaller global element
size. You control the maximum number of trials allowed and the ratio by which the global element size and tolerance are reduced each time.
Setting the meshing Options
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Mesh
The Mesh PropertyManager allows you to mesh the model.
Mesh Parameters. Sets the global element size, tolerance, and options. o Slider bar. The slide bar lets you change the global element size and tolerance. The extreme left
position (Coarse) sets the global element size to twice the default size. The extreme right position (Fine) sets the global element size to half the default size.
o Global Size . Sets the global average element size. EMS suggests a default value based on
the model volume and surface area. The global element size is given in the default SolidWorks unit of length.
o Tolerance . Sets the tolerance value. The default tolerance is 5% of the global element size.
NOTE: Adjusting the tolerance can help resolve some meshing problems. For example, if meshing
fails due to free edges, increasing the tolerance can solve the problem. The tolerance cannot exceed 30% of the element size.
o Reset to default size. Resets the Global Size field to the default value suggested by the program.
Run analysis after meshing. If checked, EMS runs the study right after finishing the meshing of the
model successfully.
Options. Click this button to check or modify the active meshing options.
To mesh a model:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the Mesh icon and select Create.
The Mesh PropertyManager appears.
2. Under Mesh Parameters, set the Global Size and Tolerance values. 3. If you want to use the default element size, click Reset to default size. 4. To check the active meshing options, click Options.
The Options dialog box appears with the Mesh tab selected.
5. Check and modify the desired meshing options and click OK. 6. To instruct the program to run the study right after meshing the model, check Run analysis after
meshing. 7. Click OK.
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Controlling the Mesh
Mesh Control Parameters
Mesh control refers to specifying different element sizes at different regions in the model. A smaller element size in a region improves the accuracy of results in that region. You can specify mesh control at faces and components.
To access the Mesh Control PropertyManager, right-click the Mesh icon and select Apply Control.
Mesh Control Parameters
The only mesh control parameter is the element size for the specified entities.
To apply mesh control to mixed types of entities:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the Mesh icon and select Apply Mesh Control.
The Mesh Control PropertyManager appears.
2. Click inside the Components and Bodies for Mesh Control box then select the components and
bodies to which you want to apply a mesh control.
3. Click inside the Faces for Mesh Control box then select the face to which you want to apply a mesh
control.
4. Under Control Parameters, type a value in the Element Size box .
5. Click OK .
The transition between the dense and coarse mesh is overall controlled by the Element Growth Rate set at
the mesh options level. The default value is 1.4
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Mesh Control Parameters
Mesh control refers to specifying different element sizes at different regions in the model. A smaller element size in a region improves the accuracy of results in that region. You can specify mesh control at faces and components.
To access the Mesh Control PropertyManager, right-click the Mesh icon and select Apply Control.
Mesh Control Parameters
The only mesh control parameter is the element size for the specified entities.
To apply mesh control to mixed types of entities:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the Mesh icon and select Apply Mesh Control.
The Mesh Control PropertyManager appears.
2. Click inside the Components and Bodies for Mesh Control box then select the components and
bodies to which you want to apply a mesh control.
3. Click inside the Faces for Mesh Control box then select the face to which you want to apply a mesh
control.
4. Under Control Parameters, type a value in the Element Size box .
5. Click OK .
The transition between the dense and coarse mesh is overall controlled by the Element Growth Rate set at
the mesh options level. The default value is 1.4
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Mesh Control Examples
The following examples illustrate mesh control on various entities of a model.
Mesh control applied to faces
Mesh control applied to a component
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Failure Diagnostics
When meshing fails, EMS gives a message and stops unless the automatic mesh looping is active. A failure diagnostics tool is provided to help you locate and resolve solid meshing problems.
The meshing of a solid component consists of two basic phases. In the first phase, the mesher places nodes on the boundary. This phase is called surface meshing. If the first phase is successful, the mesher starts the second phase where it creates nodes in the inside, fills the volume with tetrahedral elements. Failure can occur during one of the two phases.
The Failure Diagnostics PropertyManager lists and highlights the components that failed. For each component, it
lists and highlights the faces and edges that caused the failure.
Failed Components . Lists all components that failed during meshing.
Failed Faces . Lists all faces that failed during meshing.
To identify failing components:
1. After meshing has failed, right-click the Mesh icon and select Failure Diagnostics. 2. To identify the problem with a component, select it in the list box.
All faces of the selected component that caused the meshing to fail highlight in the graphics area.
3. To identify a failing face, select it in the list box.
Selected face highlights in the graphics area.
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Meshing Tips
When you mesh a study, EMS meshes all unsuppressed solids.
For assemblies, check component interference. To detect interference in an assembly, click Tools, Interference Detection. Any interference should be fixed before meshing the model.
If meshing fails, use the Failure Diagnostics tool to locate the cause of mesh failure. Try the proposed
options to solve the problem. You can also try different element size, define mesh control, or activate Enable automatic looping for solids.
It is good practice to check mesh options before meshing. For example, an Element Growth Rate smaller than 1.25 or a Accurate Curvature Representation parameter less than 10 can result in
generating an unnecessarily large number of elements for models with many small features. The Automatic looping can help solve meshing problems automatically, but you can adjust its settings for a
particular model.
To improve results in important areas, use mesh control to set a smaller element size. When meshing an assembly with a wide range of component sizes, default meshing results in a relatively coarse mesh for small components. Component mesh control offers an easy way to give more importance to the selected small components. Use this option to identify important small components.
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Viewing Results
Viewing Analysis Results
You view the results after running a study. In viewing the results, you can generate plots, lists, graphs, and reports depending on the study and result types. In this section, you learn about the following topics:
Plotting Results
Graphing Results
Manipulating Result Plots
You may also view the lumped quantities such as capacitance, inductance, force, and power in a tabulated format as follows:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click on Report folder or click on tool bar.. 2. Select Results Table.
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Compare Studies Results
The Compare Studies Results option allows you to do the following:
Browse the results table of all studies of a given study type in the same window.
Generate a 2D graph of selected parameter results along all checked studies in the studies list
Export the checked studies results to a text file or an excel sheet.
You ca access the Compare Studies Results dialog by right clicking on the root item of EMS Manager tree, a menu pops-up, select Compare Studies Results, a sub menu pops-up, select the available type of studies you wish to
compare. A study type is available for comparison whenever you have two or more studies of that type with results. The Compare Studies dialog Popup.
For example, to view the results of Study 1 you select the Study 1 item in the Studies list .
To compare results of a given parameter by generating a 2D graph you do the following:
Check All / Uncheck All : Use this button to select or unselect all existents studies .
Add Parameter button : To compare results of a given parameter by generating a 2D graph you need to select a cell from one of the above grid results and click this button to add this parameter to the " Parameter (s) to plot "
list.
Plot button : Click this button to popup a 2D graph plot of the added parameter (s) for the checked (selected)
studies.
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Export button: Click this button to export results of checked studies to a text file or excel sheet.
Print button: Click this button to print the results of checked studies.
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Plotting Results
Plotting Results
EMS generates result folders in the EMS Manager tree automatically after running a study successfully. The names of the result folders depend on the study type. There are two type of plots available to all results folder.
3D Plots
Again, the finite element method meshes the model into many tetrahedral elements effectively replacing a complex problem by many simple problems that need to be solved simultaneously. Tetrahedral elements share common nodes and edges. Generally speaking, the user would be interested in uncovering the value of the unknown fields at the nodes since they represent the discretized space. A convenient way is to give a color map of the values at all the nodes in 3D space. This type of 3D plot is very popular in all finite element disciplines. EMS offers this type of plot for all field quantities that can have a distributed value at each node.
EMS automatically generates a 3D plot in each folder and can be displayed by double-clicking the icon in the Manager tree. Plots are displayed in a different window from the model geometry. You can toggle between the model and the results window by clicking on the corresponding tab at the lower left corner of the graphics area. To activate the model geometry window click on the Model tab. To activate the results window click on the Plot Results tab.
Since the model and the results are conveniently managed in two separate windows, each has its own View Toolbar. The model has the regular SolidWorks toolbar.
Whereas, the results have the following view toolbar:
When you click on he Model tab, the results toolbar is deactivated in order to avoid confusion between the two toolbars.
You can define plots by right-clicking a result folder in the EMS Manager tree and selecting 3D.
EMS generates the following result plots:
Electric Potential Plot
Electric Field Plot
Electric Displacement Plot
Current Density Plot
Magnetic Flux Density Plot
Magnetic Field Plot
Applied Current Density Plot
Current Density Plot
Force Density Plot
Losses Density Plot
Compute Flux
Compute Voltage
Temperature
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209
Temperature Gradient
Heat Flux
2D Plots
3D plots are instructive. However, they may not show the exact value at a particular location in the model. For some applications, knowing the exact value of the field at such location is crucial to the design. Thus the need for a 2D type of plot that gives the exact numerical value instead of a just a color map. EMS has two ways of producing this type of plot:
Graphing of Probed Results Plots
Graphing Results on a Line Segment
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Electric Potential Plot
The Electric Potential Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot electric potential or the voltage results for
Electrostatic and Electric Conduction studies. You can access the Electric Potential Plot PropertyManager after
a successful run of your study. Since the electric potential is a scalar, they are no components to choose from nor
is there a vector plot type. That is, the only fringe plot type is available.
Display
Select Units . Select the units of the electric potential plot.
Plot Motion Time Step Sets the motion step number at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only if motion analysis option is checked
o Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Point. Uses colored point contours. o Line. Uses colored line contours. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading.
The electric potential plot is available only for Electrostatic and Electric Conduction analyses.
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Electric Field Plot
The Electric Field Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot electric field results for Electrostatic ,Electric
Conduction , Magnetostatic and AC Magnetic studies. You can access the Electric Field Plot PropertyManager
after a successful run of your study.
Display
Select Component Type . Select an electric field component to plot. Directions are based on the global
coordinate system. o Ex: Electric Field in the X direction o Ey: Electric Field in the Y direction o Ez: Electric Field in the Z direction o Er: Resultant Electric Field
Select Units . Select the units of the electric field plot.
Plot Type . o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all electric field components. o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant electric field vector. You can control the size and density of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Plot Motion Time Step Sets the motion step number at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only if motion analysis option is checked.
Time . Displays the motion time corresponding to the selected plot motion time step.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot. o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Lines. Uses colored line contours. o Points. Uses colored point contours.
In case of Magnetostatic and AC Magnetic studies the following extra properties will be displayed:
Part
o Real o Imaginary o Magnitude
Phase: Enter the Omega T angle value in degree.
The electric field plot is available only for Electrostatic, Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic and AC Magnetic analyses.
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Electric Displacement Plot
The Electric Displacement (D) Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot electric field results for Electrostatic
studies. You can access the Electric Displacement Plot PropertyManager after a successful run of your study.
Display
Select Component Type . Select an electric displacement component to plot. Directions are based on
the global coordinate system. o Dx: Electric Displacement in the X direction o Dy: Electric Displacement in the Y direction o Dz: Electric Displacement in the Z direction o Dr: Resultant Electric Displacement
Select Units . Select the units of the electric displacement plot.
Plot Motion Time Step Sets the motion step number at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only if motion analysis option is checked
o Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Plot Type . o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all electric displacement components. o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant electric displacement vector. You can control the size and density of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Lines. Uses colored line contours. o Points. Uses colored point contours.
The electric displacement plot is available only for Electrostatic analyses.
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Current Density Plot
The Current Density Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot current density results for Electric Conduction
studies. You can access the Current Density Plot PropertyManager after a successful run of your study.
Display
Select Component Type . Select an current density component to plot. Directions are based on the
global coordinate system. o Jx: Current Density in the X direction o Jy: Current Density in the Y direction o Jz: Current Density in the Z direction o Jr: Resultant Current Density
Select Units . Select the units of the current density plot.
Plot Type . o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all current density components. o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant current density vector. You can control the size and density of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Plot Motion Time Step Sets the motion step number at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only if motion analysis option is checked.
Time . Displays the motion time corresponding to the selected plot motion time step.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot. o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Lines. Uses colored line contours. o Points. Uses colored point contours.
The electric field plot is available only for Electric Conduction analyses.
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Magnetic Flux Density Plot
The Magnetic Flux Density (B) Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot magnetic flux density results for
Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic studies. You can access the Magnetic Flux Density Plot
PropertyManager after a successful run of your study.
Display
Select Component Type . Select an magnetic flux density component to plot. Directions are based on
the global coordinate system. o Bx: Magnetic Flux Density in the X direction o By: Magnetic Flux Density in the Y direction o Bz: Magnetic Flux Density in the Z direction o Br: Resultant Magnetic Flux Density
Select Units . Select the units of the magnetic density flux plot.
Plot Type . o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all magnetic flux density components. o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant magnetic flux density vector. You can control the size and density of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot. o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Lines. Uses colored line contours. o Points. Uses colored point contours.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
o Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Part. Sets witch part of values is to be plotted.
o Real o Imaginary o Magnitude
Phase: Enter the Omega T angle value in degree.
The magnetic flux density plot is available for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic analyses.
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Magnetic Field Plot
The Magnetic Field (H) Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot magnetic field results for Magnetostatic, AC
Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic studies. You can access the Magnetic Field Plot PropertyManager after a
successful run of your study.
Display
Select Component Type. Select an magnetic field component to plot. Directions are based on the global
coordinate system. o Hx: Magnetic Field in the X direction o Hy: Magnetic Field in the Y direction o Hz: Magnetic Field in the Z direction o Hr: Resultant Magnetic Field
Select Units . Select the units of the magnetic field plot.
Plot Type. o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all magnetic field components. o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant magnetic field vector. You can control the size and density of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot. o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Lines. Uses colored line contours. o Points. Uses colored point contours.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Part. Sets witch part of values is to be plotted.
o Real o Imaginary o Magnitude
Phase: Enter the Omega T angle value in degree .Available only for AC Magnetic studies.
The magnetic field plot is available for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic analyses.
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Applied Current Density Plot
The Applied Current Density (Ja) Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot applied current density results for
Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic studies. You can access the Applied Current Density Plot
PropertyManager after a successful run of your study. This type of plot is available only if the model has at least
one coil.
Display
Select Component Type. Select an applied current density component to plot. Directions are based on
the global coordinate system. o Jax: Applied Current Density in the X direction o Jay: Applied Current Density in the Y direction o Jaz: Applied Current Density in the Z direction o Jar: Resultant Applied Current Density
Select Units . Select the units of the applied current density plot.
Plot Type. o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all applied current density components. o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant applied current density vector. You can control the size and density of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot. o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Lines. Uses colored line contours. o Points. Uses colored point contours.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Part. Sets witch part of values is to be plotted.
o Real o Imaginary o Magnitude
Phase: Enter the Omega T angle value in degree.
The applied current density plot is available for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic
analyses. The model must have at least one coil.
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Current Density Plot
Note: The Current Density (Je) use to be called in all previous EMS versions Eddy Current Density (Je) .
The Current Density (Je) PropertyManager allows you to plot current density results for AC Magnetic and
Transient Magnetic studies. You can access the Current Density Plot PropertyManager after a successful run of
your study.
Display
Select Component Type. Select an current density component to plot. Directions are based on the
global coordinate system. o Jex: Current Density in the X direction o Jey: Current Density in the Y direction o Jez: Current Density in the Z direction o Jer: Resultant Current Density
Select Units . Select the units of the current density plot.
Plot Type. o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all current density components. o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant current density vector. You can control the size and density of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot. o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Lines. Uses colored line contours. o Points. Uses colored point contours.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
o Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Part. Sets witch part of values is to be plotted.
o Real o Imaginary o Magnitude
Phase: Enter the Omega T angle value in degree.
The current density plot is available for AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses.
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Force Density Plot
Note: Force Density ( F) used to be called Force Distribution (F) in all previous EMS versions.
The Force Density (F) Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot force density results for Electrostatic,
Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic studies. You can access the Force Density Plot
PropertyManager after a successful run of your study.
Display
Select Component Type. Select an force density component to plot. Directions are based on the global
coordinate system. o Fx: Force in the X direction o Fy: Force in the Y direction o Fz: Force in the Z direction o Fr: Resultant Force
Select Units . Select the units of the force plot.
Plot Type. o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all force components. o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force vector. You can control the size and density of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Force Type . Select either virtual work or Lorentz force type. For Electrostatic analysis, only the virtual
work method is available.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot. o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Lines. Uses colored line contours. o Points. Uses colored point contours.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
o Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
The force plot is available for Electrostatic, Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic analyses. In other words, it is not available only for Electric Conduction analysis.
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Losses Density Plot
The Losses Density plot PropertyManager allows you to plot loss density results for AC Magnetic studies when
the Split Core Loss option is checked. You can access the Losses Density Plot PropertyManager after a successful
run of your study.
Display
Select Loss Type. Select an Losses density type to plot.
o Ohmic Loss o Eddy Loss o Hysterisis Loss o Excess Loss o Core Loss
Select Units . Select the units of the loss plot.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot. o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Lines. Uses colored line contours. o Points. Uses colored point contours.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
The Loss plot is available for AC Magnetic analyses only and the Split Core Loss option must be checked.
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Compute Flux
The Compute Flux PropertyManager allows you to compute the flux results on selected faces for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic studies. You can access the Compute flux PropertyManager after a successful run of your study.
Display
1. Click inside the Faces box then select the face to which you want to compute the Flux. 2. Phase: Enter the Omega T angle value in degree .Available only for AC Magnetic studies. 3. Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
4. Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step. 5. Click the Compute button to compute the flux on the selected face (s).
the results will be displayed in the edit box under the Compute button
The compute flux is available for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic analyses.
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Compute Voltage
The Compute Voltage PropertyManager allows you to compute the voltage results on selected faces for AC Magnetic studies. You can access the Compute voltage PropertyManager after a successful run of your study.
Display
1. Enter the coordinates of two points that define a line for which you want to compute voltage. You can click on import button to load solidworks defined reference points.
2. Phase: Enter the Omega T angle value in degree .Available only for AC Magnetic studies. 3. Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be computed.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
4. Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
5. Select Units . Select the units of the voltage. 6. Click the Compute button to compute the voltage on the selected two points that define a line.
the results will be displayed in the edit box under the Compute button
The compute voltage is available only for AC Magnetic analyses.
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Thermal Plotting Results
Temperature
The Temperature Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot the temperature results for Electrostatic, Electric
Conduction, Magnetostatic and AC Magnetic studies. You can access the Temperature Plot PropertyManager
after a successful run of your study with thermal solution options on. Since the temperature is a scalar, they are no
components to choose from nor is there a vector plot type. That is, the only fringe plot type is available.
Display
Select Units . Select the units of the Temperature plot.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
o Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot. o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Lines. Uses colored line contours. o Points. Uses colored point contours.
The Temperature plot is available only for Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses.
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Temperature Gradient
The Temperature Gradient Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot the temperature gradient results for
Electrostatic, Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic and AC Magnetic studies. You can access the Temperature
Gradient Plot PropertyManager after a successful run of your study with thermal solution options on.
Display
Select Component Type . Select an Temperature Gradient components to plot. Directions are based on
the global coordinate system. o TGx: Temperature Gradient in the X direction o TGy: Temperature Gradient in the Y direction o TGz: Temperature Gradient in the Z direction o TGr: Resultant Temperature Gradient
Select Units . Select the units of the Temperature Gradient plot.
Plot Type . o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all Temperature Gradient components. o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant Temperature Gradient vector. You can control the size and density of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
o Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot. o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Lines. Uses colored line contours. o Points. Uses colored point contours.
The Temperature Gradient plot is available only for Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses.
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Heat Flux
The Heat Flux Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot the heat flux results for Electrostatic, Electric
Conduction, Magnetostatic and AC Magnetic studies. You can access the Heat Flux Plot PropertyManager after
a successful run of your study with thermal solution options on.
Display
Select Component Type . Select an Heat Flux components to plot. Directions are based on the global
coordinate system. o FLx: Heat Flux in the X direction o FLy: Heat Flux in the Y direction o FLz: Heat Flux in the Z direction o FLr: Resultant Heat Flux
Select Units . Select the units of the Heat Flux plot.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
o Time . Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Plot Type . o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all Heat Flux components. o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant Heat Flux vector. You can control the size and density of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Lines. Uses colored line contours. o Points. Uses colored point contours.
The Heat Flux plot is available only for Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses.
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Summary of Plots
EMS outputs different quantities depending on the analysis type. Some users may not identify which analysis that should be used only after they know the type of results and plots. The table below gives a summary for available plots available for each type of analysis.
ANALYSIS TYPE AVAILABLE PLOTS REMARKS
Electrostatic
Electric Potential
Electric Field
Electric Displacement
Force Density Only fringe plot is
available for electric potential plot since it is a scalar.
Applied current density plot is available only if the model has at least one coil.
The Lorentz force type is not available for electrostatic analysis.
For transient magnetic analysis, a time must be chosen for each plot type.
A wound coil does not have any eddy current despite its conductivity.
To have an eddy current, a component must have a nonzero conductivity.
Force plot is not available for the electric conduction analysis.
If thermal solution is on Temperature, Temperature Gradient and Heat Flux plot will
be available where is applicable.
Electric Conduction
Electric Potential
Electric Field
Current Density
Magnetostatic
Applied Current Density
Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic Field Intensity
Force Density
Electric Field
Flux
AC Magnetic
Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic Field Intensity
Applied Current Density
Current Density
Force Density
Electric Field
Losses Density
Flux
Voltage
Transient Magnetic
Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic Field Intensity
Applied Current Density
Current Density
Force Density
Flux
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Graphing Results
Graphing Results
EMS has two ways of producing 2D graphs of the results.
Graphing of Probed Results Plots
Graphing Results on a Line Segment
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Graphing of Probed Result Plots
After using the Probe tool to identify the plotted result at the desired locations, you can graph the results. You can
use this functionality with any plot.
To generate a graph for the probed result plot:
1. Plot the desired result. 2. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the plot icon and select Probe.
The Probe dialog box opens.
3. In the graphics area, click the desired locations.
The locations are highlighted in the graphics area as you click, and the nodes closest to these locations are listed in the dialog box.
4. Click Plot.
Below are some features of the Probing plot.
To see the listing of the force click on the Listing tab.
The distance D plotted on x-axis is from the starting of the segment.
To change the plot's properties, double click on the plot or click on the properties button .
To turn the markers on, click on the marker button .
To track the values on the curve, click on the drag button and drag the pointer on the curve.
To save the plot click on File->Save As and choose the desired format.
To copy the plot make sure that the 2D Plot tab is active and click on Edit->Copy.
To export the data to a text file or an Excel sheet, activate the Listing tab and click on Edit->Copy.
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Graphing Results on a Line Segment
Graphing probed results picks only mesh nodes. Graphing results on a line segment is more general because it
allows for precisely selecting any 2 points in the model that define a line. In addition, the line segment may be discretized to any number of points between the endpoints of the line. This functionality may be used with any plot type.
To generate a graph on a line segment:
1. Insert two points using the SolidWorks command: Insert->Reference Geometry->Point. 2. Right-clicking a result folder in the EMS Manager tree and select 2D.
3. From the drop-down list, choose the component of the field. 4. Select the end points of the line segment. 5. Choose the number of points on the segment. 6. Compare with (optional): this feature enable you to compare your defined segment plot of the active
study with other studies from the same study type by selecting the extra curve study source. Maximum number of extra curves to compare with is three.
7. Click OK .
Below are some features of the 2D plot.
To see the listing of the force click on the Listing tab.
The distance D plotted on x-axis is from the starting of the segment.
To change the plot's properties, double click on the plot or click on the properties button .
To turn the markers on, click on the marker button .
To track the values on the curve, click on the drag button and drag the pointer on the curve.
To save the plot click on File->Save As and choose the desired format.
To copy the plot make sure that the 2D Plot tab is active and click on Edit->Copy.
To export the data to a text file or an Excel sheet, activate the Listing tab and click on Edit->Copy.
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Manipulating Result Plots
Processing Result Plots
In this section you learn how to process results plots including::
Editing an Active Plot
Changing the Chart Options of a Plot
Section Clipping
Iso Clipping
Animate plot
Probing a Plot
Spline Probing
Plot Listing
Printing a Plot
Saving a Plot
Renaming a Plot
Deleting a Plot
Copying a Plot
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Editing a Result Plot
After generating a plot for the desired result, you may need to change one or more display options of the plot.
To edit an active plot:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the plot icon and select Edit Definition.
The PropertyManager of the plot appears.
2. Make the desired changes and click OK .
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Section
The Section PropertyManager allows you to create section views for the displayed result defining a cut. You may
view the inside or outside of the cut. You may define up to six sections on the same plot.
To define a section view for the active plot:
1. Right-click the active plot icon and select Section Clipping.
The Section PropertyManager opens and the dialogues for Section 1 appear.
2. Reference Plane. Select the plane to be used as a reference for the clipping section 1. You may select
one of the following button options:
o Front plane section button
o Top plane section button
o Right plane section button
3. Distance. Sets the distance between the reference plane (origin of the model ) and the clipping section
( reference point). Reference Point is represented by a sphere and an arrow the reference
point can be dragged by mouse to any position within the clipping section.
4. X-Orientation . Rotates the clipping section around the X-axis. Available when Front or Top Reference
Plane is selected.
5. Y-Orientation . Rotates the clipping section around the Y-axis. Available when Front or Right Reference
Plane is selected.
6. Z-Orientation . Rotates the clipping section around the Z-axis. Available when Top or Right Reference
Plane is selected.
7. Section Value Range: Set range of values of the section 1 to be created by setting the start range value
and the end range value. Note: The section range values must be within the plot color chart range values. 8. Plot on section only. Displays the result contours on the selected section only. Available only for
Section 1 9. Inside Out. if checked, shows the clipped data in the range of section value to the maximum plot value.
Available only for Section 1
10. If you wish to define more sections, repeat the steps 2..7 for each selected section ( up to a maximum of 6 section).
11. Click OK .
Options
Boundaries . Sets the display of the model boundary (None, Mesh or 3D Mesh)
Wireframe: Show/Hide model frame check box.
Model Origin: Show/Hide model origin check box.
Section Plane Center: Show/Hide section plane center check box.
All section planes frame: Show/Hide All section planes frame check box.
Clipping on/off . Sets the clipping of the active plot on/off.
Reset. Resets the selections to the default values.
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Section 3
This section appears after you select Section 2. Use Section 2 and Section 3 to create additional section views in the model.
NOTE: Section 3 is unavailable until Section 2 is selected.
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Iso Clipping
The Iso Clipping PropertyManager allows you to view surfaces of a specified value of the plotted result. You can
create up to six surfaces simultaneously.
To define an Iso clipping view for the active plot:
1. Right-click the active plot icon and select Iso Clipping.
The Iso Clipping PropertyManager opens and the dialogues for Iso Clipping 1 appear.
2. Iso Value. Sets the value of iso surface to be plotted. 3. Plot on section only. Displays the result contours on the selected section only. Available only for Iso 1 4. Inside Out. if checked, shows the clipped data in the range of section value to the maximum plot
value. Available only for Iso 1
5. If you wish to define more Iso Clipping, repeat the following steps for each selected Iso Clipping ( up to a maximum of 6 Iso Clipping).
Iso Value. Sets the value of iso surface to be plotted.
Multilayers check box: Check this box if you wish to have spaced equally values between the
specified clipping Value Range. o Iso Clipping Value Range: Set range of values of the Iso 2 to be created by setting the
start range value and the end range value. Note: The section range values must be
within the plot color chart range values.
o Number of Layers: Enter the number of layers
2. Click OK .
Options
Boundaries . Sets the display of the model boundary (None, Mesh or 3D Mesh)
Wireframe: Show/Hide model frame check box.
Clipping on/off . Sets the clipping of the active plot on/off.
Reset. Resets the selections to the default values.
Iso3
This Iso appears after you select Iso 2. Use Iso 2 and Iso 3 to create additional section views in the model.
NOTE: Section 3 is unavailable until Section 2 is selected.
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Animate 3D Plots
The Animate PropertyManager allows you to animate the current active 3D plot. Animation will be available in the
following cases:
1- All analysis where the motion option is turned on. The animation will be a display of the active plot in each
motion time step.
2- In transient analysis. The animation will be a display of the active plot in each transient time step, if the motion
option is turned on the transient time step will be the motion time step.
3- AC Magnetic analysis. The animation will be base on a display of the active plot for each omegaT phase . if the
motion option is turned on, the animation will be a display of the active plot in each motion time step.
To Animate the active plot:
1. Right-click the active plot icon and select Animate.
2. Click the play button to start animation with the default settings. You also have a pause and a stop button
to control the display of animation. 3. If you wish to save the animation in a video (*.avi) file, expand the Play to file... group and click the save
As button to save the animation with the defaults settings into a file. You may select the frame rate and number of loops of the animation process.
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3D Plot Listing
In many cases, you may want to know the numerical values of the plotted field . The listing functionality lets you view and export the plotted field values to an excel sheet or text file.
To view the plot listing:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, double-click the desired plot icon. 2. Right-click the plot icon and select Listing menu item. The listing PropertyManager opens.
3. To export listing click on SaveAs button to save the listed values as an Microsoft Excel Sheet (*.xls) or as a Text File (*.txt).
4. Click OK .
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Chart Options
Use the Chart Options PropertyManager to set the parameters that control the look of the legend in the active plot. To access the Chart Options PropertyManager, right-click the active plot icon and select Chart Options.
Display Options
Show min annotation. Turns the display of the annotation of the minimum value of the plot on/off.
Show max annotation. Turns the display of the annotation of the maximum value of the plot on/off.
Display plot details. If checked, displays the model name, study name, plot type, and the deformation
scale of a plot.
Show legend. Turns the display of the plot legend on/off.
Show Min/Max range on shown parts only. When checked, the program displays the minimum and the
maximum values of the plot only on the shown parts.
o Automatic. If checked, picks the minimum (Min) and the maximum (Max) values of the
chart automatically.
o Defined. If checked, you specify the minimum (Min) and the maximum (Max) values
of the chart.
Position/Format
Predefined positions. Sets the position of the chart to a predefined position.
Horizontal from left . Specify the horizontal distance from the left of the SolidWorks window as a
percentage of the width of the window.
Vertical from top . Specify the vertical distance from the top of the SolidWorks window as a
percentage of the height of the window.
Width . Controls the thickness of the chart. Available options are: Thick, Normal, and Thin.
Number format . Controls the display of the numeric values in the chart. Available formats are: Scientific (e), floating (f), and general (g).
No. of decimal places . Sets the number of decimal places to be displayed in the chart. You can
specify up to 8 decimal places to be displayed in a chart.
Color Options
Default . Uses the default color map in the plot.
Rainbow . Uses the rainbow color map in the plot.
Gray Scale . Sets the gray scale gradient map. Use this option for black and
white printers.
No. of chart colors . Sets the number of the colors used in the chart (2 to 24).
Flip. Reverses the color mapping.
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To apply a predefined color map...
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the desired plot icon and select Chart Options.
The Chart Options PropertyManager appears.
2. Under Legend Options, click to check Display legend. 3. Under Chart Options, set the location of the legend and the numeric format. 4. Under Color Options, select Default, Rainbow, or Gray Scale. 5. If desired, click Flip to reverse the order of colors in the select color map. 6. Use the spin arrows to change the No. of Colors in the color map.
7. Click OK .
To plot a result on the shown parts only...
1. After running the study, display the desired result on the full model. 2. Hide the components that you want be hidden from the FeatureManager design tree. 3. Switch back to the EMS Manager tree and display the result again by double-clicking on the plot icon. 4. Right-click the plot icon and select Chart Options.
The Chart Options PropertyManager appears.
5. Click to check Show Min/Max range on shown parts only. 6. Click OK .
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Printing Result Plots
To print a result plot:
1. In the EMS Manager, right-click the Plot you want to print and select Print.
2. Click OK to send the plot in the SolidWorks window directly to the printer.
1.
The plot in the SolidWorks window is scaled to the paper size and then sent to the printer. It is recommended that you increase the size of the SolidWorks window to adjust the size of the chart labels/plot.
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Saving Result Plots
EMS allows you to save result plots in different formats.
To save an active plot:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the active plot icon and select Save As.
The Save As dialog box opens.
2. Specify the destination of the plot file. 3. Specify a name for the plot file. 4. Select one of the following formats:
Bitmap Files (*.bmp)
JPEG Files (*.jpg)
Image Files (*.gif)
5. Click Save.
To save all fringe plot in a study:
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the study's icon and select Save all plots as JPEG files.
The files are saved in the folder specified in the Result Options for reports.
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Renaming Plot
To rename a result plot:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the plot icon that you want to rename and select Rename.
Enter the new name
2. Click Enter.
The selected plot is renamed.
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Deleting a Result Plot
To delete a result plot:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the plot icon that you want to delete and select Delete.
A confirmation message pops up.
2. Click Yes.
The selected plot is deleted.
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Copying a Result Plot Between Studies
EMS allows you to copy result plots between studies of the same type.
To copy a plot between to studies of the same type:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, activate the plot that you want to copy by double-clicking on its icon in the source study.
2. Right-click the plot icon and select Copy. 3. In the destination study, right-click the result folder of the same type and select Paste.
The icon of the new plot appears with the same name as the source plot with the Copy[1] prefix.
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Adding a Plot Title
You can add a title to a plot using the plot's PropertyManager.
To add a title to a plot:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the plot icon and select Edit Definition.
The plot PropertyManager appears.
2. Under Property, type the desired title in the appropriate box. 3. Click OK.
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Annotating Extreme Values on a Plot
You can annotate locations of extreme values in result plots. The program shows the numerical values and creates leaders to the corresponding locations automatically.
To show extreme value annotations on plots:
1. Right-click the active plot icon and select Chart Options.
2. Click the Plot tab. 3. Under Display Options, check the Show min annotation and Show max annotation check boxes. 4. Click OK.
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Customizing Plot Legend
The Plot tab in the Options dialog box enables you to set the chart relative position, width of color bar, number
format, number of decimals, and background color. The selected settings become the defaults for subsequent plots.
To customize the result legend:
1. Click EMS, Options.
The Options dialog box appears.
2. Click the Plot tab. 3. In the Font box, click Plot Title, Plot Subtitle, and Legend to select a font. 4. In the Legend box, select the desired; legend position, width, numeric format and background color. 5. Click OK.
The specified options are used, by default, for all subsequent plots.
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Including User Information in a Plot
You can customize the printing of your plots to include your company logo and information. You can automatically include logo and text information in printed plots and study reports.
To include your company logo in a plot by default:
1. Click EMS, Options.
The Options dialog box appears.
2. Click the Plot tab. 3. Under User Information, do the following:
a. In the Company name box, type the name of your company. b. Click Browse and select your company logo file in BMP or JPEG formats then click Save. c. In the Author Name box, type your name. d. Check Include user information in the print. e. Check Draw a frame around the plot during printing. f. Check Include it in the report.
4. Click OK.
EMS includes the specified user information by default in study plots.
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Probing Results
Probing Results
In many cases, you may want to know the numerical value of the plotted field at a particular location. The following two types of probing enable you to accomplish this task.
Point Probing Spline Probing
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Point Probing
The Point Probing functionality lets you display the numerical value of the plotted field at the closest node to the point of clicking. For convenience, the probing dialog box lets you save the listed results to a file.
To point probe a result plot:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, double-click the desired plot icon. 2. Right-click the plot icon and select Probe.
-or –
Click EMS, Post Processor, Probe.
-or-
Click the Probe tool on the EMS toolbar.
The Probe list box appears.
3. In the graphics area, click at the desired location.
The value at the selected location is listed in the dialog box.
4. You can do the following:
Click Plot to generate a 2-D graph of the result values at the locations you probed.
Click Save to save the listed values as an Microsoft Excel Sheet (*.xls) or as a Text File (*.txt).
5. Click Close.
You can use the Probe tool to probe section plots. EMS uses linear interpolation to calculate the value.
To probe a section plot:
1. Create a section plot of the desired result on the undeformed shape of the model. 2. Right-click the plot icon and select Probe.
The Probe Section list box appears.
3. In the graphics area, click the section plot at different locations.
Values of the plotted result at the selected locations are listed in the list box.
4. Click Close.
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Spline Probing
The Spline Probing functionality lets you display the numerical value of the plotted field along the spline curve. The Spline Probing is done on a section plot . For convenience, the Spline Probing page let's you save the listed results to a file.
To spline probe a result plot:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, double-click the desired plot icon. 2. Right-click the plot icon and select Spline Probing...
The Spline Probing PropertyManager opens and the dialogues for Spline Options and Section 1 appears.
3. Spline Options. Select the desired options.
o Spline on active section only: select this options to probe the plot on the active section area only. o Free spline: Select this options to move the spline along the full model. o Resolution points: Enter desired number of points to be generated on the spline. o Guiding points: Enter desired number of guiding points on spline. o Import: push this button to import all defined solidworks reference points to be used as guiding
points for the spline. o 2D plot title: Enter the desired 2D spline plot title. o Click Update to update the spline with newly defined options . o Click Save dialog box opens.
a. Specify the destination of the plot file. b. Specify a name for the plot file. c. Select one of the following formats: Bitmap Files (*.bmp) , JPEG Files (*.jpg) or Image
Files (*.gif) o Click Export to save the 2D spline plot listed values as an Microsoft Excel Sheet (*.xls) or as a
Text File (*.txt).
4. Define your section view.
5. Click OK .
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Probe
The Probing function allows you to click on a location in a plot and view the values of relevant variables at the node closest to that location. When you probe a result plot, the Probe dialog box lists, in addition to the information mentioned earlier, the value of the plotted result at the node closest to the location you clicked.
Plot information. Displays plot information. This information includes study name, plot type, time step
number and the corresponding time for transient magnetic studies.
Clear. Clears the selected items from the list box.
Save. Opens the Save As dialog box to let you save the information in the list box to a text file (*.txt) or to
an Excel file (*.xls).
Plot. Generates a 2-D graph of the values listed in the dialog box. Linear variation is assumed between
listed values. The graph assumes equal distances between probed locations. Available only for result plots.
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Study Reports
Study Reports
The Report tool helps you document your studies quickly and systematically by generating Internet-ready reports. The reports are structured to describe all aspects of the study.
Plots created in the EMS Manager tree can be included automatically in the report. A printer-friendly version of the report can be generated automatically. Reports provide an excellent way to share study results with others online or in printed format. You can modify the various sections of the report by inserting text or graphics.
To share a report, send all associated image files along with the html files. The receiver should place all files in the same folder for viewing.
To start the Report wizard, right-click the Report folder of the study and select Define. Settings that you enter in the Report wizard are used for the report only. For example if you change the Result file location in the Set File section, the actual result location does not change.
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Report
The Report Wizard guides you through the process of creating a report for your study.
To access the Report dialog box:
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the Report folder of the desired study and select Define.
- or -
Activate a study by clicking on its icon and click EMS, Report.
The Report dialog box appears.
Settings for. Lists the sections that you can include in the report:
To remove a section from the report, clear the associated check box.
To preview the contents of a section, click its name and preview the contents in the Preview
area.
Preview. Displays the contents of the highlighted section in the Settings for list box. You can edit the
contents in the preview area as desired.
Report File Name. Lets you specify a name for the report. The file is placed in the active report directory.
Report File Format. Lets you specify the type of report file to be generated . Available file types are : o Html file o Word document file
Report Background Color: Lets you specify the background color of the report file.
Print Version. Check this check box to show a printer-friendly version of the report.
Show Report inside SolidWorks. Check this box to open the report inside SolidWorks by adding a
report viewer tab next to our plot results tab .
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Generating a Report
To set the report location:
1. Right-click the top icon in the EMS Manager tree and select Options.
The Options dialog box appears.
2. Click Results.
3. To change the report location specified in the Report directory, click Browse and select a new
location then click OK.
To generate a study report:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the Report folder of the desired study and select Define.
The Report dialog box appears.
2. Click the desired section for a preview of its contents. You can type in the desired information in the
preview area.
3. In the Report file name field, type in the desired name.
The default name is StudyName-mmm, where mmm is a counter to set the rank of the plot in the Report folder. The first report will be labeled StudyName-1, the second StudyName-2 and so on.
4. Under Report Format, choose between Html and MS Word options.
5. Check Show report on OK to open the report upon closing the Report wizard.
6. If you want to automatically save all plots created in the EMS Manager tree and include them in the
appropriate sections of the report, click to check Automatically update all plots in JPEG files. This
option is available on editing mode only.
All plots will be generated in the current view.
6. Check Print Version so that the report graphics are easily printed.
7. Click OK. depending on the report format a report viewing tab will be added to solidworks. User will be
able to browse the report within the same solidworks window enviromnent.
Cover Page
Introduction
Description
Model View
Conclusion
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Setting the Cover Page
This section lets you include your company’s logo in addition to the title, author name, company, and date.
To set the cover page of the report:
1. Click the Cover Page section in the Setting For box. 2. Click Browse and select an image for your company's logo. Acceptable formats are: JPEG (*.jpg), GIF
(*.gif), and Bitmap (*. bmp). 3. Type the report title in the Title box. 4. Type the author's name of the report in the Author box. 5. Type the company's name in the Company box. 6. Enter the date of the report in the Date box. 7. Click OK.
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Setting Introduction
In the Introduction section, you set an introduction to the report. There is no default for the Introduction section.
To write or modify the introduction:
1. Click Introduction in the Setting for list box. 2. Type the text for the introduction.
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Setting Description
The Description section provides a description of your study.
To write a description of your study:
1. Click the Description section in the Setting for box. 2. Modify the text as desired using simple text editing rules (like Notepad).
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Setting Model View
This section lets you include All 3D model views wished to be added to the report as a .JPEG file.
To set the Model View of the report:
1. Click the Model View section in the Setting For box. 2. From Add View select one of the available Model Views , than Check Show Mesh box if you wish to
view the mesh inside the selected view than click the Add... button to add the view to your selected views
list. o Current View o Front View o Back View o Left View o Right View o Top View o Bottom View o Isometric View o Trimetric View o Dimetric View
3. Repeat the above step (2) to include more model views to your report.
To Remove an added view from the selected view list:
1. Select the view to be removed 2. Click the Delete button to remove the view from the list.
To change the sequence in witch the views will be shown in the report:
1. Select a view from the list 2. Click the Move Up or Move Down button to modify the order in witch the selected view will be placed
inside the report.
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Setting Conclusion
The Conclusion section lets you write a conclusion for the study.
To write or modify the conclusion:
1. Click the Conclusion section in the Setting for box for a preview of the current conclusion. If you have
not entered a conclusion before, the conclusion will be blank. 2. Write your conclusion or modify it using simple text editing rules (like Notepad). 3. Click OK.
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EMS Options
System Options - General
You control the display of error and warning icons in the EMS Analysis Manager tree, the visibility of toolbars, options for mesh and plot appearance, etc.
To set the General options:
1. In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the part or assembly icon at the top of the tree and select Options.
The System Options - General dialog box appears.
2. Select from the options described below.
Reset All returns the General options to the system defaults.
What's Wrong Messages
o Show errors. Displays the error icon next to the feature that has the error in the EMS AnalysisManager tree. Right-click on the item and select What's wrong? to display the error
message. o Show warnings. Displays the warning icon next to the item that issued the warning in the EMS
AnalysisManager tree. Right-click on the item and select What's wrong? to display the warning message.
Mesh colors
Sets colors for plotting the mesh.
o Boundary Color. Sets the color for plotting element edges.
o Element face color. Sets the color for plotting the bottom faces of shell elements. To change a
color, select boundary or shell bottom face color, click Edit, then choose a color, and click OK.
Result plots
Dynamic plot update. When checked, plots are dynamically updated as the parameters that control
the plots appearance are modified. Turn the flag off to improve performance of viewing results for large assemblies.
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System Options - Default Library
Sets the default folders for material and function curves.
Material library. Sets the folders to be searched by default for material library files (*.emsmtr).
Function curve library. Sets the folders to be searched by default for function curve library files
(*.emscur).
To set the Default Library folders:
1. In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the assembly icon at the top of the tree and select Options.
2. Click System Options, Default Library.
3. To specify default folders for existing material or function curves do the following: a. Click Add.
The Browse for Folder dialog box appears.
b. Navigate to the folder where library files exist and click OK. c. Click Move Up or Move Down to change the folder search order. d. Click Delete to delete a folder. To undo deleting a folder, click Cancel.
4. Click OK.
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Default Options (New Study) - Units
The Units in the default Options tab allows you to set the default unit system.
B-H Curve Data. Sets the default preferred units for the magnetic flux density and magnetic field pair when specifying the B-H curve. You may override these units in the dialogue boxes in the Function Curves
dialogue box..
Permanent Magnet Data. Sets the default preferred units for the coercivity and remanence when
specifying a permanent magnet. You may override these units in the dialogue boxes.
Magnetic Field and Flux Density Results. Sets the default preferred units for the magnetic flux density and magnetic field results. You may override these units in the view the results dialogue boxes..
To set Units options:
1. In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the part icon and select Options.
The Options dialog box appears.
2. Click Default Options, Units.
3. From the B-H Curve Data menu, select the desired unit for the magnetic flux density (B) and magnetic
field (H).
4. From the Permanent Magnet Data menu, select the desired unit for the coercivity (Hc) and remanence
(Br).
5. From the Magnetic Field and Flux Density Results menu, select the desired viewing units for the
magnetic the magnetic field (H) and magnetic flux density (B) results.
6. Click OK.
Setting the preferred any of the above units does not restrict you from entering data in other units, the dialog boxes for each one of them let you override the default preferred units.
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Symbol Settings-Default Options
Symbol quality
Specifies the quality of the load and restraint symbols.
o Wireframe. Displays 3D symbols wireframe. o Shaded. Displays 3D shaded symbols.
Wireframe quality Shaded quality
Preview all symbols by default. When checked all symbols such mesh control and loads are automatically shown. However, the symbols can later be hidden/shown for each document .
The symbol settings have effect on all the following quantities:
Load/Restraint
Resistance Set
Coils
Force/Torque
Mesh Control
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Default Options (New Study) - Load/Restraint
Sets the default size of symbols for analysis features and changes the default symbol colors.
Symbol size
Use the spin arrows or drag the slider to set the desired symbol size.
Symbol colors
Sets the default color of symbols for analysis features such as fixed voltage, normal flux, etc.
To set the default settings of symbols:
1. In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the part or the assembly icon and click Options.
The Options dialog box opens.
2. Click Default Options (New Study), Load/Restraint. 3. To change the Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the symbol, or
drag the slider to the right (increase) or to the left (decrease). 4. To change the default color of an analysis feature symbol, click its name in the Symbol colors list box,
then click Edit. Select the desired color from the color palette. Click OK to close the Color dialog box. 5. Click OK.
To change the default size and color of a symbol from the PropertyManager:
1. In the PropertyManager of an analysis feature, click Edit color under Symbol Settings.
The Color window opens.
2. Select the desired color, then click OK to close the color window. 3. To change the default Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the
symbol.
4. Click OK .
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Resistance Set - Default Options (New Study)
Sets the default size of symbols for a Resistance Set and changes the default symbol colors.
Symbol size
Use the spin arrows or drag the slider to set the desired symbol size for a Resistance Set.
Symbol colors
Sets the default color of symbols for a Resistance Set.
To set the default settings of symbols for a Resistance Set.
1. In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the part or the assembly icon and click Options.
The Options dialog box opens.
2. Click Default Options (New Study), Resistance Set. 3. To change the Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the symbol, or
drag the slider to the right (increase) or to the left (decrease). 4. To change the default color of an analysis feature symbol, click its name in the Symbol colors list box,
then click Edit. Select the desired color from the color palette. Click OK to close the Color dialog box. 5. Click OK.
To change the default size and color of a symbol from the PropertyManager:
1. In the PropertyManager of a Resistance Set. click Edit color under Symbol Settings.
The Color window opens.
2. Select the desired color, then click OK to close the color window. 3. To change the default Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the
symbol.
4. Click OK .
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Coils - Default Options (New Study)
Sets the default size of symbols for a Coil and changes the default symbol colors.
Symbol size
Use the spin arrows or drag the slider to set the desired symbol size for a Coil.
Symbol colors
Sets the default color of symbols for a Coil.
To set the default settings of symbols for a Coil.
1. In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the part or the assembly icon and click Options.
The Options dialog box opens.
2. Click Default Options (New Study), Coil. 3. To change the Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the symbol, or
drag the slider to the right (increase) or to the left (decrease). 4. To change the default color of an analysis feature symbol, click its name in the Symbol colors list box,
then click Edit. Select the desired color from the color palette. Click OK to close the Color dialog box. 5. Click OK.
To change the default size and color of a symbol from the PropertyManager:
1. In the PropertyManager of a Coil. click Edit color under Symbol Settings.
The Color window opens.
2. Select the desired color, then click OK to close the color window. 3. To change the default Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the
symbol.
4. Click OK .
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Force/Torque - Default Options (New Study)
Sets the default size of symbols for a Force/Torque set and changes the default symbol colors.
Symbol size
Use the spin arrows or drag the slider to set the desired symbol size for a Force/Torque set .
Symbol colors
Sets the default color of symbols for a Force/Torque set .
To set the default settings of symbols for a Force/Torque set.
1. In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the part or the assembly icon and click Options.
The Options dialog box opens.
2. Click Default Options (New Study), Force/Torque. 3. To change the Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the symbol, or
drag the slider to the right (increase) or to the left (decrease). 4. To change the default color of an analysis feature symbol, click its name in the Symbol colors list box,
then click Edit. Select the desired color from the color palette. Click OK to close the Color dialog box. 5. Click OK.
To change the default size and color of a symbol from the PropertyManager:
1. In the PropertyManager of a Force/Torque set. click Edit color under Symbol Settings.
The Color window opens.
2. Select the desired color, then click OK to close the color window. 3. To change the default Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the
symbol.
4. Click OK .
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Mesh Control - Default Options (New Study)
Sets the default size of symbols for a Mesh Control set and changes the default symbol colors.
Symbol size
Use the spin arrows or drag the slider to set the desired symbol size for a Mesh Control set .
Symbol colors
Sets the default color of symbols for a Mesh Control set .
To set the default settings of symbols for a Mesh Control set.
1. In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the part or the assembly icon and click Options.
The Options dialog box opens.
2. Click Default Options (New Study), Mesh Control. 3. To change the Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the symbol, or
drag the slider to the right (increase) or to the left (decrease). 4. To change the default color of an analysis feature symbol, click its name in the Symbol colors list box,
then click Edit. Select the desired color from the color palette. Click OK to close the Color dialog box. 5. Click OK.
To change the default size and color of a symbol from the PropertyManager:
1. In the PropertyManager of a Mesh Control set. click Edit color under Symbol Settings.
The Color window opens.
2. Select the desired color, then click OK to close the color window. 3. To change the default Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the
symbol.
4. Click OK .
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Mesh - Default Options (New Study)
You set your meshing options. The mesh that the software generates depends on the following factors:
Active meshing options for the study
Mesh control specifications
Element size and Tolerance (specified in the Mesh PropertyManager)
NOTES
The software continues to use the active meshing options set in the Mesh page of the Default Options (New Study) tab until you change them. Any changes to these meshing options apply to new studies only.
You can modify the meshing options from one study to another.
Meshing options are essential factors in determining the quality of the results. Results based on different option settings should converge to each other if a “small-enough” element size is used.
To access the mesh Options dialog box, right-click the Mesh icon in the EMS Analysis Manager tree, select Create Mesh, and expand Options.
Element Growth Rate
The Element Growth Rate is the maximum ratio between two neighboring elements. The default value is 1.4 which is adequate for most problems.
Accurate Curvature Representation
The Accurate Curvature Representation option, when checked, the mesher follows accurately curved surfaces. The default value is 12 which the maximum angle between the normal to the surface and the normal to the mesh faces.
Automatic Looping for solids
The Automatic Looping for solids option instructs the program to automatically retry to mesh the model using a different global element size. You control the maximum number of trials allowed and the factors by which the global element and tolerance are scaled for each loop.
No. of loops. Sets the maximum number of mesh trials.
Global element size factor for each loop. Factor by which the new global element size is
multiplied to calculate the new global element size.
Tolerance factor for each loop. Factor by which the new tolerance is multiplied to calculate the
new tolerance.
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Default Options (New Study) - Results
You set the location for storing analysis information and data.
Results folder
SolidWorks document folder. Sets the results folder in the same directory of the model folder.
Under sub folder. Sets a sub-directory of the model folder as the destination folder of
the analysis results.
User defined. Specify the location of the results folder of new studies. To change the default
location, click and select a different directory.
Report folder
Specify the location of the report of new studies. To change this default, click and select a different directory.
Results folder. If selected, the study report is saved in the same location with the results folder.
User defined. Specify the location of the report folder of new studies. To change the default location, click
and select a different directory.
To change the results location of an existing study...
1. In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the icon of the study for which you want to change the results location and select Properties.
The property manager page opens.
2. Under the Results folder, click on and select a new destination folder.
To change the report location of an existing study...
1. In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the report icon and select Define.
The Report dialog box appears.
2. Click next to the Report path box and select the desired destination folder for the report. 3. Click OK.
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Default Options (New Study) - Plot
Sets the options for result plots.
Annotation and range
Show minimum value annotation. If checked, the annotation for the minimum value of the plot is
displayed.
Show maximum value annotation. If checked, the annotation for the maximum value of the plot is
displayed.
Show range based on shown components only. If checked, the result range in the legend applies to the shown part only and not to the whole model.
Settings options
Fringe options. Sets the display for the fringe plot. o Point. Uses colored point contours. o Line. Uses colored line contours. o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading. o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading.
Boundary options
o None. Sets the display of the model boundary off. o Mesh. Superimposes the selected result plot on the surface mesh plot. o 3D Mesh. Superimposes the selected result plot on the 3D mesh plot.
Font
Set the font for Plot Title, Plot Subtitle, and the Color Chart.
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Default Options (New Study) - Color Chart
Sets the parameters that control the look of the plot legend.
Display color charts. Turns the display of the plot legend on/off.
Display plot details. If checked, displays the model name, study name, plot type, and the deformation
scale of a plot.
Position
Predefined positions. Sets the position of the chart to a predefined position.
User defined. Sets the relative location of the upper left corner of the color bar. o Horizontal from left. Specifies the horizontal distance from the left of the graphics area as a
percentage of the width of the window. o Vertical from top. Specifies the vertical distance from the top of the graphics area as a
percentage of the height of the window.
Width
Controls the thickness of the chart. Available options are: Wide, Normal, and Thin.
Number format
There are 3 options to control the format of the legend values:
Scientific(e). Examples: 1.234e+01 for 12.34 and -1.234e-02 for -0.01234.
Floating(f). Regular decimal format.
General(g). Program may mix scientific and floating formats based on actual results.
No. of decimal places. Maximum allowable number of decimal places is 16.
Color options
Default . Uses the default color map in the plot.
Rainbow . Uses the rainbow color map in the plot.
Gray Scale . Sets the gray scale gradient map. Use this option for black and
white printers.
No. of chart colors. Sets the number of the colors used in the chart (2 to 24).
Flip. Reverses the color mapping.
Any changes to the above settings take effect for new plots only. They do not affect existing plots.
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Default Options (New Study) - User information
You enter your company information and author name.
Company name. Enter your company name.
Company logo. Browse in the appropriate folder to select your company logo image file (*.bmp or *.jpg).
Author name. Enter the name of the author.
Include user information in the print. Select this option to include user information in the plots print.
Include it in the report. Select this option to include user information in the study report.
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Support and Service
How to Contact Us?
Any of the options below may be selected to contact ElectroMagneticWorks:
Mailing Address
World Wide Web
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Mailing Address
ElectroMagneticWorks
8300, St-Patrick Street, Suite 300
Montreal, Quebec, H8N 2H1
Phone: (514) 634 9797
Toll-Free: 1 800 397 1557
Fax: (514) 613 0013
E-mail:
Technical support: :[email protected]
Sales: [email protected]
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Index
0
01 for 12.34 and ..................................................... 279
02 for ...................................................................... 279
0oC .......................................................................... 72
1
1.234e .................................................................... 279
1e-03 ...................................................................... 127
1e-05 ...................................................................... 127
1e-12F ............................................................ 176, 178
2
2D ..................................................... 17, 214, 236, 257
2D Plots............................................................. 17, 216
3
3.526x107 S/m at a frequency = .............................. 48
32oF ......................................................................... 72
3D ..................................................... 17, 120, 216, 242
3D Mesh ................................................................. 278
3D Mesh Pre ............................................................ 15
3D Plot Listing ........................................................ 243
3D Plots ................................................................. 216
3D Plots Animation .................................................... 17
3D Plots Export .......................................................... 17
5
500oC ...................................................................... 72
8
8.854x10 .................................................................. 27
A
A 2D ......................................................... 17, 214, 216
A 3D ......................................................................... 89
A Accurate Curvature Representation .................... 211
A Band ..................................................................... 81
A brushless .............................................................. 81
A brushless DC ........................................................ 81
A Cartesian ............................................................ 148
A changing ............................................................. 199
A checkmark .......................................................... 144
A clipping ............................................................... 103
A Coil ..................................................................... 273
A Coil and .............................................................. 273
A Conductor ............................................................. 25
A Contact Resistance ............................................. 158
A counter to ............................................................ 261
A df ................................................................. 185, 188
A display ................................................................ 242
A Electric Conduction ............................................. 194
A enter a ................................................................ 152
A face ....................................................................... 78
A fan ......................................................................... 78
A floating .......................................................... 25, 157
EMS User Guide
278
A Force .................................................................. 274
A Forcer ................................................................... 81
A function of ........................... 38, 40, 56, 58, 147, 171
A Gold Certified ........................................................... 7
A group of .............................................................. 113
A Hysteresis ................................................... 136, 140
A Line Segment...................................................... 236
A link .......................................................................... 3
A list ......................................................................... 19
A Load .............................................................. 93, 110
A load or ................................................................. 155
A Magnetic ....................................................... 97, 169
A Magnetostatic ............................................... 43, 175
A Material ............................................................... 147
A measure ...................................................... 193, 197
A measure of .................................................... 48, 136
A Mesh Control ...................................................... 275
A Motion Analysis ..................................................... 80
A Motor .................................................................... 81
A name ................................................................... 112
A NxN ............................................................. 197, 199
A Paraview ................................................................ 17
A part ..................................................................... 111
A plot ...................................................... 143, 252, 254
A Prandtl Number ..................................................... 79
A receiving ............................................... 91, 119, 181
A Resistance Set .................................................... 272
A Resistance Set and ............................................. 272
A set of ................................................................... 128
A set of partial differential ......................................... 20
A Solid .................................................... 175, 176, 178
A Study .................................................................. 131
A surrounding ........................................................... 79
A Text File .............................................. 243, 256, 257
A Transient Magnetic ....................................... 62, 178
A Transient Magnetic Study ................................... 178
A value ................................................... 164, 165, 166
A Wound ........................................ 170, 175, 176, 178
A/m ......................................................... 136, 140, 143
About Coils ............................................................. 169
About Forces and Torques ..................................... 185
About Function Curves ........................................... 151
About Maxwell's Equations ...................................... 20
About Permanent Magnets .................................... 140
About Resistance ................................................... 193
About SolidWorks Motion ......................................... 80
About Units ............................................................ 107
AC ........................................................ 12, 17, 46, 114
AC and Transient Magnetic .................................... 188
AC and Transient Magnetic Studies ....................... 170
AC Magnetic.. 48, 91, 93, 96, 110, 111, 119, 126, 135, 136, 138, 167, 171, 181, 192, 233, 242
AC Magnetic Analysis .............................................. 53
Performing ............................................................ 53
Index
279
AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic ...................... 81
AC Magnetic Options ............................................. 126
Accurate Curvature Representation ............... 205, 276
AC-Magnetic Analysis ................................................ 12
Activate SW............................................................ 130
Add Parameter button ............................................ 214
Address .................................................................. 282
Mailing ................................................................ 282
Advanced 3D Spline Probing ....................................... 17
After assigning ....................................................... 102
After assigning a .................................................... 144
After building ............................................................ 90
After finishing the ................................................... 206
After generating a ................................................... 238
After making ........................................................... 203
After meshing ................... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 133, 206
After meshing has .................................................. 210
After meshing the ................................................... 206
After rebuilding the ................................................. 203
After running a.................................... 68, 87, 213, 216
After running a Magnetostatic ................................ 103
After running the..................................... 103, 185, 244
After using the tool to ............................................. 235
After Werner ........................................................... 136
Again, Transient Magnetic ............................... 91, 119
Agnetic Field .......................................................... 223
Agnetic Flux Density .............................................. 222
Air Modeling ........................................................... 100
All 3D ..................................................................... 265
All Bodies ....................................................... 144, 147
All EMS .................................................................... 67
All EMS toolbar ...................................................... 114
All Heat Flux ........................................................... 232
All Magnetic ........................................................... 174
All returns the General ........................................... 267
All rotating ................................................................ 81
All studies ............................................................... 214
All Temperature Gradient ....................................... 231
AlNiCo .................................................................... 140
Also assigns a Remanence ............................ 143, 147
Also change the ..................................................... 131
Also computed for ...................................................... 12
Also continue to...................................................... 140
Also determine the ........................................... 91, 119
Also gives a .............................................................. 19
Also mean a ........................................................... 169
Also request to ................................. 28, 36, 44, 53, 63
Also view the .......................................................... 213
Aluminum Oxide ....................................................... 72
Aluminum-Nickel-Cobalt ......................................... 140
American ................................................ 175, 176, 178
An AC Magnetic ............................................... 52, 176
An AC Magnetic Study ........................................... 176
An Add ..................................................................... 89
EMS User Guide
280
An Aluminum ............................................................ 48
An browse .............................................................. 147
An electromagnetic .................................................. 67
An Element Growth Rate ....................................... 211
An equi ............................................................. 25, 157
An Excel ......................................................... 235, 236
An Excel file ........................................................... 258
An existing 27, 144, 146, 150, 151, 152, 153, 178, 202
An Existing Library ................................................. 146
An insulting ............................................................ 170
An intervening .......................................................... 66
An Microsoft Excel Sheet ....................... 243, 256, 257
An orthotropic ......................................................... 149
An RLC ..................................................................... 12
Analysis Background ................................................ 19
Analysis Results ..................................................... 213
Viewing ............................................................... 213
analysis steps........................................................... 95
Analysis Type ......................................... 181, 192, 233
analysis types................................................. 138, 167
AND ........................................................................... 5
And AC ................................................................... 114
And AC Magnetics ................................................... 67
And accounts for ...................................................... 80
And affects the ....................................................... 199
And analyze the ....................................................... 80
And analyze the 3D .................................................. 15
And Bitmap ............................................................ 262
And Br .................................................................... 140
And changes the .................................... 271, 274, 275
And choose an ............................................... 148, 149
And choose the ...................... 147, 148, 149, 235, 236
And choose the toolbar .......................................... 114
And color ................................ 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
And computes the ...................................... 25, 81, 157
And conducting ............................................ 42, 51, 61
And Core ................................................................... 12
And create the .......................................................... 95
And define a ..................... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 148, 149
And define the ........................................................ 185
And display the....................................................... 244
And drag the .................................................. 235, 236
And drop ................................................................ 112
And Drop Rules ...................................................... 113
And drop to ............................................................ 113
And electromechanical ..................................... 91, 119
And examine the .................................................... 100
And Exit .................................................................. 181
And Exit Ports ................................................ 171, 181
And Exit Ports are .................................................. 171
And export the ........................................................ 243
And expressing the ............................................ 22, 30
And floating ............................................................ 279
And generate a......................................................... 99
Index
281
And high ................................................................... 21
And If ...................................................................... 178
And increases the .................................................... 78
And increment the .................................................. 127
And investigate the ................................................... 94
And iso ................................................................... 103
And Legend ............................................................ 253
And Magnetostatic ......................................... 102, 128
And MEMS ....................................................... 91, 119
And meshing ................................................................ 7
And meshing the .................................................... 102
And neighboring ..................................................... 143
And number of........................................................ 242
And Plane1 ............................................................ 104
And Plane3 ............................................................ 104
And run the .............................. 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 102
And select a ................... 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 277
And select an ......................................................... 262
And select the ........................................................ 277
And selecting 3D .................................................... 216
And selecting Create .............................................. 202
And selecting Define .............................................. 103
And shaping ........................................................... 140
And Show ............................................................... 252
And solves ............................................................... 91
And specify the .......................................................... 12
And subfolders ................................................. 93, 110
And Thin ......................................................... 244, 279
And Tolerance ................................................ 204, 276
And touches the ....................................................... 81
And Transient Magnetic ................... 96, 135, 136, 161
And view the........................................................... 258
And viewing during ................................................. 106
And warning ........................................................... 267
And Z ....................................................................... 68
Animate .................................................................. 242
Animate 3D Plots ................................................... 242
Annotating .............................................................. 252
Extreme Values .................................................. 252
Aopen ....................................................................... 17
Applicable Boundary Conditions .................. 41, 50, 60
Applicable Restraints ............................................... 33
Applied Current Density ............ 12, 45, 54, 64, 224, 233
Applied Current Density Plot .................................. 224
Apply ...................................................................... 121
Apply Control.................................................. 207, 208
Apply Material ................................................ 144, 147
Apply Mesh Control ................................ 114, 207, 208
Are allowed for AC Magnetic .................................... 46
Are applied to ......................................................... 155
Are assigned the ............................................ 155, 156
Are computed a ........................................................ 64
Are computed for Core Loss ........................................ 17
Are defined for Magnetic ................................ 170, 174
EMS User Guide
282
Are lossless which .............................................. 22, 38
Are modeling .......................................... 175, 176, 178
Are referred .............................................................. 98
Are required for ........................................................ 98
Are used ................................................................. 259
Are used to ............................................................... 98
As floating .............................................................. 157
As Flux is Normal for ................................................ 95
As function of ......................................................... 173
As guiding .............................................................. 257
As iron or .................................................................. 99
As JPEG ................................................................ 247
As links ....................................................................... 2
As load or ............................................................... 111
As NdFeB ............................................................... 140
As representing ...................................................... 136
As specifying a ........................................................... 12
As Voltage .............................................................. 194
Asbestos-cement ..................................................... 72
Assemblies ............................................................. 106
Assembly toolbar ...................................................... 81
Assigning ............................................................... 144
Materials ............................................................. 144
Assing .................................................................... 199
At DC ............................................................... 91, 119
At least one .................................................. 44, 53, 63
Auto-apply Air........................................................... 15
Automatic Looping ................................................. 204
Automatic Looping for ............................................ 276
Automatically .......................................................... 261
Available ................................................ 223, 228, 229
Available Plots........................................................ 233
Avi .......................................................................... 242
AWG ................................................................ 12, 181
B
B 147
B, Br ....................................................................... 140
Back View .............................................................. 265
Background on Meshing ........................................ 201
Basic Concepts of Analysis ...................................... 91
Basic Motion....................................................... 80, 81
Be added ................................................................ 265
Be added to solidworks .......................................... 261
Be applied to ............................................................ 15
Be assigned ..................................... 40, 43, 49, 58, 62
Be assigned a ............................................ 24, 96, 135
Be assigned an ........................................................ 32
Be chosen .............................................................. 233
Be computed for ....................................................... 48
Be computed to ...................................................... 199
Be copied ............................................................... 150
Be defined .................................................... 43, 52, 62
Be discretized to ..................................................... 236
Be exported ................................................................ 17
Index
283
Be generated automatically .................................... 259
Be Magnetassembly ............................................... 105
Be orthotropic for Electric Conduction .................... 149
Be selected to ........................................................ 281
Be specified ............................... 40, 43, 49, 52, 58, 62
Be used to .................................................................. 12
Because electromagnetic ....................................... 100
Because meshing is ................................................. 15
Been enhanced ........................................................... 12
Been improved for ...................................................... 12
Benefits of Analysis .................................................. 90
Between Html and MS Word .................................. 261
Between MKS and CGS ......................................... 107
Between Motor and Force ........................................ 81
Between studies ..................................................... 250
B-H Curve Data ...................................................... 269
BHmax ................................................................... 140
Bitmap Files ................................................... 247, 257
Bmp ........................................................ 247, 257, 262
Bmp or ................................................................... 280
Boolean ....................................................................... 5
Bottom View ........................................................... 265
Boundary Color ...................................................... 267
Br ................. 45, 54, 64, 136, 140, 143, 147, 222, 269
Br and BHmax ........................................................ 140
Browse and ............................................................ 261
Browse to ............................................................... 178
Brushless DC ........................................................... 81
Btu ...................................................................... 70, 72
Btu/s ......................................................................... 70
Bulk Temperature ................................................... 167
Button to ................................................................. 265
Bx ......................................................... 45, 54, 64, 222
By adding .................................................................... 5
By Ampere's ........................................................... 199
By calling ................................................................ 169
By checking Run .............................. 28, 36, 44, 53, 63
By checking the Run .............................................. 133
By clicking .............................................. 131, 216, 260
By clicking EMS ............................. 155, 169, 185, 193
By clicking the Motion Study .................................... 81
By combining the .................................................... 201
By controlling the ...................................................... 99
By creating a Forces .............................................. 185
By creating a Resistance ....................................... 193
By default ............................................... 104, 192, 253
By default for .......................................................... 268
By default the ......................................................... 190
By defining a .......................................... 26, 42, 51, 61
By EMS ...................................................... 91, 98, 119
By EMS as ............................................................. 147
By generating a 2D ................................................ 214
By generating Internet ............................................ 259
By increasing the .................................................... 136
EMS User Guide
284
By inserting ............................................................ 259
By introducing an ............................................... 22, 30
By joining the.......................................................... 105
By measuring the ..................................................... 79
By performing ........................................................... 90
By performing the ..................................................... 95
By placing the......................................................... 199
By pushing the New ............................................... 151
By reducing the ........................................................ 90
By reversing the ....................................................... 99
By rotating the ................................................ 185, 188
By saving ................................................................. 89
By selecting the ...................................................... 236
By setting the ................................................. 239, 241
By simulating the ...................................................... 90
By suppressing....................................................... 106
By using a .............................................................. 101
Bz ......................................................... 45, 54, 64, 222
C
C/m ................................................................ 159, 167
CAD ......................................................................... 91
Can add a .............................................................. 251
Can choose to ........................................................ 133
Can create a........................................................... 121
Can create the.......................................................... 81
Can customize the ................................................. 254
Can define an ......................................................... 136
Can edit the ............................................................ 260
Can exclude a ........................................................ 106
Can generate a ...................................................... 103
Can modify the ............................................... 259, 276
Can run the ............................................................ 102
Can select the .......................................................... 81
Can solve the ......................................................... 206
Can specify a ......................................................... 201
Can sustain a ........................................................... 30
Can think of .............................................................. 98
Can view a ............................................................. 103
Can view the ...................................................... 68, 87
Cancel ............................................................ 145, 268
Capacitance Matrix ................................................ 197
Computing .......................................................... 197
Carbon Steel ............................................................ 72
Cartesian ................................................................ 148
Cast ........................................................................ 140
Celsius ................................................................... 167
Charge Density .............................................. 159, 167
Chart Options ................................................. 244, 252
Check ..................................................................... 106
Check All / Uncheck All .......................................... 214
Check Draw a......................................................... 254
Check Enable ......................................................... 204
Check Print Version ............................................... 261
Check Reverse....................................................... 165
Index
285
Check Show ........................................................... 261
Checkbox ................................................................. 67
Choose Material Browser ............... 145, 146, 148, 149
Circuit breakers ........................................................ 21
Circuit Parameters ................................................. 199
Computing .......................................................... 199
Click Add .................................................. 94, 145, 268
Click Browse .......................................................... 262
Click Browse and ........................................... 147, 254
Click Close ............................................................. 256
Click Default Options ...... 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
Click Delete to ................................................ 145, 268
Click EMS .............................................. 253, 254, 256
Click Export to ........................................................ 257
Click Help ................................................................... 5
Click Introduction .................................................... 263
Click Move Up or Move Down ........................ 145, 268
Click New Motion Study ........................................... 81
Click OK 112, 121, 132, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 175, 176, 178, 180, 190, 191, 194, 195, 204, 206, 207, 208, 236, 239, 241, 243, 244, 246, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257, 261, 262, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277
Click OK to ............................. 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
Click on Create/Edit Material .. 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
Click Open to.......................................... 151, 152, 153
Click Options .......................................................... 204
Click Plot ........................................................ 235, 256
Click Results .......................................................... 261
Click Save .............................................. 152, 247, 257
Click Save to .......................................................... 256
Click System Options ..................................... 145, 268
Click Tools ............................................................. 106
Click Update ........................................................... 257
Click View .............................................................. 152
Click Yes ................................................................ 249
Clipping .................................................................. 241
Value Range ....................................................... 241
Coil ................. 169, 171, 174, 175, 176, 178, 180, 273
Coil DC Resistance ..................................................... 12
Coil Entities ............................................................ 181
Coil Excitation ........................................................... 12
Coil Excitation and Coupling to External Circuits .......... 12
Coil Excitation and Normal Flux Boundary Condition .... 12
Coil Excitation Functions ............................................ 12
Coil General Properties .......................... 175, 176, 178
Coil Modeling ............................................................ 12
Coil Properties........................................................ 171
Coil to Magnetostatic study .................................... 175
Coil Type ................................................................ 181
Coils or Electromagnets ........................................... 99
Color Chart ............................................................. 279
Color Options ......................................................... 244
Comes .................................................... 107, 144, 185
Common Input........................................................ 181
Compare Studies Results ...................................... 214
EMS User Guide
286
Compute Capacitance.......................................... 12, 123
Compute Circuit Parameters ........................................ 12
Compute Flux ......................................................... 228
Compute Voltage ................................................... 229
Computed based ......................................................... 12
Computing ...................................................... 197, 199
Capacitance Matrix ............................................. 197
Circuit Parameters .............................................. 199
Concept of Design Studies ..................................... 118
Conclusion ............................................................. 266
Setting ................................................................ 266
Conduction ............................................................... 70
Conductor .............................................. 114, 157, 167
Floating ............................................... 114, 157, 167
Conductor Number ................................................. 167
Consequently ........................................................... 30
Contact Resistance ................................ 114, 158, 167
Convection ....................................................... 78, 164
Convection Coefficient ........................................... 167
Convection Heat Coefficient ..................................... 79
Coordinate System to ................................... 44, 53, 63
Coordinate Systems ............. 28, 36, 98, 104, 148, 149
Copy ............................................... 112, 235, 236, 250
Core Loss .................................................... 12, 54, 227
Corian ...................................................................... 72
Cork, regranulated ................................................... 72
Cotree ....................................................................... 12
Cotton Wool ............................................................. 72
Cover Page ............................................................ 262
CPU ....................................................................... 199
Create ............................................................ 204, 206
Create Curve .................................................. 152, 178
Create Curve to ...................................................... 147
Create Mesh........................................................... 276
Current ........................................................... 171, 194
Current Density .......................... 54, 64, 221, 225, 233
Current Density Plot ....................................... 221, 225
Current Driven ........................................................ 181
Current Driven Coil ................................. 175, 176, 178
Current Magnitude ................................................. 181
Current View .......................................................... 265
Current-Time .......................................................... 151
Current-Time Curve ............................................... 173
Curve ............................................................. 147, 178
Curve and .............................................. 147, 152, 178
Curve Data ............................................................. 269
Curve Library.................................................. 151, 153
Curve Library or ..................................................... 152
Curve of ................................................................. 143
Curve that .............................................................. 143
Customizing ........................................................... 253
Plot Legend ........................................................ 253
Cylindrical .............................................................. 148
Index
287
D
DC .................................................... 12, 21, 38, 81, 89
DC Current Source ................................................. 178
DC Magnetic Field .................................................... 38
DC Voltage ............................................................. 178
Default .................................................... 145, 244, 268
Default Library ........................................................ 268
Default Options ..... 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280
Define ...... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 103, 138, 194, 259, 260, 261, 277
Orthotropic Properties ........................................ 138
Define Function Curves .................................. 152, 153
Define Study Name ................................................ 112
Delete ............................................. 121, 132, 152, 249
Demagnetization Curve .......................................... 143
Depending on the ..................................................... 91
Described by a ......................................................... 91
Description ............................................................. 264
Setting ................................................................ 264
Design Studies ................................................. 94, 117
Details ............................................................ 121, 202
Diameter specification................................................. 12
Dimetric View ......................................................... 265
Direction of Coercivity ............................................ 148
Direction of Coercivity to .................................... 44, 63
Directions ................................................................. 98
Specifying ............................................................. 98
Display ................................................................... 244
Display Options ...................................................... 244
Displays 3D ............................................................ 270
DOFs ........................................................................ 91
Dr ..................................................................... 29, 220
Drag and Drop Functionality .................................. 113
Dt ........................................................................... 199
DT/dx ....................................................................... 70
DT/dy ....................................................................... 79
During meshing ...................................................... 210
During printing ........................................................ 254
Dy ..................................................................... 29, 220
Dz ..................................................................... 29, 220
E
Each coil the........................................................... 171
Each conducting................................................. 49, 58
Each floating ...................................................... 12, 197
Each increment ...................................................... 125
Each load or ........................................................... 155
Each omegaT ......................................................... 242
Each study a .......................................................... 105
Eddy ................................................................. 12, 170
Eddy Current Density ............................................. 225
Eddy Currents ........................................................ 170
Eddy Loss ........................................................ 54, 227
Edit ................................. 267, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
Edit Definition ................. 162, 180, 191, 195, 238, 251
EMS User Guide
288
Edit Material ..................................... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63
Editing a Curve Library ........................................... 152
Electric ................................................................... 124
Electric Charge....................................................... 114
Electric Conduction . 30, 36, 67, 91, 93, 102, 110, 111, 119, 124, 128, 138, 167, 192, 233
Electric Conduction Analyses ...................................... 12
Electric Conduction Analysis .................................... 36
Performing ............................................................ 36
Electric Conduction Assumption............................... 30
Electric Conduction Options ................................... 124
Electric Conductivity ............................. 40, 49, 58, 136
Electric Current Density ........................................... 37
Electric Displacement ............................... 29, 220, 233
Electric Displacement Plot ..................................... 220
Electric Field........................... 29, 37, 45, 54, 219, 233
Electric Field Plot ................................................... 219
Electric Potential .................................................... 233
Electric Potential Plot ............................................. 218
Electromagnetic20, 66, 67, 81, 87, 100, 107, 185, 188, 199
ElectroMagneticWorks ................................... 281, 282
Electromechanical ............................................ 91, 119
Electrostatic ............................................... 28, 81, 123
Electrostatic Analysis ............................................... 28
Performing ............................................................ 28
Electrostatic Assumption .......................................... 22
Electrostatic Options .............................................. 123
Element Growth Rate ..................................... 205, 276
Element Types ....................................................... 120
Embedded HTML and Word Doc Viewer ..................... 17
EMS . 7, 12, 15, 67, 80, 81, 89, 91, 93, 94, 97, 99, 101,
102, 103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 113, 114, 119, 128, 133, 143, 144, 147, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 175, 176, 178, 185, 188, 190, 192, 193, 194, 199, 201, 206, 210, 211, 216, 225, 226, 233, 247, 250, 254, 260
EMS 2012 .............................................................. 2, 7
EMS also ................................................................ 185
EMS Feature .............................................................. 9
EMS file .................................................................. 105
EMS Fundamentals .................................................. 89
EMS has ........................................................ 216, 234
EMS Help Topics ......................................................... 5
EMS Interface Components ................................... 109
EMS is ........................................................ 12, 89, 108
EMS Manager ........................................................ 132
EMS Manager Tree .......................................... 93, 110
EMS Manager Tree Conventions ........................... 111
EMS Matrix Solvers ................................................ 128
EMS Motion ............................................................. 81
EMS Reference ............................................................ 1
EMS that enable user to view EMS ............................ 9
EMS Toolbars ........................................................ 114
EMS uses ............................................................... 256
EMS uses Vector Finite Element which ................. 120
EMS2012 .................................................................... 1
Emscur ........................................................... 147, 268
Index
289
Emsmtr ........................................................... 145, 268
EMViewer License ..................................................... 9
End Time ................................................................ 127
Energy Prod ........................................................... 140
English ........................................................... 108, 167
Entry Port ....................................... 175, 176, 178, 194
Er ................................................... 29, 37, 45, 54, 219
Excess ....................................................................... 12
Excess Loss ................................................. 17, 54, 227
Exit Port ......................................... 175, 176, 178, 194
Exponential Current Source ................................... 178
Exponential Voltage ............................................... 178
Extra Required Input .............................................. 181
Extreme Values ...................................................... 252
Annotating .......................................................... 252
Ey ................................................... 29, 37, 45, 54, 219
Ez ................................................... 29, 37, 45, 54, 219
F
F/m ................................................................... 27, 136
Fahrenheit .............................................................. 167
Failed Components ................................................ 210
Failed Faces........................................................... 210
Failure Diagnostics ................................................. 210
FEA .......................................................... 91, 101, 201
FEM ........................................................... 89, 91, 201
FEM is ...................................................................... 91
Finite Element Analysis ............................ 91, 101, 201
Fixed Voltage ......................................... 114, 156, 167
Flip ......................................................................... 244
Floating .................................................. 114, 157, 167
Conductor ........................................... 114, 157, 167
Floating Conductor ................................................. 157
FLr .................................................................... 68, 232
FLx ................................................................... 68, 232
FLy ................................................................... 68, 232
FLz ................................................................... 68, 232
FM ............................................................................ 12
Foam Glass .............................................................. 72
For AC ............................................................ 185, 188
For AC and Transient Magnetic ............. 102, 128, 170
For AC Magnetic .................... 185, 188, 223, 228, 229
For analyzing............................................ 91, 101, 201
For carrying ............................................................ 140
For choosing a ....................................................... 190
For conducting ......................................................... 22
For creating .............................................................. 80
For Direct ............................................... 123, 124, 125
For Electric ............................................................. 149
For Electric Conduction .......................... 124, 185, 193
For Electrical ............................................................ 97
For electromagnetic and electromechanical ............. 89
For Electrostatic ............................................. 102, 128
For existing ............................................................ 268
For finding ...................................................... 185, 188
EMS User Guide
290
For Force ................................................................. 81
For Iso 1 ................................................................. 241
For Iso Clipping 1 ................................................... 241
For Magnetic ............................................ 97, 149, 171
For Magnetostatic .......................................... 170, 188
For orthotropic .......................................................... 98
For Plot Title ........................................................... 278
For plotting ............................................................. 267
For plotting the ....................................................... 267
For Section 1 .......................................................... 239
For Spline Options and Section 1 ........................... 257
For storing .............................................................. 277
For Transient Magnetic .................................... 91, 119
For viewing ............................................................. 259
For Windows ............................................................. 17
Force Computation Methods .................................. 188
Force Density ......................... 29, 45, 54, 64, 226, 233
Force Density Plot .................................................. 226
Force Distribution ........................................... 185, 226
Force Type ............................................................. 226
Force/Torque.......................................................... 274
Force-based ............................................................. 81
Forced Convection ................................................... 78
Forces .................................................... 185, 190, 191
Forces and Torques ............................... 26, 42, 51, 61
Forms ............................................... 78, 171, 174, 188
Fourier's ................................................................... 70
Fr 29, 45, 54, 64, 226
Free Space Permeability ........................................ 136
Free Space Permittivity .......................................... 136
Fringe Options218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232
From Add View....................................................... 265
From Analysis ............................................................ 12
From entering ......................................................... 269
From SolidWorks Premium ...................................... 80
From Strontium or Barium Ferrite ........................... 140
From zero ............................................................... 199
Front View .............................................................. 265
Ft hr .......................................................................... 70
Ft hr oF .................................................................... 72
Full license ................................................................. 9
Fx ................................................... 29, 45, 54, 64, 226
Fy ................................................... 29, 45, 54, 64, 226
Fz ................................................... 29, 45, 54, 64, 226
G
General .................................................................. 267
Generating ............................................................. 103
Reports ............................................................... 103
Geometrical Entity .................................................. 167
Gif .......................................................... 247, 257, 262
Glass, Pearls ............................................................ 72
Global ..................................................................... 204
Global Size ............................................................. 206
Index
291
Graphing ........................................................ 234, 236
Results ....................................................... 234, 236
Gray Scale ..................................................... 244, 279
H
H Curve .................................................................. 147
H Curve of a Material ............................................. 143
H/m ........................................................................ 136
H8N 2H1 ................................................................ 282
Hairfelt ...................................................................... 72
Have assigned ................................................... 44, 63
Have assigned an ............................ 28, 36, 44, 53, 63
Have assigned the ................................................. 133
Have decayed to .................................................... 100
Have defined a ....................................................... 113
Have specified the .................................................. 133
Having 7, 12, 15, 19, 22, 24, 28, 30, 36, 40, 41, 44, 46,
48, 50, 53, 54, 60, 63, 67, 70, 98, 100, 104, 107, 112, 113, 133, 138, 140, 143, 145, 147, 171, 181, 199, 214, 216, 224, 233, 241, 242, 266, 270
Hc ........................................... 136, 140, 143, 147, 269
Hc and .................................................................... 140
He Model ................................................................ 216
Heat Flux .................................. 68, 114, 165, 167, 232
Heat Fluxin the ......................................................... 68
Help ............................................................................ 5
High and Very High .................................................... 12
High Precision or Very High Precision ................... 123
Hmax ...................................................................... 143
How to Contact Us ................................................. 281
Hr ................................................... 45, 54, 64, 70, 223
Hr moC ..................................................................... 72
Html ................................................................ 114, 260
Hx ......................................................... 45, 54, 64, 223
Hy ......................................................... 45, 54, 64, 223
Hysteresis .................................................................. 12
Hysteresis and Excess ......................................... 12, 126
Hysteresis Loss .................................................... 17, 54
Hysterisis Loss ....................................................... 227
Hz ................................................... 45, 48, 54, 64, 223
I
Ibrary .............................................................. 145, 268
Ij 197, 199
Image Files ............................................................ 247
Import and .............................................................. 152
Imported Current .................................................... 178
Imported Voltage .................................................... 178
Improved Meshing .................................................... 15
In 3D ...................................................................... 216
In AC ........................................................................ 12
In Amp .................................................... 175, 176, 181
In Amperes ............................................. 136, 140, 143
In Analysis ................................................................. 12
In balance .............................................................. 199
In BMP or JPEG ..................................................... 254
In calculating ............................................................ 80
EMS User Guide
292
In case ............................................. 81, 175, 176, 178
In case of ......................................................... 68, 185
In case of Imported Current ................................... 178
In case of Magnetostatic and AC Magnetic ............ 219
In case of Motion .............................. 37, 45, 54, 64, 68
In case of Solid Coil ............................................... 175
In case of Solid Coil and ........................................ 176
In case of Solid or Wound .............................. 176, 178
In case of Wound ................................................... 178
In case of Wound Coil .................................... 175, 176
In CGS ................................................................... 107
In coils for transient magnetic ................................ 151
In computing the............................................... 91, 119
In conducting ................................................ 22, 54, 64
In CosmosEMS .............................................. 185, 188
In Coulombs ........................................... 136, 159, 160
In creating ................................................................ 15
In defining it ............................................................ 121
In determining the ............................ 91, 119, 205, 276
In diagnosing .......................................................... 106
In Electric Conduction ............................................ 136
In electromagnetic .............................................. 21, 46
In electromagnetism ............................................... 136
In EMS12, 19, 24, 66, 96, 99, 104, 135, 138, 140, 171, 174, 188, 197, 199
In EMS 2012 ............................................................ 15
In EMS all ................................................................. 66
In EMS the ....................................................... 81, 193
In Exit Port ............................................................. 175
In Gauss and .............................................. 40, 58, 147
In Gauss for Gaussian ........................................... 140
In Gauss in Gaussian ..................................... 136, 143
In generating an ..................................................... 211
In Hz ................................................................. 48, 126
In identifying ..................................................... 91, 119
In JPEG .................................................................. 261
In Magnetostatic and Transient Magnetic .............. 136
In Maxwell's .............................................................. 20
In Meshing ............................................................... 15
In mind the ............................................................... 22
In MKS ............................... 40, 58, 136, 140, 143, 147
In Motor .................................................................... 81
In Newtons ............................................................. 192
In Oersted .................................................. 40, 58, 147
In Oersted in Gaussian .......................... 136, 140, 143
In Ohms ................................................. 158, 176, 178
In order to .......................................... 12, 100, 138, 216
In pF ............................................................... 176, 178
In Result Viewing ....................................................... 17
In searching ............................................................. 89
In SolidWorks ............................................. 81, 90, 107
In SolidWorks Motion ............................................... 80
In SolidWorks or CosmosWorks....................... 96, 135
In SolidWorks Premium ............................................ 80
Index
293
In Tesla for MKS .................................................... 140
In Tesla in MKS .............................................. 136, 143
In the second.......................................................... 147
In transferring ......................................................... 136
In transmitting................................................... 91, 119
In uncovering the .................................................... 216
In User Interface ......................................................... 9
In viewing the ......................................................... 213
Include AWG ............................................................. 12
Included . 1, 2, 5, 12, 15, 17, 21, 22, 26, 30, 38, 42, 46,
51, 56, 61, 80, 81, 89, 90, 100, 103, 113, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 136, 144, 151, 185, 188, 192, 237, 254, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 265, 280
Includes probing ....................................................... 15
Includes the .............................................................. 21
Including User Information ..................................... 254
Index ........................................................................... 5
Input ............................................................... 133, 181
Insert .............................................................. 148, 149
Insert->Reference Geometry .................................. 236
Inserting a Materials Library ................................... 145
Inside Out ....................................................... 239, 241
Insulation .................................................................. 72
Interference Detection ............................................ 211
Interference Detection to ........................................ 106
Internally, EMS ....................................................... 197
Internet ................................................................... 103
Into account to........................................ 26, 42, 51, 61
Into SolidWorks ........................................................ 81
Introduction ............................................................ 263
Setting ................................................................ 263
IPS ......................................................................... 167
Is added ................................................................. 145
Is applied by the ..................................................... 185
Is assigned ............................................................. 111
Is called an ............................................................. 136
Is called the .............................................................. 79
Is Cartesian ............................................................ 148
Is completed ........................................................... 111
Is computed ............................................. 25, 157, 185
Is coupled ................................................................. 67
Is coupled to Electrostatics ...................................... 67
Is Direction 1 of Plane 1 ......................................... 104
Is Direction 2 of Plane 1 ......................................... 104
Is displaced a ................................................. 185, 188
Is EMS ..................................................................... 89
Is emscur ............................................... 152, 153, 178
Is function ................................................... 40, 58, 147
Is left to .................................................................... 78
Is linked to .............................................................. 199
Is Magnet ............................................................... 105
Is MKS ................................... 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
Is multiplied to ........................................................ 276
Is needed for Electrostatic ................................ 96, 135
Is Normal ................................................................ 114
EMS User Guide
294
Is obtained ....................................... 29, 37, 45, 54, 64
Is orthotropic .......................................................... 138
Is provided for ........................................................ 103
Is provided to.......................................................... 210
Is requested ..................................................... 25, 157
Is required for Magnetostatic ............................ 96, 135
Is said ..................................................................... 199
Is Skin Depth ............................................................ 48
Is Study1 ................................................................ 105
Is StudyName......................................................... 261
Is surrounding the .................................................. 100
Is taken .................................................................... 79
Is Tangential........................................................... 114
Is tied ....................................................................... 79
Is used to ................................................. 78, 185, 188
Is varying ................................................................ 170
Iso .................................................................... 15, 103
Iso 2 ....................................................................... 241
Iso Clipping ............................................................ 241
Iso Clipping Value Range ....................................... 241
Iso Value ................................................................ 241
Iso3 ........................................................................ 241
Isometric View ........................................................ 265
Isotropic Materials .................................................. 138
It allows for ............................................................. 236
It becomes a........................................................... 114
It converges or ....................................................... 127
It corresponds ........................................................ 133
It describes the ....................................................... 143
It encloses the .......................................................... 81
It exhibits a ............................................................. 140
It gives an ................................................................. 48
It provides an............................................................ 89
It relates the ........................................................... 136
It tends to ................................................................. 81
Items in the Loads/Restraint Folder ....................... 113
Its MKS .................................................................. 136
J
Ja ........................................................................... 224
Jax ....................................................... 45, 54, 64, 224
Jaz ....................................................... 45, 54, 64, 224
Je ........................................................................... 225
Jer .............................................................. 54, 64, 225
Jex ............................................................. 54, 64, 225
Jey ............................................................. 54, 64, 225
Jez ............................................................. 54, 64, 225
Joule ........................................................................ 66
JPEG ...................................................................... 262
JPEG Files ............................................. 247, 257, 265
Jpg ................................................. 247, 257, 262, 280
Jr 37, 221
Jx ..................................................................... 37, 221
Jy ..................................................................... 37, 221
Jz ..................................................................... 37, 221
Index
295
K
Kcal .................................................................... 70, 72
Kelvin ..................................................................... 136
L
Languages ............................................................. 108
Layers .................................................................... 241
Lead Pb .................................................................... 72
Left View ................................................................ 265
LI 199
Linear Isotropic..................................... 40, 49, 58, 138
Linear Materials...................................................... 138
Linear Orthotropic .................... 40, 43, 49, 58, 62, 138
Linearity Assumption .................................... 22, 30, 46
List of thermal conductivity values of different materials ............................................................... 72
Listing ............................................................. 235, 236
Listing menu item ................................................... 243
Load/Restraint ................................................ 167, 271
Load/Restraint Folder ............................................. 113
Loads .... 113, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166
Modifying ............................................................ 162
Loads and Restraints ............................................. 155
Loads/Restraint ...................................................... 113
Loads/Restraints .............................. 27, 35, 43, 52, 62
Local Coordinate Systems ..................................... 104
Lorentz ........................................................... 114, 226
Lorentz Force ......................................................... 192
Loss Input .................................................................. 12
Losses Density ................................................. 54, 233
Losses Density Plot ................................................ 227
Lossless Assumption ......................................... 22, 38
M
M0 ............................................................................ 48
Made up ......................................................... 171, 192
Magnetic ................................................................... 12
Magnetic Field ...................................... 45, 54, 64, 223
Magnetic Field and Flux Density Results ............... 269
Magnetic Field Intensity ......................................... 233
Magnetic Field Plot ................................................. 223
Magnetic Flux Density .......................... 45, 54, 64, 233
Magnetic Flux Density Plot ..................................... 222
Magnetostatic ........................................... 67, 125, 127
Magnetostatic Analysis ......................................... 12, 44
Performing ............................................................ 44
Magnetostatic Options ........................................... 125
Magnetostatic Study ............................................... 170
Magnetostatic, AC and Transient Magnetic ........... 171
Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic .................................. 161
Mailing .................................................................... 282
Address .............................................................. 282
Match .......................................................................... 5
material .................................................................. 144
Assigning ............................................................ 144
Material Library ........................................................ 15
EMS User Guide
296
Material Models ...................................................... 138
Material Properties ............. 24, 32, 40, 49, 58, 96, 135
Material Properties Used in EMS ........................... 136
Materials ................................................................ 146
Max ........................................................................ 244
Maxwell's ................................................ 20, 38, 46, 56
May couple to SolidWorks Motion Magnetostatic ..... 81
May determine the ........................................... 91, 119
May extend ............................................................ 143
May lead .................................................... 48, 91, 119
May need to ..................................................... 67, 238
May select the ........................................................ 242
May view the .......................................................... 239
May want to .................................................... 243, 255
mesh .............................................................. 202, 276
Parameters ......................................................... 202
Mesh Control .......................................................... 275
Mesh Control Examples ......................................... 209
Mesh Control Parameters .............................. 207, 208
Mesh icon ............................................................... 202
Mesh Parameters ................................................... 206
Mesher in EMS....................................................... 201
Mesher to ............................................................... 205
Mesher's ................................................................... 15
Meshing ......................................... 203, 205, 206, 211
Options ............................................................... 205
Tips ..................................................................... 211
MGOe .................................................................... 140
Min ......................................................................... 244
MK ...................................................................... 70, 72
MoC ......................................................................... 72
Model Origin ........................................................... 239
Model View ............................................................ 265
Setting ................................................................ 265
Modifying ................................................................ 162
Loads .................................................................. 162
Monel ....................................................................... 72
Montreal ................................................................. 282
More 3D .................................................................... 17
More 3D and .............................................................. 17
More Iso Clipping ................................................... 241
More parts ................................................................ 80
More studies........................................................... 214
Most electromechanical ................................... 91, 119
Motion Analysis ..... 12, 80, 81, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127
Performing ............................................................ 81
Motion Analysis uses computationally ...................... 80
Motion Type ............................................................. 81
Multilayers .............................................................. 241
Multiple Studies ...................................................... 129
Multiply Connected Conductor Regions ........................ 12
Must use AC Magnetic ............................................. 48
N
N*Current/PerTurn ................................................. 170
Index
297
N/A ......................................................................... 167
N3430 .................................................................... 140
N3625 .................................................................... 140
N4221 .................................................................... 140
N4816 .................................................................... 140
N5214 .................................................................... 140
N5513 .................................................................... 140
NdFeB .................................................................... 140
NEAR ......................................................................... 5
Neodymium-Iron-Boron .......................................... 140
Net Current ............................................................ 171
Nevertheless, remeshing the ................................. 155
new ........................................................................ 152
New 2D ..................................................................... 17
New Computed Parameters .......................................... 12
New in Meshing & Pre .............................................. 15
New Material Library .............................................. 145
New Motion Study .................................................... 81
New Results ............................................................... 17
New Study ..... 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280
Newton ...................................................................... 12
NF .......................................................................... 197
NFBC ..................................................................... 161
NO .................................................................. 138, 192
No default ............................................................... 263
No magnetizing ...................................................... 143
Non Linear Isotropic ............................................... 147
None, Mesh or 3D Mesh ................................ 239, 241
Nonlinear Isotropic ..................................... 40, 58, 138
Nonlinear Materials .......................................... 49, 138
Nonlinear orthotropic .................................. 40, 58, 138
Non-linear Transient Solver ......................................... 12
Normal ................................................................ 12, 97
Normal Flux .................................................... 161, 167
Normal Flux Boundary Condition ................................ 12
Normal Precision .................................................... 123
NOT ............................................................................ 5
Not allowed .............................................................. 49
Not allowed for AC Magnetic .................................... 46
Not continue to ....................................................... 140
Not converge .......................................................... 127
Not entered a ......................................................... 266
Not need to ........................................................ 24, 32
Not remesh ............................................................ 106
Not requested................................................... 25, 157
Not show the .......................................................... 216
NOTE 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 95, 121, 151, 152, 155, 169, 185, 193, 202, 206, 239, 241
Notepad ......................................................... 264, 266
NOTES ................................................... 112, 113, 276
Nter ........................................................................ 248
O
OC ............................................................................ 70
EMS User Guide
298
Oercivity ......................................................... 143, 147
Of 2D ........................................................................ 17
Of 3D ...................................................................... 216
Of AC Magnetic ................................................ 91, 119
Of adding a ............................................................ 174
Of all ferromagnetic ................................................ 143
Of band .................................................................... 81
Of Colors ................................................................ 244
Of computing ............................................................ 15
Of cooling ................................................................. 78
Of cooling states that the ......................................... 79
Of coupling an EMS ................................................. 81
Of creating a........................................................... 260
Of dividing the .......................................................... 91
Of ej ....................................................................... 185
Of electromagnetic ..................................... 20, 21, 185
Of EMS .................................................. 109, 117, 169
Of EMS Curve ........................................ 152, 153, 178
Of EMS Manager ................................................... 214
Of finding the .................................................. 185, 188
Of fixing the ............................................................ 148
Of generating an .................................................... 199
Of improving the ....................................................... 94
Of iso ...................................................................... 241
Of loading ................................................................. 27
Of Loads and Restraints ........................................ 167
Of magnetisation .................................................... 136
Of Maxwell's ............................................................. 22
Of Motion Study ....................................................... 80
Of performing ........................................................... 67
Of plot .................................................................... 216
Of probing .............................................................. 255
Of producing 2D ..................................................... 234
Of producing this .................................................... 216
Of specifying .......................................................... 148
Of specifying the .................................................... 149
Of splitting the .......................................................... 48
Of Study 1 you ....................................................... 214
Of Study Results......................................................... 17
Of subdividing the .................................................. 101
Of toolbars ............................................................. 267
Of vacuum .............................................................. 136
Of values ................................................................ 151
Of viewing .............................................................. 267
Ohmic Loss .................................................. 17, 54, 227
Ohmic, Eddy .............................................................. 12
Ohms/Square ......................................................... 167
Ois the ...................................................................... 27
OK . 131, 145, 147, 152, 206, 238, 261, 267, 268, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
Omega ................... 219, 222, 223, 224, 225, 228, 229
Ompute Circuit Parameters .................................... 199
On Create .............................. 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
On define the.......................................... 28, 36, 44, 53
Index
299
On editing ............................................... 235, 236, 261
On File ................................................... 147, 235, 236
On OK .................................................................... 261
On Plane1 ........................................................ 98, 104
On Report .............................................................. 213
On SaveAs button to .............................................. 243
On Temperature ..................................................... 233
Only conducting ....................................................... 30
Only Normal ............................................................. 97
Only orthotropic ...................................................... 149
Options .. 105, 145, 205, 206, 253, 254, 261, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276
Meshing .............................................................. 205
Options dialog ........................................................ 276
OR .............................................................................. 5
Or Btu ................................................................. 78, 79
Or create a ............................................................. 151
Or Current Flow ................................................ 91, 119
Or drag the ............................. 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
Or driving the............................................................ 81
Or Electric Conductivity .......................................... 149
Or Electric Field ................................................ 91, 119
Or enter a ............................................................... 178
Or entering it .............................................................. 12
Or Gaussian ............................................... 40, 58, 147
Or Gray Scale ........................................................ 244
Or Image Files........................................................ 257
Or moving it ............................................................ 114
Or PropertyManager to .................................................. 5
Or push the New .................................................... 153
Or saved to ................................................................ 17
Or Search ..................................................................... 5
Or Spherical ........................................................... 148
Or Tangential ........................................................... 97
Or Time Harmonic ............................................ 91, 119
Or windings to .......................................................... 81
Orthotropic ............................. 40, 49, 58, 98, 104, 138
Orthotropic Material ........................................ 138, 149
Orthotropic Properties ............................................ 138
Defining .............................................................. 138
Orthotropic under Relative Permeability ................. 149
Other conducting .............................................. 91, 119
Other electromagnetic .............................................. 30
Other EMS ........................................................... 2, 12
Other hand ............................................................. 170
Other words ................................................... 106, 185
Others . 21, 25, 30, 49, 54, 91, 98, 103, 113, 136, 140, 144, 147, 151, 155, 157, 169, 170, 190, 199, 201, 226, 236, 259, 269, 276
Output of AC Magnetic Analysis............................... 54
Output of Electric Conduction Analysis .................... 37
Output of Electrostatic Analysis ............................... 29
Output of Magnetostatic Analysis ............................. 45
Output of Motion Analysis ........................................ 87
Output of Thermal Analysis ...................................... 68
EMS User Guide
300
Output of Transient Magnetic Analysis ..................... 64
Overview ..................................................................... 7
P
Paraffin Wax............................................................. 72
Parameter ...................................................... 202, 214
Meshing .............................................................. 202
Paste .............................................................. 112, 250
Patrick Street.......................................................... 282
P-B Curve .............................................................. 151
Performing ........................... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 67, 81
AC Magnetic Analysis ........................................... 53
Electric Conduction Analysis ................................ 36
Electrostatic Analysis ............................................ 28
Magnetostatic Analysis ......................................... 44
Motion Analysis .................................................... 81
Thermal Analysis .................................................. 67
Transient Magnetic Analysis ................................. 63
Permanent Magnet Data ........................................ 269
Permanent Magnetization ...................................... 148
Permanent Magnets ....................... 40, 46, 49, 58, 148
Permanent Polarization .......................................... 136
Permeabilities......................................................... 136
Permeabilities include ............................................ 136
PerTurn .................................................................. 171
PF .......................................................................... 197
Plane1 .............................................................. 98, 104
Plane2 .................................................................... 104
Play to file .............................................................. 242
Plot ................................................................. 216, 248
Renaming ........................................................... 248
Results ............................................................... 216
Plot Legend ............................................................ 253
Customizing ........................................................ 253
Plot Motion Time Step ............................................ 220
Plot Motion Time Step Sets the .............. 218, 219, 221
Plot PropertyManager ............ 220, 222, 223, 224, 226
Plot Step Sets the . 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232
Plot Subtitle .................................................... 253, 278
Plot Title ......................................................... 251, 253
Plot Type219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 231, 232
PM .......................................... 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
Point ............................................................... 190, 236
Point Probing.......................................................... 256
Poisson's .................................................................. 22
Polyethylene HD ...................................................... 72
Position/Format ...................................................... 244
Post Processor ....................................................... 256
Pr ............................................................................. 79
Prandtl Number ........................................................ 79
Print Version........................................................... 260
Printing ................................................................... 246
Result Plots ........................................................ 246
Probe ............................................. 235, 255, 256, 258
Index
301
Results ............................................................... 255
Probed Result Plots ............................................... 235
Processing ....................................................... 15, 237
Result Plots ........................................................ 237
Properties . 67, 121, 131, 163, 164, 165, 166, 190, 277
PropertyManager .. 121, 147, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 180, 185, 191, 195, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 225, 227, 228, 229, 242, 244, 251, 276
PTFE ........................................................................ 72
Pulse Current Source ............................................. 178
Pulse Voltage ......................................................... 178
PVC .......................................................................... 72
Pyrex ........................................................................ 72
Q
Qconvection ....................................................... 78, 79
Quebec .................................................................. 282
R
R,f .......................................................................... 138
Rainbow ................................................................. 244
Raphson ............................................................ 12, 125
Reference Geometry ...................................... 148, 149
Reference Plane .................................................... 239
Reference Plane is ................................................. 239
Reference Point is .................................................. 239
Relative Permeability ............................................. 136
Relative Permittivity ........................................ 136, 149
Remember that Force/Torque is ............................ 190
Remeshing ............................................................. 202
Renaming ............................................................... 248
Plot ..................................................................... 248
Report .................................................... 103, 260, 261
Generating .......................................................... 103
Report Background Color ....................................... 260
Report File Format ................................................. 260
Report File Name ................................................... 260
Required Input........................................................ 167
Required Input for AC Magnetic Analysis ................. 52
Required Input for Electric Conduction Analysis ...... 35
Required Input for Electrostatic Analysis .................. 27
Required Input for Magnetostatic Analysis ............... 43
Required Input for Transient Magnetic Analysis ....... 62
Reset to .................................................................. 206
Residual Induction .......................................... 136, 140
Residual Induction is .............................................. 136
Resistance ..................................................... 193, 194
Resistance Calculation ............................................. 34
Resistance Set ............................................... 195, 272
Responsibility to ....................................................... 81
Restraint .... 67, 93, 110, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167
Restraints and Loads ............................................... 97
Result Databases ................................................... 105
Result Plot Between Studies .................................. 250
Result Plots .................... 103, 237, 238, 246, 247, 249
Printing ............................................................... 246
EMS User Guide
302
Processing .......................................................... 237
Saving ........................................................ 103, 247
Resultant Applied Current Density ....... 45, 54, 64, 224
Resultant Current Density .................. 54, 64, 221, 225
Resultant Electric Current Density ........................... 37
Resultant Electric Displacement....................... 29, 220
Resultant Electric Field .................. 29, 37, 45, 54, 219
Resultant Force ...................................................... 226
Resultant Force Density ......................... 29, 45, 54, 64
Resultant Heat Flux ................................................ 232
Resultant Magnetic Field .............................. 45, 54, 64
Resultant Magnetic Flux Density .................. 45, 54, 64
Resultant Temperature ............................................ 68
Resultant Temperature Gradient ............................ 231
Results .. 103, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 216, 234, 236, 255
Graphing ..................................................... 234, 236
Plotting ............................................................... 216
Probing ............................................................... 255
Viewing ............................................................... 103
Results Folder ........................................................ 113
Results Table ........... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 114, 197, 199
Right View .............................................................. 265
Right-click the Load/Restraint .......... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63
Right-click Vt Curve and ......................................... 152
Right-mouse menus provide ............................ 93, 110
RMS ............................................................... 176, 181
Rock Wool ................................................................ 72
Run ........................................................ 102, 203, 206
Studies ............................................................... 102
Run or .................................................................... 102
S
S1809 ..................................................................... 140
S2712 ..................................................................... 140
S2818 ..................................................................... 140
S3214 ..................................................................... 140
Samarium Cobalt ................................................... 140
Same as Entry Port ................................ 171, 175, 181
Same as Entry Port in Exit Port ...................... 176, 178
Save all .................................................................. 247
Save As .......................................... 103, 235, 236, 247
Saving .................................................... 103, 247, 254
Result Plots ................................................ 103, 247
Search ......................................................................... 5
Section ................................................................... 239
Section 2 ................................................................ 239
Section Clipping ..................................................... 239
Section Plane Center ............................................. 239
Section Value Range ............................................. 239
Select Component Type 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 231, 232
Select Loss Type .................................................... 227
Select Results Table .............................................. 213
Select Units ... 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232
Index
303
Self-inductance ...................................................... 199
Set Temperature .................................................... 163
Set Units ........................................ 163, 164, 165, 166
Setting ............................................ 263, 264, 265, 266
Conclusion .......................................................... 266
Description.......................................................... 264
Introduction ......................................................... 263
Model View ......................................................... 265
Several orders of .................................................... 197
SFFM ........................................................................ 12
SFFM Current Source ............................................ 178
SFFM Voltage ........................................................ 178
Show Mesh ............................................................ 203
Show min ............................................................... 244
Show Report .......................................................... 260
Show/Hide ...................................................... 239, 241
Show/Hide All ......................................................... 239
Show/Hide Mesh .................................................... 114
SI 167
Siemens ................................................................. 136
Sil-o-cel .................................................................... 72
Simplifications or ...................................................... 89
Since EMS ............................................................... 81
Sinusoidal Current Source ..................................... 178
Sinusoidal Voltage ................................................. 178
Skin Depth Calculation ............................................. 48
SmCo ..................................................................... 140
Solid Coil ........................................................ 114, 181
Solid Folder ............................................................ 113
Solids ............................................... 96, 135, 138, 150
SolidWorks ..... 12, 80, 81, 90, 112, 206, 229, 236, 257, 260, 277
SolidWorks 2012 ........................................................ 2
SolidWorks by ........................................................ 260
SolidWorks Configuration ....................................... 130
SolidWorks Help and SolidWorks Tutorials .............. 80
SolidWorks Motion ................................................... 81
SolidWorks Motion to ............................................... 81
SolidWorks toolbar ................................................. 216
Solidworks window enviromnent ............................ 261
Some hints for .............................................................. 5
Some meshing ....................................................... 206
Specifying ................................................................ 98
Directions.............................................................. 98
Spline Options ........................................................ 257
Spline Probing ........................................................ 257
Split Core Loss ............................................. 12, 54, 126
St 282
Stainless Steel ................................................... 70, 72
Start Time .............................................................. 127
Steady State Thermal .............. 67, 124, 125, 126, 127
Study ..... 17, 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 94, 102, 121, 132, 133
Running .............................................................. 102
Study Name ........................................................... 112
EMS User Guide
304
Study Reports ........................................................ 259
Study Types ........................................................... 119
Study, or click EMS ................................................ 121
Study1 .................................................................... 105
StudyName ............................................................ 261
Styrofoam ................................................................. 72
Subfolder .......................................................... 93, 110
Subfolders ........................................................ 93, 110
Such case .............................................. 125, 143, 171
Such class of ............................................................ 24
Such curve ......................................................... 40, 58
Suite 300 ................................................................ 282
Summary of Coils ................................................... 181
Summary of Forces ................................................ 192
Summary of Plots ................................................... 233
Symbol ................................... 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
Symbol Settings ..................................................... 270
System Options .............................................. 267, 268
T
Tc ........................................................................... 140
Temperature................................................... 163, 230
Temperature Gradient ...................................... 68, 231
Temperature Gradient and Heat Flux ..................... 233
Tetra 4 ...................................................................... 94
Tf 78, 79
Tf is .......................................................................... 79
TG ............................................................................ 68
TGr ................................................................... 68, 231
TGx ........................................................................ 231
TGy .................................................................. 68, 231
TGz .................................................................. 68, 231
Than Check Show Mesh ........................................ 265
Than NdFeB ........................................................... 140
That caused the ..................................................... 210
That constitute the .......................................... 190, 192
That define a .................................................. 229, 236
That defines the ................. 28, 30, 36, 44, 53, 63, 149
That describe the ..................................................... 20
That electromagnetic ................................................ 21
That encloses the ..................................................... 81
That fills the .............................................................. 81
That Force .............................................................. 190
That gives the............................. 40, 58, 147, 171, 216
That govern the ........................................................ 20
That issued the....................................................... 267
That lead ................................................................ 100
That need ......................................................... 91, 216
That produces a ..................................................... 169
That relates the ...................................................... 136
That's what makes ................................................. 140
The 2D ........................................................... 236, 257
The 2D Plot .................................................... 235, 236
The 3D ............................................................. 15, 278
The AC...................................................................... 12
Index
305
The AC Magnetic ......................... 46, 48, 49, 126, 138
The AC Magnetic Analysis ....................................... 46
The Accurate Curvature Representation ................ 276
The Add ................................................................. 265
The Animate ........................................................... 242
The Applied Current Density .................................. 224
The Applied Current Density Plot PropertyManager ........................................................................... 224
The Author ............................................................. 262
The Author Name ................................................... 254
The Automatic ........................................................ 211
The Automatic Looping for ..................................... 276
The AWG .......................................... 12, 175, 176, 178
The B ..................................................................... 143
The Band ................................................................. 81
The Band is .............................................................. 81
The better the ......................................................... 101
The Br ............................................................ 136, 140
The Browse for Folder .................................... 145, 268
The Bulk Ambient Temperature ............................. 164
The case ................................................................ 100
The case of Magnetostatic ........................................... 12
The cause of .......................................................... 211
The Charge Density ............................................... 159
The Chart Options .................................................. 244
The Chart Options PropertyManager ..................... 244
The Chart Options PropertyManager to ................. 244
The Circuit Parameters .......................................... 199
The clipping ............................................................ 239
The Coercivity ........................................................ 148
The Coils .................................. 99, 169, 175, 176, 178
The Coils PropertyManager ................... 175, 176, 178
The Color ............................... 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
The Color Chart...................................................... 278
The Company................................................. 254, 262
The Compare Studies dialog Popup ...................... 214
The Compare Studies Results ............................... 214
The Compare Studies Results dialog by ................ 214
The Components and Bodies for Forces ................ 190
The Components and Bodies for Mesh Control .... 207, 208
The Components and Bodies for Resistance ......... 194
The Components or Bodies ................... 163, 164, 166
The Components or Bodies for Charge Density ..... 159
The Components or Bodies for Coils ..... 175, 176, 178
The Components or Bodies for Floating Conductor ........................................................................... 157
The Components or Bodies for Total Charge ......... 160
The Components or Bodies for Voltage ................. 156
The Compute ................................................. 228, 229
The Compute button ...................................... 228, 229
The Compute Flux PropertyManager ..................... 228
The Compute Voltage PropertyManager ................ 229
The Conclusion ...................................................... 266
The conducting........................................... 48, 99, 169
EMS User Guide
306
The Contact Resistance ......................................... 158
The Contact Resistance PropertyManager ............ 158
The contents .......................................................... 260
The Convection ...................................................... 164
The Convection PropertyManager to ..................... 164
The Coordinate System ................................. 148, 149
The Copy ............................................................... 250
The corresponding .... 67, 96, 131, 135, 144, 145, 146, 149, 162, 180, 191, 195, 216, 252, 258
The corresponding icon .......................................... 144
The corresponding PropertyManager ..... 155, 169, 193
The Cover Page ..................................................... 262
The Current ............................................ 175, 176, 178
The Current Density ............................................... 225
The Current Density Plot PropertyManager ... 221, 225
The Curve Data ...................................................... 152
The Curve Library .......................... 147, 152, 153, 178
The Curve Name .................................................... 152
The Curve Preview ................................................. 178
The Date ................................................................ 262
The Default Options ............................................... 276
The Define Study Name ......................................... 112
The Delete button to ............................................... 265
The Delete key or ................................................... 152
The demagnetization .............................................. 143
The Description ...................................................... 264
The design ............................................................. 140
The Direct .............................................. 123, 124, 125
The Direction .......................................................... 148
The Direction Type ................................................. 148
The display .... 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 231, 232, 244
The display of ................................................. 242, 267
The DOFs ................................................................ 91
The driving ............................................................... 99
The Eddy ........................................................ 126, 170
The effect ......................................................... 87, 197
The effects of ..................................... 46, 80, 199, 203
The Electric Conduction ..... 30, 81, 100, 124, 188, 194
The Electric Displacement ..................................... 220
The Electric Displacement Plot PropertyManager .. 220
The Electric Field Plot PropertyManager ................ 219
The Electric Potential Plot PropertyManager ......... 218
The electromagnetic ..................................... 66, 67, 81
The electromagnetic and electromechanical ............ 19
The electromagnetic devices such as ...................... 21
The Electrostatic ............................................ 123, 136
The Electrostatic and Electric Conduction .............. 138
The Element Growth Rate ...................... 207, 208, 276
The Element Size ........................................... 207, 208
The EMS ..................................................... 1, 2, 81, 89
The EMS Analysis Manager .. 145, 267, 268, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277
The EMS AnalysisManager .................................... 267
The EMS Loads toolbar ......................... 175, 176, 178
Index
307
The EMS Manager .. 26, 27, 28, 36, 42, 44, 51, 53, 61, 63, 93, 94, 97, 99, 102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 112, 113, 121, 129, 130, 131, 132, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 162, 169, 180, 185, 191, 193, 195, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 213, 216, 235, 236, 238, 243,鰸 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250,
251, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 269
The EMS Manager is ....................................... 93, 110
The EMS Manager tree .......................................... 185
The EMS Online User's Guide ............................... 2, 5
The EMS toolbar ... 102, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 190, 194, 256
The ends ................................................................ 199
The Entry Port ........................................................ 171
The Entry Port and ......................................... 171, 181
The existing ............................................................... 12
The existing SolidWorks ......................................... 112
The Exit Port .................................................. 171, 181
The Faces ........................................ 78, 163, 165, 228
The Faces for Contact Resistance ......................... 158
The Faces for Entry Port ................ 175, 176, 178, 194
The Faces for Exit Port .................. 175, 176, 178, 194
The Faces for Floating Conductor .......................... 157
The Faces for Mesh Control ........................... 207, 208
The Faces for Normal Flux ..................................... 161
The Faces for Voltage ............................................ 156
The Failure Diagnostics ......................................... 210
The Failure Diagnostics tool to ............................... 211
The FeatureManager ........... 81, 93, 98, 104, 110, 244
The Finite Element Method .............................. 91, 201
The Fixed Voltage .................................................. 156
The floating ................................................. 12, 25, 157
The Floating Conductor .......................................... 157
The flow ................................................................... 78
The flow of ............................................................... 79
The Flux ................................................................. 228
The following .. 3, 17, 19, 26, 27, 29, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43,
45, 49, 51, 53, 54, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 70, 72, 78, 79, 81, 89, 90, 91, 94, 101, 102, 108, 111, 117, 118, 119, 121, 123, 128, 131, 150, 151, 155, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 171, 178, 181, 185, 190, 192, 193, 202, 204, 209, 213, 214, 216, 241, 242, 247, 254, 255, 256, 257, 268, 270, 276
The following button ............................................... 239
The following toolbar .............................................. 114
The Font ................................................................. 253
The Force Density .................................................. 226
The Force Density Plot PropertyManager .............. 226
The Forces ............................. 28, 44, 53, 63, 185, 190
The Function Curves .............................. 152, 153, 178
The Function Curves dialog ................................... 151
The Global Coordinate System .............................. 104
The Global Size and Tolerance .............................. 206
The Heat Flux................................................. 165, 232
The Heat Flux Plot PropertyManager ..................... 232
The Heat Flux PropertyManager ............................ 165
The html ................................................................. 259
The hysteresis ........................................................ 143
The influence.......................................................... 143
The Introduction ..................................................... 263
The Iso 2 ................................................................ 241
EMS User Guide
308
The Iso Clipping PropertyManager ......................... 241
The Iterative ........................................... 123, 124, 125
The lack of ..................................................... 102, 128
The layer .................................................................. 78
The left ................................................... 111, 244, 279
The Legend ............................................................ 253
The level of .............................................. 91, 119, 171
The listing ............................................... 235, 236, 243
The listing PropertyManager .................................. 243
The Load ... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 67, 113, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166
The Local Coordinate System ........................ 148, 149
The look ......................................................... 244, 279
The Lorentz ............................................................ 233
The Lorentz Force Method ............................. 185, 188
The Lorentz Force or JxB Method .................. 185, 188
The Loss ................................................................ 227
The Losses Density ................................................ 227
The Losses Density Plot PropertyManager ............ 227
The Magnetic ................................................. 169, 199
The Magnetic Field ................................................. 223
The Magnetic Field and Flux Density Results ........ 269
The Magnetic Field Plot PropertyManager ............. 223
The Magnetic Flux Density ............................. 113, 222
The Magnetic Flux Density Plot PropertyManager . 222
The Magnetization .................................................. 148
The magnetizing..................................................... 143
The Magnetostatic .................................... 48, 125, 136
The Magnetostatic Analysis ..................................... 38
The Magnetostatic and Transient Magnetic ........... 138
The Manager .......................................... 185, 193, 216
The Material ..................... 96, 135, 145, 146, 148, 149
The Material Database ... 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
The Material PM ............................................. 144, 147
The Maxwell Stress Method ........................... 185, 188
The Mesh Control ........................................... 207, 208
The Mesh Control PropertyManager .............. 207, 208
The Mesh icon........................................................ 276
The Mesh icon and . 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210
The Mesh PropertyManager .................................. 202
The mesher .................................... 120, 205, 210, 276
The mesher to ........................................................ 204
The meshing ............................ 15, 204, 206, 210, 276
The MKS ................................................ 107, 193, 197
The model ...................................... 22, 30, 46, 81, 216
The model for............................................................. 17
The Model View ..................................................... 265
The Modified Newton ............................................. 125
The Motion Analysis ................................................. 87
The Motion Study tab and click Create New Motion Study .................................................................... 81
The MotionManager ................................................. 81
The Motor ................................................................. 81
The Move Up or Move Down ................................. 265
Index
309
The moving ...................................................... 81, 185
The names ..................................................... 121, 216
The nanofarad ........................................................ 197
The need ................................................................ 216
The Net Current ..................................................... 175
The Net RMS Current ............................................ 176
The Newton's ........................................................... 78
The Normal Flux ..................................................... 161
The Normal to Plane 1 ........................................... 104
The number of100, 101, 125, 170, 171, 175, 176, 178, 199
The operating ......................................................... 143
The option of.............................................................. 12
The option to .......................................................... 107
The Options .. 253, 254, 261, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
The Options button ................................................. 202
The Options dialog ......................................... 204, 206
The order of ........................................................... 244
The Origin .............................................................. 104
The orthotropic ............................................... 138, 149
The part .................................. 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
The part or ............................... 98, 104, 105, 112, 267
The Permanent Magnet Data ................................. 269
The plane of ........................................................... 161
The Plot .................................................. 252, 253, 254
The plot or ...................................................... 235, 236
The Plot Results ..................................................... 216
The Plot you ........................................................... 246
The Point ................................................................ 152
The Point for Torque Center .................................. 190
The point of ............................................................ 256
The Point Probing .................................................. 256
The Preview ................................................... 153, 260
The Probe Section ................................................. 256
The Probe tool........................................................ 256
The Probe tool to .................................................... 256
The Probing ........................................... 235, 256, 258
The PropertyManager ... 107, 133, 238, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
The range of ................................................... 239, 241
The rank ................................................................. 261
The rate .................................................................. 199
The rate of .................................................. 70, 78, 136
The Relative Permeability ...................................... 147
The Remanence..................................................... 148
The Report 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 103, 259, 260, 261, 277
The Report dialog ................................................... 260
The Report file........................................................ 261
The report of........................................................... 277
The Report Wizard ................................................. 260
The Residual .................................................. 136, 140
The Resistance .............................................. 193, 194
The Resistance PropertyManager .......................... 194
The Resistance Settings .......................................... 36
EMS User Guide
310
The Results ............................................ 105, 170, 277
The Results Folder ................................................. 113
The RMS Current ................................................... 176
The rule of ................................................................ 48
The same circuit ..................................................... 199
The Save As................................................... 247, 258
The Search ................................................................... 5
The Section PropertyManager ............................... 239
The Set File ............................................................ 259
The Setting for........................ 262, 263, 264, 265, 266
The Settings for ...................................................... 260
The Show min ........................................................ 252
The Skin Depth ........................................................ 48
The Skin in Depth ..................................................... 48
The Solids ................................ 96, 135, 144, 147, 150
The Solids Folder ................................................... 113
The SolidWorks ........................................ 81, 105, 112
The SolidWorks Motion ............................................ 80
The SolidWorks window ................................. 244, 246
The SolidWorks window is ..................................... 246
The SolidWorks window to ..................................... 246
The Spline Probing ................................................. 257
The Spline Probing is ............................................. 257
The Spline Probing PropertyManager .................... 257
The Split Core Loss ................................................ 227
The starting ............................................ 127, 235, 236
The Studies list....................................................... 214
The study ....................................................... 121, 277
The Study 1 ............................................................ 214
The Study icon and ................................................ 203
The Study Name .................................................... 112
The Study Report and .................................... 197, 199
The subfolders ................................................. 93, 110
The surface .................................. 22, 48, 79, 185, 188
The Symbol ............................ 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
The System Options ............................................... 267
The Table of Contents or ............................................... 7
The table or ............................................................ 147
The Temperature ........................................... 166, 230
The Temperature Gradient ..................................... 231
The Temperature Gradient Plot PropertyManager . 231
The Temperature Plot PropertyManager ................ 230
The Temperature PropertyManager ....................... 163
The Thermal Conductivity ...................................... 136
The Title ................................................................. 262
The TOC ..................................................................... 5
The Torque Center ................................................. 190
The Total Charge ................................................... 160
The Total Charge PropertyManager ....................... 160
The Transient Analysis in ............................................ 12
The Transient Magnetic ............................. 56, 67, 127
The Transient Magnetostatic .................................... 56
The Treat ............................................................... 106
The Turns ............................................... 175, 176, 178
Index
311
The Type of Study .................................................... 81
The undeformed ..................................................... 256
The underlying ......................................................... 19
The Units ................................................................ 269
The value ............... 148, 158, 159, 160, 175, 176, 258
The value of ................................................... 143, 170
The view the ........................................................... 269
The view to ............................................................. 265
The Virtual Work Method ............................... 185, 188
The Voltage ............................................................ 156
The Volume Heat ................................................... 166
The Volume Heat PropertyManager ....................... 166
Then choose a ....................................................... 267
Then define a ......................................................... 138
Then Magnetostatic is .............................................. 48
Then remeshing the ............................................... 106
Then select a.......................................................... 190
Then select the...... 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 175, 176, 178, 190, 194, 207, 208, 228
Thermal .................................... 67, 163, 164, 165, 166
Thermal Analysis ................................................. 12, 67
Performing ............................................................ 67
Thermal Conductivity ............................................. 136
Thermal Load ......................................................... 167
These meshing....................................................... 276
These opposing...................................................... 199
They exhibit a ......................................................... 140
They know the ........................................................ 233
They represent the ................................................... 99
They represent the discretized ............................... 216
Thick, Normal ......................................................... 244
This Iso .................................................................. 241
This Lorentz ................................................... 185, 188
This option ..................................... 123, 124, 125, 280
This option for ................................................ 244, 279
This option to.................................................. 211, 257
This release to EMS's 5 ................................................. 7
This subfolder................................................... 93, 110
Through 2D ............................................................... 17
Through EMS's .......................................................... 12
Time Curve ............................................................ 178
Time Duration......................................................... 127
Time Increment ...................................................... 127
Tin Sn ....................................................................... 72
Tips ........................................................................ 211
Meshing .............................................................. 211
To AC Magnetic ......................................... 46, 91, 119
To account ............................................................. 143
To achieve the.......................................................... 94
To activate a SolidWorks ....................................... 130
To activate the........................................................ 216
To add ...................................................................... 67
To add a ................. 146, 152, 174, 175, 176, 178, 251
To animate the ....................................................... 242
EMS User Guide
312
To assign a ............................................................ 144
To attract or ............................................................ 140
To browse the ........................................................ 261
To calculate the .............................................. 102, 256
To change .............................................................. 244
To change a ........................................................... 267
To change the 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 145, 235, 236, 261, 265, 268, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277
To change the Symbol ........... 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
To check for ........................................................... 106
To check or ............................................................ 206
To check the..................................................... 94, 206
To close the ........................... 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
To compute a ......................................... 28, 44, 53, 63
To compute the .............................. 197, 199, 228, 229
To consider the ...................................................... 203
To copy a ............................................................... 250
To copy the .................................................... 235, 236
To create a ............................... 94, 112, 121, 145, 152
To create the .......................................................... 121
To customize the ............................................ 103, 253
To decide a ............................................................ 185
To define a 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 94, 148, 152, 178, 190, 239
To define a Vt ......................................................... 152
To define an Iso ..................................................... 241
To define the ............................................ 80, 149, 155
To delete a ..................................... 121, 132, 152, 249
To demagnetization ................................................ 140
To determine the .............................................. 91, 119
To display a ................................................................. 3
To display a tool ..................................................... 114
To display the ......................................................... 267
To Drag .................................................................. 113
To drive the .............................................................. 80
To edit .................................................................... 152
To edit an ............................................................... 238
To EMS .................................................................... 80
To enter a ....................................................... 152, 153
To enter the ............................................................ 163
To exclude an existant ................................................. 12
To execute a tool .................................................... 114
To existing ................................................................ 15
To expand the item and ......................................... 111
To export the .................................................. 235, 236
To fix the ................................................................ 148
To generate a ........... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 235, 236, 261
To generate a 2 ...................................................... 256
To get ..................................................... 35, 43, 52, 62
To give a ................................................................ 216
To Help ....................................................................... 5
To identify a ........................................................... 210
To identify the......................................................... 210
To increase the ...................................................... 125
To increment or ...................... 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
Index
313
To insert an ............................................................ 145
To instruct the ........................................................ 206
To locate a ................................................................... 5
To make ................................................................. 170
To make a ................................................................ 94
To model a ............................................................. 161
To modify a ............................................ 180, 191, 195
To modify the ........................................... 27, 131, 265
To move the toolbar ............................................... 114
To obtain a ................................................................. 12
To perform a Magnetostatic ............................... 43, 44
To perform a Transient Magnetic ....................... 62, 63
To perform an AC Magnetic ............................... 52, 53
To perform an Electric Conduction ........................... 35
To perform an Electrostatic ...................................... 27
To plot a ................................................. 26, 42, 51, 61
To plot the .............................................. 230, 231, 232
To probe a .............................................................. 256
To remove a ........................................................... 260
To Remove an........................................................ 265
To rename a ........................................................... 248
To request the .................................. 28, 36, 44, 53, 63
To run a .......................................................... 102, 203
To run the ............................................................... 206
To save a ............................................................... 103
To save an ............................................................. 247
To save the .................................... 152, 235, 236, 242
To see the ...................................................... 235, 236
To select a ............................................................. 253
To select or unselect all ......................................... 214
To send the ............................................................ 246
To set a .................................................................. 211
To set the 27, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 253, 261, 262, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
To set the Default Library ....................................... 268
To set the General ................................................. 267
To set the Model View ............................................ 265
To share a .............................................................. 259
To show a .............................................................. 260
To show the .. 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 231, 232
To SolidWorks ....................................................... 7, 89
To SolidWorks Motion .............................................. 80
To SolidWorks Motion is straightforward and ........... 81
To specify a .................................................... 147, 171
To specify an Entry Port and Exit Port ................... 171
To specify the ............... 28, 36, 98, 104, 145, 149, 194
To start a .................................................................. 81
To start the ............................................................. 103
To start the Report ................................................. 259
To studies .............................................................. 250
To suppress the........................................................... 12
To test the ................................................................ 94
To think of ........................................................ 90, 136
To track the .................................................... 235, 236
EMS User Guide
314
To transfer the ........................................................ 105
To treat the ....................................................... 25, 157
To turn the ...................................................... 235, 236
To update the ......................................................... 257
To view a ................................................................ 153
To view or .............................................................. 121
To view the ............... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 214, 243, 265
To write a ............................................................... 264
To write or ...................................................... 263, 266
Toll-Free ................................................................. 282
Tool Tip .................................................................. 114
Toolbar ........................................................... 114, 216
Toolbar by .............................................................. 114
Toolbar is ............................................................... 216
Toolbars ......................................................... 114, 216
Tools ...................................................................... 211
Top View ................................................................ 265
Torques .......... 28, 44, 53, 63, 185, 190, 191, 192, 274
Torques folder ........................................................ 185
Torques PropertyManager ..................................... 190
Total Charge .......................................................... 160
Transient ........................................................... 12, 127
Transient Analysis ...................................................... 12
Transient Magnetic 17, 91, 93, 110, 111, 119, 138, 167, 171, 181, 192, 233
Transient Magnetic Analysis .................................... 63
Performing ............................................................ 63
Transient Magnetic Options ................................... 127
Trimetric View ........................................................ 265
Ts ....................................................................... 78, 79
Turns ...................................................... 175, 176, 181
Txt .................................................. 243, 256, 257, 258
Type the ................................................................. 175
Typical Magnetic Properties of AlNiCo ................... 140
Typical Magnetic Properties of Ferrite .................... 140
Typical Magnetic Properties of NdFeB ................... 140
Typical Magnetic Properties of SmCo .................... 140
U
Under Analysis ....................................................... 121
Under Automatic .................................................... 204
Under Chart Options .............................................. 244
Under Color Options .............................................. 244
Under Control Parameters ............................. 207, 208
Under Convection .................................................. 164
Under Display Options ........................................... 252
Under Heat Flux ..................................................... 165
Under Legend Options ........................................... 244
Under Mesh Parameters ........................................ 206
Under Property ....................................................... 251
Under Report Format ............................................. 261
Under Results Folder ............................................. 131
Under Study ........................................................... 121
Under Symbol Settings .......... 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
Under Temperature ................................................ 163
Index
315
Under User Information .......................................... 254
Under Volume Heat ................................................ 166
Units ....................................................................... 269
Unix .......................................................................... 17
Until Section 2 is ............................................ 239, 241
Use Animation to ...................................................... 80
Use Basic Motion for ................................................ 80
Use Iso 2 and Iso 3 to ............................................ 241
Use Motion Analysis ................................................. 80
Use Motion Analysis for ........................................... 80
Use Motion Analysis to ............................................. 80
Use PropertyManager ...................................... 93, 110
Use Section 2 and Section 3 to .............................. 239
Use Steinmetz ............................................................ 12
Uses ... 3, 5, 21, 28, 36, 44, 48, 53, 63, 91, 93, 94, 107,
110, 111, 112, 113, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 144, 150, 151, 152, 163, 164, 166, 188, 199, 203, 206, 211, 214, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232, 235, 239, 241,鰸 244, 256, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279
Using Design Studies ............................................... 94
Using Drag and Drop to Define Materials ............... 150
Using SolidWorks ..................................................... 80
Uto-insert Air part ..................................................... 15
V
Value Range .......................................................... 241
clipping ............................................................... 241
Variation with.......................................................... 151
View Toolbar .......................................................... 216
Viewing .................................................. 103, 114, 213
Analysis Results ................................................. 213
Results ............................................................... 103
Virtual Work............................................................ 192
Virtual Work or Lorentz Force ................................ 190
Voltage ..................................................................... 25
Voltage and Flux ........................................................ 17
Voltage Driven........................................................ 181
Voltage Driven Coil ................................ 175, 176, 178
Volume Heat .......................................... 114, 166, 167
Vt Curve ................................................................. 151
W
W/m .................................................................... 70, 72
Was required for ......................................................... 12
We attempt to ......................................................... 185
We calculate the ............................................. 185, 188
We make the .......................................................... 169
Web Page .............................................................. 283
Were applied by a .................................................... 81
What is AC Magnetic Analysis ................................. 46
What is Electric Conduction Analysis ....................... 30
What is Electrostatic Analysis .................................. 22
What is Low Frequency Electromagnetics ............... 21
What is Magnetostatic Analysis................................ 38
What Is Motion Analysis ........................................... 80
What is Thermal Analysis ......................................... 66
What is Transient Magnetic Analysis ....................... 56
EMS User Guide
316
What's .................................................................... 267
What's New.................................................................. 7
What's New in EMS 2012 .............................................. 7
What's Wrong Messages ....................................... 267
When checked ....................................... 205, 244, 276
When checking an .................................................... 94
When creating an EMS ............................................ 81
When electromagnetic ............................................. 20
When Front or Right ............................................... 239
When Front or Top ................................................. 239
When meshing ............................................... 111, 210
When meshing an .................................................. 211
When performing Electrostatic or Conduction ............... 12
When specifying a .................................................. 269
When specifying the ............................................... 269
When Thermal Solution .......................... 37, 45, 54, 64
When Top or Right ................................................. 239
When working with ................................................. 106
Where EMS .............................................................. 95
Which forces the ...................................................... 22
Which gives an ......................................................... 48
Which play an................................................... 91, 119
Which solves the ...................................................... 89
Wide, Normal ......................................................... 279
Wireframe .............................................. 239, 241, 270
With AC Magnetic .................................................... 48
With EMS's................................................................ 12
With respect ........................................... 175, 176, 178
With SolidWorks Motion to ....................................... 81
Without consideration of ........................................... 81
World Wide Web .................................................... 283
Wound and Solid Coils ........................................... 170
Wound Coil .................................................... 114, 181
Wound or Solid....................................... 175, 176, 178
X
X,y ............................................................................ 79
X,yz ........................................................................ 138
Xls .................................................. 243, 256, 257, 258
X-Orientation .......................................................... 239
Y
YES ................................................................ 138, 192
Y-Orientation .......................................................... 239
You accomplish the .................................................. 90
You back to Coils PropertyManager ....................... 178
You ca .................................................................... 214
You change the ...................................................... 206
You change the Result file ..................................... 259
You checked a ............................................... 148, 149
You choose a ........................................................... 68
You complete a ........................................................ 95
You create a ....................................... 27, 96, 135, 155
You create a Magnetic ..................................... 99, 169
You display the............................................... 256, 257
You double the ....................................................... 138
Index
317
You drag a Magnetic Flux Density Plot icon ........... 113
You drag a toolbar .................................................. 114
You follow the......................................................... 100
You increase the .................................................... 246
You know the ......................................................... 171
You modify the ....................................................... 155
You need the .................................... 27, 35, 43, 52, 62
You need to .............................................. 90, 138, 214
You probe a ........................................................... 258
You reduce the ....................................................... 161
You run a ................. 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 102, 129, 133
You save the .......................................... 256, 257, 258
You set an .............................................................. 263
You set the ............................................................. 277
You specify a.......................................................... 260
You specify the............................................... 244, 260
You take an ............................................................ 100
You view the........................................................... 213
You want ................ 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 163, 206
You want the .......................................... 125, 126, 127
You want to ..... 80, 114, 123, 126, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 175, 176, 178, 180, 181, 191, 195, 207, 208, 228, 229, 248, 249, 250, 261, 277
You write a ............................................................. 266
Your Model ............................................................. 144
Ypical ....................................................................... 56
Z
Zinc Zn ..................................................................... 72
Z-Orientation .......................................................... 239
Μ
ΜF .......................................................................... 197
