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Elements of a sustainable intensification of crop production
with Conservation Agriculture
Elements of a sustainable intensification of crop production
with Conservation Agriculture
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The combination of• Continuous zero tillage• Permanent soil cover and• Crop rotationshas become known asConservation Agriculture
The combination of• Continuous zero tillage• Permanent soil cover and• Crop rotationshas become known asConservation Agriculture
development of systemsdevelopment of systems
development of systemsdevelopment of systems
CubaCuba
development of systemsdevelopment of systems
backgroundbackground
• Food production has to double by 2030• Increasing demand for bioenergy and renewable
resources• Growth in crop production below population
growth; new bioenergy needs/opportunties• New land limited (including irrigated land)• >50% of available water resources already used
for irrigation• Major changes needed to attain the MDGs
(higher productivity, less resource degradation)• Climate change: additional threat
• Food production has to double by 2030• Increasing demand for bioenergy and renewable
resources• Growth in crop production below population
growth; new bioenergy needs/opportunties• New land limited (including irrigated land)• >50% of available water resources already used
for irrigation• Major changes needed to attain the MDGs
(higher productivity, less resource degradation)• Climate change: additional threat
Soil health:• Soil impacts on production, and on other
resources like water• Cultivated soils have lost considerable
carbon• SOM-levels below 2% are
common• Effects are worse in
the tropics• Tillage is a major soil
degrading factor
Soil health:• Soil impacts on production, and on other
resources like water• Cultivated soils have lost considerable
carbon• SOM-levels below 2% are
common• Effects are worse in
the tropics• Tillage is a major soil
degrading factor
focusfocus
Degradation of land resources:• In Asia 90% of potential land is already
used• 1.3 Million ha of agricultural land are lost
every year (urbanization)• Available land per person is declining
Degradation of land resources:• In Asia 90% of potential land is already
used• 1.3 Million ha of agricultural land are lost
every year (urbanization)• Available land per person is declining
backgroundbackground
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
Industrial countries
World
Developing countries
Agricultural land per capita (ha) (FAO statistics, 2001)
Soil organic matter/soil structure:• storage for soil water (1 % SOM = 150 m3/ha)• SOM as soil structural element (sand, silt)• SOM effect on nutrient mobility/availability• spatial structure more
important than pore volume
• spatial structure withsoil life (roots, fauna)
• continuous pores forwater infiltration andaeration
Soil organic matter/soil structure:• storage for soil water (1 % SOM = 150 m3/ha)• SOM as soil structural element (sand, silt)• SOM effect on nutrient mobility/availability• spatial structure more
important than pore volume
• spatial structure withsoil life (roots, fauna)
• continuous pores forwater infiltration andaeration
focusfocus
effect of CA on soil:• CA adds up to 1 mm soil per year• organic matter increase at about
0.1-0.2% per year until reaching a saturation
• different rooting systems for more efficient use of soil nutrients
• soil structure more stable• erosion and degradation
stopped/reversed
effect of CA on soil:• CA adds up to 1 mm soil per year• organic matter increase at about
0.1-0.2% per year until reaching a saturation
• different rooting systems for more efficient use of soil nutrients
• soil structure more stable• erosion and degradation
stopped/reversed
effects of no-tillage based systemseffects of no-tillage based systems
CA and climate change:• mitigation through emission reductions
(fuel, NOx, CH4)• mitigation through carbon
sequestration up to 0.2 t.ha-1.y-1 C• adaptation through better drought
tolerance• adaptation through better water
infiltration (less flooding)
CA and climate change:• mitigation through emission reductions
(fuel, NOx, CH4)• mitigation through carbon
sequestration up to 0.2 t.ha-1.y-1 C• adaptation through better drought
tolerance• adaptation through better water
infiltration (less flooding)
effects of no-tillage based systemseffects of no-tillage based systems
USA 25USA 25Canada 12Canada 12
Australia 9Australia 9
Europe 0.5Europe 0.5Asia 3.3Asia 3.3
Africa 0.5Africa 0.5
Brazil 23Brazil 23
(Derpsch, 2005)(Derpsch, 2005)
Total area under Conservation Agriculture worldwide 95 Million ha
Total area under Conservation Agriculture worldwide 95 Million ha
Argentina 18Argentina 18Paraguay 1.7Paraguay 1.7
China 1China 1India 1India 1
development of systemsdevelopment of systems
Maximization of animal performaces in best pastures (well fertilized & managed)
14-15 months old steers right to
slaughter (young animals market)
Renewed pasture after crop phase
Pasture degradation (high stocking rate x no fertilization)
Central Brazil: ICLS to renew pastures in degradation and
produce biomass for no-tilled systems
Biology TransferLatin America to Africa?
Integrated production systems in West Africa (oncho-freed ecosystems) (RAF)
Mucuna surrounded by Living Fence
Production systems:confined livestock
Early cowpea withresidue for feed
Cotton Farmer Field Schoolsin West Africa
Expanding Partnershipsfor CA-based Sustainable
IntensificationShared visionSharing ExperiencesEmpowering Natl. ProgramsSecuring and Sharing Resources
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!
More information:http://www.fao.org/ag/caMore information:http://www.fao.org/ag/ca