1

UNIVERSITY OF ASIA PACIFIC

Report on

Emerging telecommunication technologies

Group Members:

1. Jan A Alam Riyadh (11108002)

2. Masuma Khan (11108017)

3. Md. Rakib Shikder (11108019)

4. Mojaffor Hossain (11108034)

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Contents: Page No

1. What Is Telecommunications? 4

2. Historical Perspective. 5

3. Wired communication 8

4. Wireless communication 8

4.1 Wireless networks and Advantages 8

4.2 Applications of wireless technology 9

4.2.1. Mobile telephones 9

4.2.2. Wireless data communications 9

4.2.3. Wireless energy transfer 10

4.2.4. Wireless Medical Technologies 10

4.2.5. Computer interface devices 10

4.3. Categories of wireless implementations, devices and standards 11

5. Evolution of Telecommunication Technologies 12

5.1 Mobile radio telephone (also known as "0G") 13

5.1.1Mobile phone network 13

5.2. Mobile broadband 14

5.3. 1st generation or 1G 15

5.4. 2nd

generation or 2G 15

5.4.1. 2G technologies 16

5.4.2. Capacity 16

5.4.3. Disadvantages 17

5.4.4. Advantage 17

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Contents: Page No

5.4.5. Evolution of 2G 17

5.4.6. 2G Shut Down 18

5.5. 3rd

generation or 3G 18

5.5.1. Standards of 3G technologies 19

5.5.2. Break-up of 3G systems 21

5.5.3. Features of 3G 22

5.5.3.1. Data rates 22

5.5.3.2. Security 22

5.5.4. Applications of 3G 22

5.5.5. Evolution of 3G 22

5.6. 4th

generation or 4G 23

5.6.1. Technical Understanding 23

5.6.2. IMT-Advanced requirement 24

5.6.3. System Standard of 4G 25

5.6.3.1. IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards 25

5.6.3.2. Forerunner versions 26

5.6.3.3. Advanced antenna systems 27

5.6.3.4Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR) 27

5.6.4. Beyond 4G research 27

5.7. 5G (or 5th

generation) 28

6. Notes and References 29

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1. What Is Telecommunications?

Telecommunication is communication at a distance by technological means, particularly

through electrical signals or electromagnetic waves. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The word is often used in its

plural form, telecommunications, because it involves many different technologies.

―Telecommunications is no longer about just the wires and devices, but the cumulative value of

the things that the network delivers for customers. It is about making tremendous amount of data

accessible and easy to use for billions of users. The best and leading products and services will

be those that are completely transparent and offer the most value to the quality-of-life in real-

time‖. --------David Belanger, Chief Scientist, AT & T Labs.[7]

Telecommunications has been defined as a technology concerned with Communicating from a

distance, and we can categorize it in various ways.

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows one possible view of the different sections of telecommunications.

It includes mechanical communication and electrical communication because

telecommunications has evolved from a mechanical to an electrical form using increasingly more

sophisticated electrical systems. This is why many authorities such as the national post,

telegraph, and telephone (PTT) companies are involved in telecommunications using both

forms.[8]

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2. Historical Perspective

1800–1837 Preliminary developments: Volta discovers the primary battery; Fourier and Laplace

present mathematical treatises; Ampere, Faraday, and Henry conduct experiments on electricity

and magnetism; Ohm’s law (1826); Gauss, Weber, and Wheatstone develop early telegraph

systems.

1838–1866 Telegraphies: Morse perfects his system; Steinhill finds that the earth can be used for

a current path; commercial service is initiated

(1844); multiplexing techniques are devised; William Thomson calculates the pulse response of a

telegraph line

(1855); transatlantic cables are installed.

(1845); Kirchhoff’s circuit laws.

1864 Maxwell’s equations predict electromagnetic radiation.

1876–1899 Telephony: Alexander Graham Bell perfects acoustic transducer; first telephony

exchange with eight lines; Edison’s carbon-button transducer; cable circuits are introduced;

Strowger devises automatic step-by-step switching (1887); Pupin presents the theory of loading.

1887–1907 Wireless telegraphy: Heinrich Hertz verifies Maxwell’s theory; demonstrations by

Marconi and Popov; Marconi patents complete wireless telegraph system (1897); commercial

service begins, including ship-to-shore and transatlantic systems.

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1904–1920 Communication electronics: Lee De Forest invents the Audion

(triode) based on Fleming’s diode; basic filter types devised; experiments with AM radio

broadcasting; the Bell System completes the transcontinental telephone line with electronic

repeaters (1915); multiplexed carrier telephony is introduced: H. C. Armstrong perfects the

super heterodyne radio receiver (1918); first commercial broadcasting station.

1920–1928 Carson, Nyquist, Johnson, and Hartley present their transmission theory.

1923–1938 Television: Mechanical image-formation system demonstrated; theoretical analysis

of bandwidth requirements; DuMont and others perfect vacuum cathode-ray tubes; field tests and

experimental broadcasting begin.

1931 Teletypewriter service initiated.

1934 H. S. Black develops the negative feedback amplifier.

1936 Armstrong’s paper states the case of frequency modulation (FM) radio.

1937 Alec Reeves conceives pulse code modulation (PCM).

1938–1945 Radar and microwave systems developed during World War II; FM used extensively

for military communications; hardware, electronics, and theory are improved in all areas.

1944–1947 Mathematical representations of noise developed; statistical methods for signal

detection developed.

1948–1950 C. E. Shannon publishes the founding papers on information theory.

1948–1951 Transistor devices are invented.

1950 Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is applied to telephony. Hamming presents the first

error correction codes.

1953 Color TV standards are established in the United States.

1955 J. R. Pierce proposes satellite communication systems.

1958 Long-distance data transmission system is developed for military purposes.

1960 Maiman demonstrates the first laser.

1961 Integrated circuits are applied to commercial production.

1962 Satellite communication begins with Telstar I.

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1962–1966 Data transmission service offered commercially; PCM proves feasible for voice and

TV transmission; theory for digital transmission is developed; Viterbi presents new error

correcting schemes; adaptive equalization is developed.

1964 Fully electronic telephone switching system is put into service.

1965 Mariner IV transmits pictures from Mars to Earth.

1966–1975 Commercial satellite relay becomes available; optical links using lasers and fiber

optics are introduced; ARPANET is created (1969) followed by international computer

networks.

1976 Ethernet LAN invented by Metcalfe and Broggs (Xerox) .

1968–1969 Digitalization of telephone network begins.

1970–1975 PCM standards developed by CCITT.

1975–1985 High-capacity optical systems developed; the breakthrough of optical technology and

fully integrated switching systems; digital signal processing by microprocessors.

1980–1983 Start of global Internet based on TCP/IP protocol .

1980–1985 Modern cellular mobile networks put into service, NMT in Northern Europe, AMPS

in the United States, OSI reference model is defined by International Standards Organization

(ISO). Standardization for second generation digital cellular systems is initialized.

1985–1990 LAN breakthrough; Integrated Services Digital Network

(ISDN) standardization finalized; public data communications services become widely available;

optical transmission systems replace copper systems in long-distance wideband transmission;

SONET is developed. GSM and SDH standardization finalized.

1989; Initial proposal for a Web-linked document on the World Wide Web (WWW) by Tim

Berners-Lee (CERN) [2].

1990–1997 The first digital cellular system, Global System for Mobile Communications

(GSM) is put into commercial use and its breakthrough is felt worldwide; deregulation of

telecommunications in Europe proceeds and satellite TV systems become popular; Internet usage

and services expand rapidly because of the WWW.

1997–2001 Telecommunications community is deregulated and business grows rapidly; digital

cellular networks, especially GSM, expand worldwide; commercial applications of Internet

expand and a share of conventional speech communications is transferred from public switched

telephone network (PSTN) to Internet; performance of LANs improves with advance of gigabit-

per-second Ethernet technologies.

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2001–2005 Digital TV starts to replace analog broadcast TV; broadband access systems make

Internet multimedia services available to all; telephony service turns to personal communication

service as penetration of cellular and PCS systems increases; second generation cellular systems

are upgraded to provide higher rate packet-switched data service.

2005– Digital TV will replace analog service and start to provide interactive services in addition

to broadcast service; third generation cellular systems and WLAN technologies will provide

enhanced data services for mobile users; location-based mobile services will expand,

applications for wireless short-haul technologies in homes and offices will increase; global

telecommunications network will evolve toward a common packet-switched network platform

for all types of services. [9]

3. Wired communication

Wired communications make use of underground communications cables (less often, overhead

lines), electronic signal amplifiers (repeaters) inserted into connecting cables at specified points,

and terminal apparatus of various types, depending on the type of wired communications used.[10]

4. Wireless communication

Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without help

of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.[11]

Wireless operations permit

services, such as long-range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement

with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to

telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls etc.) which

use some form of energy (e.g. radio waves, acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information without

the use of wires.[12]

Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long

distances.[13]

4.1. Wireless networks and Advantages

Wireless networking is used to meet many needs. Perhaps the most common use is to connect

laptop users who travel from location to location. Another common use is for mobile networks

that connect via satellite. A wireless transmission method is a logical choice to network a LAN

segment that must frequently change locations. The following situations justify the use of

wireless technology:

To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling,

To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure,

To link portable or temporary workstations,

To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or

To remotely connect mobile users or networks.

Developers need to consider some parameters involving Wireless RF technology for better

developing wireless networks:

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Sub-GHz versus 2.4 GHz frequency trends

Operating range and battery life

Sensitivity and data rate

Network topology and node intelligence

4.2. Applications of wireless technology

4.2.1. Mobile telephones

One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone, also known as a

cellular phone, with more than 4.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of the end

of 2010.[14]

These wireless phones use radio waves to enable their users to make phone calls

from many locations worldwide. They can be used within range of the mobile telephone site used

to house the equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these instruments.

4.2.2. Wireless data communications

Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile computing.[15]

The various

available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance,[12][16]

and in

some circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch between

them. To simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be used,[17][18]

or

a mobile VPN deployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual network.[19]

Supporting technologies include:

Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network that enables portable computing devices to connect easily

to the Internet.[20]

Standardized as IEEE 802.11 a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi approaches speeds of some types

of wired Ethernet. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in private homes, within

offices, and at public hotspots.[21]

Some businesses charge customers a monthly fee for service,

while others have begun offering it for free in an effort to increase the sales of their goods.[22]

Cellular data service offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest cell site.[16]

Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier technologies such as GSM,

CDMA and GPRS, to 3G networks such as W-CDMA, EDGE or CDMA2000.[23][24]

Mobile Satellite Communications may be used where other wireless connections are

unavailable, such as in largely rural areas or remote locations.[16]

Satellite communications are

especially important for transportation, aviation, maritime and military use.[25]

Wireless Sensor Networks are responsible for sensing noise, interference, and activity in data

collection networks. This allows us to detect relevant quantities, monitor and collect data,

formulate meaningful user displays, and to perform decision-making functions[26]

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4.2.3. Wireless energy transfer

Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power

source to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use of

interconnecting wires. There are two different fundamental methods for wireless energy transfer.

They can be transferred using either far-field methods that involve beam power/lasers, radio or

microwave transmissions or near-field using induction. Both methods utilize electromagnetism

and magnetic fields[27]

4.2.4. Wireless Medical Technologies

New technologies such as mobile body area networks (MBAN) the capability to monitor blood

pressure, heart rate, and oxygen level and body temperature, all with wireless technologies. The

MBAN works by sending low powered wireless signals to receivers that feed into nursing

stations or monitoring sites. This technology helps with the intentional and unintentional risk of

infection or disconnection that arises from wired connections.[28]

4.2.5. Computer interface devices

Answering the call of customers frustrated with cord clutter, many manufacturers of computer

peripherals turned to wireless technology to satisfy their consumer base Originally these units

used bulky, highly limited transceivers to mediate between a computer and a keyboard and

mouse; however, more recent generations have used small, high-quality devices, some even

incorporating Bluetooth. These systems have become so ubiquitous that some users have begun

complaining about a lack of wired peripherals Wireless devices tend to have a slightly slower

response time than their wired counterparts; however, the gap is decreasing.

Computer interface devices such as a keyboard or mouse are powered by a battery and send

signals to a receiver through a USB port by way of a radio frequency (RF) receiver. The RF

design makes it possible for signals to be transmitted wirelessly and expands the range of

effective use, usually up to 10 feet. Distance, physical obstacles, competing signals, and even

human bodies can all degrade the signal quality. [29]

Concerns about the security of wireless keyboards arose at the end of 2007, when it was revealed

that Microsoft's implementation of encryption in some of its 27 MHz models was highly

insecure.[30]

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4.3. Categories of wireless implementations, devices and standards

Radio communication system

Broadcasting

Amateur radio

Land Mobile Radio or Professional Mobile Radio: TETRA, P25, OpenSky,

EDACS, DMR, dPMR

Cordless telephony: DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)

Cellular networks: 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, Beyond 3G (4G), Future wireless

List of emerging technologies

Short-range point-to-point communication : Wireless microphones, Remote

controls, IrDA, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), TransferJet, Wireless

USB, DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications), EnOcean, Near Field

Communication

Wireless sensor networks: ZigBee, EnOcean; Personal area networks, Bluetooth,

TransferJet, Ultra-wideband (UWB from WiMedia Alliance).

Wireless networks: Wireless LAN (WLAN), (IEEE 802.11 branded as Wi-Fi and

HiperLAN), Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) and (LMDS,

WiMAX, and HiperMAN)

Comparison of wireless data standards

Digital radio

Hotspot (Wi-Fi)

Li-Fi

List of emerging technologies

MiFi

Mobile (disambiguation)

Personal area network

Radio antenna

Radio resource management (RRM)

Terrestrial television

Timeline of radio

Tuner (radio)

Wireless access point

Wireless security

Wireless Wide Area Network (True wireless)

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5. Evolution of Telecommunication Technologies

These are emerging telecommunication technologies

1. Mobile radio telephone (also known as "0G")

2. Mobile broadband

3. 1G

4. 2G

5. 3G

6. 4G

7. 5G

8. LTE (telecommunication)

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5.1. Mobile radio telephone (also known as "0G")

Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology. Since

they were the predecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are

sometimes retroactively referred to as pre cellular (or sometimes zero generation) systems.

Technologies used in pre cellular systems included the Push to Talk (PTT or manual), Mobile

Telephone System (MTS),Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Advanced Mobile

Telephone System (AMTS) systems. These early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished

from earlier closed radiotelephone systems in that they were available as a commercial service

that was part of the public switched telephone network, with their own telephone numbers, rather

than part of a closed network such as a police radio or taxi dispatch system.

These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were

also made. Typically, the transceiver (transmitter-receiver) was mounted in the vehicle trunk and

attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset) mounted near the driver seat.

They were sold through WCCs (Wire line Common Carriers, AKA telephone companies), RCCs

(Radio Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers. [31]

5.1.1. Mobile phone network:

GSM network architecture

The most common example of a cellular network is a mobile phone (cell phone) network. A

mobile phone is a portable telephone which receives or makes calls through a cell site (base

station), or transmitting tower. Radio waves are used to transfer signals to and from the cell

phone.

Modern mobile phone networks use cells because radio frequencies are a limited, shared

resource. Cell-sites and handsets change frequency under computer control and use low power

transmitters so that the usually limited number of radio frequencies can be simultaneously used

by many callers with less interference.

A cellular network is used by the mobile phone operator to achieve both coverage and capacity

for their subscribers. Large geographic areas are split into smaller cells to avoid line-of-sight

signal loss and to support a large number of active phones in that area. All of the cell sites are

connected to telephone exchanges (or switches), which in turn connect to the public telephone

network.

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In cities, each cell site may have a range of up to approximately 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km), while in rural

areas; the range could be as much as 5 miles (8.0 km). It is possible that in clear open areas, a

user may receive signals from a cell site 25 miles (40 km) away.

Since almost all mobile phones use cellular technology, including GSM, CDMA, and AMPS

(analog), the term "cell phone" is in some regions, notably the US, used interchangeably with

"mobile phone". However, satellite phones are mobile phones that do not communicate directly

with a ground-based cellular tower, but may do so indirectly by way of a satellite.

There are a number of different digital cellular technologies, including: Global System for

Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), cdmaOne,

CDMA2000, Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution

(EDGE), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Digital Enhanced Cordless

Telecommunications (DECT), Digital AMPS (IS-136/TDMA), and Integrated Digital Enhanced

Network (iDEN).[32]

5.2. Mobile broadband:

Mobile broadband is the marketing term for wireless Internet access delivered through mobile

phone towers to computers, mobile phones (called "cell phones" in North America and South

Africa), and other digital devices using portable modems. Although broadband has a technical

meaning, wireless-carrier marketing uses the phrase "mobile broadband" as a synonym for

mobile Internet access. Some mobile services allow more than one device to be connected to the

Internet using a single cellular connection using a process called tethering.[33]

The bit rates available with Mobile broadband devices support voice and video as well as other

data access. Devices that provide mobile broadband to mobile computers include:

PC cards, also known as PC data cards, and Express cards

USB and mobile broadband modems, also known as connect cards

portable devices with built-in support for mobile broadband, such as laptop

computers, netbook computers, smartphones, iPads,PDAs, and other mobile Internet devices.

Roughly every ten years new mobile phone technology and infrastructure involving a change in

the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology,

higher peak data rates, new frequency bands, and wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz

becomes available. These transitions are referred to as generations. The first mobile data services

became available during the second generation (2G).[34][35][36]

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5.3. 1st generation or 1G:

refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology (mobile telecommunications).

These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and

continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between

the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G networks are

analog, while 2G networks are digital.

Although both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the

handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital

signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up. The

inherent advantages of digital technology over that of analog meant that 2G networks eventually

replaced them almost everywhere .One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used

in Nordic countries, Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the North America and Australia,[37]

TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom, C-450 in West Germany,

Portugal and South Africa, Radiocom 2000[38]

in France, and RTMI in Italy. In Japan there were

multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-801, TZ-802, and TZ-803 were developed by NTT

(Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation [39]

), while a competing system operated by DDI

(Daini Denden Planning, Inc.[40]

) used the JTACS (Japan Total Access Communications System)

standard.

Antecedent to 1G technology is the mobile radio telephone, or 0G.

5.4. 2nd

generation or 2G:

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G

cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by

Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991.[41]

Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their

predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were

significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration

levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. 2G

technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text

messages, picture messages and MMS (multi media messages). All text messages sent over 2G

are digitally encrypted, allowing for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended

receiver can receive and read it.

After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed 1G.

While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital. Both

systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest

of the telephone system.

2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, and 4G; however, 2G

networks are still used in many parts of the world.

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5.4.1. 2G technologies:

2G technologies can be divided into Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)-based and Code

Division Multiple Access (CDMA)-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used.

The main 2G standards are:

GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all countries on all six

inhabited continents. Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers around the world.

Over 60 GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band

(CDMA450).[42]

IS-95 aka cdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US),

used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for about 17% of all subscribers

globally. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM including operators in

Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.

PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan

iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and Telus

Mobility in Canada

IS-136 a.k.a. D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA' in the US),

was once prevalent in the Americas but most have migrated to GSM.

2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service, or PCS, in the United

States.

5.4.2. Capacity:

Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases system capacity in two key

ways:

Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog

voice encodings through the use of various codecs, allowing more calls to be transmitted

in same amount of radio bandwidth.

The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets. This meant

that cells had to be smaller, so more cells had to be placed in the same amount of space.

This was possible because cell towers and related equipment had become less expensive.

2G Data Transmission Capacity:[43]

With GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), you have a theoretical transfer speed of

max. 50 kbit/s (40 kbit/s in practice).

With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), you have a theoretical transfer

speed of max. 1 mbit/s (500 kbit/s in practice).

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5.4.3. Disadvantages

In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal transmitted by a cellular phone may not

be sufficient to reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems

deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G systems deployed on

lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatly among countries which dictate

where 2G can be deployed.

Analog has a smooth decay curve, but digital has a jagged steppy one. This can be both

an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under

slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional

dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping

calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call

longer and allowing at least some of the audio transmitted to be understood.

5.4.4. Advantage

While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression

they use reduces their quality, meaning that the range of sound that they convey is

reduced. Talking on a digital cell phone, a caller hears less of the tonality of someone's

voice.

5.4.5 Evolution of 2G

2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission (defined in IMT-

2000 specification documents), but are considered by the general public to be 2.5G or 2.75G

services because they are several times slower than present-day 3G service.

2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a

packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily

provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services

(HSCSD) as well. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the

introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved

through the introduction of 2.5G

2.75G (EDGE) GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK

encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT

Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows

improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed

on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by AT&T in the United States.

EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a

potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks.The 2G digital service provided

very useful feature like; expended capacity and unique service such as caller ID,call forwarding,

and short messaging.

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5.4.6. 2G Shut Down:

Australia

Telstra announced that they will shut down their GSM network by the end of 2016.[44]

Canada[edit]

Sasktel announced that it would be shutting down its CDMA networks in 2015 or early

2016,[45]

starting with its EV-DO network, which was shut down on September 30, 2014.[46]

United States

Various carriers such as AT&T have made announcements that 2G GSM technology in the

United States is in the process of being shut down so that carriers can reclaim those radio bands

and re-purpose them for future technology needs. The shut down will be complete by the end of

2016. [ All 2G GSM devices will lose service at some point between now and the end of 2016.

[47]

This shut down is having a notable impact on the electronic security industry where many 2G

GSM radios are in use for alarm signal communication to Central Station dispatch centers. 2G

GSM radios must be replaced by newer generation radios to avoid service outages.[48]

5.5 3rd

generation or 3G:

3G, short form of third generation, is the third generation of mobile telecommunications

technology.[49]

This is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile

telecommunications use services and networks that comply with the International Mobile

Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication

Union. 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed

wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.

3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at

least 200 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile

broadband access of several Mbit/s to smart phones and mobile modems in laptop computers.

This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed

wireless Internet access, video call sand mobile TV technologies.

A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year

since 1G systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new

frequency bands, higher data rates and non–backward-compatible transmission technology. The

first 3G networks were introduced in 1998 and fourth generation "4G" networks in 2008.

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5.5.1. Standards of 3G technology

Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G,

indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network. Services advertised

as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability and

speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak

data rates of at least 200kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However, many services advertised as 3G

provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G

releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s

smart phones and mobile modems in to laptop computers.

the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan,

China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated

by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids.

Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:

The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA.

The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialized in 2009 and is only offered in

China.

The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the

downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.

the CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in

North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The

cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B

offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.

The above systems and radio interfaces are based on spread spectrum radio transmission

technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile

WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G

standards by ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are based on completely different

technologies.

The following common standards comply with the IMT2000/3G standard:

EDGE, a revision by the 3GPP organization to the older 2G GSM based transmission

methods, utilizing the same switching nodes, base station sites and frequencies as GPRS,

but new base station and cell phone RF circuits. It is based on the three times as

efficient 8PSK modulation scheme as supplement to the original GMSK modulation

scheme. EDGE is still used extensively due to its ease of upgrade from existing 2G GSM

infrastructure and cell-phones.

EDGE combined with the GPRS 2.5G technology is called EGPRS, and allows peak data

rates in the order of 200 kbit/s, just as the original UMTS WCDMA versions, and thus

formally fulfills the IMT2000 requirements on 3G systems. However, in practice EDGE

20

is seldom marketed as a 3G system, but a 2.9G system. EDGE shows slightly

better system spectral efficiency than the original UMTS and CDMA2000 systems, but it

is difficult to reach much higher peak data rates due to the limited GSM spectral

bandwidth of 200 kHz and it is thus a dead end.

EDGE was also a mode in the IS-135 TDMA system, today ceased.

Evolved EDGE, the latest revision, has peaks of 1 Mbit/s downstream and 400 kbit/s

upstream, but is not commercially used.

The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP. The

family is a full revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware, although some

GSM sites can be retrofitted to broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA format.

W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly operated on the 2,100 MHz

band. A few others use the 850, 900 and 1,900 MHz bands.

HSPA is an amalgamation of several upgrades to the original W-CDMA standard and

offers speeds of 14.4 Mbit/s down and 5.76 MBit/s up. HSPA is backward-compatible

with and uses the same frequencies as W-CDMA.

HSPA+, a further revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide theoretical peak data rates

up to 168 Mbit/s in the downlink and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink, using a combination of air

interface improvements as well as multi-carrier HSPA and MIMO. Technically though,

MIMO and DC-HSPA can be used without the "+" enhancements of HSPA+

The CDMA2000 system, or IS-2000, including CDMA2000 1x and CDMA2000 High

Rate Packet Data (or EVDO), standardized by3GPP2 (differing from the 3GPP), evolving

from the original IS-95 CDMA system, is used especially in North America, China,

India, Pakistan, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa.

CDMA2000 1x Rev. E has an increased voice capacity (in excess of three times)

compared to Rev. 0 EVDO Rev. B offers downstream peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s while

Rev. C enhanced existing and new terminal user experience.

While DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000

requirements, they are not usually considered due to their rarity and unsuitability for usage with

mobile phones. [50]

21

5.5.2. Break-up of 3G systems

The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999,

ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457

Recommendation; WiMAX was added in 2007.[51]

There are evolutionary standards (EDGE and CDMA) that are backward-compatible

extensions to pre-existing 2G networks as well asrevolutionary standards that require all-new

network hardware and frequency allocations. The cell phones utilise UMTS in combination with

2G GSM standards and bandwidths, but do not support EDGE. The latter group is

the UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the

independently developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fit

the IMT-2000 definition. [50]

22

5.5.3 Features of 3G

5.5.3.1 Data rates

ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate that users can expect from 3G equipment

or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the

rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-

2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or

walking users, and 384 Kbit/s in a moving vehicle," the ITU does not actually clearly specify

minimum required rates, nor required average rates, nor what modes of the interfaces qualify as

3G, so various data rates are sold as '3G' in the market. Compare with 3.5G and 4G.

In India, 3G is defined by telecom service providers as minimum 2 Mbit/s to maximum 28

Mbit/s.

5.5.3.2 Security

3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User

Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the

intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher instead of the

older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher

have been identified.

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when

application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.[50]

5.5.4 Applications of 3G

The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not

previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Location-based services

Mobile TV

Telemedicine

Video Conferencing

Video on demand

5.5.5 Evolution of 3G

Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are working on extensions to 3G standard that are based on an all-IP

network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO. These

specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of

3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for

stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G.

23

3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted

development of UMB in favour of the LTE family.[50]

On 14 December 2009, Telia Sonera announced in an official press release that "We are very

proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services."[52]

With the

launch of their LTE network, initially they are offering pre-4G (or beyond 3G) services in

Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway.

5.6. 4th

generation or 4G:

4G, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and

preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides

mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smart

phones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile

web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D

television, and cloud computing.

Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard (first used

in South Korea in 2007), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo,

Norway and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has however been debated if these first-release

versions should be considered to be 4G or not, as discussed in the technical definition section

below.

In the United States, Sprint (previously Clear wire) has deployed Mobile WiMAX networks

since 2008, while MetroPCS became the first operator to offer LTE service in 2010. USB

wireless modems were among the first devices able to access these networks, with WiMAX

smart phones becoming available during 2010, and LTE smart phones arriving in 2011. 3G and

4G equipment made for other continents are not always compatible, because of different

frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX is currently (April 2012) not available for the European

market.

5.6.1. Technical Understanding

In March 2008, the International Telecommunications Union-Radio communications

sector (ITU-R) specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International Mobile

Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirements

for 4G service at 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility communication (such as

from trains and cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low mobility communication (such as

pedestrians and stationary users).

Since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s

peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service

providers. According to operators, a generation of network refers to the deployment of a new

non-backward-compatible technology. On December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two

technologies, as well as other beyond-3G technologies that do not fulfill the IMT-Advanced

requirements, could nevertheless be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to

24

IMT-Advanced compliant versions and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and

capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed".[50]

Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802.16m')

and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versions of

the above two systems, standardized during the spring 2011, and promising speeds in the order

of 1 Gbit/s. Services were expected in 2013.

As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuit-

switched telephony service, but all-Internet Protocol (IP) based communication such as IP

telephony. As seen below, the spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems, is

abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by OFDMA multi-carrier transmission and

other frequency-domain equalization(FDE) schemes, making it possible to transfer very high bit

rates despite extensive multi-path radio propagation (echoes). The peak bit rate is further

improved by smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.

5.6.2 IMT-Advanced requirement

This article uses 4G to refer to IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications

Advanced), as defined by ITU-R. An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following

requirements. [50]

Be based on an all-IP packet switched network.

Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile

access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless

access.

Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous

users per cell.

Using scalable channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.

Have peak link spectral efficiency of 15-bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75-bit/s/Hz in the

uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz

bandwidth).

System spectral efficiency is, in indoor case, 3-bit/s/Hz/cell in downlink and 2.25-

bit/s/Hz/cell in uplink.

Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.

The ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.

In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International

Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates.[6]

Basically all proposals are based on two

technologies:

LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP

802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)

25

Implementations of Mobile WiMAX and first-release LTE are largely considered a stopgap

solution that will offer a considerable boost until WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m spec) and

LTE Advanced are deployed. The latter's standard versions were ratified in spring 2011, but are

still far from being implemented.

The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008.[53]

LTE

Advanced was to be standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE

Advanced will be based on the existing LTE specification Release 10 and will not be defined as

a new specification series. A summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for

LTE Advanced is included in a technical report.

Some sources consider first-release LTE and Mobile WiMAX implementations as pre-4G or

near-4G, as they do not fully comply with the planned requirements of 1 Gbit/s for stationary

reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile.

Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as

4G but which according to some sources are pre-4G versions, commonly referred to as

'3.9G', which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards, but today can be

called 4G according to ITU-R. A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-

generation is that they use different frequency bands from 3G technologies ;] that they are based

on a new radio-interface paradigm ; and that the standards are not backwards compatible with

3G, whilst some of the standards are forwards compatible with IMT-2000 compliant versions of

the same standards.[53]

5.6.3 System Standard of 4G

5.6.3.1 IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards

As of October 2010, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies

(LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced) for inclusion in the ITU’s International Mobile

Telecommunications Advanced program (IMT-Advanced program), which is focused on global

communication systems that would be available several years from now.

LTE Advanced LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-

Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and

expected to be released in 2013. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the

ITU requirements. LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new

technology, but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it

more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar

to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of

additional spectrums and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated

Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data

speeds. Release 10 of LTE is expected to achieve the IMT Advanced speeds. Release 8 currently supports

up to 300 Mbit/s of download speeds which is still short of the IMT-Advanced standards.

26

IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-

Advanced evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-

Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception.

5.6.3.2 Forerunner versions

3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

The pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is often branded "4G-LTE", but the first

LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net

bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz

channel is used — and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.

The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High Speed OFDM Packet Access

(HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). The first LTE USB

dongles do not support any other radio interface.

The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals,

Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on

December 14, 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung.[13]

As

of November 2012, the five publicly available LTE services in the United States are provided by

MetroPCS,[53]

Verizon Wireless, AT&T Mobility, U.S. Cellular, Sprint, and T-Mobile US.

T-Mobile Hungary launched a public beta test (called friendly user test) on 7 October 2011, and

has offered commercial 4G LTE services since 1 January 2012

In South Korea, SK Telecom and LG U+ have enabled access to LTE service since 1 July 2011

for data devices, slated to go nationwide by 2012. KT Telecom closed its 2G service by March

2012, and complete the nationwide LTE service in the same frequency around 1.8 GHz by June

2012.

In the United Kingdom, LTE services were launched by EE in October 2012, and by O2 and

Vodafone in August 2013.

Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)

The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard

(also known as WiBro in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of

128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels.

In June 2006, the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul,

South Korea.

Sprint has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of 29 September 2008, branding it as a "4G" network

even though the current version does not fulfil the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems.

27

In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access is offered by a Russian

company Scartel, and is also branded 4G, Yota.

5.6.3.3. Advanced antenna systems

The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system,

termed smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are emerging to

achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range

communications. In the early 1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data

communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial

multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial

multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver.

Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This

technology, called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies the base data rate by

(the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from

this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by

using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive

diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into

the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at

the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies, which require

channel knowledge at the transmitter.[50]

5.6.3.4 Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR)

One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture (OWA),

supporting multiple wireless air interfaces in an open architecture platform.

SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless

standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently

realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.

5.6.4. Beyond 4G research

A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell,

especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research,

this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay,

and also by Beam-Division Multiple Access (BDMA).

Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user

can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly

move between them (See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21). These access technologies can be Wi-

Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-

radio (also known as cognitive radio) technology to efficiently manage spectrum use and

transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.

28

5.7. 5th

generation or 5G

5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) also known as Tactile

Internet [50]

denotes the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the

current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards.

NGMN Alliance or Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance defined 5G network

requirements as:

- Data rates of several tens of Mb/s should be supported for tens of thousands of users.

- 1 GB/s to be offered, simultaneously to tens of workers on the same office floor.

-Up to Several 100,000's simultaneous connections to be supported for massive sensor

deployments.

- Spectral efficiency should be significantly enhanced compared to 4G.

- Coverage should be improved

- Signaling efficiency enhanced.

Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance feels that 5G should be rolled out by 2020 to meet

business and consumer demands.

Although updated standards that define capabilities beyond those defined in the current 4G

standards are under consideration, those new capabilities are still being grouped under the

current ITU-T 4G standards.

GSMHistory.com has recorded three very distinct 5G network visions having emerged by 2014:

A super-efficient mobile network that delivers a better performing network for lower

investment cost. It addresses the mobile network operators pressing need to see the unit cost of

data transport falling at roughly the same rate as the volume of data demand is rising. It would be

a leap forward in efficiency based on the IET Demand Attentive Network (DAN) philosophy .

A super-fast mobile network comprising the next generation of small cells densely clustered

together to give a contiguous coverage over at least urban areas and gets the world to the final

frontier for true ―wide area mobility‖. It would require access to spectrum under 4 GHz perhaps

via the world's first global implementation of Dynamic Spectrum Access.

A converged fiber-wireless network that uses, for the first time for wireless Internet access, the

millimeter wave bands (20 – 60 GHz) so as to allow very wide bandwidth radio channels able to

support data access speeds of up to 10 Gbit/s. The connection essentially comprises ―short‖

wireless links on the end of local fiber optic cable. It would be more a ―nomadic‖ service (like

WiFi) rather than a wide area ―mobile‖ service.[50]

29

6. Notes and Reference:

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16. Mitchell, Bradley. Wireless Internet Service: An Introduction

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30

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45. Addressing the demand for faster data

46. beginning with its EV-DO network, which was shut down on September 30,

2014.SaskTel Turning Down EV-DO Data Service

47. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/att-to-shut-down-2g-network-by-2017-2012-08-03

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