Emergency Contingency Survey of State Forest Land in …

Emergency Contingency Survey of State Forest Land in Emmet County

Prepared by:Joshua G. Cohen

Michigan Natural Features InventoryP.O. Box 30444

Lansing, MI 48909-7944

For:Michigan Department of Natural Resources

Forest, Minerals and Fire Management Division

September 20, 2006

Report Number 2006-13

Cover photograph: Recent windthrow generating a small-scale light gap within mature mesic northern forestsurveyed on state forest land in Emmet County (All photographs by Joshua Cohen).

Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-1

INTRODUCTIONIn the summer of 2006, the Forest, Minerals and FireManagement Division of the Department of NaturalResources commissioned Michigan Natural FeaturesInventory (MNFI) to conduct an ecological survey offorest on state land in Emmet County proposed bythe Mackinaw Forest Council for designation as abiodiversity conservation area. The Mackinaw ForestCouncil recommended a total of 14 sites forconsideration, which totaled 2005 acres (Figures 1and 2). The proposed area falls within the GaylordForest Management Unit, Indian RiverCompartments 101, 102, 104, and 105. The purposeof the MNFI survey was to assess the quality of theforest and determine if any of the sites recommendedby the Mackinaw Forest Council qualified forconsideration as high-quality examples of mesicnorthern forest as defined by MNFI’s grading andranking criteria and standard Natural Heritagemethodology (Appendix 1 details MNFI’s gradingand ranking criteria for mesic northern forests).

METHODSWhen applying Natural Heritage and MNFImethodology, three factors are considered whileassessing a site’s quality: size, landscape context, andcondition. If a site meets defined requirements forthese three criteria it is categorized as a notableexample of that natural community type and enteredinto MNFI’s database as an element occurrence andgiven a ranking based on the consideration of itssize, landscape context, and condition. A growingseason survey was conducted to assess the conditionof the sites, while a combination of ground surveys,aerial photographic interpretation, and GeographicInformation System (GIS) analysis were employed todetermine the size and the landscape context of the14 forest sites.

Surveys were conducted August 14-18, 2006.Surveys involved running cardinal direction transectsthroughout the entire extent of the 14 sites orpolygons, cataloging the native flora, describing thesites’ structural attributes and ecological processes,aging canopy dominants, analyzing the soils, notingcurrent anthropogenic disturbance, ground-truthingaerial photographic interpretation using GlobalPositioning Systems (both Garmin and HP IPAQunits were utilized), and surveying adjacent forest toassess landscape context. To maximize the areasurveyed through each of the sites, transect surveyswere employed. Depending on the shape and size ofthe polygon, transects were typically oriented either

east-west or north-south and spaced approximately 0.2mile. GPS points were typically taken every tenth of amile along the transects (Figures 3-8).

RESULTSWithin this section location, landscape and abioticcontext, site summaries, and site specific biodiversitymanagement recommendations are provided for each ofthe surveyed areas.

SITE 1LocationThis site occurs just south of Wormwood Road insections 19 and 30 and in the southwestern corner ofsection 20 of T37N, R6W. The site falls within GaylordForest Management Unit, Indian River Compartment101, and includes or includes portions of stands 5 (M9),6 (M9), 7 (M9), 8 (M9), and 9 (M9).

Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis polygon falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and theLandtype Associations (LTAs) 1122 and 2222 (Figures 1and 2). LTA 1122, which is characterized by steepmoraine ridges, few lakes, and well drained sandy loamsoils, occurs in all but the southeastern corner of thispolygon where LTA 2222 is found. LTA 2222 ischaracterized by large, broad moraine ridges, few lakesand well drained sandy loam soils. The site occurs onrolling to steep topography with well-developed pit andmound topography. Soils are slightly acidic (pH of 5.5-6.0) loamy sands.

Site SummaryThis stretch of forest is predominantly mature uneven-aged (80-100 years old) northern hardwoods with somepockets of older trees (approximately 130 years) andscattered older trees throughout (Photograph 1). Canopydominants include sugar maple, beech, white ash, andred oak. Diameters are primarily 30-50cm (~12-20 in)with some scattered larger trees and pockets of largertrees 60-70cm (~24-28 in). Hemlock is an importantsubcanopy component in the northwestern portion of thepolygon. Low to moderate levels of coarse woody debriswere observed. Coarse woody debris is dominated byearly- and mid-successional species of small diameters,20-30cm (8-12in), although some scattered large-diameter beech snags and windthrow were noted. A highpercentage of the acreage is composed of early-successional forest of bigtooth aspen and/or white birch,especially in the southern half of the polygon. Numerousroads and old skid trails pass throughout the area.Management history for the site as a whole is variedwith some areas having old cut stumps throughout andother areas having none. More recently cut areas (70-90years ago) with aspen clones and white birch do not


Figure 1. The 2005 acres of surveyed forest fall within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 in Emmet County (Top).Surveys were conducted in 14 polygons that were treated as 8 sites (Bottom, overlying 1998 aerial imagery).


Figure 2. Emmet County survey sites overlying Landtype Associations (Corner and Albert 1999).

1

7b

2

4

5a

38c

66 7a

8a8b

5b

5d

5c


Figures 3-8. GPS points were taken within each polygon approximately every tenth of a mile along cardinal transectsthat were typically seperated by two tenths of a mile (Polygons and GPS points overlying 1998 aerial imagery).

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

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2

Figure 6.

Figure 5.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

4

6 7a

7b

5a5c

5b

5d3

8a8b 8c

Miles


SITE 1 (continued)have cut stumps. Many of the larger residual trees havelogging damage on their root collars and boles.

Aerial photographic interpretation indicates thatCanada yew was likely an important component of theshrub layer just eight years ago. No Canada yew wasobserved during the survey and it appears as if deerhave decimated this plant population (Deer wereobserved throughout the polygon).

The native flora for this site is typical of mesicnorthern forest occurring on loamy sands. During thesurvey, forty-four native species were noted (A list ofthese species is provided in Appendix 2). As notedabove, the canopy is dominated by sugar maple, beech,white ash, and red oak with bigtooth aspen and whitebirch occurring as local dominants. Canopy associatesinclude black cherry and basswood. Hemlock isimportant in the subcanopy in the northwestern portionof the polygon and striped maple and ironwood arealso important in this layer along with beech and sugarmaple. The understory is dominated by shade-tolerantsaplings of beech and sugar maple with striped mapleand American fly honeysuckle also prevalent.Prevalent ground cover species include hairy sweetcicely, jack-in-the-pulpit, wild leek, spinulosewoodfern, doll’s eyes, blue cohosh, Canada violet,maiden hair fern, common trillium, and blue-stemmedgoldenrod.

Portions of the western and northwestern extent of thepolygon were classified as a CD-ranked mesic northernforest (See Figure 9 for polygon delimiting extent ofoccurrence). The estimated acreage of this occurrenceis 19 acres.

Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsAllow natural processes to operate unhindered in themature northern hardwoods in the western andnorthwestern extent of the site. It is recommended thatthe late-successional features of the forest within thispolygon be maintained and enhanced. As a generalguideline, leaving trees that are greater than 60cm dbh(~24in) will help maintain the late-successionalattributes of this area. Where possible, maintainclusters of large trees as opposed to scattered largetrees. Another general guideline for this area is toallow trees to senesce and die on their own. Ifmanagers wish to create snags and coarse woodydebris in an area which is lacking in these attributes,allowing trees to reach their growth potential prior togirdling them to create snags and coarse woody debrisis advised. The recuperation of the site’s Canada yewpopulation depends on reducing the deer densitieswithin this local landscape. In addition to direct meansof reducing the deer herd, such as culling andincreased harvest intensity, reduction of intensivesilvicultural management in the surrounding area mayhelp reduce deer pressure within adjacent northernhardwood stands.

SITE 2LocationThis site occurs just south of Middle Village Road insections 5 and 8 of T36N, R6W and falls within theGaylord Forest Management Unit, Indian RiverCompartment 102, and includes or includes portions ofstands 14 (M9), 16 (M9), 17 (C6), 18 (C6), 19 (M6),20 (A3), 22 (E6), 23 (M6), 46 (M9), and 404 (G0).Figure 9. Green polygon outlines CD-ranked mesic

northern forest element occurrence in Site 1.

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Photograph 1. Like much of the area surveyed, mostof site 1 is composed of mature, second-growthnorthern hardwood forest. The species compositionand structure of these stands has been drivenprimarily by anthropogenic disturbance factors.


SITE 2 (continued)Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis site falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and theLTAs 1122 and 2222 (Figures 1 and 2). LTA 1122 ischaracterized by steep moraine ridges, few lakes, andwell drained sandy loam soils and LTA 2222 ischaracterized by large, broad moraine ridges, few lakesand well drained sandy loam soils. LTA 1122 occurs inthe southeastern corner of the site, while LTA 2222covers the remainder. The site occurs on rolling tosteep topography with well-developed pit and moundtopography. Soils are slightly acidic (pH of 5.0-6.0)sandy loams and loamy sands.

Site SummaryThis site constitutes a large area of predominantlymature northern hardwoods intermixed with whitebirch and aspen stands. Old large trees of sugar mapleand beech occur scattered throughout the site and insmall scattered clumps with some small pockets oftrees > 60cm (~24in) and approximately 120 years old.Some large shade-tolerant trees are younger (closer to100) and have quickly reached large diameters, 60-70cm (~24-28in) due to excellent growing conditionsprovided by the slightly acidic, sandy loams and themoderated climate due to the proximity to LakeMichigan. Mid-tolerant species (i.e., white ash,basswood, red oak, and black cherry) are pervasivethroughout the site and indicate that the severity of thelogging disturbance 80-100 years ago was substantial.Cores from bored mid-tolerant species ranged in agefrom 77-108 years.

In the southern half of the site there are three linearseepage areas that support narrow bands of hardwood-conifer swamp dominated by hemlock and cedar withblack ash and yellow birch. Numerous hemlocks >50cm (~20in) occur within these seepage areas. Onecored hemlock of 51.8cm (~20in) was estimated to be177 years old.

Low to moderate levels of coarse woody debris wereobserved. Coarse woody debris is dominated by early-and mid-successional species of small diameters, 20-30cm (8-12in), although some scattered large-diameterbeech snags and beech and sugar maple windthrowwere noted. A significant percentage of the acreage iscomposed of early-successional forest of bigtoothaspen and/or white birch. Numerous roads and oldskid trails pass throughout the area. Managementhistory for the site as a whole is varied with some areashaving old cut stumps throughout and other areashaving none. Many of the larger residual trees havelogging damage on their root collars and boles. A largearea of clear cut occurs just east of the central portionof the polygon and part of this clear cut falls within the

polygon. In addition, recently harvested northernhardwoods occur within the polygon just northeast ofthis clear cut area.

Aerial photographic interpretation indicates thatCanada yew was likely an important component of theshrub layer just eight years ago, especially in thenorthern half of the polygon. One sprig of Canada yewwas found in an area of blowdown in a seepage ravine,suggesting that deer have decimated this plantpopulation. Intensive cutting on immediately adjacentprivate lands to the east and west of this site couldhave lead to the temporary increase in browse pressureon Canada yew.

The native flora for this site is typical of mesicnorthern forest occurring on sandy loam and loamysands. During the survey, forty-one native species werenoted (A list of these species is provided in Appendix2). As noted above, the canopy is dominated by sugarmaple, beech, and white ash with bigtooth aspen andwhite birch occurring as local dominants. Canopyassociates include black cherry and basswood andoccasional red oak. Sugar maple and beech aredominant in the subcanopy and hemlock occurs in thesubcanopy in southern portions of the site. Theunderstory is dominated by shade-tolerant saplings ofbeech and sugar maple with striped maple, ironwood,and American fly honeysuckle also characteristic.Prevalent ground cover species include hairy sweetcicely, wild leek, spinulose woodfern, sharp-lobedhepatica, doll’s eyes, blue cohosh, Canada violet,maiden hair fern, common trillium, sugar mapleseedlings, and blue-stemmed goldenrod.

No portions of this polygon were classified as high-quality examples of mesic northern forest. Howeverthere are numerous small pockets of older trees oflarge diameter (>60cm) which have been indicated inFigure 10.

Figure 10. Yellow polygons outline smallconcentrations of large diameter trees (>60cm)within site 2.

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Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsIt is recommended that the late-successional features ofthe forest within this polygon be maintained andenhanced. As a general guideline, leaving trees that aregreater than 60cm dbh (~24in) will help maintain thelate-successional attributes of this area. Wherepossible, maintain clusters of large trees as opposed toscattered large trees (Photograph 2). As noted above,Figure 10 indicates several locations where there arepockets of large-diameter trees. Another generalguideline for this area is to allow trees to senesce anddie on their own. If managers wish to create snags andcoarse woody debris in an area which is lacking inthese attributes, allowing trees to reach their growthpotential prior to girdling them to create snags andcoarse woody debris is recommended. Therecuperation of the site’s Canada yew populationdepends on reducing the deer densities within this locallandscape. In addition to direct means of reducing thedeer herd, such as culling and increased harvestintensity, reduction of intensive silviculturalmanagement in the surrounding area may help reducedeer pressure within adjacent northern hardwoodstands. Reduction of deer densities may also allow forhemlock and cedar regeneration within the seepageravines. Protecting intermittent streams and seeps,especially where hemlock and cedar are prevalent, byabiding by best management practices and followingriparian management guidelines is encouraged.

SITE 3LocationThis site occurs .25 east of Hannah Road in thesoutheastern portion of section 32 of T37N, R6W andfalls within the Gaylord Forest Management Unit,Indian River Compartment 101, and includes portionsof stands 28 (M9) and 29 (M9).

Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis polygon falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 andthe Landtype Association 2222 (Figures 1 and 2). LTA2222 is characterized by large, broad moraine ridges,few lakes and well drained sandy loam soils. The siteoccurs on rolling topography with moderate pit andmound topography. Soils are slightly acidic (pH of 6.0)sandy loams and loamy sands.

Site SummaryMuch of this site has been already managed,particularly the southern portion of the polygon.Recently managed areas experienced heavy ruttingalong skid trails. Portions of forest that were notrecently managed are small- to moderate-diameter (30-50cm or ~12-20in) northern hardwood forests of sugarmaple and beech with a heavy component of mid-tolerant species, especially white ash (70-90 years old)and black cherry. White birch is also locally dominant.Old cut stumps occur throughout the more matureforest. A small valley in the northwestern portion of thepolygon contains a small pocket of large-diametersugar maple trees (one measured sugar maple was78cm or ~31in). Despite the large-diameter trees inthis portion of the canopy, there were no snags orcoarse woody debris from the large size class (> 60cmor ~24in) represented. Low levels of coarse woodydebris were observed throughout the site. Coarsewoody debris is dominated by early- and mid-successional species of small diameters (20-30cm or 8-12in). Numerous roads and skid trails (old and new)pass throughout the area.

During the survey, twenty-two native species werenoted (A list of these species is provided in Appendix2). As noted above, the canopy is dominated by sugarmaple, beech, and white ash. Canopy associatesinclude black cherry and paper birch. Sugar maple andbeech are dominant in the subcanopy. The understoryis dominated by shade-tolerant saplings of beech andsugar maple with striped maple and elderberry alsocommon. Prevalent ground cover species include sugarmaple seedlings, hairy sweet cicely, wild leek,spinulose woodfern, blue cohosh, Canada violet,maiden hair fern, and wild sarsaparilla. Severalseepage areas occur throughout the site and aredominated in the ground cover by spotted touch-me-not, which has been heavily browsed by deer.

No portions of this polygon were classified as high-quality examples of mesic northern forest. The smallpocket of large-diameter sugar maple in thenorthwestern portion of the polygon is indicated inFigure 11.

Photograph 2. Leaving concentrations of largediameter trees (>60cm) will help maintain theforest’s late-successional attributes. This photo isfrom the northeastern portion of site 2.


Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsThe heavy rutting evident in recently managed portionsof this site likely resulted from skidding on saturatedloams (Photograph 3). Harvesting similar sites in thelate summer, fall, or winter should help avoid such soildamage. During surveys, it was noted that a beech ofmoderate diameter (39.5cm or ~15in) was marked forgirdling. On sites where beech can attain diameters of80cm, it is advised to allow these trees to reach theirfull growth potential prior to girdling them for coarsewoody debris and snags. It is recommended that thelate-successional features of the forest within thispolygon be maintained and enhanced. Where possible,preserve clusters of large trees as opposed to scatteredlarge trees. For example, the small pocket of large-diameter sugar maple in the northwestern portion ofthe polygon could be maintained. Consider leavinglarge sugar maple and beech trees (>50cm or ~20in) toallow them to get bigger and contribute to futurecoarse woody debris loads. Protecting intermittentstreams and seepage areas by abiding by bestmanagement practices and following riparianmanagement guidelines is encouraged.

Figure 11. The yellow polygon outlines a smallconcentration of large diameter sugar maple (onemeasured sugar maple was 78cm or ~31in).

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Photograph 3. Heavy rutting, observed in managedportions of Site 3, can be avoided by harvestingduring periods when loamy soils are dry.

SITE 4LocationThis site occurs north and south of Webb Road insections 9 and 16 of T36N, R6W and falls within theGaylord Forest Management Unit, Indian RiverCompartment 102, and includes or includes portions ofstands 23 (M6), 25 (R6), 28 (M9), 29 (M9), 30 (M3),31 (M9), 32 (A5), 33 (M6), 34 (A3), 35 (M6), 36(M1), 37 (M3), 38 (M1), 39 (M3), 40 (M1), 41 (M3),42 (M1), 43 (M3), 44 (M1), and 45 (M3).

Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis polygon falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 andthe Landtype Associations 1122 and 5521 (Figures 1and 2). LTA 1122 is characterized by steep moraineridges, few lakes, and well drained sandy loam soils.LTA 5521 is a narrow outwash channel with welldrained sandy soils. The western half of this site ischaracterized by steep topography of morainal ridgesof LTA 1122, while the topography of the eastern half,which corresponds to the outwash channel of LTA5521, is moderate to gently rolling. Moderate pit andmound topography occurs throughout. Soils are acidicto slightly acidic (pH of 4.5-5.5) loamy sands andsands.

Site SummaryThis polygon is predominantly mature uneven-aged(80-100 years old) northern hardwoods with somepockets of older trees (approximately 120 years) andscattered older trees throughout. Canopy dominantsinclude sugar maple, beech, and white ash with someareas containing large-diameter hemlock. Diametersare primarily 30-50cm (~12-20in) with some scatteredlarger trees and pockets of larger trees 60-70cm (~24-28in). Many of the larger residual trees have loggingdamage on their root collars and boles. Low tomoderate levels of coarse woody debris were observed.Coarse woody debris is dominated by early- and mid-successional species of small diameters (20-30cm or 8-12in), although some scattered large-diameter beechsnags and windthrow were noted. Numerous roads andold skid trails criss-cross the area and old cut stumpsoccur throughout the entire polygon. The easternportion of the polygon north of Webb Road isdominated by small-diameter (20-30cm) aspen standsand young northern hardwoods with a heavycomponent of black cherry in the canopy. The easternportion of the polygon south of Webb Road has beenrecently and intensively managed. Much of this areahas been managed through patch cuts for black cherryand is characterized by an open overstory withscattered black cherry and a dense understory layerwith raspberries, blackberries, and sapling black


SITE 4 (continued)cherry. A portion of a large clear cut was also includedin the polygon occurring in the southeastern corner andan area of clear cut on private land occurs within thepolygon along the northeastern edge. The mappedpolygon also includes a sliver of red pine plantation inthe west-central portion of the polygon just off ofWebb Road.

The native flora for this site is typical of mesicnorthern forest occurring on loamy sands and sands.During the survey, forty-two native species wererecorded (A list of these species is provided inAppendix 2). As noted above, the canopy is dominatedby sugar maple, beech, and white ash with aspen andblack cherry occurring as local dominants. Canopyassociates include hemlock and basswood. Thesubcanopy is dominated by sugar maple and beechwhile the understory is dominated by shade-tolerantsaplings of beech and sugar maple with localizeddominance by black cherry, raspberries, blackberries,and Canada yew. Heavy deer herbivory has greatlyreduced the cover and height of the Canada yew(Photograph 4). Significant portions of the polygonformerly dominated by Canada yew now contain onlythe dead stems of chronically browsed yew. Intensivemanagement surrounding this site likely increased deerdensities within this local landscape and is contributingto the demise of this uncommon and declining shrub.Prevalent ground cover species include hairy sweetcicely, jack-in-the-pulpit, wild leek, spinulosewoodfern, doll’s eyes, blue cohosh, wild sarsaparilla,sugar maple seedlings, Canada mayflower, commontrillium, and downy solomon seal. Several seepageravines were noted in the southwestern portion of thepolygon and support dense populations of spottedtouch-me-not and sedges.

Photograph 4. Canada yew, dominant in thebackground, has been greatly reduced in cover andheight within site 4 due to heavy deer herbivory.

A small (approximately 5 acres) hemlock-dominatedstand in the east-central portion of the polygon wasclassified as a D-ranked mesic northern forest (SeeFigure 12 for polygon delimiting extent of occurrenceand Photograph 5).

Figure 12. Green polygon outlines CD-ranked mesicnorthern forest element occurrence in Site 4.

Photograph 5. A small stand of large-diameterhemlock occurs in the east-central portion of Site 4.

Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsAllow natural processes to operate unhindered in thehemlock-hardwood forest in the east-central portion ofthe polygon. It is recommended that the late-successional features of the forest within this polygonbe maintained and enhanced. As a general guideline,leaving trees that are greater than 60cm (~24in) dbhwill help maintain the late-successional attributes ofthis area. Where possible, maintain clusters of largetrees as opposed to scattered large trees. Anothergeneral guideline is to allow trees to senesce and dieon their own. If managers wish to create snags andcoarse woody debris in an area which is lacking in

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SITE 4(continued) these attributes, permitting trees to reach their growthpotential prior to girdling them to create snags andcoarse woody debris is advised. The integrity of thissite’s Canada yew population and the potential forhemlock to regenerate depends on reducing the deerdensities within this local landscape. In addition todirect means of reducing the deer herd, such as cullingand increased harvest intensity, reduction of intensivesilvicultural management in the surrounding area mayhelp reduce deer pressure.

SITE 5LocationThis site is composed of 4 polygons that occur withinthe Gaylord Forest Management Unit: Polygon 5a islocated just east of Wresell Road in the west-centralportion of section 3, T36N, R6W; Polygon 5b islocated just west of Wresell Road in the north-easternportion of section 4, T36N, R6W; Polygon 5c is alsolocated west of Wressell road in the northern portion ofsection 4, T36N, R6W and along the southern edge ofsection 33, T36N, R7W; and Polygon 5d is located justeast of Frank Road in the southeastern corner ofsection 33, T36N, R7W. Polygon 5a occurs within theIndian River Compartment 104 and includes portionsof stands 39 (M5), 40 (M5), 45 (M6), and 46 (M9).Polygon 5b occurs within the Indian RiverCompartment 102 and includes portions of stands 5(M6) and 6 (A3). Polygon 5c occurs within the IndianRiver Compartment 102 and includes portions of stand7 (M6) in section 4 and a sliver of private land insection 33. Polygon 5d occurs within the Indian RiverCompartment 101 and includes portions of stand 23(M9).

Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis site falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and theLandtype Associations 2222 and 5521 (Figures 1 and2). LTA 2222 is characterized by large broad moraineridges, few lakes, and well drained sandy loam soils.LTA 5521 is a narrow outwash channel with welldrained sandy soils. Polygons 5a and 5b occur withinthe narrow outwash channel while, Polygon 5d occurson LTA 2222. Polygon 5c occurs primarily on thebroad moraine ridges but its southeastern corner fallswithin the narrow outwash channel. In general, thesoils of the outwash channel are acidic sands while themorainal soils tend to be slightly less acidic and areloamy sands and sandy loams.

Site SummaryPolygon 5a contains a small grove of large-diameterwhite pine (50-80cm or ~20-32in) which occurs as ascattered supercanopy over small-diameter northern

hardwoods (15-35cm or 6-14in) in the northwesternhalf of the polygon. Canopy composition of the youngnorthern hardwoods is primarily sugar maple andblack cherry. The southeastern half of Polygon 5a iscomposed of early-successional forest dominated bysmall-diameter (10-20cm or 4-8in) aspen and blackcherry.

Polygon 5b is a stand of recently harvested northernhardwoods. Canopy dominants include sugar maple,white ash, and black cherry. Sugar maple, favored bythe recent management, is currently dominant in allvegetative layers. An east-facing slope occurs along thenortheastern portion of this polygon. This area was lessintensively managed and supports a greater diversity ofgroundcover species compared to the more intensivelymanaged portion of this polygon.

Polygon 5c is a small polygon that is primarily mature,uneven-aged (80-100 years old) northern hardwoods.Canopy dominants include sugar maple, beech, andwhite ash with some scattered black cherry. Low tomoderate levels of coarse woody debris were observed.The southern portion of the polygon is characterized bygreater black cherry prevalence in the canopy.

Polygon 5d contains areas that have been recentlymanaged, especially in the southern portion of thepolygon. Canopy dominants include sugar maple,white ash, and black cherry. Sugar maple, favored bythe recent management, is currently dominant in allvegetative layers in the managed areas. Theunmanaged northern portion of the polygon supportssmall-diameter northern hardwoods with black cherryand beech as the prevalent canopy trees.

During the survey of these four polygons, thirty-onenative species were noted (A list of these species isprovided in Appendix 2). Canopy dominants includebeech, sugar maple, white ash, and black cherry withwhite pine occurring in the supercanopy of Polygon 5a.Shade tolerant species such as sugar maple and beechare prevalent in the subcanopy and understory layer.Within recently managed portions of forest in Polygons5b and 5d, sugar maple is especially prevalent in theunderstory layer along with elderberry, raspberries, andblackberries. Ground cover that is common acrossthese four areas includes wild sarsaparilla, commontrillium, spinulose woodfern, wild leek, blue cohosh,sugar maple seedlings, Canada mayflower, and downysolomon seal

No portions of these polygons were classified as high-quality examples of mesic northern forest. The smallpocket of mature northern hardwoods in Polygon 5c isindicated in Figure 13.


Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsMaintain the small stand of mature northernhardwoods in Polygon 5c. Maintain the scattered,supercanopy white pine in Polygon 5a. Allow youngblack cherry and aspen stands south of the white pinegrove to function as a nurse crop for white pine: allowthis early-successional forest to senesce and eventuallyconvert to a white pine-dominated forest.

Figure 13. The yellow polygon outlines a smallconcentration of large-diameter sugar maple,beech, and white ash within polygon 5c.

5c

SITE 6LocationThis site is a large polygon that occurs in T37N, R6Win sections 20, 28, and 29 between Johnston Road andWilderness Road and falls within the Gaylord ForestManagement Unit, Indian River Compartment 101,and includes portions of stands 8 (M9), 10 (M9), 11(M9), and 13 (M9).

Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis polygon falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 andthe LTAs 1122 and 2222 (Figures 1 and 2). LTA 1122is characterized by steep moraine ridges, few lakes,and well drained sandy loam soils. Portions of this siteoccurring on this LTA are characterized by steep tomoderate topography and slightly acidic (pH 5.0),loamy sands and sands. LTA 2222, which ischaracterized by large broad moraine ridges, few lakes,and well drained sandy loam soils, occurs in thesouthwestern portion of the polygon on rollingtopography. Soils within this portion of the site weresignificantly richer and were dark sandy loams ofmoderate to slight acidity (6.5-6.8 pH).

Site SummaryThis stretch of forest is predominantly mature, uneven-aged (80-100 years old) northern hardwoods with

some pockets of older trees (approximately 130 years)and scattered older trees throughout. Canopydominants include sugar maple, beech, and white ashwith white birch and bigtooth aspen as canopyassociates. Diameters are primarily 30-50cm (~12-20in) with some scattered larger trees and pockets oflarger trees 60-70cm (~24-28in). Low to moderatelevels of coarse woody debris were observed. Coarsewoody debris is dominated by early- and mid-successional species of small diameters (20-30cm or 8-12in) although some scattered large-diameter beechand sugar maple snags and windthrow were noted.Several bigtooth aspen clones occur scatteredthroughout the site, particularly in the eastern block ofthe polygon. Numerous roads and old skid trails passthroughout the area. Management history for the siteas a whole is varied with some areas having old cutstumps throughout and other areas having none. Arecent and extensive final harvest to control beech barkdisease occurred in the northcentral portion of thepolygon.

In general, the forest occurring on the broad moraine(LTA 2222) is characterized by mature northernhardwood forest dominated by tall sugar maple, beechand white ash with a rich herbaceous layer growing onthe dark sandy loams. Moderate levels of coarsewoody debris and snags occur within this portion ofthe polygon and compared to the forest on LTA 1122,larger-diameter trees (50-60cm or ~20-24in) are moreprevalent here, likely due to the high nutrient levelsprovided by the slightly acidic loams. The forestoccurring on the steep moraine ridges (LTA 1122)contains both mature northern hardwoods, youngerstands of northern hardwoods, and patches of early-successional forest dominated by aspen. Beechincreases in canopy importance in the mature northernforest occurring on these steep moraines and early-successional species such as bigtooth aspen and whitebirch and mid-tolerants such as white ash and blackcherry are more prevalent. The more acidic loamysands and sands found on these steep moraines havemuch shallower organic horizons and support lowerfloristic diversity compared to the sandy loams of thebroad moraine.

Aerial photographic interpretation indicates thatCanada yew was likely an important component of theshrub layer throughout much of this polygon just eightyears ago. Canada yew was rare within this site and itappears as if deer have decimated this plantpopulation.

The native flora for this site is typical of mesicnorthern forest occurring on loamy sand and sandyloam. During the survey, forty-three native species


SITE 6 (continued)were noted (A list of these species is provided inAppendix 2). As noted above, the canopy is dominatedby sugar maple, beech, and white ash with bigtoothaspen occurring as a local dominant. Canopyassociates include white ash, black cherry, aspen,yellow birch, and basswood. Sugar maple and beechare dominant in the subcanopy. The understory isdominated by shade-tolerant saplings of beech andsugar maple with striped maple, ironwood, elderberry,and American fly honeysuckle also characteristic.Prevalent ground cover species include hairy sweetcicely, jack-in-the-pulpit, wild leek, spinulosewoodfern, sharp-lobed hepatica, doll’s eyes, bluecohosh, Canada mayflower, Canada violet, maidenhair fern, common trillium, sugar maple seedlings, andblue-stemmed goldenrod. Species diversity, density,and height of ground cover species are significantlygreater on the sandy loams of the broad morainecompared to on the sands and loamy sands of the steepmoraine ridges. Spotted touch-me-not and sensitivefern are local dominants in the numerous seepageravines that occur in the eastern half of thenorthwestern quarter of section 29.

The southwestern portion of the polygon in thesouthern half of the northwestern quarter of section 29was classified as a CD-ranked mesic northern forest(See Figure 14 for polygon delimiting extent ofoccurrence and Photograph 6). The estimated acreageof this occurrence is 70 acres.. This polygon includesthe mature northern hardwoods occurring on the broadmoraine ridges of LTA 2222 and also a small acreageof mature northern hardwoods occurring on the steepmoraine ridges of LTA 1122.

Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsAllow natural processes to operate unhindered in thesouthwestern portion of the polygon. It isrecommended that the late-successional features of theforest within this polygon be maintained and enhanced.As a general guideline, leaving trees that are greaterthan 60cm (~24in) dbh will help maintain the late-successional attributes of this area. Where possible,maintain clusters of larger tree as opposed to scatteredlarge trees. Another general guideline is to allow treesto senesce and die on their own. Throughout this site,many small-diameter (<50cm or <20in) trees weremarked to be girdled. If managers wish to create snagsand coarse woody debris in an area which is lacking inthese attributes, allowing trees to reach their growthpotential prior to girdling them to create snags andcoarse woody debris is advised. The recuperation ofthe site’s Canada yew population depends on reducingthe deer densities within this local landscape. Inaddition to direct means of reducing the deer herd,such as culling and increased harvest intensity,reduction of intensive silvicultural management in thesurrounding area may help reduce deer pressure.

As noted above numerous seepage areas andintermittent streams occur in the eastern half of thenorthwestern quarter of section 29. Protect intermittentstreams and seepage areas by following bestmanagement practices and riparian managementguidelines.

Figure 14. Green polygon outlines CD-ranked mesicnorthern forest element occurrence in Site 6.

6

Photograph 6. Although some scattered large-diameterbeech and sugar maple snags and windthrow were noted,coarse woody debris in Site 6 and throughout thesurveyed area is dominated by early- and mid-successional species of small diameters (20-30cm or 8-12in) .


SITE 7LocationThis site is composed of 2 polygons found west ofWilderness Road in T37N, R6W in section 28: Polygon7a is located in the northeastern corner of section 28and Polygon 7b is located just east of Wilderness Roadin the west-central portion of section 28. Bothpolygons fall within the Gaylord Forest ManagementUnit, Indian River Compartment 101. Polygon 7aincludes portions of stand 18 (M9) and the northernhalf of this polygon falls on private land. Polygon 7bincludes portions of stand 16 (M9).

Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis site falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and theLTAs 1122 and 2222 (Figures 1 and 2). LTA 1122 ischaracterized by steep moraine ridges, few lakes, andwell drained sandy loam soils. LTA 2222 ischaracterized by large broad moraine ridges, few lakes,and well drained sandy loam soils. Polygon 7a fallsentirely in LTA 1122, while all but the southern edge ofPolygon 7b falls within LTA 1122. Soils throughoutboth polygons where sandy loams and loamy sands,and topography was steep to moderate.

Site SummaryPolygon 7a was recently managed (within the last 10years) and is dominated by an open canopy of sugarmaple and beech over a dense understory of sugarmaple and beech saplings, and thick raspberry andblackberry thickets, which are heavily concentratedalong the numerous skid trails, logging decks, andmore open areas. Striped maple is locally abundant.Residual basal area was estimated to range between 70ft2 and 90 ft2 of basal area. The northern portion of thispolygon occurs on private land and was not surveyed.

Polygon 7b is a small stand of primarily mature,uneven-aged northern hardwoods. Canopy dominantsinclude sugar maple, beech, and white ash. Low levelsof coarse woody debris were observed. Scattered large-diameter trees (50-70cm or ~20-28in) occur within thispolygon, especially along the steep slopes adjacent tothe seep/intermittent stream that passes through thecenter of the polygon. An ORV trail also passesthrough the center of this polygon. Old cut stumpswere noted throughout this site.

During the survey, forty-three native species werenoted (A list of these species is provided in Appendix2). As noted above, the canopy is dominated by sugarmaple, beech, and white ash Sugar maple and beechare dominant in the subcanopy. The understory isdominated by shade-tolerant saplings of beech and

sugar maple with striped maple, ironwood, elderberry,and American fly honeysuckle also characteristic.Blackberry and raspberry species are dominant in therecently managed polygon. Prevalent ground coverspecies include hairy sweet cicely, jack-in-the-pulpit,wild leek, spinulose woodfern, doll’s eyes, bluecohosh, Canada mayflower, Canada violet, commontrillium, and sugar maple seedlings.

No portions of these polygons were classified as high-quality examples of mesic northern forest. The smallstrip of mature northern hardwoods in Polygon 7b isindicated in Figure 15.

Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsMaintain the small stand of mature northernhardwoods in Polygon 7b. Protect the seep/intermittentstream by following best management practices andriparian management guidelines. It appears as ifseveral of the large trees along the steep slopes abovethis seepage area were marked for harvest. If this isindeed the case, it is recommended that the prescribedharvest of these large-diameter trees occurring within ariparian area be reconsidered.

SITE 8LocationThis site is composed of 3 polygons found in closeproximity to Frank Road in T37N, R6W in sections 33and 34: Polygon 8a occurs just west of Frank Road inthe northeastern quarter of section 33; Polygon 8boccurs west of Frank Road in the northwestern quarterof section 33; and Polygon 8c occurs east of Frankroad along the northeastern edge of section 33 and inthe northwestern quarter of section 34. Polygon 8afalls within Gaylord Forest Management Unit, IndianRiver Compartment 101 and includes portions ofstands 26 (M9) and 27 (M9) and the northern third ofthis polygon falls on private land. Polygon 8b also

Figure 15. The yellow polygon outlines a smallconcentration of large-diameter northernhardwoods along a seepage within polygon 7b.

7b


SITE 8 (continued)occurs in Indian River Compartment 101 and includesportions of stand 26 (M9). Polygon 8c occurs in IndianRiver Compartment 101 and Compartment 105.Within Compartment 101 and section 33, Polygon 8cincludes portions of stands 20 (M9) and 23 (M9). Thesegment of polygon 8c that falls within Compartment105 and section 34 includes portions of stands 75 (M9)and 80 (M6).

Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis site falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and theLTAs 2222 and 5521 (Figures 1 and 2). LTA 2222 ischaracterized by large broad moraine ridges, few lakes,and well drained sandy loam soils. LTA 5521 is anarrow outwash channel with well drained sandy soils.Polygons 8a and 8b occur on the broad moraine ridgesof LTA 2222, while the western half of Polygon 8coccurs on LTA 2222 and the eastern half falls on LTA5521. In general, the soils of the outwash channel ofLTA 5521 are moderately acidic sands while themorainal soils of LTA 2222 tend to be slightly lessacidic and are loamy sands and sandy loams.Topography for this site is gently rolling with mild pitand mound topography.

Site SummaryThese polygons are predominantly mature, uneven-aged (80-100 years old) northern hardwoods withsome pockets of older trees and scattered older treesthroughout. Canopy dominants include sugar maple,beech, and white ash with black cherry, basswood, andwhite birch as common canopy associates. Diametersare primarily 30-50cm (~12-20in) with some scatteredlarger trees and pockets of larger trees 60-70cm (~24-28in). Many of the larger residual trees have loggingdamage on their root collars and boles. Low tomoderate levels of coarse woody debris were observed.Coarse woody debris is dominated by early- and mid-successional species of small diameters (20-30cm or 8-12in) although some scattered large-diameter beechsnags and windthrow were noted. Numerous roads andold skid trails criss-cross the area and old cut stumpsoccur throughout the entire site. Along the eastern edgeof polygon 8c, there are patches of younger northernhardwoods dominated by black cherry. The northernthird of Polygon 8b, which occurs on private land, wasrecently intensively cut with primarily white ashremoved.

The native flora for this site is typical of mesicnorthern forest occurring on loamy sands and sandyloams. During the survey, thirty-three native specieswere noted (A list of these species is provided in

Appendix 2). As stated above, the canopy is dominatedby sugar maple, beech, and white ash. Canopyassociates include black cherry, white birch, andbasswood. The subcanopy is dominated by sugarmaple and beech with occasional ironwood. Theunderstory is dominated by shade-tolerant saplings ofbeech and sugar maple with striped maple, Americanfly honeysuckle, and elderberry as typical shrubs.Prevalent ground cover species include hairy sweetcicely, jack-in-the-pulpit, wild leek, spinulosewoodfern, doll’s eyes, blue cohosh, wild sarsaparilla,Canada violet, maiden hair fern, common trillium, anddowny solomon seal.

No portions of these polygons were classified as high-quality examples of mesic northern forest. Howeverthe small pocket of older trees of large diameter(>60cm or >~24in) within polygon 8a has beenindicated in Figure 16.

Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsIt is recommended that the late-successional features ofthe forest within this polygon be maintained andenhanced. As a general guideline, leaving trees that aregreater than 60cm (~24in) dbh will help maintain thelate-successional attributes of this area. Where possiblemaintain clusters of large trees as opposed to scatteredlarge trees. For example, maintain the small stand ofmature northern hardwoods in Polygon 8a. Anothergeneral guideline is to allow trees to senesce and dieon their own. If managers wish to create snags andcoarse woody debris in an area which is lacking inthese attributes permitting trees to reach their growthpotential prior to girdling them to create snags andcoarse woody debris is suggested.

Figure 16. The yellow polygon outlines a smallconcentration of large-diameter sugar maple,beech, and white ash within polygon 8a.

8a


The following recommendations focused on enhancingbiodiversity within this landscape are provided foryour consideration. Allow natural processes to operateunhindered in areas identified as element occurrencesof mesic northern forest. Increase the size of these coreareas by managing adjacent mature northernhardwoods likewise or by extending the harvestrotation within adjacent stands. Maintain and enhancelate-successional features of managed forest. Wherepossible, maintain clusters of large trees as opposed toscattered large trees. As a general guideline, leavingtrees that are greater than 60cm dbh (~24in) will helpmaintain the late-successional attributes of this area.Death of large diameter trees generates long-lastingsnags and/or coarse woody debris and creates thecanopy openings that drive the gap-phase dynamics ofthese systems. Long-lived, large-diameter coarsewoody debris can provide nurse logs for theestablishment of hemlock and yellow birch seedlings.Another general guideline is to allow trees to senesceand die on their own. If managers wish to create snagsand coarse woody debris in an area which is lacking inthese attributes, allowing trees to reach their growthpotential prior to girdling them to create the snags andcoarse woody debris is recommended.

The recuperation of the Canada yew population andthe regeneration potential of hemlock and cedar withinthis area depend on reducing the deer densities withinthe local landscape. In addition to direct means ofreducing the deer herd, such as culling and increasedharvest intensity, reduction of intensive silviculturalmanagement throughout the landscape may helpreduce deer pressure within northern hardwood stands.

It is important to protect seepage areas and intermittentstreams, especially where hemlock and cedar areprevalent, by following best management practices andriparian management guidelines.

DISCUSSIONAccording to the Department of Natural ResourcesConservation Area Guidance document and WorkInstruction 1.4 on Biodiversity Management on StateForest Land, high-quality natural communities that areA or B ranked and are rare, imperiled, or criticallyimperiled in the state or globally (G1, G2, G3, and/orS1, S2, S3; see Appendix 3 for definition of global andstate ranks) qualify for consideration as EcologicalReference Areas. Based on the assessment of the 14polygons, no part of the 2005 acres of surveyed areawould currently qualify for consideration as an

Ecological Reference Area. However that does notpreclude the consideration of this area or portionsthereof as either High Conservation Areas or SpecialConservation Areas or the potential for portions of thearea to, in time, qualify for consideration as EcologicalReference Areas.

Three new element occurrences of mesic northernforest were documented within the surveyed forest(Figures 9, 12, and 14). Portions of the western andnorthwestern extent of Site 1 were classified as a CD-ranked mesic northern forest. A small (approximately5 acres) hemlock-dominated stand in the east-centralportion of Site 4 was classified as a D-ranked mesicnorthern forest. Within Site 6, the southwestern portionof the polygon in the southern half of the northwesternquarter of section 29 was classified as a CD-rankedmesic northern forest. The low element occurrenceranking for these three sites is primarily due to theirsmall sizes and poor condition rankings. Lowcondition ranks were assigned because these sites aresecond-growth stands that are just developingcharacteristic of late-successional forest. The structureand species composition of these stands has beenprimarily driven by anthropogenic disturbance factors(i.e., turn-of-the-century logging) as opposed to thenatural process of gap-phase dynamics. Coarse woodydebris and snags are primarily confined to smalldiameter classes and early-successional and mid-tolerant species. The species composition of theoverstory and understory of these sites has beendrastically altered. Examination of the notes of theoriginal land surveyors for this general area suggeststhat approximately 80% of the canopy was composedof shade-tolerant species and that hemlock was moreprevalent in the canopy circa 1800. Canopy coverageof mid-tolerant species and early-successional specieshas increased within these three sites and in thesurrounding landscape. High levels of deer herbivoryhave drastically altered the species composition andstructure of the understory of these sites. Of particularnote is the dramatic decline of Canada yew, whichoccurred as an understory dominant throughout muchof this area less than ten years ago. Despite theseecological short-comings, these occurrences (especiallythe two CD-ranked elements) and the surroundingmature forest could potentially be restored to higherquality mesic northern forest given time (at least acentury) and reduction of deer densities. As noted inMNFI’s ranking criteria for element occurrences(Appendix 1), protection of C-ranked “occurrenceshelps conserve the biotic diversity on a regional orlocal level and (is) important to state-wideconservation only if no higher-ranked occurrencesexist.”

LANDSCAPE LEVEL BIODIVERSITYMANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS


DISCUSSION(continued)A landscape-level assessment of the current status ofhigh-quality mesic northern forest in the NorthernLower Peninsula provides the context for evaluatingthe conservation significance of the Mackinaw ForestCouncil’s recommended area and the portionsidentified through this survey as new mesic northernforest element occurrences. Prior to this survey, only27 mesic northern forest element occurrences wereknown from the Northern Lower Peninsula and ofthose, only eight are B-ranked or higher. Of these eighthigh-quality mesic northern forests, three are found onislands within the Great Lakes. Of the five high-qualitymesic northern forests occurring on the mainland ofNorthern Lower Michigan, only one has beendocumented on state forest land, a tract of old-growthforest along Walloon Lake in Charlevoix County. Priorto this survey, within Emmet County, there was onlyone documented mesic northern forest elementoccurrence that occurs on private land in sub-subsection VII.2.3 on LTAs 3321 and 5521.

The Emmet County survey sites fall within SubsectionVII.6 (Presque Isle Subsection) and Sub-subsectionVII.6.2 (Stutsmanville Sub-Subsection) of the regionallandscape ecosystems of Michigan hierarchicallandscape classification (Albert 1995, Figure 1). Priorto this survey, within Subsection VII.6 there were onlysix documented occurrences of mesic northern forestand only three occurrences that are B-ranked or higher.Of these six occurrences, five occur on islands withinthe Great Lakes. The sole occurrence of high-qualitymesic northern forest that is found within SubsectionVII.6 occurs within Sub-subsection VII.6.1 and isfound on University of Michigan and Little TraverseNature Conservancy property.

Prior to this survey, there were no documentedoccurrences of high-quality mesic northern forestwithin Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and no documentedoccurrences on LTAs 1122, 2222, and 5521 ofSubsection VII.6. Within the Northern LowerPeninsula, across all Subsections, prior to this survey,there were three mesic northern forest elementoccurrences in MNFI’s database found on steepmoraine ridges, with few lakes, and well drained sandyloam soils (LTA 1122). All three of these occurrencesare from Subsection VII.4, two of the occurrences arefound on Great Lakes islands, and the occurrence onthe mainland is on private land. Within the NorthernLower Peninsula, across all Subsections, prior to thissurvey, there were six mesic northern forest elementoccurrences in MNFI’s database found on large, broadmoraine ridges, with few lakes and well drained sandy

loam soils (LTA 2222). All six of these occurrences arefrom Sub-subsection VII.5.2, all are found on themainland, and five are found on private land while oneoccurs on a nature preserve. Within the NorthernLower Peninsula, across all Subsections, prior to thissurvey, there was only one mesic northern forestelement occurrence in MNFI’s database found onnarrow outwash channel with well drained sandy soils(LTA 5521). This lone site is found in Sub-subsectionVII.2.3 on private land.

Given the complete lack of high-quality mesic northernforest within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and on LandtypeAssociations 1122, 2222, and 5521 on state land,portions of the surveyed area, especially the newlyidentified element occurrences of mesic northernforest, merit consideration as High Conservation Areasor Special Conservation Areas and over time couldqualify for consideration as Ecological ReferenceAreas. The three element occurrences occur on therange of Landtype Associations found within thesurveyed area. The occurrence from site 1 occurswithin LTA 1122, the occurrence within Site 4 fallswithin LTA 5521, and the occurrence from site 6occurs primarily in LTA 2222 but portions also fallwithin LTA 1122 (Figure 2). Based on their potential toprovide future representation of high-quality mesicnorthern forest within Subsection VII.6.2 on threedifferent landfoms or Landtype Associations, it isrecommended that management within these sites berestricted to stewardship activities (i.e., invasive plantremoval). In addition, given the small size of theseoccurrences, it is suggested that these elementoccurrences function as the core of much larger areasthat are unmanaged. Historically mesic northernforests dominated vast areas of mesic uplands of theGreat Lakes occupying hundreds to thousands of acres.Based on MNFI’s current grading criteria (Appendix1), mesic northern forests over 100 acres in area meritan A rank for size, while forests 50-99 acres merit a Brank. Buffering the element occurrences with at least100 acres of unmanaged mature northern hardwoodswould increase the probability that in 100 years theseareas would increase from their current CD or D rankto a B rank and could then qualify for consideration asEcological Reference Areas.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFunding for this project was generously provided bythe Forest, Minerals, Fire, and Management Division(FMFM) and administered through the WildlifeDivision. Thanks to Cara Boucher (FMFM) andPatrick Lederle (Wildlife Division) for supporting thisproject. Numerous MNFI staff supported the project inmany ways. In particular, Helen Enander providedinvaluable GIS analysis and facilitated reportproduction; Michael Kost assisted with projectplanning; Patrick Brown, Lyn Scrimger, Sue Ridge,and Connie Brinson provided very helpfuladministrative support; and Rebecca Boehm and KimBorland assisted with database management. Thanksto DNR filed staff for providing maps andmanagement information about the site, especiallyShannon Harig (FMFM), Brian Mastenbrook (WildlifeDivision), Joyce Angel-Ling (FMFM), Don Stacks(FMFM), and Dan Heckman (FMFM). Thanks are dueto Tim Flynn (Sierra Club/Mackinaw Forest Council)for providing maps and information about the site.Finally, thanks to Martha Gove for providing editorialassistance.


Rank Explanation

A Excellent Occurrence. Protection of A-ranked occurrences is essential to conservation of the maximum diversity and viability of an element in the state. A-ranked communities are essentially undisturbed by humans, or have nearly recovered from early human disturbance; they are further distinguished by being an extensive, well-buffered, etc. occurrence. Species composition shows little departure from original structure and composition (except in seral or disturbance dependent communities). A-ranked populations of a sensitive species are large in number of individuals, stable or growing, show good reproduction, and exist in a natural, sustainable habitat.

B Good Occurrence. Protection of these occurrences is important to the survival of an element in Michigan, especially if very few or no A-ranked occurrences exist, or in natural regions of the state where there are few or no A-ranked occurrences. A B-ranked community is still recovering from early disturbance or recent light disturbance but eventually will reach an A-rank. Presence of exotic species (if only localized and/or a minor component of the flora), recoverable departure from original structure and composition for the site (except in seral and disturbance dependent communities) result in a B-rank. Nearly undisturbed occurrences, or those essentially recovered from disturbance are downgraded to a B-rank if they have poor buffer or narrow boundary configuration. B-ranked populations of a sensitive species are at least stable, in a minimally disturbed habitat, and of moderate population size.

C Fair Occurrence. Protection of these occurrences helps conserve the biotic diversity on a regional or local level and are important to state-wide conservation only if no higher-ranked occurrences exist. A C-ranked community is in an early stage of recovery from disturbance, or its structure and composition have been altered such that the original vegetation of the site will never rejuvenate, yet with management and time partial restoration of the community is possible. C-ranked populations of sensitive species are in clearly disturbed habitats, small in size and/or number, and possibly declining.

D Poor Occurrence. Protection of these occurrences is seldom worthwhile except for historical reasons or only if no better occurrences exist. D-ranked communities are severely disturbed, their structure and composition have been greatly altered, and recovery to original conditions, despite management and time, essentially will not take place. D-ranked populations of sensitive species are very small with a high likelihood of dying out or being destroyed, and exist in highly disturbed and vulnerable habitat

Appendix 1. Element occurrence ranking criteria.


2

NATURAL COMMUNITY GRADING CRITERIA

Mesic Northern Forest (Northern Hardwood Forest and Hemlock-Hardwood Forest)

Grade A: Condition-grade A occurrences have common to abundant very old growth trees (trees are 50-70 cm dbh with sugar maple 170+ years old and hemlock 220-250+ years old). There is either no evidence of cutting, or only minor cutting of random individuals without any species elimination. All-aged stands are preferred, but other age-class distribution are acceptable if stand is essentially recovered from previous natural and/or artificial disturbances. For example, stands must be ungrazed (no gaps in age-class distribution) or recovered from past light grazing (age-class gap with a minor component of thorny species). (Single-aged stands predating European settlement may have originated from Indian disturbances and should be downgraded). Light harvest of fallen timber is acceptable for condition-grade A occurrences. Quality-grade A occurrences have tree species composition that resembles presettlement records from General Land Office surveys (unless survey bias is suspected or presettlement forest was disturbed). Understory diversity may be poor in quality-grade A stands due to canopy closure and should not affect quality-grade. However, natural disturbance regimes must be intact for quality-grade A occurrences. Grade B: Condition-grade B occurrences have very old growth trees as occasional with common to abundant old growth trees (approximately 140-220 yrs. old). Other combinations (e.g., abundant old growth only) are possible, but stand should be recoverable to condition-grade A with time. Past cutting is acceptable if light and no major canopy species were eliminated. Moderate grazing of very old growth stands are condition-grade B occurrences. Light grazing is acceptable in mixed very old growth and old second growth stands. Grade C: Quality- and condition-grade C occurrences have suffered disturbances that preclude their recovery to grade A levels, except over a long period of time (>120? years). Examples include stands with rare to occasional very old and/or old growth trees that are poorly reproducing or have had a major canopy species eliminated, old second growth stands with trees predominantly 40-50 cm dbh (120-140 years old), if species composition is natural, as well as heavy grazing in very old growth or moderately heavy grazing in old growth stands. Occurrences with large areas of heavy burns, abundant windthrow, or common tree mortality are quality-graded relative to recovery time. Stands greatly dissimilar from presettlement survey composition (unless survey was biased or stand disturbed) are quality-grade C. Benchmark Quality Standard: See quality-grade A criteria above; also high native plant species density and diversity (equitability and richness) relative to environmental conditions and cover type; heterogeneous plant community zonation with the presence of the full range of plant communities expected for the site; good buffer of associated natural communities; and unaltered (or artificially mimicked) natural disturbance regime. Minimum Element Occurrence Specificattons: Exceptional significance: EO Rank B and 50 acres. Notable significance: EO Rank B and 25 acres. Element Occurrence Size-Classes: Large: 100+ acres; Moderate: 50-99 acres; Small: 25-49 acres; Very Small: less than 25 acres. Boundary Mapping: For large occurrences, outline the entire area on map and simply identify smaller included occurrences of other community types (e.g. other forest types that interdigitate with Mesic Northern Forest, like Dry-mesic Northern Forest) without drawing their boundaries; draw boundaries of other included community types if they are easily defined (e.g. a lake type, a swamp type) or if they are separate element occurrences. Exemplary Occurrences: Porcupine Mountains, Ontonagon and Gogebic Co.; Sylvania Recreation Area, Gogebic Co.; Huron Mountains, Marquette Co.; North Fox Island, Leelanau Co.

Appendix 1. Element occurrence grading criteria.


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ped

uncu

lata

5U

PL

Nt P

-Sed

geS

ED

GE

CX

PLA

N8

Car

ex p

lant

agin

ea5

UP

LN

t P-S

edge

SE

DG

EC

AU

TH

A5

Cau

loph

yllu

m th

alic

troi

des

5U

PL

Nt P

-For

bB

LUE

CO

HO

SH

DR

YC

AR

5D

ryop

teris

car

thus

iana

-2F

AC

W-

Nt F

ern

SP

INU

LOS

E W

OO

DF

ER

NF

AG

GR

A6

Fag

us g

rand

ifolia

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eA

ME

RIC

AN

BE

EC

H

App

endi

x 2.

Pla

nt sp

ecie

s obs

erve

d du

ring

Em

met

Cou

nty

Stat

e Fo

rest

Sur

vey.

Cap

italiz

ed sc

ient

ific

and

com

mon

nam

es in

dica

te n

on-n

ativ

e sp

ecie

s. Li

fefo

rm a

cron

yms a

re a

s fol

low

s: N

t, na

tive;

P, p

eren

nial

; Ad,

adv

entiv

e; B

, bia

nnua

l; A

, ann

ual.

“C”

is th

e C

oeff

icie

nt o

f Con

serv

atio

n fo

r eac

h sp

ecie

s.


()

AC

RO

NY

MC

SC

IEN

TIF

IC N

AM

EW

WE

TN

ES

SP

HY

SIO

GN

OM

YC

OM

MO

N N

AM

EF

RA

AM

E5

Fra

xinu

s am

eric

ana

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eW

HIT

E A

SH

GA

LTR

R4

Gal

ium

trifl

orum

2F

AC

U+

Nt P

-For

bF

RA

GR

AN

T B

ED

ST

RA

WG

ER

RO

B3

Ger

aniu

m r

ober

tianu

m5

UP

LN

t A-F

orb

HE

RB

RO

BE

RT

HE

PA

CU

8H

epat

ica

acut

iloba

5U

PL

Nt P

-For

bS

HA

RP

LO

BE

D H

EP

AT

ICA

HU

PLU

C5

Hup

erzi

a lu

cidu

la-1

FA

C+

Nt F

ern

Ally

SH

ININ

G C

LUB

MO

SS

LON

CA

N5

Loni

cera

can

aden

sis

3F

AC

UN

t Shr

ubA

ME

RIC

AN

FLY

HO

NE

YS

UC

KLE

LYC

OB

S5

Lyco

podi

um o

bscu

rum

3F

AC

UN

t Fer

n A

llyG

RO

UN

D P

INE

MA

ICA

C4

Mai

anth

emum

can

aden

se0

FA

CN

t P-F

orb

CA

NA

DA

MA

YF

LOW

ER

MIT

RE

P5

Mitc

hella

rep

ens

2F

AC

U+

Nt P

-For

bP

AR

TR

IDG

E B

ER

RY

OS

MC

LI4

Osm

orhi

za c

layt

onii

4F

AC

U-

Nt P

-For

bH

AIR

Y S

WE

ET

CIC

ELY

OS

TV

IR5

Ost

rya

virg

inia

na4

FA

CU

-N

t Tre

eIR

ON

WO

OD

; HO

P H

OR

NB

EA

MP

OLP

UB

5P

olyg

onat

um p

ubes

cens

5U

PL

Nt P

-For

bD

OW

NY

SO

LOM

ON

SE

AL

PO

PG

RA

4P

opul

us g

rand

iden

tata

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eB

IG T

OO

TH

ED

AS

PE

NP

OP

TR

E1

Pop

ulus

trem

uloi

des

0F

AC

Nt T

ree

QU

AK

ING

AS

PE

NP

RU

SE

R2

Pru

nus

sero

tina

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eW

ILD

BLA

CK

CH

ER

RY

QU

ER

UB

5Q

uerc

us r

ubra

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eR

ED

OA

KR

IBC

YN

4R

ibes

cyn

osba

ti5

UP

LN

t Shr

ubP

RIC

KLY

or

WIL

D G

OO

SE

BE

RR

YR

UB

OC

C1

Rub

us o

ccid

enta

lis5

UP

LN

t Shr

ubB

LAC

K R

AS

PB

ER

RY

RU

BS

TR

2R

ubus

str

igos

us-2

FA

CW

-N

t Shr

ubW

ILD

RE

D R

AS

PB

ER

RY

SA

MC

AN

3S

ambu

cus

cana

dens

is-2

FA

CW

-N

t Shr

ubE

LDE

RB

ER

RY

SM

IRA

C5

Sm

ilaci

na r

acem

osa

3F

AC

UN

t P-F

orb

FA

LSE

SP

IKE

NA

RD

SO

LCA

E7

Sol

idag

o ca

esia

3F

AC

UN

t P-F

orb

BLU

E S

TE

MM

ED

GO

LDE

NR

OD

TIL

AM

E5

Tili

a am

eric

ana

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eB

AS

SW

OO

DT

RIB

OR

5T

rient

alis

bor

ealis

-1F

AC

+N

t P-F

orb

ST

AR

FLO

WE

RT

RIG

RA

5T

rilliu

m g

rand

iflor

um5

UP

LN

t P-F

orb

CO

MM

ON

TR

ILLI

UM

TS

UC

AN

5T

suga

can

aden

sis

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eH

EM

LOC

KV

IBA

CE

6V

ibur

num

ace

rifol

ium

5U

PL

Nt S

hrub

MA

PLE

LE

AV

ED

AR

RO

W W

OO

DV

IOC

AN

5V

iola

can

aden

sis

5U

PL

Nt P

-For

bC

AN

AD

A V

IOLE

T

App

endi

x 2.

Pla

nt sp

ecie

s obs

erve

d du

ring

Em

met

Cou

nty

Stat

e Fo

rest

Sur

vey,

Site

1 c

ontin

ued.


App

endi

x 2.

Pla

nt sp

ecie

s obs

erve

d du

ring

Em

met

Cou

nty

Stat

e Fo

rest

Sur

vey,

Site

2.

Loca

le:

Em

met

Cou

nty

Dat

e:15

-Aug

2006

9ho

urs

By:

Josh

ua C

ohen

FLO

RIS

TIC

QU

ALI

TY

DA

TA

Nat

ive

4293

.30%

Adv

entiv

e3

6.70

%42

NA

TIV

E S

PE

CIE

ST

ree

1328

.90%

Tre

e0

0.00

%45

Tot

al S

peci

esS

hrub

36.

70%

Shr

ub0

0.00

%4.

6N

AT

IVE

ME

AN

CW

-Vin

e0

0.00

%W

-Vin

e0

0.00

%4.

3 W

/Adv

entiv

esH

-Vin

e0

0.00

%H

-Vin

e0

0.00

%29

.6N

AT

IVE

FQ

IP

-For

b18

40.0

0%P

-For

b2

4.40

%28

.6 W

/Adv

entiv

esB

-For

b0

0.00

%B

-For

b0

0.00

%2.

4N

AT

IVE

ME

AN

WA

-For

b2

4.40

%A

-For

b1

2.20

%2.

6 W

/Adv

entiv

esP

-Gra

ss0

0.00

%P

-Gra

ss0

0.00

%A

VG

:F

ac. U

plan

d (+

)A

-Gra

ss0

0.00

%A

-Gra

ss0

0.00

%P

-Sed

ge1

2.20

%P

-Sed

ge0

0.00

%A

-Sed

ge0

0.00

%A

-Sed

ge0

0.00

%F

ern

511

.10%

AC

RO

NY

MC

SC

IEN

TIF

IC N

AM

EW

WE

TN

ES

SP

HY

SIO

GN

OM

YC

OM

MO

N N

AM

EA

CE

PE

N5

Ace

r pe

nsyl

vani

cum

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eS

TR

IPE

D M

AP

LEA

CE

SA

U5

Ace

r sa

ccha

rum

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eS

UG

AR

MA

PLE

AC

TP

AC

7A

ctae

a pa

chyp

oda

5U

PL

Nt P

-For

bD

OLL

'S E

YE

SA

DIP

ED

6A

dian

tum

ped

atum

1F

AC

-N

t Fer

nM

AID

EN

HA

IR F

ER

NA

LLT

RI

5A

llium

tric

occu

m2

FA

CU

+N

t P-F

orb

WIL

D L

EE

KA

RA

NU

D5

Ara

lia n

udic

aulis

3F

AC

UN

t P-F

orb

WIL

D S

AR

SA

PA

RIL

LAA

ST

MA

C4

Ast

er m

acro

phyl

lus

5U

PL

Nt P

-For

bB

IG L

EA

VE

D A

ST

ER

BE

TA

LL7

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ula

alle

ghan

iens

is0

FA

CN

t Tre

eY

ELL

OW

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CH

BE

TP

AP

2B

etul

a pa

pyrif

era

2F

AC

U+

Nt T

ree

PA

PE

R B

IRC

HB

OT

VIR

5B

otry

chiu

m v

irgin

ianu

m3

FA

CU

Nt F

ern

RA

TT

LES

NA

KE

FE

RN

CX

PLA

N8

Car

ex p

lant

agin

ea5

UP

LN

t P-S

edge

SE

DG

EC

AU

TH

A5

Cau

loph

yllu

m th

alic

troi

des

5U

PL

Nt P

-For

bB

LUE

CO

HO

SH

CIR

LUT

2C

ircae

a lu

tetia

na3

FA

CU

Nt P

-For

bE

NC

HA

NT

ER

'S N

IGH

TS

HA

DE

DR

YC

AR

5D

ryop

teris

car

thus

iana

-2F

AC

W-

Nt F

ern

SP

INU

LOS

E W

OO

DF

ER

NE

PIH

EL

0E

PIP

AC

TIS

HE

LLE

BO

RIN

E5

UP

LA

d P

-For

bH

ELL

EB

OR

INE

FA

GG

RA

6F

agus

gra

ndifo

lia3

FA

CU

Nt T

ree

AM

ER

ICA

N B

EE

CH

FR

AA

ME

5F

raxi

nus

amer

ican

a3

FA

CU

Nt T

ree

WH

ITE

AS

H


App

endi

x 2.

Pla

nt sp

ecie

s obs

erve

d du

ring

Em

met

Cou

nty

Stat

e Fo

rest

Sur

vey,

Site

2 c

ontin

ued.

()

AC

RO

NY

MC

SC

IEN

TIF

IC N

AM

EW

WE

TN

ES

SP

HY

SIO

GN

OM

YC

OM

MO

N N

AM

EG

ALT

ET

0G

ALE

OP

SIS

TE

TR

AH

IT5

UP

LA

d A

-For

bC

OM

MO

N H

EM

P N

ET

TLE

GA

LTR

R4

Gal

ium

trifl

orum

2F

AC

U+

Nt P

-For

bF

RA

GR

AN

T B

ED

ST

RA

WG

ER

RO

B3

Ger

aniu

m r

ober

tianu

m5

UP

LN

t A-F

orb

HE

RB

RO

BE

RT

HE

PA

CU

8H

epat

ica

acut

iloba

5U

PL

Nt P

-For

bS

HA

RP

LO

BE

D H

EP

AT

ICA

IMP

CA

P2

Impa

tiens

cap

ensi

s-3

FA

CW

Nt A

-For

bS

PO

TT

ED

TO

UC

H M

E N

OT

LON

CA

N5

Loni

cera

can

aden

sis

3F

AC

UN

t Shr

ubA

ME

RIC

AN

FLY

HO

NE

YS

UC

KLE

LYC

AN

N5

Lyco

podi

um a

nnot

inum

0F

AC

Nt F

ern

Ally

ST

IFF

CLU

BM

OS

SLY

CO

BS

5Ly

copo

dium

obs

curu

m3

FA

CU

Nt F

ern

Ally

GR

OU

ND

PIN

EM

AIC

AC

4M

aian

them

um c

anad

ense

0F

AC

Nt P

-For

bC

AN

AD

A M

AY

FLO

WE

RM

ITR

EP

5M

itche

lla r

epen

s2

FA

CU

+N

t P-F

orb

PA

RT

RID

GE

BE

RR

YO

SM

CLI

4O

smor

hiza

cla

yton

ii4

FA

CU

-N

t P-F

orb

HA

IRY

SW

EE

T C

ICE

LYO

ST

VIR

5O

stry

a vi

rgin

iana

4F

AC

U-

Nt T

ree

IRO

NW

OO

D; H

OP

HO

RN

BE

AM

PO

LPU

B5

Pol

ygon

atum

pub

esce

ns5

UP

LN

t P-F

orb

DO

WN

Y S

OLO

MO

N S

EA

LP

OP

GR

A4

Pop

ulus

gra

ndid

enta

ta3

FA

CU

Nt T

ree

BIG

TO

OT

HE

D A

SP

EN

PO

PT

RE

1P

opul

us tr

emul

oide

s0

FA

CN

t Tre

eQ

UA

KIN

G A

SP

EN

PR

UV

UL

0P

RU

NE

LLA

VU

LGA

RIS

0F

AC

Nt P

-For

bLA

WN

PR

UN

ELL

AP

RU

SE

R2

Pru

nus

sero

tina

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eW

ILD

BLA

CK

CH

ER

RY

RIB

CY

N4

Rib

es c

ynos

bati

5U

PL

Nt S

hrub

PR

ICK

LY o

r W

ILD

GO

OS

EB

ER

RY

SA

MC

AN

3S

ambu

cus

cana

dens

is-2

FA

CW

-N

t Shr

ubE

LDE

RB

ER

RY

SM

IRA

C5

Sm

ilaci

na r

acem

osa

3F

AC

UN

t P-F

orb

FA

LSE

SP

IKE

NA

RD

SO

LCA

E7

Sol

idag

o ca

esia

3F

AC

UN

t P-F

orb

BLU

E S

TE

MM

ED

GO

LDE

NR

OD

TH

UO

CC

4T

huja

occ

iden

talis

-3F

AC

WN

t Tre

eA

RB

OR

VIT

AE

TIL

AM

E5

Tili

a am

eric

ana

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eB

AS

SW

OO

DT

RIB

OR

5T

rient

alis

bor

ealis

-1F

AC

+N

t P-F

orb

ST

AR

FLO

WE

RT

RIG

RA

5T

rilliu

m g

rand

iflor

um5

UP

LN

t P-F

orb

CO

MM

ON

TR

ILLI

UM

TS

UC

AN

5T

suga

can

aden

sis

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eH

EM

LOC

KV

ER

OF

F0

VE

RO

NIC

A O

FF

ICIN

ALI

S5

UP

LA

d P

-For

bC

OM

MO

N S

PE

ED

WE

LLV

IOC

AN

5V

iola

can

aden

sis

5U

PL

Nt P

-For

bC

AN

AD

A V

IOLE

T


App

endi

x 2.

Pla

nt sp

ecie

s obs

erve

d du

ring

Em

met

Cou

nty

Stat

e Fo

rest

Sur

vey,

Site

3.

Loca

le:

Em

met

Cou

nty

Dat

e:15

-Aug

2006

2.5

hour

sB

y:Jo

shua

Coh

en

FLO

RIS

TIC

QU

ALI

TY

DA

TA

Nat

ive

2210

0.00

%A

dven

tive

00.

00%

22N

AT

IVE

SP

EC

IES

Tre

e7

31.8

0%T

ree

00.

00%

22 T

otal

Spe

cies

Shr

ub2

9.10

%S

hrub

00.

00%

4.7

NA

TIV

E M

EA

N C

W-V

ine

00.

00%

W-V

ine

00.

00%

4.7

W/A

dven

tives

H-V

ine

00.

00%

H-V

ine

00.

00%

22.2

NA

TIV

E F

QI

P-F

orb

940

.90%

P-F

orb

00.

00%

22.2

W/A

dven

tives

B-F

orb

00.

00%

B-F

orb

00.

00%

1.8

NA

TIV

E M

EA

N W

A-F

orb

14.

50%

A-F

orb

00.

00%

1.8

W/A

dven

tives

P-G

rass

00.

00%

P-G

rass

00.

00%

AV

G:

Fac

. Upl

and

(+)

A-G

rass

00.

00%

A-G

rass

00.

00%

P-S

edge

00.

00%

P-S

edge

00.

00%

A-S

edge

00.

00%

A-S

edge

00.

00%

Fer

n3

13.6

0%

AC

RO

NY

MC

SC

IEN

TIF

IC N

AM

EW

WE

TN

ES

SP

HY

SIO

GN

OM

YC

OM

MO

N N

AM

EA

CE

PE

N5

Ace

r pe

nsyl

vani

cum

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eS

TR

IPE

D M

AP

LEA

CE

SA

U5

Ace

r sa

ccha

rum

3F

AC

UN

t Tre

eS

UG

AR

MA

PLE

AC

TP

AC

7A

ctae

a pa

chyp

oda

5U

PL

Nt P

-For

bD

OLL

'S E

YE

SA

DIP

ED

6A

dian

tum

ped

atum

1F

AC

-N

t Fer

nM

AID

EN

HA

IR F

ER

NA

LLT

RI

5A

llium

tric

occu

m2

FA

CU

+N

t P-F

orb

WIL

D L

EE

KA

RA

NU

D5

Ara

lia n

udic

aulis

3F

AC

UN

t P-F

orb

WIL

D S

AR

SA

PA

RIL

LAA

RIT

RI

5A

risae

ma

trip

hyllu

m-2

FA

CW

-N

t P-F

orb

JAC

K IN

TH

E P

ULP

ITB

ET

ALL

7B

etul

a al

legh

anie

nsis

0F

AC

Nt T

ree

YE

LLO

W B

IRC

HB

ET

PA

P2

Bet

ula

papy

rifer

a2

FA

CU

+N

t Tre

eP

AP

ER

BIR

CH

BO

TV

IR5

Bot

rych

ium

virg

inia

num

3F

AC

UN

t Fer

nR

AT

TLE

SN

AK

E F

ER

NC

AU

TH

A5

Cau

loph

yllu

m th

alic

troi

des

5U

PL

Nt P

-For

bB

LUE

CO

HO

SH

DR

YC

AR

5D

ryop

teris

car

thus

iana

-2F

AC

W-

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AL

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ree

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HE

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ST

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us s

trig

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AC

W-

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hrub

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ED

RA

SP

BE

RR

YS

AM

CA

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bucu

s ca

nade

nsis

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AC

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hrub

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ER

BE

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App

endi

x 2.

Pla

nt sp

ecie

s obs

erve

d du

ring

Em

met

Cou

nty

Stat

e Fo

rest

Sur

vey,

Site

4.

Loca

le:

Em

met

Cou

nty

Dat

e:16

-Aug

2006

9ho

urs

By:

Josh

ua C

ohen

FLO

RIS

TIC

QU

ALI

TY

DA

TA

Nat

ive

4293

.30%

Adv

entiv

e3

6.70

%42

NA

TIV

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PE

CIE

ST

ree

1124

.40%

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e0

0.00

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al S

peci

esS

hrub

817

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ub0

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AT

IVE

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AN

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e0

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e0

0.00

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W/A

dven

tives

H-V

ine

00.

00%

H-V

ine

00.

00%

27.9

NA

TIV

E F

QI

P-F

orb

1533

.30%

P-F

orb

12.

20%

27 W

/Adv

entiv

esB

-For

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0.00

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2N

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IVE

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AN

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AC

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d du

ring

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nty

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e Fo

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vey,

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()

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AM

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HY

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AG

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ga c

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ree

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CK

VE

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AS

CU

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OF

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d P

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App

endi

x 2.

Pla

nt sp

ecie

s obs

erve

d du

ring

Em

met

Cou

nty

Stat

e Fo

rest

Sur

vey,

Site

5.

Loca

le:

Em

met

Cou

nty

Dat

e:16

-Aug

2006

3ho

urs

By:

Josh

ua C

ohen

FLO

RIS

TIC

QU

ALI

TY

DA

TA

Nat

ive

3489

.50%

Adv

entiv

e4

10.5

0%34

NA

TIV

E S

PE

CIE

ST

ree

821

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Tre

e0

0.00

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Tot

al S

peci

esS

hrub

821

.10%

Shr

ub1

2.60

%4.

3N

AT

IVE

ME

AN

CW

-Vin

e0

0.00

%W

-Vin

e0

0.00

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8 W

/Adv

entiv

esH

-Vin

e0

0.00

%H

-Vin

e0

0.00

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NA

TIV

E F

QI

P-F

orb

1436

.80%

P-F

orb

25.

30%

23.7

W/A

dven

tives

B-F

orb

00.

00%

B-F

orb

00.

00%

2.5

NA

TIV

E M

EA

N W

A-F

orb

00.

00%

A-F

orb

12.

60%

2.8

W/A

dven

tives

P-G

rass

00.

00%

P-G

rass

00.

00%

AV

G:

Fac

. Upl

and

A-G

rass

00.

00%

A-G

rass

00.

00%

P-S

edge

25.

30%

P-S

edge

00.

00%

A-S

edge

00.

00%

A-S

edge

00.

00%

Fer

n2

5.30

%

AC

RO

NY

MC

SC

IEN

TIF

IC N

AM

EW

WE

TN

ES

SP

HY

SIO

GN

OM

YC

OM

MO

N N

AM

EA

CE

SA

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rum

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AC

UN

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AC

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App

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x 2.

Pla

nt sp

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d du

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Em

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nty

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e Fo

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Sur

vey,

Site

5 c

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AC

RO

NY

MC

SC

IEN

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IC N

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TN

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SP

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SIO

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Em

met

Cou

nty

Stat

e Fo

rest

Sur

vey,

Site

s 6 a

nd 7

.

Loca

le:

Em

met

Cou

nty

Dat

e:17

-Aug

2006

7ho

urs

By:

Josh

ua C

ohen

FLO

RIS

TIC

QU

ALI

TY

DA

TA

Nat

ive

4295

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entiv

e2

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%42

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ree

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al S

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and

(+)

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e Fo

rest

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tinue

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x 2.

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nt sp

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erve

d du

ring

Em

met

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nty

Stat

e Fo

rest

Sur

vey,

Site

8.

Loca

le:

Em

met

Cou

nty

Dat

e:18

-Aug

2006

4ho

urs

By:

Josh

ua C

ohen

FLO

RIS

TIC

QU

ALI

TY

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TA

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NA

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QI

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orb

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%

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AD

A V

IOLE

T


Appendix 3. Global and state element ranking criteria

Global and State Element Ranking Criteria

GLOBAL RANKS

G1 = critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences range-wide or

very few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor(s) making it especially

vulnerable to extinction.

G2 = imperiled globally because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals or

acres) or because of some factor(s) making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its

range.

G3 = either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even abundantly at some of its

locations) in a restricted range (e.g. a single western state, a physiographic region in the East)

or because of other factor(s) making it vulnerable to extinction throughout its range; in terms

of occurrences, in the range of 21 to 100.

G4 = apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the

periphery.

G5 = demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at

the periphery.

GH = of historical occurrence throughout its range, i.e. formerly part of the established biota, with

the expectation that it may be rediscovered (e.g. Bachman's Warbler).

GU = possibly in peril range-wide, but status uncertain; need more information.

GX = believed to be extinct throughout its range (e.g. Passenger Pigeon) with virtually no likelihood

that it will be rediscovered.

STATE RANKS

S1 = critically imperiled in the state because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences or very few

remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to

extirpation in the state.

S2 = imperiled in state because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals or acres)

or because of some factor(s) making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the state.

S3 = rare or uncommon in state (on the order of 21 to 100 occurrences).

S4 = apparently secure in state, with many occurrences.

S5 = demonstrably secure in state and essentially ineradicable under present conditions.

SA = accidental in state, including species (usually birds or butterflies) recorded once or twice or

only at very great intervals, hundreds or even thousands of miles outside their usual range.

SE = an exotic established in the state; may be native elsewhere in North America (e.g. house finch

or catalpa in eastern states).

SH = of historical occurrence in state and suspected to be still extant.

SN = regularly occurring, usually migratory and typically nonbreeding species.

SR = reported from state, but without persuasive documentation which would provide a basis for

either accepting or rejecting the report.

SRF = reported falsely (in error) from state but this error persisting in the literature.

SU = possibly in peril in state, but status uncertain; need more information.

SX = apparently extirpated from state.

Documents

Emergency Contingency Survey of State Forest Land in …