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Emerging Trends in Corporate Contributions
and Employee EngagementOctober 13, 2014
Michael StroikManager, Research and Analytics
CECP
2
About CECP
2
“I helped to start CECP with the belief that corporate
America could be a force for good in society.”
- Paul Newman
Today’s Presentation
2013 Research Headlines
• Most Generous Companies Gave 1.95% of Profits or More
• Giving and Business Performance Rise Together
• Grantmaking Evolves in Post-Recession Era
• Employees Take Center Stage in CSR
Measuring the Value
• Program Evaluation in Corporate Contributions
• Case Studies
3
Parenting and CSR – Not so Different!
1. ‘Problem Definition’ is
a lot easier said than
done.
4
2. Understanding impact
is difficult to assess in
the short-term.
5
2013 Industry Giving Comparisons – Median Giving
as a % of Pre-Tax Profit
1.23%
1.06%
0.98%
0.76%
1.58%
0.96%
0.76%
1.12%
1.25%
1.10%
Utilities (n=18)
Technology (n=25)
Materials (n=16)
Industrials (n=25)
Health Care (n=24)
Financials (n=48)
Energy (n=11)
Consumer Staples (n=20)
Consumer Discretionary (n=26)
Communications (n=10)
6
Identifying the Most Generous Companies of 2013
Median:
$18.5M
Top
Quartile
Cutoff:
$53.8M
Bottom
Quartile
Cutoff:
$7.5M Bottom 25%
of Companies
Top 25%
of Companies
Middle
50% of
Companies
7
Identifying the Most Generous Companies of 2013
using a Diverse Range of Metrics
Total Giving
(N=261)
Cash Giving
(N=261)
Total Giving
as a % of
Revenue
(N=241)
Total Giving
as a % of
Pre-Tax
Profit
(N=224)
Top 25%
(75th Percentile)$53.8 Million $35.5 Million 0.22% 1.95%
Bottom 25%
(25th Percentile)$7.5 Million $5.5 Million 0.06% 0.60%
Note: The Top 25% is the top quartile: the value of the data point below which three-quarters of the data lie when ranked in
ascending order. The Bottom 25% is the bottom quartile: the value of the data point below which one-quarter of the data lie when
ranked in ascending order.
8
Pop Quiz: Identifying How Much Cash it Takes to be
Among the Most Generous Companies
Which U.S. Census Bureau region (West, Midwest, Northeast, or South) required
the highest cash contribution to be included in the top quartile?
U.S. Midwest-Based Companies (n=61):
$34.7 million
U.S. Northeast-Based Companies
(n=76): $33.7 million
U.S. South-Based Companies (n=60):
$32.5 million
U.S. West-Based Companies (n=43):
$22.0 million
Which U.S. state required the highest cash contribution to be included in the top
quartile (only includes states with at least 8 companies participating in the Giving
in Numbers Survey: CA, CT, IL, MN, NJ, NY, TX, VA)?
State Top Quartile
MN (n=14) $63.6 Million
CA (n=32) $54.9 Million
IL (n=11) $46.2 Million
NJ (n=9) $42.6 Million
NY (n=39) $40.2 Million
VA (n=9) $38.1 Million
TX (n=17) $28.8 Million
CT (n=11) $25.3 Million
Education Continues to be the Most Popular Program
Area Supported by Corporations
9
Civic & Public Affairs, 5% Community &
Economic Development,
14%
Culture & Arts, 5%
Disaster Relief, 3%Education,
Higher, 12%
Education, K-12, 16%
Environment, 3%
Health & Social Services, 27%
Other, 15%
Note: Average Percentages, N=181.
Giving and Business Rise Together
Distribution of Companies by Changes in
Total Giving Between 2010 and 2013
Note: Inflation-Adjusted, N=144.
64% of Companies Increased Giving from 2010 to 2013
“Community
Investors”
13
Non-Cash Giving Drove Aggregate Increases
from 2010 to 2013
“Community
Investors”
(N=75)
All Other
Companies
(N=69)
Aggregate Total Giving +47% -16%
Total Direct Corporate Cash
Giving+29% -14%
Total Foundation Cash Giving +4% -7%
Total Non-Cash Giving +66% -20%
Median Giving as a % of
Revenue+0.05pp -0.02pp
Median Revenue +11% -3%
12
Non-Cash Contributions Growing for
Service Companies
13
14.95% 15.14% 15.20%
17.74%
29.12%28.83%
28.11%
25.47%
2010 2011 2012 2013
Service Companies (n=82) Manufacturing Companies (n=62)
Non-Cash Giving as a Percentage of Total Giving
Note: Matched-Set Data.
Nearly all Consumer Staples Companies Increased
Giving from 2010 to 2013, Driven by Non-Cash Gifts
14
2010 to 2013
Industry% of Companies
Increasing Giving
Median % Change
in Revenues
Consumer Staples (N=12) 92% +14%
Industrials (N=11) 73% +19%
Health Care (N=21) 71% +5%
Materials (N=6) 67% +5%
Energy (N=8) 63% -19%
Financials (N=35) 63% +3%
Technology (N=19) 58% +26%
Consumer Discretionary
(N=17)53% +2%
Communications (N=6) 50% +13%
Utilities (N=9) 44% -2%
“Excess
non-cash
resources.”
“Business
performance
is projected
to continue
improving.”
“Increasing
focus in
strategic
areas…thus,
moving away
from certain
categories.”
Giving Expansion Slowed in 2013
15
Companies Giving at
least 10% More in 2013
Than 2010 (n=75)
Median
Giving
% Change
from Prior
Year
2010$22.1
Million
2011$26.8
Million+21%
2012$31.3
Million+17%
2013$33.1
Million+6%
The year 2013 saw the largest marginal change by companies that decreased
giving and the smallest marginal change by companies that increased giving.
All Other
Companies
(n=69)
Median
Giving
% Change
from Prior
Year
$26.6
Million
$25.4
Million-5%
$25.2
Million-1%
$23.8
Million-6%
66% of Companies Increased Giving as a Percentage
of Revenue from 2010 to 2013
16Note: Inflation-Adjusted, Matched Set, N=138.
7.2% Growth3.0% Growth
2.2% Growth
Grantmaking Evolves in Post-
Recession Era
Grant Sizes are Growing while the Number of
Recipients Per Grantmaker Declined from 2010 to 2013
18Note: Medians, Inflation-Adjusted, N=38.
19
Note: N=63
1000 975
744701
2010 2011 2012 2013
Median # of Grants by Year
See Program Type Sheet ‘Prog Type –Grants Decreasers’
Giving Changes Among Companies
Decreasing # of Grants from 2010 to 2013
Program Type
% Change in
Average Giving
Level
Higher Education +69%
Community & Economic
Development+56%
K-12 Education -16%
Civic & Public Affairs -18%
Environment -19%
Disaster Relief -32%
Culture & Arts -40%
Note: N=29
Approved Grants Decline from 2010 to 2013; Culture &
Arts Hit Hardest by Changing Strategies
Community & Economic Development, up 34% from
2010, is the Fastest-Growing Program Area
20
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
2010 2011 2012 2013
Mill
ion
s
Non-Cash
Foundation Cash
Corporate DirectCash
Note: Total Corporate Funding for Community & Economic Development, Inflation-Adjusted, Matched Set, N=80.
Arts Support Has Been Declining Each Year Since
the Global Recession
21
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
2010 2011 2012 2013
Mill
ion
s
Non-Cash
Foundation Cash
Corporate DirectCash
Note: Total Corporate Funding for Culture & Arts, Inflation-Adjusted, Matched Set, N=80.
.
Despite Decline in Grants Approved, Team Sizes Have
Mostly Increased Since 2010
22
2.0
4.0
11.0
8.5
19.0
25.5
3.5
5.0
10.0 10.0
21.0
26.0
3.5
5.0
10.0 10.0
24.0
22.0
3.5
5.5
9.010.0
24.0
28.5
Cash Giving Under $5Million (n=14)
Cash Giving Between $5+and $15 Million (n=20)
Cash Giving Between $15+and $25 Million (n =14)
Cash Giving Between $25+and $50 Million (n=18)
Cash Giving Between $50and $100 Million (n=14)
Cash Giving Over $100Million (n=10)
Team Size (Contributions FTEs) by Giving Tier, 2010 to 2013, Medians
2010 2011 2012 2013
Among Companies Making Global Contributions in
2013, International Giving Has Grown Since 2010
23 Note: Inflation-Adjusted, Matched Set, N=58.
$3.11
$3.61
$3.98
$4.88
16.93%17.15%
17.44%
18.16%
15.00%
16.00%
17.00%
18.00%
19.00%
20.00%
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
2010 2011 2012 2013
Median International Giving International Giving as a % of Total Giving
Companies Support a Variety of Geographic Regions,
Driven by Operational Footprint and Disaster Support
24Note: 2013 Data. Average Percentages, Includes only contributions from U.S.-based companies to end-
recipients outside of North America (i.e., Giving to U.S. and Canada excluded).
10%
13%
33%
21%
16%
22%
21%
20%
15%
4%
5%
20%
Manufacturing (n=48)
Service (n=49)
Global (Not region-specific) Asia & the Pacific Europe
Latin America & the Caribbean Middle East & Africa Breakdown Unavailable
Budget Management Statistics from 2010 to 2013
25
Corporate
Community
Affairs
(Avg. %)
Corporate
Foundation
(Avg. %)
All Other
Groups
(Avg. %)
2010 42.5% 33.7% 23.8%
2011 42.9% 33.7% 23.4%
2012 42.4% 33.5% 24.2%
2013 43.9% 32.2% 24.3%
Centralized
Corporate
Cash:
+28%
Decentralized
Corporate
Cash: +10%
Foundation
Cash: +2%
Average Contribution % Change from 2010 to 2013
Note: Matched Set. N=84.
Pass-Through Foundation Structures Were Most
Common Everywhere but the U.S. Northeast
26
25%
17%
19%
15%
9%
17%
19%
9%
5%
3%
9%
7%
6%
14%
35%
13%
20%
20%
25%
52%
30%
59%
54%
45%
25%
8%
11%
10%
8%
11%
International (n=16)
Midwest (n=58)
Northeast (n=57)
South (n=39)
West (n=35)
All Companies (N=205)
Hybrid Operating Predominately Endowed Predominately Pass-Through Other
Percentage of Companies by Corporate Foundation Structures
Discussion Questions
• Which trends surprised you?
• How do your company’s giving practices
compare to global trends?
• What do you think will be the main trend CECP
identifies next year (examining 2014 giving
information)?
Employees Take Center Stage in
Corporate Social Responsibility
CEOs at CECP’s Board of Boards Conference Identified
Employees as the Most Influential Stakeholder
29
Poll Question at February’s Board of Boards Conference:
Encouragement from which stakeholder group would matter
most in a decision to expand your company’s investment in the
community?
• Employees: 36%
• Customers: 22%
• Board of Directors: 22%
• Shareholders: 14%
• Nonprofit/Community Leaders: 3%
• Media: 3%
• Government: 0%
Employee Time and Contributions Account for 23% of
the Value Created by the Average Company
30
66%
11%
14%
9%
Cash Contributions
In-Kind Contributions
Employee Gifts
Employee Time
Note: Average Percentages, N=46. Value of Employee Time = $22.55, Source: Independent Sector (unless value is
provided by company).
Chief Giving Officers at Leading Companies Identify
Paid-Release-Time as Most Engaging Program
31
Poll Question at May’s CECP Summit: Which tactic do you
believe is the most effective for increasing employee satisfaction
with your company?
1. Volunteer Time Off: 47%
2. Ongoing (Year-Round) Matching Gifts: 22%
3. Communicating (internally) about Signature
Programs or Large Grants: 21%
4. Matching Gifts Events (like United Way): 9%
Note: N=135.
More Companies Gave Time Off for Volunteering
in 2013
32 Note: Matched Set, N=100.
Percentage of Companies Offering
Domestic Service Programs by Year
34% 33%
44%
50%51%53% 54%
59%
2010 2011 2012 2013
Pro Bono Service Paid-Release Time
Employees Are Taking Advantage of Generous
Volunteer Opportunities
33
45,21147,506
55,623
61,938
31.97%
33.53%
35.31%
36.56%
25.00%
28.00%
31.00%
34.00%
37.00%
40.00%
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
2010 2011 2012 2013
Median # of Hours Volunteered On Company Time (N=28)
Average Percentage of Employees Volunteering At Least 1 Hour On Company Time (N=36)
Paid-Release-Time Volunteer Programs are Most Common
in the Financials and Cons. Discretionary Industries
34
33%
33%
38%
39%
45%
55%
60%
60%
68%
74%
Materials, n=15
Utilities, n=15
Consumer Staples, n=16
Industrials, n=18
Technology, n=20
Communications, n=11
Energy, n=10
Health Care, n=25
Consumer Discretionary, n=28
Financials, n=46
Percentage of Companies Offering
Volunteer Time Off in 2013
86% of Companies Encourage Employee Contributions by
Offering At Least One of the Following Matching-Gift Policies
35
66%
56% 54%
42%
A Year-Round MatchingGift Policy
A Workplace GivingCampaign
A Dollars-for-DoersMatching Policy
A Disaster ReliefMatching Gift Policy
Percentage of Companies Offering…
Across All Companies, Employee Participation Grew
for Year-Round Matching Policies
36
Year-Round Policy
Workplace Giving Campaigns
Note: Not Matched-Set Data.
2011 2012 2013
Participation Rate (Average Percentage) 46% 43% 34%
Number of Companies (Sample Size) 20 28 38
2011 2012 2013
Participation Rate (Average Percentage) 8% 10% 14%
Number of Companies (Sample Size) 17 16 36
Corporations Evaluate the Social
Value of Contributions
A Majority of Companies are Measuring the Societal
Value of their Contributions
38
18%
35%
47%
Very Experienced(5 Years or More)
ModeratelyExperienced(3-4 Years)
Slightly Experienced(2 Years or Less)
76% Measure
Outcomes
and/or
Impacts
24% Do Not
Measure
Outcomes
and/or
Impacts
Note: N=160. Note: N=119.
A Majority of Companies are Measuring the Societal
Value of their Contributions
39
24% Do Not
Measure
Outcomes
and/or
Impacts
Note: N=121.
Note: N=81. Only includes companies that
provided specific method.
77% Focus
Impact
Evaluation on
Specific Grants
24%
17%
47%
12%
Methods for Focusing Impact Evaluation
23% Evaluate
All Grants
Only grants to a specific
cause area
Only grants made for a
strategic philanthropic
program
Only grants larger than a
threshold AND to a
specific cause area
Only grants larger than a
specific threshold
Best Practice Case Studies – Learning from
Industry Leaders
40
23% Evaluate
All Grants
Tiered Evaluation Approach
1. Developmental Evaluation
2. Formative Evaluation
3. Summative Evaluation
Building a Measurement Culture
1. Incorporating Impact Measures
into Annual Reviews
2. Transparency: CSR Scorecard
3. Building Programs with ‘Scale’
in Mind
The Most Generous Companies in 2010 Realized
Strong Business Returns from 2010 to 2013
41
24% Do Not
Measure
Outcomes
and/or
Impacts
23% Evaluate
All Grants
Change in Revenues
from 2010 to 2013
Change in Pre-Tax Profits
from 2010 to 2013
2010 Most Generous
Companies
(75th Percentile)+3% +4%
2010 Least Generous
Companies
(25th Percentile)-3% +1%
“A high-quality measurement process is a critical input for good
management and demonstrates that a company recognizes how its
philanthropic strategies can be successful in creating long-term
business value” (p. 62).
—Terence Lim, Measuring the Value of Corporate Philanthropy, 2010
Note: Company generosity established by quartiles. The Top Quartile is the value of the data point below which three-quarters of the
data lie when ranked in ascending order (using Giving as a % of Total Revenue). The Bottom Quartile is the value of the data point
below which one-quarter of the data lie when ranked in ascending order (using Giving as a % of Total Revenue). N=68.
Questions / Comments
42
43
Giving in Numbers Participant List
Communications (n=11) Consumer Discretionary (n=34) Consumer Staples (n=25)
AOL (2) ADT Corporation (1) Altria Group, Inc. (12)
AT&T Inc. (3) Amway Global (2) Anheuser-Busch InBev (3)
DIRECTV, LLC (7) Apollo Education Group (3) BJ’s Wholesale Club, Inc. (1)
Discovery Communications, Inc. (2) Best Buy Co., Inc. (8) Brasil Foods (1)
Ogilvy & Mather (8) Carlson (12) Cargill (9)
Pearson plc (9) CarMax, Inc. (1) The Clorox Company (2)
Sprint Corporation (8) Darden Restaurants, Inc. (4) The Coca-Cola Company (12)
Time Warner Inc. (13) eBay Inc. (4) Colgate-Palmolive Company (7)
Verizon Communications Inc. (11) Ecolab Inc. (3) CVS Caremark Corporation (10)
Vodafone Group Plc (4) Gap Inc. (11) FEMSA (1)
The Walt Disney Company (9) General Motors Company (2) General Mills, Inc. (9)
Hasbro, Inc. (13) The Hershey Company (10)
The Home Depot, Inc. (12) The Hillshire Brands Company (2)
Honda North America (3) Kellogg Company (2)
J. C. Penney Company, Inc. (8) Kimberly-Clark Corporation (8)
JM Family Enterprises, Inc. (4) The Kroger Co. (2)
Johnson Controls, Inc. (5) Land O'Lakes, Inc. (1)
KPMG LLP (11) McCormick & Company, Incorporated (4)
Macy’s, Inc. (8) Newman’s Own (2)
Marriott International, Inc. (3) PepsiCo (9)
Masco Corporation (4) Philip Morris International (5)
Mattel, Inc. (10) Procter & Gamble Company (5)
MGM Resorts International (1) S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. (2)
Mitsubishi Corporation (Americas) (9) Target (12)
Newell Rubbermaid Inc. (4) Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (10)
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (4)
Sabre Holdings (5)
Southwest Airlines Co. (3)
Starbucks Coffee Company (4)
Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc. (6)
Toyota Motor North America, Inc. (12)
Under Armour, Inc. (1)
United Stationers Inc. (1)
Yum! Brands, Inc. (3)
Note: Number in parenthesis is the number of years the company completed the Giving in Numbers Survey. Bolded
companies are part of the 4-year matched set.
44
Giving in Numbers Participant List
Energy (n=14) Financials (n=55) Financials (Continued)
Chesapeake Energy Corporation (4) Allstate Insurance Company (9) MetLife, Inc. (10)
Chevron Corporation (13) American Express (9) Morgan Stanley (12)
CITGO Petroleum Corporation (4) Ameriprise Financial, Inc. (3) Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company (1)
ConocoPhillips (8) AXA Equitable (6) Nationwide Insurance (3)
Devon Energy Corporation (1) Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. (6) Neuberger Berman (3)
Exxon Mobil Corporation (8) Bank of America Corporation (13) New York Life Insurance Company (6)
Halliburton (8) Barclays (4) Northern Trust Corporation (2)
Hess Corporation (7) BNY Mellon (9) Northwestern Mutual (4)
Peabody Energy Corporation (5) Capital One Financial Corporation (6) NYSE (9)
Phillips 66 (1) The Charles Schwab Corporation (2) PIMCO (1)
Shell Oil Company (11) Citigroup Inc. (11) The PNC Financial Services Group, Inc. (9)
Spectra Energy (2) Citizens Bank (8) Popular, Inc. (5)
Total S.A. (2) Credit Suisse (3) Principal Financial Group (8)
TransCanada Corporation (2) CSAA Insurance Group (2) Prudential Financial, Inc. (10)
Deutsche Bank (9) Royal Bank of Canada (4)
First Niagara Financial Group, Inc. (2) State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company (10)
Genworth Financial, Inc. (7) Thrivent Financial for Lutherans (1)
The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (11) The Travelers Companies, Inc. (8)
The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America (5) U.S. Bancorp (3)
The Hartford (7) UBS (7)
HSBC Bank USA, N.A. (10) Unum Group (1)
JPMorgan Chase & Co. (13) Vanguard (2)
KeyCorp (3) Visa Inc. (1)
Lincoln Financial Group (3) Voya Financial, Inc. (7)
Macquarie Group (3) Wells Fargo & Company (12)
Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. (4) The Western Union Company (8)
Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (6) Weyerhaeuser Company (3)
MasterCard Worldwide (9)
Note: Number in parenthesis is the number of years the company completed the Giving in Numbers Survey. Bolded
companies are part of the 4-year matched set.
45
Giving in Numbers Participant List
Health Care (n=26) Industrials (n=26) Materials (n=18)
Abbott (8) BAE Systems, Inc. (2) 3M (10)
Aetna Inc. (12) The Boeing Company (7) Alcoa Inc. (9)
Agilent Technologies, Inc. (10) Caterpillar Inc. (6) Ashland Inc. (4)
Amgen Inc. (4) CH2M Hill Companies, Ltd. (1) Bemis Company, Inc. (2)
BD (8) Crane Co. (10) The Dow Chemical Company (10)
Boston Scientific Corporation (3) CSX Corporation (5) DuPont (6)
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (13) Cummins Inc. (3) FMC Corporation (5)
Cardinal Health, Inc. (7) Eaton Corporation (5) Gerdau (2)
CIGNA (5) Emerson Electric Co. (9) International Paper Company (2)
DaVita Inc. (5) FedEx Corporation (6) MeadWestvaco Corporation (3)
Eli Lilly and Company (13) Fluor Corporation (2) Monsanto Company (2)
Express Scripts, Inc. (5) General Electric Company (12) The Mosaic Company (5)
GSK (12) Itron (1) Novelis, Inc. (1)
HCA Inc. (9) John Deere (4) Owens Corning (3)
Humana Inc. (5) Lockheed Martin Corporation (7) Praxair, Inc. (5)
Johnson & Johnson (11) Meritor, Inc. (8) The Sherwin-Williams Company (2)
Kaiser Permanente (3) Northrop Grumman Corporation (7) Vale (3)
McKesson Corporation (10) PACCAR Inc (4) Vulcan Materials Company (4)
Medtronic, Inc. (5) Raytheon Company (4)
Merck (10) Rockwell Automation, Inc. (3)
Novo Nordisk A/S (2) Rockwell Collins, Inc. (4)
Pfizer Inc (11) Union Pacific Corporation (4)
Quest Diagnostics Incorporated (5) United Technologies Corporation (11)
Sabin (1) UPS (3)
UnitedHealth Group (8) Votorantim Group (2)
WellPoint, Inc. (8) Xylem (3)
Note: Number in parenthesis is the number of years the company completed the Giving in Numbers Survey. Bolded
companies are part of the 4-year matched set.
46
Giving in Numbers Participant List
Technology (n=31) Utilities (n=21)
Accenture (9) Ameren Corporation (1)
Adobe (7) American Electric Power Company, Inc. (4)
Alcatel-Lucent (1) Arizona Public Service Company (3)
Applied Materials, Inc. (5) CenterPoint Energy, Inc. (1)
Autodesk, Inc. (2) Consolidated Edison, Inc. (13)
BMC Software (10) Dominion Resources, Inc. (4)
Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. (1) DTE Energy Company (2)
CA Technologies (7) Duke Energy Corporation (9)
Cisco Systems (13) Entergy Corporation (9)
Corning Incorporated (3) Exelon Corporation (7)
Dell Inc. (8) FirstEnergy (5)
EMC Corporation (4) NRG Energy (1)
Google Inc. (4) Pepco Holdings, Inc. (2)
IBM Corporation (13) PG&E Corporation (9)
IHS Inc. (1) PNM Resources, Inc. (7)
Intel Corporation (7) PPL Corporation (2)
McGraw Hill Financial (12) Public Service Enterprise Group Incorporated (6)
Microsoft Corporation (7) Sempra Energy (8)
Moody’s Corporation (9) Southern California Edison (9)
Motorola Solutions, Inc. (2) Southern Company (3)
NVIDIA Corporation (2) TECO Energy, Inc. (5)
Pitney Bowes Inc. (7)
Qualcomm Incorporated (8)
salesforce.com (9)
Samsung Electronics America, Inc. (4)
SAP AG (2)
Symantec Corporation (5)
Synopsys, Inc. (2)
Texas Instruments Incorporated (6)
Toshiba America, Inc. (2)
Xerox Corporation (9)
Note: Number in parenthesis is the number of years the company completed the Giving in Numbers Survey. Bolded
companies are part of the 4-year matched set.