E L E M E N T S , C O M P O U N D S , A N D M I XT U R E S

CHAPTER 9

OBJECTIVES

• SPI 0807.9.1 Recognize that all matter is made up of atoms

• SPI 0807.9.3 Classify common substances as elements or compounds based on their symbols or formulas.

I can:1. Define all new vocabulary terms: element, pure

substance, metal, nonmetal, metalloid.2. Describe the characteristics of elements, and give

examples.3. Classify elements as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.4. Distinguish between metals, nonmetals, and

metalloids.

ELEMENTS

• A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances.• Pure substance – only has one type of particle

(atoms).• Every atom in a piece of gold is the same, no matter

where it is found.• Every atom of iron is the same• spoon, steel rod, meteorite

• Elements are found on the periodic table• 111 elements known

I can describe the characteristics of elements, and give examples.

I can describe the characteristics of elements, and give examples.

PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS

• Characteristic properties – do not depend on the amt. of the element present.• Boiling point, melting pt., density, reactivity with acid,

color, hardness, flammability• Can be used to identify elements

• Identified by their physical and chemical properties• Categorized by similar properties• Metals, nonmetals, or metalloids

I can describe the characteristics of elements, and give examples.

CLASSIFYING ELEMENTS

1. Metals• Shiny, conduct heat and electricity, malleable, ductile• All are solid except mercury• Examples: copper (Cu), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), gold

(Au), mercury (Hg)

I can classify elements as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.

CLASSIFYING ELEMENTS

2. Nonmetals• Opposite of metals• dull, poor conductors heat and electricity, brittle, not

malleable, not ductile• Can be solid, liquid, or gas• Examples: sulfur (S), iodine (I), neon (Ne), chlorine (Cl),

oxygen (O), hydrogen (H)

I can classify elements as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.

CLASSIFYING ELEMENTS

3. Metalloids • Properties of both metals and nonmetals• Semi-conductors• Some shiny, some dull, somewhat malleable and ductile,

some conduct heat and electricity• Solids• Examples: boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge),

arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te)

I can classify elements as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.

I can distinguish between metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

OBJECTIVES

• SPI 0807.9.1 Recognize that all matter is made up of atoms• SPI 0807.9.3 Classify common substances as elements or

compounds based on their symbols or formulas.• SPI 0807.9.4 Differentiate between a mixture and a

compound.• SPI 0807.9.6 Compare the particle arrangement and type of

particle motion associated with different states of matter.I can:

1. Identify examples of common compounds by their chemical formula.

2. Explain how elements make up compounds.3. Explain how compounds can be broken down.4. Compare elements and compounds.

COMPOUNDS

• Pure substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined.• Elements are rarely found alone in nature, so they combine with other

elements.

• Compounds form a particle called a molecule (two or more atoms joined together).

• Found in a set ratio of elements• Examples of common compounds:• Table Salt• Sugar• Water• Hydrogen Peroxide• Vinegar• Carbon Dioxide• Baking Soda

I can identify examples of common compounds by their chemical formulas.

COMMON COMPOUNDS

Compound Elements Combined Chemical Formula

Table salt Sodium(Na) and chlorine(Cl) NaCl

Water Hydrogen(H) and oxygen(O) H2O

Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen(H) and oxygen(O) H2O2

Sugar Hydrogen(H), carbon(C), oxygen(O)

C12H22O11

Vinegar Hydrogen(H), carbon(C), and oxygen(O)

C2H4O2

Carbon dioxide Carbon(C) and oxygen(O) CO2

Baking Soda Sodium(Na), hydrogen(H), carbon(C), and oxygen(O)

NaHCO3

I can identify examples of common compounds by their chemical formulas.

sugar

PROPERTIES OF COMPOUNDS

• Identified by physical and chemical properties• Compounds have different properties than the

elements that form them.• Forming Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Sodium is a soft, silver white metal that reacts violently in water

Chlorine is a poisonous, greenish yellow gas

Sodium Chloride is a white solid. It dissolves easily in water and is safe to eat.

I can explain how elements make up compounds.

SODIUM REACTING WITH WATER

BREAKING DOWN COMPOUNDS

• Broken down by chemical changes• Energy is needed to break down compounds• Add heat or add electric current

1. Broken down into elements• Water (H2O) → hydrogen(H) and oxygen(O).

• Table Salt (NaCl) → sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl)• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) → carbon (C) and oxygen(O)

2. Broken down in simpler compounds and then into its elements• Carbonic acid (H2CO3)→carbon dioxide (CO2) + water

(H2O)→carbon (C) + oxygen (O) + hydrogen (H)

I can explain how compounds can be broken down.

OBJECTIVES

• SPI 0807.9.1 Recognize that all matter is made up of atoms

• SPI 0807.9.4 Differentiate between a mixture and a compound.

I can:1. Define all new vocabulary terms: solution, solute,

solvent, concentration, solubility, suspension, colloid.

2. Describe three properties of mixtures.3. Distinguish between a mixture and a compound.4. Analyze a solution in terms of its solute and solvent.5. Distinguish between a solution, a suspension, and a

colloid.

MIXTURES

• A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined• When mixed, the substances do not react• No chemical change happens• Each substance in the mixture keeps its identity

• Do not have a set ratio of components• Separated through physical methods

1. Distillation – separates based on boiling points2. Magnet - separates iron from other elements3. Centrifuge – separates by densities4. Filtration – separates by particle size

I can describe three properties of mixtures.

MIXTURES VS. COMPOUNDS

Mixtures Compounds

Made of elements, compounds, or both

Made of elements

No change in original properties of components

Change in original properties of components

Separated by physical means Separated by chemical means

Formed using any ratio of components

Formed using a set ratio of components

I can distinguish between a mixture and a compound.

SOLUTIONS

• A mixture that appears to be a single substance• One substance is dissolved in another substance

• Solute – substance that is dissolved• Solvent – substance in which the solute is dissolved• Soluble – able to dissolve• Insoluble – unable to dissolve• Examples of solutions:• Salt water• Sugar water• Gasoline• Soft drinks• Air• Brass• steel

I can distinguish between a solution, a suspension, and a colloid.

SOLUTIONS

States Examples Components

Gas in gas Dry air Oxygen in nitrogen

Gas in liquid Soft drinks Carbon dioxide in water

Liquid in liquid Antifreeze Alcohol in water

Solid in liquid Salt water NaCl in water

Solid in solid Brass Zinc in copper

I can distinguish between a solution, a suspension, and a colloid.

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

• Concentration – measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent• Expressed in g/mL• Concentration = • Concentrated solutions contain more solute per solvent

• Dissolving solids in liquids faster1. Mixing or stirring2. Heating3. Crushing

I can analyze a solution in terms of its solute and solvent.

SUSPENSIONS

• Mixture in which particles of a material are dispersed throughout a liquid or gas but large enough to settle out• Can be separated by filtration• Examples:• Snow globe• Italian dressing• Paints• Medicines• Orange juice

I can distinguish between a solution, a suspension, and a colloid.

COLLOIDS

• Mixture in which the particles are dispersed throughout but are not heavy enough to settle out• Have properties of both solutions and

suspensions• Cannot be separated by filtration• Examples:• Milk• Mayonnaise• Deodorant• Gelatin• Whipped cream• butter

I can distinguish between a solution, a suspension, and a colloid.