EMISSIONS OF HEAVY METALS IN EMISSIONS OF HEAVY METALS IN KAZAKHSTAN: OUTLINE OF THE PRESENT SITUATION

Irina Yesserkepova

KazNIIek MEP of Kazakhstan

Large combustion plans in Kazakhstan: numbers

� Energy production sector – 45;

� Oil and gas sector – 52

� Coal mining - 13� Coal mining - 13

� Other industries – 39

� Cement production plants - 5 existing, 4 in construction

Power generating sector (1)

� Low energy efficiency of equipment and technologies;

� Significant losses during transmission of energy to consumers;

� Low efficiency of equipment at thermal power stations;

� Coal as the main (principle) fuel and its low quality:� Ca. 84 % of the energy is generated at coal-fired power stations. Coal

mining industry plays a special role in the fuel and energy sector of mining industry plays a special role in the fuel and energy sector of Kazakhstan. 75 billion (milliard) tons of coal in confirmed reserves puts Kazakhstan into the global top 10 of coal-producing countries with a share of 4%.

� Hydropower plants generate less than 12% of energy. Only ca. 4% of energy is produced power plants on natural gas, despite large qualities of bypass (oil)gas that are flared with no energy recovery

� Up to 75% of coal and gas power generating capacity and up to 90% of hydropower generating capacity are worn out.

Power generating sector (2)

� Use of low quality coals (unacceptably low quality of coals) for production of electricity and heat in Kazakhstan is considered a way to preserve mineral resources.

� Most of power generating stations in Kazakhstan burn high-ash coal (over 40%), ash is highly abrasive, combustion takes place in furnaces with solid slag removal. Use of such coal is very limited outside Kazakhstan.

Location of major energy generating sites in Kazakhstan

� In the northern and central parts of the country largest electric power systems are located, they meet the demand for electricity across these areas.

� Southern region lacks energy resources, and so it imports coal, gas, fuel oil and electricity from other regions of the country and from abroad.regions of the country and from abroad.

� In western Kazakhstan significant reserves of oil and gas are located. There oil and gas industry is growing rapidly leading to electricity shortage and import from Russia (region does not have sufficient power generating capacity).

GWh

областьКостанайская

Акмолинская

областьСеверо-Казахстанская

Восточно-Казахстанская

областьПавлодарская

Regions (Oblasts) 2010 2015 2030

Average annual growth rate 2010-2030

Pavlodarskaya 17,4 18,5 22,8 1,4%

Karagandinskaya 15,3 18,7 26,3 2,7%

Almatinskaya 8,8 11,8 18,3 3,7%

Vostochno-Kazakhstanskaya 8,3 10,2 14,1 2,7%

Akmolinskaya 6,6 7,7 12,2 3,1%

Kostanayskaya 5,5 6,5 8,6 2,3%

Mangystauskaya 4,1 5,1 8,4 3,7%

83,8101,1

144,7

0

50

100

150

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

ГВт.ч

Projected energy consumption in relation to the master plan for development of the Projected energy consumption in relation to the master plan for development of the energy generating sector in Kazakhstan till 2030energy generating sector in Kazakhstan till 2030

GWh

областьМангистауская

областьАтырауская

областьЗападно - Казахстанская

областьАктюбинская

областьАкмолинская

областьВосточно-Казахстанская

областьКарагандинская

Кызылординскаяобласть

Южно-

область

областьЖамбылская

областьАлматинская

Казахстанская

Б А Л Х А Ш

Mangystauskaya 4,1 5,1 8,4 3,7%

Aktubinskaya 3,7 4,1 6,2 2,6%

Atyrauskaya 3,6 4,8 8,4 4,3%

Yuzhno-Kazakhstanskaya 3,3 3,9 5,5 2,6%

Zhambylskaya 2,9 4,6 6,3 4,0%

Severo-Kazakhstanskaya 1,6 1,9 2,4 2,0%

Zapadno-Kazakhstanskaya 1,5 2,1 3,4 4,2%

Kyzylordinskaya 1,2 1,4 1,8 2,0%

National total 83,8 101,1 144,7

Average annual growth rate 7,4% 3,8% 2,5%

6

Implementation of the master plan for development of the energy generating sector in Kazakhstan till 2030

Risks:

� The high physical and moral deterioration of the equipment(75% of energy equipment and 90% of hydrolic equipment are 20-30 years old and older):� Low efficiency of condensation

Solutions:

� Adoption of the Technical Regulations "Requirements for emissions into the environment for processes of burning different fuels in boilers of thermal power plants":

� Low efficiency of condensation power stations - 33-34%;

� Increase in ash and slag wastes;� Increased negative impact on

the environment.� Lack of mechanisms for

implementation of innovations into existing power projects and in projects under construction (widening technological gap - 20 years)

thermal power plants":

� Retrofitting of technologies,construction of power plants based on modern energy efficient and environmentally-friendly technologies;

� Increase of efficiency of condensation power stations to 44-45%, pollution controls – by 55-60%.

� Introduction of pyrolysis and gasification of Ekibastuzskiycoal;

Cement production

� Cement production in 2014 is projected to reach 13.5 million tons / year for five existing and four new plants (located in Akmola, Zhambyl, East Kazakhstan and Mangystau regions)

� Five clinker-cement terminals built in Mangistau, Aktobe, West Kazakhstan and Pavlodar regions and Almaty city with a total capacity of 2.1 million tons / year, modernization of existing cement plants carried out and the degree of a total capacity of 2.1 million tons / year, modernization of existing cement plants carried out and the degree of depreciation reduced to 30%.

� Commissioning of new facilities: : � Zhambyl region - Construction of Cement Plant - 1100 tons /

year.� Akmola region - Construction of Cement Plant - 552 tons / year.� East-Kazakhstan region - construction of a cement plant to

produce cement by "dry method" - 1000 tons / year

Emission abatement approaches, types of pollution control, integrated approach to abate emissions of pollutants

� At Akmola Power plant-1 JSC "Astana - Energy." At most of boilers scrubbers are installed to treat flue gas and fly ash (projected efficiency - 96-97%).

� With regard to one of the Ekibastuz power plant, with capacity of 4 GW, the calculations showed that the cost of bringing emissions of dust, sulfur and nitrogen oxides in line bringing emissions of dust, sulfur and nitrogen oxides in line with the standards of the new technical regulations of Kazakhstan, will lead to an increase in the cost of supplied energy by factor 1.5. Given the current state of the economy of Kazakhstan, one can assume that the cost of such a scale, aimed at reducing emissions is not feasible at the present time and in the next reporting period.

� At present the wet method of removing ash and slag is mainly used at power plants.

Emission limit values

� Maximum permissible emissions (MPE) of air pollutants derive from the capacity of a source and data on respective harmful effects of each source of pollution in accordance with the applicable standards of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the environmentin the environment

� MPC, in turn, is calculated based on the amount of harmful substances that have no effect on human health and environmental quality during continuous or periodic exposure

Existing modernization programmes, timeframes for the end of service for old machinery (equipment)

� Strategic Plan for Development of Kazakhstan till 2020 (indicative)

� State programme for accelerated industrial-innovative development of Kazakhstan for 2010 - 2014

� Programme for development of the power generating sector � Programme for development of the power generating sector in Kazakhstan for 2010 - 2014

� Monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions from power generating plants

� Application of modern technologies of fuel combustion, flue gas cleaning and ash entrapment (increasing efficiency up to 80%, reduction of losses)

Evaluation of coal usage for energy production / utilities

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Coal mined(total) 96231 98384 111072 100854 110929Hard 91042(bituminous)coal

91575 88020 101177 (67530)* 99285

Lignite 4655 4370 4777 5084(4708)*

7283

* - Reported amount coal burned by the power generating sector

Reserves and use of coal in Kazakhstan

The total geological reserves – 283 billion tonBalance reserves – 38,6 billion tonAnnual coal production :

2010 – 110,9 million ton (hard (bituminous) coal - 103,5 million ton, brown coal – 7,4 million ton) ton, brown coal – 7,4 million ton)

2030 – up to 130 million ton, including:

Energy production - 70 million ton;Export – 40 million ton (2010 level)Other (metallurgy, utilities) – 20 million ton

Demand of the energy sector in coal till 2030 ~1,2 billion ton

Information on the presence / concentration of mercury in coals

� In 2002-2003 experts of the Almaty Institute of Energy and Communications Ilyuschenko M.A. and Uskov G.A.conducted a study that included collection of coal samples in Central Kazakhstan and analyzing their mercury content; Coal milled to a particle size of 1 mm, dissolved in HCl-� Coal milled to a particle size of 1 mm, dissolved in HCl-HNO3 solution (3:1 ration), and diluted with distilled water was investigated by atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer

� Weighted average concentration of mercury in Kazakh coal is estimated to be 0.08 mg / kg, with maximum concentrations of 0.7-2.5 mg / kg.

No. Coal basin Mean mercury concentration mg/kg

1 Surface coal mine Shubarkol, Karaganda region 6

2 Surface coal mine Kuuchekinsky, Karaganda region 12

3 Surface coal mine Youth, Karaganda region 14.5

4 Mine Shakhtynsk, Shakhtinsk, Karaganda region 13

5 Mine Dolinskaya, Dolinka, Karaganda region <5

6 Mine Kirovskaya, Karaganda region 5

7 Mine no.22, "50 October", Karaganda 8

8 Mine no.12, Shakhan, Karaganda region 2128 Mine no.12, Shakhan, Karaganda region 212

9 Mine Tenteksaja, Shakhan, Karaganda region 8

10 Mine Steppe, Shakhan, Karaganda region 12

11 Kostenko mine, Karaganda region 5

12 Surface coal mine Erementapu, Akmola region 613 Surface coal mine Bogatyr, Ekibastuz, Pavlodar region 16.5

14 Surface coal mine East, Ekibastuz, Pavlodar region 1417 Surface coal mine North, Ekibastuz, Pavlodar region 68

Assessment of annual mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants

� Annual assessment is not conducted

� It is possible to evaluate with the use of the EMEP / EEA Air pollutant emissions inventory Guidebook

� Estimates obtained in the laboratory by atomic-� Estimates obtained in the laboratory by atomic-fluorescent chromatography were significantly lower than the average mercury content of bituminous coals - (0.2 ± 0.04 mg / kg)

Charges (fees) for emissions from stationary sources*

No. Pollutants Charge (fee) per ton Charge (fee) per kg1. Sulfur oxides 10

2. Nitrogen oxides 10

3. Dust and ash 5

4. Lead and its compounds 1993

5. Hydrogen sulfide 62

6. Phenols 166

7. Hydrocarbons 0,167. Hydrocarbons 0,16

8. Formaldehyde 166

9. Oxides of carbon 0,16

10. Methane 0,01

11. Soot 12

12. Iron oxides 15

13. Ammonia 12

14. Hexavalent chromium 399

15. Copper oxides 299

16. Benzopyrene 498,3

*Charges (monetary) - fees for emissions that are allowed for release within the permit issued by

a competent authority.

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