Emergency Exposure SituationsEmergency Exposure Situations

Overview of Overview of Assessment and Response in a Assessment and Response in a Radiological EmergencyRadiological Emergency

Generic response organization Generic response organization

Emergency managementEmergency managementLectureLecture

IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources

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IntroductionIntroduction

Emergency management means Emergency management means the the overall strategic managementoverall strategic management of the of the emergency responseemergency response

The objective of this lesson is to present The objective of this lesson is to present concepts of management in an emergency concepts of management in an emergency and emergency management functionsand emergency management functions

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ContentContent

Generic response organisationGeneric response organisation EmergencEmergency management roley management role Emergency Manager’s tasksEmergency Manager’s tasks Emergency phase actionsEmergency phase actions Post-emergency phase actionsPost-emergency phase actions Non-radiological challengesNon-radiological challenges SummarySummary

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Objectives of Emergency ResponseObjectives of Emergency Response

reduce risk or mitigate the reduce risk or mitigate the consequences of the accident at its consequences of the accident at its sourcesource

prevent deterministic health effects prevent deterministic health effects (e.g., early deaths and injuries) (e.g., early deaths and injuries)

reduce the risk of stochastic health reduce the risk of stochastic health effects (e.g., cancer and severe effects (e.g., cancer and severe hereditary effects) as much as hereditary effects) as much as reasonable achievablereasonable achievable

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Important AspectsImportant Aspects

The most important aspects of managing The most important aspects of managing a radiological emergency:a radiological emergency:

The ability to promptly and adequately The ability to promptly and adequately determine actions to protect members determine actions to protect members of the public and emergency workersof the public and emergency workers

The ability to take those actions The ability to take those actions efficientlyefficiently

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RESPONSE INITIATORFirst official being informed of an

emergency with authority to initiate a response plan

FIRST RESPONDERFirst person or team to arrive at the scene of an accident

with an official role to play in the accident response

EMERGENCY MANAGERAppointed official in charge of overall emergency response

RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSORUsually senior member of a

radiological assessment team sent to the scene of an

accident

PoliceFire serviceEmergency medical responderFacility responder

Radiological assessment teams and laboratories

ON-SCENE CONTROLLER

Usually senior member of First Responder

team

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Emergency ManagerEmergency Manager

Emergency Manager is in charge of the Emergency Manager is in charge of the overall strategic emergency managementoverall strategic emergency management

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Role and Functions of the Emergency Role and Functions of the Emergency ManagerManager

Who is designated as Who is designated as Emergency Manager?Emergency Manager? Document in the Document in the

response planresponse plan

Knowledge/skills Knowledge/skills requiredrequired

Operational locationOperational location

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Emergency Manager’s TasksEmergency Manager’s Tasks

Interface with accident sceneInterface with accident scene

Emergency Manager

Command Post

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Radiological and Non-radiological Radiological and Non-radiological HazardsHazards

Be awareBe aware Radiation may be just one of the Radiation may be just one of the

hazards in an accident - most cases hazards in an accident - most cases non-radiological hazards (e.g., fire, toxic non-radiological hazards (e.g., fire, toxic fumes) will dominatefumes) will dominate

Radiological assessors will focus on the Radiological assessors will focus on the radiological aspects of the accidentradiological aspects of the accident

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Response PhasesResponse Phases

Emergency PhaseEmergency Phase

Post-Emergency Post-Emergency PhasePhase

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Initial Response Initial Response An ExampleAn Example

RESPONSE INITIATOR

NOTIFICATIONof an

emergency

Receives notification, provides initial advice,initiates the response

Radiation hazard

?

Record details STOP

ActivateEMERGENCY

MANAGER

Manages accident assessment and mitigation- carries the ultimate responsibility for emergency response

No

Yes

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Initial ResponseInitial Response - - ContCont’d’d Hazard level

?

ActivateRADIOLOGICAL

ASSESSOR

ActivateRADIOLOGICAL

ASSESSOR

Activate(if not yet activated)

FIRST RESPONDER

DesignateON-SCENE

CONTROLLER

Manages all response actions at the scene of an accident

Assesses radiation hazards and recommends protective actions and recovery and clean up operations

Performs actions to mitigate the accident and implements protective and initial recovery actions

Re-assesses radiation hazards and performs recovery

Medium or high

Low

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Emergency PhaseEmergency Phase

Obtain briefing from Obtain briefing from Response InitiatorResponse Initiator or or staff on-scene; alert/activate other staff on-scene; alert/activate other respondersresponders Initial InformationInitial Information Accident Registry Form Accident Registry Form Alerted Emergency Responders FormAlerted Emergency Responders Form

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Emergency Phase ActionsEmergency Phase Actions

Maintain a Log Maintain a Log What was doneWhat was done When was it doneWhen was it done NotificationsNotifications DecisionsDecisions

Maintain status Maintain status boards/displaysboards/displays

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Emergency Phase ActionsEmergency Phase Actions

Assess situation and magnitude of Assess situation and magnitude of potential radiological problempotential radiological problem Examples:Examples:

Calibration Sources - Low Well Logging - Medium Teletherapy - High Moisture Detectors - ? Industrial Radiography - ?

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Emergency Phase ActionsEmergency Phase Actions

Identify type of emergency and evaluate Identify type of emergency and evaluate necessary main actionsnecessary main actions

Ensure all personal protection guides and Ensure all personal protection guides and actions are implemented in accordance actions are implemented in accordance with Radiological Assessor with Radiological Assessor recommendationsrecommendations

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Emergency Phase ActionsEmergency Phase ActionsAdditional ConsiderationsAdditional Considerations

Depending on the circumstances of the Depending on the circumstances of the accident various command and staging accident various command and staging facilities will need to be established at or facilities will need to be established at or near the scenenear the scene

Examples:Examples: Command postCommand post Reception area for response personnelReception area for response personnel Vehicle marshalling areaVehicle marshalling area Media reception areaMedia reception area

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LayoutLayout

Safety perimeterat 100 μSv/h

or safe distance

Command post

wind

Access and contamination control point

Access control point

Decontamination area

Medicalresponse base

Radiological Assessor

base

Vehicle marshalling

area

Reception area for response

personnel

Media reception areaStaging

area

Inner cordoned area

Outer cordoned area

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Emergency Radiological MonitoringEmergency Radiological Monitoring

To obtain the data or information required To obtain the data or information required in an emergencyin an emergency Different type of measurements can be Different type of measurements can be

performedperformed Different physical quantities can be Different physical quantities can be

measuredmeasured

The intended uses of the results should The intended uses of the results should guide the choice of monitoring prioritiesguide the choice of monitoring priorities

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Emergency Phase ActionsEmergency Phase Actions

Ensure on-scene personnel are aware of Ensure on-scene personnel are aware of media response, make media media response, make media arrangements; appoint press liaison, if arrangements; appoint press liaison, if necessarynecessary

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Additional ConsiderationsAdditional Considerations

Public Information Public Information Media Interest/Response/RelationsMedia Interest/Response/Relations

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Post Emergency PhasePost Emergency Phase

Obtain dose assessment from Obtain dose assessment from Radiological Assessor, ensure medical Radiological Assessor, ensure medical follow-up of persons sent to hospital(s), follow-up of persons sent to hospital(s), inform media/public, response inform media/public, response organizations that emergency is under organizations that emergency is under controlcontrol

Ensure all actions, decisions, Ensure all actions, decisions, recommendations are documented, save recommendations are documented, save recordsrecords

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Post - Emergency Phase ActionsPost - Emergency Phase ActionsAdditional ConsiderationsAdditional Considerations

DIRECT AND COORDINATE:DIRECT AND COORDINATE: Clean-upClean-up WasteWaste Demobilization Demobilization Radiological Radiological

Data/AssessmentData/Assessment Medical Follow upMedical Follow up Media/publicMedia/public

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Post - Emergency Phase ActionsPost - Emergency Phase ActionsAdditional ConsiderationsAdditional Considerations

DocumentationDocumentation

ImportanceImportance

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Post - Emergency Phase ActionsPost - Emergency Phase Actions

Reconstruct the accident, evaluate response, Reconstruct the accident, evaluate response, develop lessons learned, update response plan, develop lessons learned, update response plan, prepare final reportprepare final report

Report Contents (minimum)Report Contents (minimum) SummarySummary Description of the AccidentDescription of the Accident Response to the AccidentResponse to the Accident Human ConsequencesHuman Consequences Environmental ConsequencesEnvironmental Consequences Dose AssessmentDose Assessment Conclusions and RecommendationsConclusions and Recommendations

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SummarySummary

This lesson providedThis lesson provided Generic response organizationGeneric response organization Initial response conceptsInitial response concepts Emergency management functionsEmergency management functions Responsibilities/tasksResponsibilities/tasks

Remember:Remember: saving lives, treating injuries saving lives, treating injuries and fire fighting hazards are the prioritiesand fire fighting hazards are the priorities

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Where to Get More InformationWhere to Get More Information

The role and tasks of the Emergency The role and tasks of the Emergency Manager are described in more details in Manager are described in more details in thethe

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCYAGENCY

Generic Procedures for Assessment and Generic Procedures for Assessment and Response during a Radiological Response during a Radiological

EmergencyEmergency

IAEA-TECDOC-1162, Vienna (2000)IAEA-TECDOC-1162, Vienna (2000)