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ELG105 1
AIMS
• Foundational concepts in 3 areas of Linguistics:
Sociolinguistics Language Acquisition Language Processing
• Skills to identify and analyze linguistic data
2
OVERVIEW
• 5 CU course • 6 weeks 6 seminars • Assessment Quiz – 1 hour (20%) 1 TMA (30%) Exam – 2 hour (50%)
3
Students are reminded to follow schedule detailed in Course Calendar
Quiz consists of MCQs and T/F Qs. Not more than 30 Qs in total. To be done at home. Open Book
Format of Exam – 3 sections: short answers (50 words), analysis Q, 1 essay
MATERIALS
• COURSE BOOK LINGUISTICS FOR NON-LINGUISTS • STUDY UNITS • TOPICS NOT COVERED • SPECIMEN PAPER • MODEL TMA
5
LANGUAGE SYSTEM
• a system of linguistic units or elements used in a particular language
grammatical system phonetic system
Organisation
Pattern
Rule-governed
Interrelationship 6
LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS
• Patterns or principals shared by all languages
TRUE OR FALSE?
A. All languages distinguish between vowels and consonants.
B. All known languages include the categories of noun and verb.
7
Verb
Verb
Verb
Verb
Noun Noun
Noun Noun Noun
Noun
Noun Noun Noun
Noun Noun Noun
8
Subject
Subject
Subject
Subject
Verb
Verb
Verb
Verb Object
Object
Object
Object
9
LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS
• Syntactic Universals
Basic word orders:
SVO, VSO, SOV
Overwhelming tendency for the subject of a sentence to precede the direct object among the languages of the world
10
THE SEARCH FOR LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS
• 5000 or more languages spoken today
• Extinct languages
• Representative sample?
11
LANGUAGE VARIATION
• Variation – the study of those features of a language that differ systematically as we compare different groups of speakers or the same speaker in different situations
• Regional • Social • Ethnic • Gender • Stylistic • Phonetic • Syntactic • Semantic
12
DEFINING LANGUAGE
IDIOLECT
DIALECT
LANGUAGE
13
IDIOLECT
• The language system unique to a particular speaker
• Idiosyncratic
What does the following video from Inside the Actor’s Studio reveal about the way Kevin Spacey succeeds at impersonations?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKKDKAKNH-k&feature=related
14
DIALECT
• A systematic variety of a language specific to a particular group of speakers
MISCONCEPTION
Dialects are inferior or degraded; associated with peasantry or working class.
W e a r e a l l s p e a k e r s o f a t l e a s t 1 d i a l e c t . 15
THINK
• Can a person speak more than one dialect?
• Are there examples you can think of? • How many dialects do you speak?
16
DIALECT
• Place Singaporean English, Australian English “Eat lah!” “Let’s dig into the tucker…”
• Time Elizabethan English, Modern English “In sooth, I know not why thou art so sad.” “Frankly, I don’t know why you’re so sad.”
17
DIALECT
• Social Class Cockney, Received Pronunciation http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=W54ACJ7QM4A&feature=related
• Race African American Vernacular “He don’t know nothing.”
18
LANGUAGE VS DIALECT
Does it depend on
NUMBER OF SPEAKERS? CODIFICATION? PRESTIGE? Refer to this website for an elaboration of discussion:
http://www.squidoo.com/language-and-dialect 19
LANGUAGE VS DIALECT
• MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY
LANGUAGES ARE NOT MUTUALLY INTELLIGIBLE BUT DIALECTS USUALLY ARE.
A LANGUAGE IS A COLLECTION OF MUTUALLY INTELLIGIBLE DIALECTS.
20
CHINESE
Mandarin
Cantonese
Hakka
ENGLISH
British English
American English
African American English
21
Language or Dialect?
22
Language or Dialect?
Product Informa.on from packaging on Philips Energy Saving Lamp:
DANISH Kan ikke brukes i forbindelse med dimme utstyr eller elektronisk av og på mekanismer. Ikke egnet til bruk i helt lukkede armaturer.
NORWEGIAN Kan ikke bruges i forbindelse med lysdæmper og elektronisk tænd-sluk-ur. Ikke egnet til helt lukkede armaturer.
23
CROSS CONTINENTAL VARIATION– dialect chains
• Read story in Holmes p 140
TYPE 1
COMMUNITY A COMMUNITY B Mutually intelligible Common cultural
history
Same language eg. British English eg. American English
TYPE 2
COMMUNITY A COMMUNITY B Mutually unintelligible
Different cultural history
Different languages eg. English eg. Chinese
5 Types of Relationship between Dialect and Language
25
TYPE 3
COMMUNITY A COMMUNITY B Mutually intelligible
Different cultural history
? eg. Norwegian eg. Danish
TYPE 4
COMMUNITY A COMMUNITY B Mutually unintelligible Same cultural history
? eg. Cantonese eg. Hakka
26
From David Crystal (1987) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
TYPE 5
COMMUNITY A COMMUNITY B Partially (un)intelligible Overlapping cultural
history
? eg. Turkish eg. Uzbek
27
DEFINING LANGUAGE
A LANGUAGE IS A DIALECT THAT HAS AN ARMY AND A NAVY .
Max Weinreich
28
REGIONAL DIALECT
• Language differences identified with specific geographical locations
• Phonological Variation http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=3UgpfSp2t6k&NR=1&feature=fvwp
29
STORY TIME A British visitor to New Zealand decided while he was
in Auckland he would look up an old friend from his war days. He found the address walked up the path and knocked on the door.
“Gidday”, said the young man who opened the door. “What can I do for you?”
“I’ve called to see me old mate Dan Stone”, said the visitor.
“Oh he’s dead now mate” said the young man. The visitor was about to express condolences when
he was thumped on the back by Don Stone himself. The young man had said “Here’s dad now mate”, as his father came in the gate.
From Janet Holmes p 135 : An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 30
REGIONAL DIALECT
• Language differences identified with specific geographical locations
• Lexical Variation
What do these words mean in British and American English?
DIARY MINCE MEAT DIRT PANTS CHECK FLAT
31
LETS TRY THIS
• Do you have a match? • Have you got a cigarette? • She has gotten used to the noise. • She’s got used to the noise. • He dove in head first. • He dived in head first • Did you eat yet? • Have you eaten yet?
32
Dialectal Variation
phonology • better: [bƐdəәr]; UK [bƐtəә]; Scottish [bƐtəәr]; Aus [bƐdəә]
lexis • professor / lecturer; elevator / lift; trunk / boot; • cell phone/ mobile; pants / trousers; suspenders /
braces
morphology • she’s gotten / she’s got; dove / dived; snuck / sneaked • syntax • He's a man who likes his food (that; at; as; what; he; Ø)
REGIONAL DIALECT – p 5
DARE Dictionary of American Regional English
Begun in 1965 Fieldwork: surveys, face-to-face interviews, audio recordings Website for DARE: http://dare.wisc.edu/
Frederic Cassidy 1907-2000
Joan Hall, Current Chief Editor
34
Usefulness of DARE A doctor in Maine recounted a story from his first
practice in Allenton, Pennsylvania. “One of his first patients came in and said, ‘Doc, I’ve been riftin’ and I’ve got jags in my
leaders.’”
“rifting” = belching
“Rift,” a Scots and northern English dialect term, found mostly in Pennsylvania
“jags in my leaders” = pain in tendons and ligaments
“Leader” is especially common in the South Midland and the South.
35
MAPPING REGIONAL DIALECTS
Thousands of questionaires are sent out. Thousands of recordings and interviews are carried out.
Sample Questions: 1. What do you call the thing you’re sitting on? 2. When your skin and eyeballs turn yellow, you’re
getting… 3. What do you call the vehicles people push babies
around in? 4. What do you call the shoes people wear for tennis or
running? 36
105. What is your generic term for a sweetened carbonated beverage? a. soda (52.97%) b. pop (25.08%) c. coke (12.38%) d. tonic (0.67%) e. soft drink (5.89%) f. lemonade (0.01%)
g. cocola (0.29%) h. fizzy drink (0.14%) i. dope (0.03%) j. other (2.55%) (10669 respondents)
37
LET’S TRY THIS
Can you guess what the following words and phrases mean?
• Snowblossom • Mash the tea • The place was all frousted • A great mawther • An effet • I’ll fill up your piggy, it’s time for bed
38
Hint: These words come from different
parts of the UK.
THINK /PAIR/SHARE
• What is the difference between a regional accent and a regional dialect?
39
ISOGLOSS Line demarcating the area where a linguistic feature can be found. Geographical boundary
A bundle of isoglosses denotes a distinct dialect area. 40
ISOGLOSS - example
The line on the map of southern England separates the area where the vowel in a word such as cut is [V] (black circles) from the area where the vowel is [U] (crosses).
phonological isoglosses
vowels stress ródeo / rodéo [ʊ] book; [ʊ] blood
lexical isoglosses
dialect continuum
Amsterdam - ik marken dorp dat
Dusseldorf - ix marken dorp dat
Cologne – ix maxen dorp dat
Trier - ix maxen dorf dat
Bassel - ix maxen dorf das
45
DIALECT AREAS IN THE US
MAPPING REGIONAL DIALECTS
DIALECT ATLAS A series of maps, each plotting the geographical distribution of a particular linguistic feature
46
• POLITICS
• GEOGRAPHY
• SOCIAL FACTORS
refer to study guide p SU1-6
REASONS FOR REGIONAL DIALECTS
47
AMERICAN ENGLISH
• English Colonization of America
Virginia (1607) Massachusetts
(1620)
48
AMERICAN ENGLISH
• Development of Regional Dialects • Early settlers in New England speak18th century British
English Example r is omitted before consonants & ends of words farm [fa:m] farther [fa:ð@]
• Today, r-less dialect spoken in Boston, NY and Savannah
• Later settlers from Northern England maintain the r. • Pioneers moving Westward brought along the r.
49
AMERICAN ENGLISH
• Watch video on American English
http://www.sunlituplands.org/2010/02/story-of-english-pioneers-o-pioneers.html
50
AMERICAN ENGLISH
• Phonological Variation (CB p 10) Linking [r]
Ø [r] / V _______ # V
That idea[r] is crazy.
Consonant Epenthesis
New England & New York City SPEAK LIKE A NEW YORKER!
1. I don’t read news about Asia anymore. 2. We need a new sofa and some chairs.
51
AMERICAN ENGLISH
• Phonological Variation Vowel Neutralization Before Nasals /ε/ [I] / _______ C [+nasal]
pen pin [phĨn]
Southern Dialects
SPEAK LIKE A SOUTHERNER!
1. Ten Tin 2. Dentist Dinner
52
AMERICAN ENGLISH
• Phonological Variation Vocalization Post-vocalic liquid /l/ or /r/ is replaced with /@/ there /ðεr/ becomes [ðε@]
Dialect of Deep South
SPEAK LIKE A SOUTHERNER!
1. Come over here! 2. She lives in North Carolina
53
Let’s Listen
• Southern Accent
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-rbpzJI5H4
EXERCISES FROM COURSEBOOK
• Exercise A, Q.2 (p.3)
From time to time, cases are reported in the news of twins who have invented their own “dialect”, which no one else can understand. Is such a case properly termed a language, dialect, or idiolect?
55
EXERCISES FROM COURSEBOOK
• Exercise B, Q.3 & 4 (p.6)
• Exercise D, Q.1 (p12)
• Exercise D, Q.3 (p.13)
56
EXERCISES FROM COURSEBOOK • Exercise D, Q.3 (p.13) V [+high] / ___ C - high [+ nasal] - low - back
- tense
57
EXERCISES FROM COURSEBOOK • Exercise D, Q.3 (p.13) V [+high] / ___ C - high [+ nasal] - low - back
- tense
58
/hεm/ /pIn/ /pænt/ /pεn/ /strεŋθ / /tin/ /nεt/ /nit/
/hIm/ /pIn/ /pænt/ /pIn/ /strIŋkθ / /tin/ /nεt/ /nit/
WHAT WE COVERED TONIGHT
• Definitions of idiolect, dialect & language • Regional Dialect • Dialect vs Accent • Mapping regional dialects • Analyze some systematic variations in
regional dialects
59