Learning Greek - Lesson 1

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Elpenor's Greek Language Pages

LESSON 1 THE GREEK LETTERS

The Greek language (pronunciation)

Introduction

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Learning Greek - Lesson 1

WE USE Greek today, even when we are not aware of it:

In a cosmopolitan epoch we don't sympathize with the apostles of ethnical characters.

Maybe you wouldn't agree with the statement above. The point is, that this sentence is clearly understood, despite of the fact that it is composed of Greek words!

- cosmopolitan comes from the Greek words cosmos (world, ornament, beauty, harmony, order) and polites (citizen) - epoch is the Greek epoche - sympathize comes from sympaschein - apostle from apostolos - ethnical from ethnicos - character is exactly the same in Greek, but with the stress in the final syllable (charactèr).

ANCIENT GREEK grammatical and syntactical forms confuse even modern Greeks. A student today in Greece must put great efforts to actually read Homer or Plato, despite of the identity of the alphabet or the almost common vocabulary and all the other similarities. Yet, if one knows the purpose of study and loves it, all difficulties become something like a game - whatever one's mother tongue might be.

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READING a grammar book on the internet, I saw a claim that "there is one and the same thing, that the Greeks call 'oikos' while we call it 'home'". If this is the case, we must stop wasting our time to learn Ancient Greek! If "home" is the same in English and Greek, just close the source and grammar books and do something useful - open the translations. But if things were so simple, there wouldn't have been a variety of translations of the same text, and, to stay to the present example, we wouldn't have invented ecology (a word coming from oikos and legein).

IN THE BOOK of Genesis, God "brought the beasts unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof." (Gen. 2.19). This excerpt always reminds me, that a living and real language is not formed by someone sitting somewhere and deciding indifferently meanings and forms. A formation of a language is how people respond to an extreme responsibility, to a divine demand of a language, and it is primarily oriented towards life and the particularity of life - the world of the particular living creatures. Our language in its highest forms and most of all in poetry, indicates how deep is our gaze upon whatever exists. Importance of communication as a dialogue concerning the primary truths and the importance given to men and each living being, are the grounds of Greek theology, philosophy and science.

EACH WORD, each syllable, each letter is the flesh and blood of people generating their language, forming and making their world habitable. Learn to write the Greek letters. Experiment on how it would be more convenient for you to draw them. Take time to look at each letter with care, like a stranger you meet for the first time - although you won't meet all of them for the first time: not only a large portion of words, but even the English alphabet comes from the Greek.

The Greek Alphabet

Ancient & Modern

Alpha is the first letter, Beta the second and so starts the Greek alphabet, 24 letters in capital and small forms; (cf. detailed pronunciation below):

Αα, Ββ, Γγ, Δδ, Εε, Ζζ, Ηη, Θθ, Ιι, Κκ, Λλ, Μµ, Νν, Ξξ, Οο, Ππ, Ρρ, Σσς*, Ττ, Υυ, Φφ, Χχ, Ψψ, Ωω.

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*Note that σ is written as ς at the end of a word, e.g. σός (=yours) and is called final sigma. In Byzantine Greek you will also find Σ written as C.

*Note that the Greek P is the English R (this is how it sounds). What in English is P in Greek is Π.

*Note that H in Greek is a vowel, corresponding to the English E. Don't confuse it's small version η with the English n. The English n in Greek is ν.

*Don't confuse ν with the English v. The English v in Greek is β.

There are two more sounds in older Greek, that became useless. The one corresponded to the letter F and was called "Digamma", since it was like two Γ. It sounded like 'wo'. The other was a sound like y in the word year. There was no letter for this sound, but to refer to it today we use the latin j.

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An introductory note to pronunciation

There is much talk about how ancient Greek was actually pronounced and there isn't nor can it be a definite conclusion. Most grammar books complicate things by trying to determine subtle nuances that no one really knows. In this course we follow modern Greek pronunciation because it is

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Learning Greek - Lesson 1

easier than what some scholars propose, it is how the New Testament was pronounced, and it is alive and certain. You can also read a discussion at Elpenor's Communities about this subject, and a study about the error of Erasmus and un-greek pronunciations of Greek.

It is known that the abandonment of prosody (complete in medieval and modern Greek) started to happen already from the end of the 5th c. B.C. - something Plato didn't like

very much. Obviously, the reasons of this transformation, of this subjugation of language's inherent music, is something worth studying. Thinking was increasing its distance from language and preferred to lose the certainty of whatever achieved in order to move towards unforeseen realities. Essentially, modern Greek pronunciation starts from Plato's time; we call it modern, not because it is young, but because it is still in use today.

The Lord's Prayer (Pater Emon), narrated by Elli Lampeti

Modern Greek Audio Files (from 1 to 30 minute narrations)

Pronunciation (transliterated in English):

Transliteration is not the best way to describe how a word or a letter sounds, but just a hint. Audio files should help you enough.

Letters followed by / indicate the accentuation, e.g. a/lpha means that the word is stressed on "al".

The speaker beside each letter means that you can click on it to listen in Greek

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Learning Greek - Lesson 1

(mp3 audio). If you place the player on some edge of the screen, you can let it open to click on consecutive letters.

Recited for Elpenor by Yiannis Marangos

Αα (a/lfa)

Ββ (vi/ta)

Γγ (ga/mma1)

Δδ (de/lta2)

Εε (e/psilon)

Ζζ (zi/ta)

Ηη (i/ta)

Θθ (thi/ta3)

Ιι (yio/ta)

Κκ (ka/ppa)

Λλ (la/mda4)

Μµ (mi)

Νν (ni)

Ξξ (xi)

Οο (o/mikron)

Ππ (pi)

Ρρ (ro)

Σσς (si/gma5)

Ττ (taf)

Υυ (y/psilon)

Φφ (fi)

Χχ (hi)

Ψψ (psi)

Ωω (ome/ga6)

* Watch an excellent Alphabet Movie demonstrating how to write and pronounce the Greek alphabet. Cf. The Lord's Prayer (Pater Emon), narrated by Elli Lampeti Modern Greek Audio Files (from 1 to 30

minute narrations)

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1 g in ga/mma is not pronounced like g in go, but like w in "wide" -> wamma Two γγ or a γκ are pronounced sometimes like ng in anger, (with a hardly noticeable n sound: ἀναγκάζω), sometimes they become a stronger n sound and a γ , like in συγγραφεύς. There are more nuances than these, but we won't see them right now.

2 d in de/lta is not pronounced like d in door, but like th in "that" -> thelta

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Learning Greek - Lesson 1

3 th in the/ta is not pronounced like th in that, but like th in "therapy"

4 see 2 above for the d

5 see 1 above for the g

6 see 1 above for the g

More about pronunciation:

Αα sounds like A in the word "Attach"

Ββ like V in "Vigor"

Γγ like W in "Wide"

Δδ like Th in "That"

Eε like E in "Egg"

Ζζ like Z in "Ζero"

Ηη like E in "Free" (don't confuse this letter with the English H or n)

Θθ like Th in "Therapy"

Ιι like I in "If"

Κκ like K in "Kilo"

Λλ like L in "Lake"

Nν like N in "No" (don't confuse the Greek ν with the English v)

Ξξ like X in "Matrix"

Οο like O in "Oasis"

Ππ like P in "Paradise"

Ρρ like R in "Road" (don't confuse this letter with the English Pp)

Σσς like S in "See"

Ττ like T in "Table"

Υυ like E in "Ego"

Φφ like F in "Free"

Χχ like H in "Here" (don't confuse this letter with the English Xx)

Ψψ like PS in "Epson"

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Μµ like M in "Make"

Ωω like O in "Orient"

Check also below - a Greek word for each letter

Practise extensively writing the letters and reading them aloud.

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Groups of vowels and consonants

Here are the Greek letters divided in vowels of long and/or short duration

and 7 kinds of consonants:

Can be long or short: Αα, Ιι, Υυ Smooth: Κκ, Ππ, Ττ

Short: Εε, Οο Rough: Χχ, Φφ, Θθ

Long: Ηη, Ωω Middle: Ββ, Γγ, Δδ

Liquid: Λλ, Ρρ

Nasal: Μµ, Νν

Spirant: Σσς

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Double: Ζζ, Ξξ, Ψψ

Memorize this list, especially the duration of the vowels, because you will need it later to understand the use of accentuation marks.

Note: Double consonants (ζ, ξ, ψ) are named so, because they were formed by the absorption of two letters. You can see below their origin, not always as obvious as e.g. in π + σ giving ψ.

ζ comes from σ+δ (Ἀθήνασδε -> Ἀθήναζε) or from δ+j

ξ comes from κ+σ, or γ+σ, or χ+σ

ψ comes from π+σ, or β+σ, or φ+σ.

Diphthongs (two sounds/letters united)

There are eleven pairs of letters, that we call diphthongs (δίφθογγοι = δύο φθόγγοι, two sounds). They sound like one letter. For the moment it suffices to know that generally diphthogs are long.

The main diphthongs are 8: αι, ει, οι, υι - αυ, ευ, ηυ, ου

There are also three improper diphthongs: ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ - the subscript line is the second vowel of the diphthongs and is an ι (called iota subscript)

Note how the diphthongs are pronounced:

αι is pronounced like a long ε

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ει, οι and υι are pronounced like η

αυ is pronounced like αβ or αφ *

ευ is pronounced like εβ or εφ *

ηυ is pronounced like ηβ or ηφ *

ου is pronounced like 'oo' in the English 'too'

* By forcing air between the lower lip as it rests against the upper teeth (as in English).

When you see a diphthong with a diaeresis on the second vowel (like the German umlaut: αϊ, etc., you pronounce two distinct vowels.

Improper diphthongs sound like there was not a second vowel (the iota subscript).

ᾳ, sounds like α

ῃ like η

ῳ like ω

Elpenor's Second Lesson in Greek (Homer)

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Learning Greek - Lesson 1

Here is

A word for each letter

(You may want to come back here when you will have known Greek enough to read a sentence for each letter - Gregory the Theologian's Alphabetical Exhortation - without translation.)

Learn them and practise their pronunciation

ΑΓΓΕΛΙΑ = ANNOUNCEMENT (ANGELI/A)

ΒΕΝΘΟΣ = DEPTH (VE/NTHOS) - synonym: ΒΑΘΟΣ (VA/THOS)

ΓΥΜΝΟΣ = NAKED (GYMNO/S)

ΔΑΚΡΥΑ = TEARS (DA/KRYA)

ΕΧΩ = I HAVE, I CONTROL (E/HO)

ΖΩΗ = LIFE (ZOE/)

ΗΜΕΡΑ = DAY, DAYLIGHT (IME/RA)

ΘΕΟΣ = GOD (THEO/S)

ΙΑΧΩ = I CRY (IA/HO)

ΚΕΦΑΛΗ = HEAD (KEFALI/)

ΛΑΙΜΟΣ = NECK (LEMO/S)

ΜΗΤΗΡ = MOTHER (MI/TIR)

ΝΕΚΥΣ = CORPSE (NE/KIS)

ΞΕΝΟΣ = STRANGER (XE/NOS)

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ΟΔΥΡΟΜΑΙ = I WEEP (ODI/ROME)

ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟΝ = FACE, PERSON (PRO/SOPON)

ΡΩΜΗ = STRENGTH (RO/MI)

ΣΙΔΗΡΟΣ = IRON - ARMOUR (SI/DIROS)

ΤΕΥΧΕΑ = WEAPONS - VESSELS (TE/FHEA)

ΥΙΟΣ = SON (YO/S)

ΦΗΜΙ = I DECLARE, I SAY (FIMI/)

ΧΑΡΙΕΙΣ = FULL OF GRACE (HARI/IS)

ΨΥΧΗ = SOUL (PSYHI/)

ΩΔΗ = ODE (ODI/)

* Transcribe the words above into small letters

The Lord's Prayer (Pater Emon), narrated by Elli Lampeti

Modern Greek Audio Files (from 1 to 30 minute narrations)

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Learning Greek - Lesson 1

Elements of the history of Greek language

Greek belongs to the Indoeuropean languages, together with Sanskrit, Latin, Slavic, German, etc. It was the language of Danaoi, Iones, Achaeoi - the Greek races that inhabited Greece in 2.000 B.C. - and Dorieis (1.100 B.C.). Before them there lived in Greece Pelasgoi, from whom the new language kept some elements, like names of places ending in -nthos, -ssos, -ttos (e.g. Ko/rinthos, Lycabetto/s), names of Mediterranean plants, like elaia (olive tree), etc. In later years very few foreign words were adopted by Greeks, some Semitic, like kados (bucket), some Persian, like paradeisos (paradise) and some Egyptian, like baris (boat).

It has been said that Greeks modified the Phoenicean (north-semetic) alphabet at about 1000-850 B.C. [cf. James Joyce, Ulysses: "KYRIOS! Shining word! The vowels the Semite and the Saxon know not."] The 'discovery' of the vowels is considered by linguists as a crucial turn in World history, yet recent research tends to reject the whole 'phoenicean theory', since evidence has appeared that the consonants also are of Greek origin.

Greek evolved into three main dialects, the Ionian-Attic, the Aeolian and the Dorian. In these dialects, and mainly in the Attic, we have all of the Ancient Greek literature and most of the Byzantine works. A fourth dialect, the Arcadian-Cyprian, did not produce any important literature, neither the Linear B writing. The first work of literature written in Greek is the work of Homer.

The Ionian dialect was spoken in the area of the Aegean sea including also the coast of Asia Minor from Alikarnassos to Phokaea and the Ionian colonies, excluding some Aegean islands like Rhode, Kos and Lesvos. Because of the greatness of the Ionian culture, Ionian was spread to Aeolean and Dorean regions. Some of the features of the Ionian dialect are the turn of α το η (e.g. µήτηρ instead of µάτηρ), uncontracted forms (like κινέω instead of κινῶ), etc.

Homer, Hesiod, Theognis and most of the older Greek poetry is written in Ionian mixed with Aeolian elements, as well as some of the prose, like Herodotus' history. In later periods some authors used it again, like Apollonius from Rhode in the Hellenistic era or St. Gregory the Theologian in the 4th century A.D.

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The Attic dialect is similar to Ionic with the differences we said, mainly that it maintains the letter α as a long vowel after ε, ι and ρ (e.g. Ionic ἁρµονίη in Attic becomes ἁρµονία), it contracts two vowels (like in κινέω which becomes κινῶ). There is an older and a newer form of the Attic dialect with minor differences between them. To the newer one belong authors who wrote after 400 B.C. It is the dialect in which tragedies and the philosophical works of Plato and Aristotle are written.

Aeolic was spoken at the coast of the Asia Minor from north of Smyrna to Hellespondus, Lesvos, Thessaly and Boiotia. We know this dialect mainly from Sappho and Alcaeus and mixed with other dialects in Homer and later poetry, mostly in Pindar. In Aeolic contracted verbs end in -µι (e.g. instead of φιλῶ in Aeolic we have φίληµι). Words with two or more syllables are not accented in the ultima (last syllable), e.g. ἄγαθος instead of ἀγαθός, θῦµος instead of θυµός. Verbs ending in two liquid or nasal consonants (λ, ρ, µ, ν) maintain these consonants instead of expanding the preceding vowel (e.g. κτέννω instead of κτείνω). After liquids (λ, ρ) Aeolic uses ο instead of α (e.g. βροχὺς instead of βραχύς).

Doric is the dialect of the south and western regions of Greece (Peloponnesos excepting Arcadia, Crete, Sicelia, Kyrenaice and the islands of Melos, Thera, Rhode, Kos, Karpathos, Kalymnos).

Doric maintains α instead of η (e.g. ἁµέρα instead of the Ionic ἡµέρη). It keeps verb endings in -τι or -ντι (e.g. τίθητι, ἴσαντι, etc.), it forms verb endings in -µες instead of -µεν (e.g. φέροµες instead of φέροµεν), future tense accented in the ultima instead of the penultima (e.g. δειξῶ instead of δείξω, παιξοῦµαι instead of παίξοµαι) and in passive voice θησῶ instead of θήσοµαι (e.g. συναχθησῶ instead of συναχθήσοµαι).

Pure Doric did not produce important literary works.

With Alexander the Great and the expansion of Greek culture, Attic produced the koine (common) dialect of the Hellenistic period, which came to be spoken or understood by people from Spain to India. This dialect, the dialect of the New Testament, is very close to the Attic, but easier. Some of its features are the formation of comparative adjectives in -τερος instead of -ίων, a decrease of use of the optative mood, the abolishment of the dual number.

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Modern Greek is in general more simplified than the Koine in its syntax and grammar, but it has the same pronunciation, while being a little more difficult because of a wide vocabulary and the use of grammatical and syntactical forms of all the previous periods and dialects. However, anyone who knows some ancient Greek dialect, can learn modern Greek just like learning another Greek dialect.

RITTEN in one Greek dialect or another there exists a massive

collection of important works, from the poems of Homer and the philosophical works of Plato, to the New Testament books, the Byzantine works of the Christian Church, and the works of modern Greek literature.

Although a great part of these has been and is continuously being translated to many languages, people all over the world keep studying Greek in order to approach and enjoy the genuine meaning of the texts. Cicero said of Plato's Dialogues, that if Zeus were to speak, he would use their language. "When one returns to the Greek", Oscar Wilde writes about New Testament Greek, "it is like going into a garden of lilies out of some, narrow and dark house."

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Elpenor's Second Lesson in Greek (Homer)

Some Exercises

Α.- Transliterate in English the following Greek words:

ΣA/ΡΜΑ (chasm, trash) sounds like: SA/RMA

ΚΟ/ΣΜΟΣ (world, beautiful order, ornament) sounds like: CO/SMOS

ΘΑ/ΛΑΣΣΑ (sea) sounds like:

ΑΣΤΡΑΠΗ/ (lightning) sounds like:

ΦΩΣ (light) sounds like:

ΧΑΡΑ/ (joy) sounds like:

Υ/ΨΟΣ (hight) sounds like:

ΧΩ/ΡΟΣ (space, place) sounds like:

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Β.- Transliterate in Greek the following English words

TREE sounds like: ΤΡE

STUDY sounds like: ΣΤΑ/ΝΤΥ

PERFECT sounds like:

SPHERE sounds like:

ATTRACT sounds like:

HORIZON sounds like:

PHILOSOPHY sounds like:

POETIC sounds like:

VISION sounds like:

Γ.- Try to read aloud the following phrases:

ΘΕΟ/Σ ΗΝ Ο ΛΟ/ΓΟΣ (Τhe Word was God - John. 1.1)

ΑΡΜΟΝΙ/Η ΑΦΑΝΗ/Σ ΦΑΝΕΡΗ/Σ ΚΡΕΙ/ΤΤΩΝ (The invisible harmony is superior to the visible - Heraclitus, fr. 54)

ΕΓΩ/ ΕΙΜΙ/ ΤΟ Α ΚΑΙ ΤΟ Ω, Η ΑΡΧΗ/ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΤΕ/ΛΟΣ (I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End - Revelation, 21.6)

ΟΥΔΕ/Ν ΑΝΘΡΩ/ΠΟΥ ΔΕΙΝΟ/ΤΕΡΟΝ ΠΕ/ΛΕΙ (Nothing is more wonderful and frightening than man - Sophocles, Antigone 332-3)

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Δ.- Answer the questions:

α) When was the phoenicean alphabet modified by the Greeks?

β) What is the older work of the Greek literature?

γ) What are the basic Greek dialects?

δ) In what dialect did Homer write?

ε) In what dialect did Plato write?

στ) In what dialect is New Testament written?

ζ) What is the main difference between Koine and modern Greek?

η) What is the main reason of learning Greek?

Some Important Greek Words

The Lord's Prayer (Pater Emon), narrated by Elli Lampeti

Modern Greek Audio Files (from 1 to 30 minute narrations)

2. Next lesson (Homer)

Cf. Homer: Achilles' Grief, Returning to Ithaca, The Underworld Orphica: Everything was generated by Love, From man you became God Plato: Studying Death, Ways to Hades, The Real World, Self-knowledge, Wisdom, Philosophy needs eyesight, Lovers, A nature of wondrous beauty, A moving image of eternity, We are a heavenly flower, Becoming like God, Birth in good and beauty Virgil: To return and view the cheerful skies Horace: Be resigned to greatness Ovid: Achilles' death Clement of Alexandria: O the perfect child! Origen: You will find a divine perception Gregory the Theologian: God with Gods is being united, Unity found its

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rest in Trinity Basil the Great: Glorifying the greatness of His deity, A likeness of eternity Gregory of Nyssa: Everything shares in the Beautiful Boethius: His mourning moved the depths of hell Maximus Confessor: Nothing is empty of the Holy Spirit Erigena: By His seeing and running all things are made Symeon the New Theologian: Becoming invisible and suddenly appearing Meister Eckhart: Entirely within, entirely without Nicholas Cabasilas: The old and the new Adam Hoelderlin: The God is near, and hard to grasp, Hyperion's song of destiny Schiller: A glorious humanity Gogol: We recognise in them the divine origin of man (margin: Keats, To Homer) Emerson: When the Gods come among men Rilke: Ein Wehn im Gott Heidegger: Through a foundational poetic and noetic experience of Being Helen Keller: The length, breadth and sweep of heavens are mine! Papatsonis: Scheme, Hestia, Wisdom, In Rising Sound

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Learning Greek - Lesson 1

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