Element2 Study Guide

8/12/2019 Element2 Study Guide

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Amateur RadioTechnician Class License

Study Guide(For use July 1, 2006 to June 0, 2010!

Com"liments o#$

%arl

&')R

Source *aterial is +ulicly A-ailale

Question Pool of 393 questions released 6 Feb 2006

and CFR Title 47, Part 97, Amateur Radio er!i"e#

T$is do"ument ma% be freel% distributed and &as de!elo'ed for not(for('rofit use onl%#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006


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Fore.ord

This document is sim"ly a com"ilation o# the "ulicly a-ailale /uestion "ool.hich has een con-erted into statements and #ormatted The intent .as to

retain as much o# the oriinal .ords #rom the /uestion "ool as "ossile tole-erae #amiliariation in the learnin and memory "rocess The 13 termsmost #re/uently used in the te4t are$

amateur emerency "o.erantenna e4am radiocall FCC re"eatercommunications #re/uency sinalscontrol license station

The author5s ho"e is that this document miht e use#ul as a resource instudyin #or the %lement 2, Technician Class License Amateur Radio %4am

Tale o# Contents

%L%*%&T 2 S)%L%*%&T +ae 7

T1 8 FCC Rules, station license res"onsiilities

T2 8 Control o"erator duties 6

T 8 9"eratin "ractices :

T; 8 Radio and electronic #undamentals 12

T3 8 Station setu" and o"eration 13

T6 8 Communications modes and methods 1'

T< 8 S"ecial o"erations 20

T' 8 %merency and +ulic Ser-ice Communications 22

T: 8 Radio .a-es, "ro"aation, and antennas 23

T0 8 %lectrical and RF Sa#ety 2'

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 2


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S)%L%*%&T T1 8 FCC Rules and Station Licensee Res"onsiilities=; e4am /uestions > ; Grou"s?

T1A =1 e4am /uestion?

)asis and "ur"ose o# the Amateur Radio Ser-ice An Amateur Radio tation is a station in an Amateur Radio er!i"e

"onsistin- of t$e a''aratus ne"essar% for "arr%in- on radio "ommuni"ations#

An amateur o'erator as defined in Part 97 is a 'erson named in an amateur

o'erator'rimar% li"ense -rant in t$e FCC ./ database#

ne of t$e basi" 'ur'oses of t$e Amateur Radio er!i"e as defined in Part

97 is to 'ro!ide a !oluntar% non"ommer"ial "ommuni"ations ser!i"e to t$e

'ubli", 'arti"ularl% in times of emer-en"%#

T&o of t$e fi!e fundamental 'ur'oses for t$e Amateur Radio er!i"e are to

in"rease t$e number of trained radio o'erators and ele"troni"s e1'erts,

and im'ro!e international -ood&ill#

+enalties #or unlicensed o"eration, other "enalties T$e Federal Communi"ations Commission maes and enfor"es t$e rules for t$e

Amateur Radio er!i"e in t$e .nited tates# armful interferen"e is a transmission t$at disturbs ot$er "ommuni"ations#

%4aminations

T$e "lasses of . amateur radio li"enses t$at ma% "urrentl% be earned b%

e1amination are Te"$ni"ian, eneral, and Amateur 51tra#

A olunteer 51aminer 58 is an amateur a""redited b% one or more

olunteer 51aminer Coordinators 5Cs8 &$o !olunteers to administer

amateur li"ense e1ams#

A Certifi"ate of u""essful Com'letion of 51amination CC58 is !alid for

li"ense u'-rade 'ur'oses for 36 da%s#

T$ree olunteer 51aminers $oldin- a eneral Class li"ense or $i-$er are

required to administer an 5lement 2 Te"$ni"ian &ritten e1am#

T1) > =1 e4am /uestion?

@T reions :nternational Tele"ommuni"ation .nion :T.8

T$e 'ur'ose of :T. Re-ions is to assist in t$e mana-ement of frequen"%

allo"ations#

@nternational reulations ;ou are allo&ed to o'erate %our amateur station in a forei-n "ountr% &$en

t$ere is a re"i'ro"al o'eratin- a-reement bet&een t$e "ountries#

S call sin structure

T$e FCC uses a s%stem, "alled t$e equential Call i-n %stem, &$ere "all

si-ns are assi-ned in sequential order to sele"t ne& amateur radio "allsi-ns#

An amateur radio "lub &ould obtain a "lub station "all si-n b% a''l%in-

t$rou-$ a Club tation Call i-n Administrator#

T$e letters, A, , must be used for t$e first letter in .

amateur "all si-ns#

A sin-le di-it, 0 t$rou-$ 9 number is used in . amateur "all si-ns#


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S"ecial e-ent calls An% FCC(li"ensed amateur is eli-ible to a''l% for tem'orar% use of a +(b%(

+ format 'e"ial 5!ent "all si-n#

anity call sins ;ou &ould use t$e !anit% "all si-n 'ro-ram to obtain a "all si-n

"ontainin- %our initials#

T1C > =1 e4am /uestion?

Authoried #re/uencies (Technician!, o"eration near and edes T$e frequen"%, 2#2 @B, is &it$in t$e 6(meter band#

;ou are usin- t$e 2 meter band &$en %ou are transmittin- on +46#2 @B#

T$e 70("entimeter frequen"%, 443#30 @B, is aut$oriBed to a Te"$ni"ian

"lass li"ense $older o'eratin- in :T. Re-ion 2#

T$e 23 "entimeter frequen"%, +296 @B, is aut$oriBed to a Te"$ni"ian "lass

li"ense $older o'eratin- in :T. Re-ion 2#

:f %ou are o'eratin- on 223#0 @B t$en %ou are o'eratin- on t$e +#2

meter amateur band#

Reci"rocal licensin ;ou must be named in t$e FCC amateur li"ense database, or be an alien &it$

re"i'ro"al o'eratin- aut$oriBation before %ou "an "ontrol an amateur

station in t$e .#

A . amateur li"ense allo&s %ou to transmit from &$ere!er t$e Amateur

Radio er!i"e is re-ulated b% t$e FCC or &$ere re"i'ro"al a-reements are

in 'la"e#

A . amateur o'erator ma% "ommuni"ate &it$ an amateur in a forei-n "ountr%

at an% time unless 'ro$ibited b% eit$er -o!ernment#

S"ectrum sharin >$en aut$oriBed b% t$e FCC, amateur stations are allo&ed to "ommuni"ate

&it$ stations o'eratin- in ot$er radio ser!i"es#

Communi"ations on a re-ular basis t$at "ould reasonabl% be furnis$ed

alternati!el% t$rou-$ ot$er radio ser!i"es are not'ermitted in t$e

Amateur Radio er!i"e#

>$en an amateur frequen"% band is said to be a!ailable on a se"ondar%

basis, amateurs ma% not"ause $armful interferen"e to 'rimar% users

a""ordin- to t$e FCC rules#

T1B 8 =1 e4am /uestion?

The station license T$e -o!ernment a-en"% t$at -rants %our amateur radio li"ense is t$e

Federal Communi"ations Commission FCC8#

T$e FCC issues o'eratorstation li"enses in t$e Amateur Radio er!i"e#

An%one e1"e't a re'resentati!e of a forei-n -o!ernment "an be"ome an

amateur li"ensee in t$e .# T$ere is no minimum a-e requirement to $old an amateur li"ense#

;ou ma% transmit after 'assin- t$e required e1amination elements for %our

first amateur radio li"ense and as soon as %our li"ense -rant a''ears in

t$e FCCs ./ database#

;our res'onsibilit% as a station li"ensee is to ensure %our station is

o'erated in a""ordan"e &it$ t$e FCC rules#



5/30

Correct name and address on #ile T$e FCC requires t$e station li"ensee mailin- address to be e't u' to

date on t$e .ni!ersal /i"ensin- %stem ./8 database#

An Amateur radio o'erator must $a!e a "orre"t name and mailin- address on

file &it$ t$e FCC to re"ei!e mail deli!er% from t$e FCC b% t$e .nited

tates Postal er!i"e#

T$e FCC ma% re!oe or sus'end a li"ense if t$e mailin- address of t$e

$older is not "urrent &it$ t$e FCC# :f mail is returned to t$e FCC as

undeli!erable t$is "ould be a "ause#

License term, rene.als, race "eriod T$e normal term for an amateur station li"ense -rant is +0 %ears#

;ou are not 'ermitted to "ontinue to transmit if %ou for-et to rene& %our

amateur li"ense and it e1'ires# Transmittin- is not allo&ed until t$e

li"ense is rene&ed and a''ears on t$e FCC ./ database#

T$e -ra"e 'eriod durin- &$i"$ t$e FCC &ill rene& an e1'ired +0(%ear

li"ense &it$out re(e1amination is 2 %ears#



6/30

S)%L%*%&T T2 8 Control o"erator duties > =; e4am /uestions > ; rou"s?

T2A > =1 e4am /uestion?

+rohiited communications$ music, roadcastin, codes and ci"hers, usinessuse An amateur station is neveraut$oriBed to transmit information to t$e

-eneral 'ubli"#

Amateurs may nottransmit musi", e1"e't as in"idental to transmissions

from manned s'a"e"raft#

An amateur station ma% nevertransmit false or de"e'ti!e si-nalsD

:nde"ent and obs"ene lan-ua-e is s'e"ifi"all% 'ro$ibited in t$e Amateur

Radio er!i"e#

?road"astin- is defined as* Transmissions intended for re"e'tion b% t$e

-eneral 'ubli", eit$er dire"t or rela%ed#

?road"asts intended for re"e'tion b% t$e -eneral 'ubli" may notbe

transmitted in t$e Amateur Radio er!i"e#

Calls to %our em'lo%er requestin- dire"tions to a "ustomers offi"e are

prohibited&$en usin- a re'eater auto'at"$#

+ermissile communications, ulletins, code "ractice, incidental music Transmission of "odes or "i'$ers is allo&ed to $ide t$e meanin- of a

messa-e transmitted b% an amateur station only whentransmittin- "ontrol

"ommands to s'a"e stations or radio "ontrol "raft#

An amateur station ma% transmit unidentified "ommuni"ations only whensent

from a s'a"e station or to "ontrol a model "raft#

T$e FCC allo&s an amateur radio station to be used as a met$od of

"ommuni"ation for $ire or material "om'ensation only whenin a""ordan"e

&it$ 'art 97 rules#

;ou ma% use %our amateur station on an occasional basisto tell 'eo'le

about equi'ment %ou $a!e for sale &$en %ou are offerin- amateur radio

equi'ment for sale or trade#


)asic identi#ication re/uirements, non8-oice modes, moile and "ortaleo"eration ;ou must transmit %ou "allsi-n to identif% %our amateur station#

A transmission t$at does not "ontain a station identifi"ation is

unidentified "ommuni"ations or si-nals#

An amateur station must transmit t$e assi-ned "all si-n e!er% +0 minutes

durin- "ommuni"ations and at t$e end of ea"$ "ommuni"ation#

5a"$ station must transmit its o&n "all si-n &$en t&o amateur stations end

"ommuni"ations#

T$e lon-est 'eriod of time an amateur station "an o'erate &it$out

transmittin- its "all si-n is +0 minutes#

;ou must identif% usin- t$e 5n-lis$ lan-ua-e to identif% %our station &$en

%ou are s'eain- to anot$er amateur o'erator usin- a lan-ua-e ot$er t$an5n-lis$#

>$en o'eratin- &$ile usin- a s'e"ial e!ent "all si-n %ou must identif%

usin- %our assi-ned "all si-n on"e 'er $our#

>$en usin- one or more self(assi-ned indi"ators &it$ %our assi-ned "all

si-n t$e indi"ator must not "onfli"t &it$ an indi"ator s'e"ified b% FCC

rules or &it$ a 'refi1 assi-ned to anot$er "ountr%#

T$e "orre"t &a% to identif% &$en !isitin- a station is send $is "all si-n

firstE follo&ed b% %our "all si-n, if %ou $old a $i-$er "lass li"ense t$an



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;ou ma% o'erate %our amateur station aboard an air"raft onl% &it$ t$e

a''ro!al of t$e 'ilot in "ommand and not usin- t$e air"rafts radio

equi'ment#

Guest o"erators at your station All o'eratin- 'ri!ile-es allo&ed b% t$e $i-$er "lass li"ense are allo&ed

&$en anot$er amateur $oldin- a $i-$er "lass li"ense is "ontrollin- %our

station#

.nli"ensed 'ersons in %our famil% are not allo&ed to transmit on %our

amateur station if %ou are not t$ere be"ause t$e% must be li"ensed before

t$e% are allo&ed to be "ontrol o'erators#

Third "arty communications A messa-e sent bet&een t&o amateur stations for someone else is t$ird(

'art% "ommuni"ations#

Auto"atch, @ncidental usiness use .sin- amateur radio for "ondu"tin- business is aprohibitedamateur radio

transmission#

Com"ensation o# o"erators :t is 'ermissible for t$e "ontrol o'erator of a "lub station to a""e't

"om'ensation for sendin- information bulletins or @orse "ode 'ra"ti"e &$en

t$e station maes t$ose transmissions for at least 40 $ours 'er &ee#

Clu stations At least 4 'ersons are required to be members of a "lub for a "lub station

li"ense to be issued b% t$e FCC#

Station ins"ection

T$e FCC is allo&ed to ins'e"t %our station equi'ment and station re"ords

at an% time u'on request#

Station security and "rotection aainst unauthoried transmissions ;ou mi-$t best ee' unaut$oriBed 'ersons from usin- %our amateur station

b% dis"onne"tin- t$e 'o&er and mi"ro'$one "ables &$en not usin- %our

equi'ment#



9/30

S)%L%*%&T T 8 9"eratin "ractices > =; e4am /uestions > ; rou"s?

TA > =1 e4am /uestion?

Choosin an o"eratin #re/uency ;ou s$ould listen to determine if t$e frequen"% is bus% &$en sele"tin- a

frequen"% on &$i"$ to transmit#

Callin CD ;ou indi"ate %ou are looin- for an% station &it$ &$i"$ to mae "onta"t b%

"allin- CQ follo&ed b% %our "allsi-n#

T$e meanin- of t$e 'ro"edural si-nal CQ is* Callin- an% station#

T$e brief statement, sim'l% sa%in- %ou "all si-n, is often used in 'la"e

of CQ to indi"ate t$at %ou are listenin- for "alls on a re'eater#

Callin another station

:f %ou no& t$e stations "all si-n, sa% t$e stations "all si-n t$en

identif% %our o&n station &$en "allin- anot$er station on a re'eater#

;ou s$ould transmit t$e ot$er stationGs "allsi-n follo&ed b% %our "allsi-n

&$en res'ondin- to a "all of CQ#

;ou s$ould a!oid usin- "ute '$rases or &ord "ombinations to identif% %ourstation be"ause t$e% are not easil% understood b% some o'erators#

;ou s$ould use t$e :nternational Tele"ommuni"ation .nion :T.8 '$oneti"

al'$abet &$en identif%in- %our station be"ause t$e &ords are

internationall% re"o-niBed substitutes for letters#

Test transmissions An ille-al unidentified transmission des"ribes a brief test transmission

t$at does not in"lude an% station identifi"ation#

An amateur must 'ro'erl% identif% t$e station &$en main- a transmission

to test equi'ment or antennas#

tation identifi"ation is required at least e!er% ten minutes and at t$e

end of e!er% transmission#

T)> =1 e4am /uestion?

se o# minimum "o.er An amateur must use t$e minimum transmitter 'o&er ne"essar% to "arr% out

t$e desired "ommuni"ation#

)and "lans A band 'lan is a !oluntar% -uideline, be%ond t$e di!isions establis$ed b%

t$e FCC for usin- different o'eratin- modes &it$in an amateur band#

?and Plans are !oluntar% -uidelines for effi"ient use of t$e radio

s'e"trum#

T$e amateur "ommunit% de!elo'ed t$e band 'lans used b% amateur radio

o'erators#

Re"eater coordination T$e re"o-niBed frequen"% "oordination bod% is in "$ar-e of t$e re'eater

frequen"% band 'lan in %our lo"al area#

T$e main 'ur'ose of re'eater "oordination is to redu"e interferen"e and

'romote 'ro'er use of s'e"trum#

*ode restricted su8ands T$e 6(meter, 2(meter, and + +4(meter bands a!ailable to Te"$ni"ian "lass

li"ensees $a!e mode restri"ted sub(bands#



10/30

T$e onl% emission mode t$at is 'ermitted in t$e restri"ted sub(band at

0#0(0#+ @B is C>#

T$e onl% emission mode t$at is 'ermitted in t$e restri"ted sub(band at

+44#0(+44#+ @B is C>#

T$e emission modes t$at are 'ermitted in t$e restri"ted 'ortion of t$e +

+4(meter band are C> and )ata#

Accountaility

T$e transmittin- station is a""ountable if a re'eater station

inad!ertentl% retransmits "ommuni"ations t$at !iolate FCC rules#

TC > =1 e4am /uestion?

Courtesy and res"ect #or others T$e 'ro'er &a% to brea into a "on!ersation bet&een t&o stations t$at are

usin- t$e frequen"% is to sa% %our "all si-n bet&een t$eir transmissions#

Pro'er re'eater o'eratin- 'ra"ti"e*

o @onitor before transmittin- and ee' transmissions s$ort

o :dentif% le-all%

o .se t$e minimum amount of transmitter 'o&er ne"essar%o All of these answers are correct

?efore res'ondin- to anot$er stations "all, mae sure %ou are o'eratin- on

a 'ermissible frequen"% for %our li"ense "lass#

=o frequen"% &ill be assi-ned for t$e e1"lusi!e use of an% station and

neit$er $as 'riorit%# T$is rule a''lies &$en t&o amateur stations &ant to

use t$e same frequen"%#

:f %ou $ear a ne&l% li"ensed o'erator t$at is $a!in- trouble &it$ t$eir

station %ou s$ould "onta"t t$em and offer to $el' &it$ t$e 'roblem#

>$en "ir"umstan"es are not s'e"ifi"all% "o!ered b% FCC rules t$e -eneral

o'eratin- standard of -ood en-ineerin- and -ood amateur 'ra"ti"es must be

a''lied to amateur station o'eration#

Sensiti-e suEect areas Amateur radio o'erators s$ould a!oid t$e use of ra"ial or et$ni" slurs

&$en talin- to ot$er stations be"ause it is offensi!e to some 'eo'le and

refle"ts a 'oor 'ubli" ima-e on all amateur radio o'erators#

T$ese t%'es of subHe"ts are not 'ro$ibited "ommuni"ations &$ile usin-

amateur radio*

o Politi"al dis"ussions

o oes and stories

o Reli-ious 'referen"es

o All of these answers are correct.

9scene and indecent lanuae :nde"ent and obs"ene lan-ua-e is 'ro$ibited in t$e Amateur er!i"e#

o ?e"ause it is offensi!e to some indi!iduals

o ?e"ause %oun- "$ildren ma% inter"e't amateur "ommuni"ations &it$readil% a!ailable re"ei!in- equi'ment

o ?e"ause su"$ lan-ua-e is s'e"ifi"all% 'ro$ibited b% FCC Rules

o All of these choices are correct

T$ere is no offi"ial list of 'ro$ibited obs"ene and inde"ent &ords t$at

s$ould not be used in amateur radio#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 10


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TB > =1 e4am /uestion?

@nter#erence to and #rom consumer de-ices T$e o&ner of t$e tele!ision re"ei!er is res'onsible for tain- "are of t$e

interferen"e if si-nals from %our transmitter are "ausin- front end

o!erload in %our nei-$bors tele!ision re"ei!er#

T$e maHor "ause of tele'$one interferen"e is t$e tele'$one &as not

equi''ed &it$ adequate interferen"e 'rote"tion &$en manufa"tured#

A brea in a "able tele!ision transmission line ma% result in T

interferen"e &$en t$e amateur station is transmittin-, or interferen"e ma%

o""ur to t$e amateur re"ei!er#

Re"ei!er front(end o!erload is t$e result of interferen"e "aused b% stron-

si-nals from a nearb% sour"e#

+ulic relations

RAC5 and AR5 $a!e in "ommon t$e fa"t t$at bot$ or-aniBations 'ro!ide

"ommuni"ations durin- emer-en"ies#

FCC rules a''l% to %our station &$en usin- amateur radio at t$e request of

'ubli" ser!i"e offi"ials or at t$e s"ene of an emer-en"%#

@ntentional and unintentional inter#erence

;ou s$ould "$e" %our transmitter for off frequen"% o'eration or s'urious

emissions if %ou re"ei!e a re'ort t$at %our transmissions are "ausin-

s'latter or interferen"e on nearb% frequen"ies#

T$e 'ro'er "ourse of a"tion if %ou unintentionall% interfere &it$ anot$er

station is to 'ro'erl% identif% %our station and mo!e to a different

frequen"%#

;ou ma% ne!er deliberatel% interfere &it$ anot$er stations "ommuni"ations#

=o station $as e1"lusi!e use of an% s'e"ifi" frequen"% &$en t$e FCC $as

not de"lared a "ommuni"ation emer-en"%#

T$e best &a% to redu"e on t$e air interferen"e &$en testin- %our

transmitter is to use a dumm% load &$en testin-#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 11


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S)%L%*%&T T; 8Radio and electronic #undamentals > =3 e4am /uestions > 3rou"s?

T;A8 =1 e4am /uestion?

&ames o# electrical units, BC and AC, .hat is a radio sinal 5le"tri"al "urrent is measured in t$e follo&in- units* Am'eres

5le"tri"al Po&er is measured in t$e follo&in- units* >atts

T$e name for t$e flo& of ele"trons in an ele"tri" "ir"uit is Current#

T$e name for a "urrent t$at flo&s onl% in one dire"tion is a )ire"t

Current )C8#

T$e standard unit of frequen"% is t$e ertB#

T$e basi" unit of resistan"e is t$e $m#

T$e name for a "urrent t$at re!erses dire"tion on a re-ular basis is an

Alternatin- Current AC8#

Conductors and insulators Co''er is a -ood ele"tri"al "ondu"tor#

lass is a -ood ele"tri"al insulator#

T$e term used to des"ribe o''osition to "urrent flo& in ordinar%

"ondu"tors su"$ as &ires is Resistan"e#

%lectrical com"onents An automobile batter% usuall% su''lies about +2 !olts I)CJ#

An Ammeter is an instrument used to measure t$e flo& of "urrent in an

ele"tri"al "ir"uit#

A oltmeter is an instrument used to measure 5le"tromoti!e For"e 5@F8

bet&een t&o 'oints su"$ as t$e 'oles of a batter%#

T;) > =1 e4am /uestion?

Relationshi" et.een #re/uency and .a-elenth

>a!elen-t$ is t$e term used for t$e distan"e a radio &a!e tra!els durin-

one "om'lete "%"le#

T$e term Frequen"% des"ribes t$e number of times t$at an alternatin-

"urrent flo&s ba" and fort$ 'er se"ond#

i1t% 608 $ertB B8 means 60 "%"les 'er se"ond#

T$e &a!elen-t$ -ets s$orter as t$e frequen"% in"reases#

>a!elen-t$ in meters equals 300 di!ided b% frequen"% in me-a$ertB#

A radio &a!e tra!els t$rou-$ s'a"e at t$e s'eed of li-$t#

@denti#ication o# ands T$e 'ro'ert% of a radio &a!e often used to identif% t$e different bands

amateur radio o'erators use is t$e '$%si"al len-t$ of t$e &a!e#

T$e frequen"% ran-e of t$e 2 meter band in t$e .nited tates is +44 to +4K

@B#

T$e frequen"% ran-e of t$e 6 meter band in t$e .nited tates is 0 to 4

@B# T$e frequen"% ran-e of t$e 70 "entimeter band in t$e .nited tates is 420

to 40 @B#

&ames o# #re/uency ranes, ty"es o# .a-es

oi"e frequen"ies are sound &a!es in t$e ran-e bet&een 300 and 3000 ertB#

5le"troma-neti" &a!es t$at os"illate more t$an 20,000 times 'er se"ond as

t$e% tra!el t$rou-$ s'a"e are -enerall% referred to as Radio &a!es#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 12


13/30

T;C > =1 e4am /uestion?

o. radio .ors$ recei-ers, transmitters, transcei-ers, am"li#iers, "o.ersu""lies, ty"es o# atteries, ser-ice li#e A Re"ei!er is used to "on!ert radio si-nals into sounds &e "an $ear#

A Transmitter is used to "on!ert sounds from our !oi"e into radio si-nals#

A Re"ei!er and Transmitter are t&o de!i"es "ombined into one unit in a

trans"ei!er#

A Po&er u''l% is t$e de!i"e used to "on!ert t$e alternatin- "urrent from

a &all outlet into lo&(!olta-e dire"t "urrent#

An Am'lifier is a de!i"e used to in"rease t$e out'ut of a +0 &att radio to

+00 &atts#

A /it$ium(ion batter% offers t$e lon-est life &$en used &it$ a $and($eld

radio, &$en "om'arin- batter% t%'es of t$e same '$%si"al siBe#

T$e nominal !olta-e 'er "ell of a full% "$ar-ed ni"el("admium batter% is

+#2 !olts#

A Carbon(Bin" batter% is not desi-ned to be re("$ar-ed#

:n order to ee' re"$ar-eable batteries in -ood "ondition and read% for

emer-en"ies*

o T$e% must be ins'e"ted for '$%si"al dama-e and re'la"ed if ne"essar%

o T$e% s$ould be stored in a "ool and dr% lo"ationo T$e% must be -i!en a maintenan"e re"$ar-e at least e!er% 6 mont$so All of these answers are correct

T$e best &a% to -et t$e most amount of ener-% from a batter% is to dra&

"urrent from t$e batter% at t$e slo&est rate needed#

T;B> =1 e4am /uestion?

9hms la. relationshi"s

T$e formula, olta-e 58 equals "urrent :8 multi'lied b%

resistan"e R8, is used to "al"ulate !olta-e in a

"ir"uit# %H@IR

T$e formula, Current :8 equals !olta-e 58 di!ided b%resistan"e R8, is used to "al"ulate "urrent in a

"ir"uit# @H%R

T$e formula, Resistan"e R8 equals !olta-e 58 di!ided b%

"urrent :8, is used to "al"ulate resistan"e in a

"ir"uit# RH%@ :f :L3 am'eres and 5L90 !olts t$en RL30 o$ms# RH%@LL RL903L 30 :f 5L+2 !olts and :L+# am'eres t$en RLK o$ms# RH%@LL RL+2+#L K :f 5L+20 !olts and RLK0 o$ms t$en :L+# am'eres# @H%RLL :L+20K0L +# :f a "urrent of 0# am'eres flo&s t$rou-$ a 2 o$m resistor t$en !olta-e

a"ross t$e resistor is equal to + !olt# %H@IRLL 5L0#M2L + !olt

:f a "urrent of + am'ere flo&s t$rou-$ a +0 o$m resistor t$en t$e !olta-e

a"ross t$e resistor is equal to +0 !olts# %H@IRLL 5L+M+0L +0 !olts :f a "urrent of 2 am'eres flo&s t$rou-$ a +0 o$m resistor t$en t$e !olta-e

a"ross t$e resistor is equal to 20 !olts# %H@IRLL 5L2M+0L 20 !olts T$e "urrent flo&in- t$rou-$ a +00 o$m resistor "onne"ted a"ross 200 !olts

is 2 am'eres# @H%RLL :L200+00L 2 am'eres

T$e "urrent flo&in- t$rou-$ a 24 o$m resistor "onne"ted a"ross 240 !olts

is +0 am'eres# @H%RLL :L24024L +0 am'eres

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 13


14/30

T;% > =1 e4am /uestion?

+o.er calculations T$e unit used to des"ribe ele"tri"al 'o&er is t$e >att#

T$e formula used to "al"ulate ele"tri"al 'o&er in a

)C "ir"uit is Po&er P8 equals !olta-e 58 multi'lied

b% "urrent :8# +H@I%

A 'o&er of +3K &atts is re'resented b% a !olta-e of

+3#K !olts )C and a "urrent of +0 am'eres#

+H@I%LL PL+0M+3#KL+3K &atts A 'o&er of 300 &atts is bein- used in a "ir"uit &$en

t$e !olta-e is +20 !olts )C and t$e "urrent is 2#

am'eres#

+H@I%LL PL2#M+20L300 &atts ;ou "an %ou determine $o& man% &atts are bein- dra&n I"onsumedJ b% %our

trans"ei!er &$en %ou are transmittin- b% measurin- t$e )C !olta-e at t$e

trans"ei!er and multi'l%in- b% t$e "urrent dra&n &$en %ou transmit#

A "urrent of +0 am'eres is flo&inin a "ir"uit &$en t$e a''lied !olta-eis +20 !olts )C and t$e load is +200 &atts#

@H+%LL :L+200+20L+0 am'eres#

nits, ilo, mea, milli, micro ne t$ousand !olts is equal to one ilo!olt#

Anot$er &a% to s'e"if% t$e frequen"% of a radio si-nal t$at is os"illatin-at +,00,000 ertB is +00 B Ior +# me-a$ertBJ

+00 milliam'eres is t$e same as +# am'eres#

A $and($eld trans"ei!er t$at $as an out'ut 'o&er of 00 milli&atts "an

ot$er&ise be said to out'ut 0# &atts#

ne one(milliont$ of a !olt is equal to one mi"ro!olt#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 14


15/30

S)%L%*%&T T3 8 Station setu" and o"eration >=; e4am /uestions > ; rou"s?


Station hoou" > micro"hone, s"eaer, head"hones, #ilters, "o.er source,connectin a com"uter A mi"ro'$one "onne"ts to t$e transmitter in a basi" amateur radio station#

A 'eaer is a 'ie"e of station equi'ment t$at "on!erts ele"tri"al si-nals

to sound &a!es#

Audio feedba" is t$e term used to des"ribe &$at $a''ens &$en a mi"ro'$one

and s'eaer are too "lose to ea"$ ot$er#

A set of $ead'$ones "ould be used in 'la"e of a re-ular s'eaer to $el'

%ou "o'% si-nals in a nois% area#

A -ood reason for usin- a re-ulated 'o&er su''l% for "ommuni"ations

equi'ment is to 'rote"t equi'ment from !olta-e flu"tuations#

A filter &ould be installed at t$e transmitter to redu"e s'urious

emissions#

A =ot"$ Filter "ould be "onne"ted to a T re"ei!er as t$e first ste' in

tr%in- to 're!ent RF o!erload from a nearb% 2(meter transmitter#

A Terminal =ode Controller is "onne"ted bet&een t$e trans"ei!er and

"om'uter terminal in a 'a"et radio station# A @i"ro'$one is not required for a 'a"et radio station#

A ound Card "an be used to "onne"t a radio &it$ a "om'uter for data

transmission#


9"eratin controls :f a transmitter is o'erated &it$ t$e mi"ro'$one -ain set too $i-$ it ma%

"ause t$e si-nal to be"ome distorted and unreadable#

A F.F trans"ei!er ma% be "a'able of storin- in memor% t$e follo&in-

inds of information*

o Transmit and re"ei!e o'eratin- frequen"%

o CTC tone frequen"%

o Transmit 'o&er le!elo All of these answers are correct

ne &a% to sele"t a frequen"% on &$i"$ to o'erate is to use t$e e%'ad or

F nob to enter t$e "orre"t frequen"%#

T$e squel"$ "ontrol on a trans"ei!er is used to quiet noise &$en no si-nal

is bein- re"ei!ed#

A &a% to enable qui" a""ess to a fa!orite frequen"% on %our trans"ei!er

is to store t$e frequen"% in a memor% "$annel#

To im'ro!e t$e situation if t$e station %ou are listenin- to is $ard to

"o'% be"ause of i-nition noise interferen"e ma% be to turn on t$e noise

blaner#

T$e 'ur'ose of t$e buttons labeled u' and do&n on man% mi"ro'$ones is

to allo& eas% frequen"% or memor% sele"tion#

T$e 'ur'ose of t$e s$ift "ontrol found on man% F.F trans"ei!ers isto adHust t$e offset bet&een transmit and re"ei!e frequen"%#

Re"ei!er :n"remental Tunin- R:T8

T$e 'ur'ose of t$e ste' menu fun"tion found on man% trans"ei!ers is to

set t$e tunin- rate &$en "$an-in- frequen"ies#

T$e 'ur'ose of t$e fun"tion or F e% found on man% trans"ei!ers is to

sele"t an alternate a"tion for some "ontrol buttons#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 15


16/30


Re"eatersK re"eater and sim"le4 o"eratin techni/ues, o##sets, selecti-es/uelch, o"en and closed re"eaters, lined re"eaters ne 'ur'ose of a re'eater is to e1tend t$e usable ran-e of mobile and lo&(

'o&er stations#

A "ourtes% tone is a tone used to indi"ate &$en a transmission is "om'lete#

T$e re'eater in'ut and out'ut frequen"ies is t$e most im'ortant

information to no& before usin- a re'eater#

;ou s$ould 'ause briefl% bet&een transmissions &$en usin- a re'eater to

listen for an%one &antin- to brea in#

T$e most "ommon in'utout'ut frequen"% offset for re'eaters in t$e 2(meter

band is 0#6 @B ot$er&ise stated as 600 B#

T$e most "ommon in'utout'ut frequen"% offset for re'eaters in t$e 70(

"entimeter band is #0 @B#

T$e terms in'ut and out'ut frequen"% &$en referrin- to re'eater o'erations

means t$e re'eater re"ei!es on one frequen"% and transmits on anot$er#

T$e term, sim'le1 o'eration, means transmittin- and re"ei!in- on t$e same

frequen"%#

A reason to use sim'le1 instead of a re'eater is to a!oid t%in- u' t$ere'eater &$en dire"t "onta"t is 'ossible#

;ou mi-$t find out %ou "ould "ommuni"ate &it$ a station usin- sim'le1

instead of a re'eater if %ou "$e" t$e re'eater in'ut frequen"% to see if

%ou "an $ear t$e ot$er station#

/ined re'eater s%stem is t$e term for a series of re'eaters t$at "an be

"onne"ted to one anot$er to 'ro!ide users &it$ a &ider "o!era-e#

T$e main reason re'eaters s$ould be a''ro!ed b% t$e lo"al frequen"%

"oordinator before bein- installed is t$at "oordination minimiBes

interferen"e bet&een re'eaters and maes t$e most effi"ient use of

a!ailable frequen"ies#

A""ess to an% re'eater ma% be limited b% t$e re'eater o&ner#

A "losed re'eater is t$e term used to des"ribe a re'eater &$en use is

restri"ted to t$e members of a "lub or -rou'#

T3B > 1 e4am /uestion

Reconition and correction o# "rolems

T$e most liel% "ause of tele'$one interferen"e from a nearb% transmitter

is t$e transmitters si-nals are "ausin- t$e tele'$one to a"t lie a radio

re"ei!er#

A lo-i"al first ste' &$en attem'tin- to "ure a radio frequen"%

interferen"e 'roblem in a nearb% tele'$one is to install an RF filter at

t$e tele'$one#

:f someone tells %ou t$at %our transmissions are interferin- &it$ t$eir T

re"e'tion %ou s$ould first mae sure t$at %our station is o'eratin-

'ro'erl% and t$at it does not "ause interferen"e to %our o&n tele!ision#

T$e follo&in- ma% be useful in "orre"tin- a radio frequen"% interferen"e'roblem*

o na'(on ferrite "$oes

o /o&('ass and $i-$('ass filters

o =ot"$ and band('ass filters

o All of these answers are correct

>$en a nei-$bor re'orts t$at %our radio si-nals are interferin- &it$

somet$inin $is $ome t$e 'ro'er "ourse of a"tion to tae is to "$e" %our

station and mae sure it meets t$e standards of -ood amateur 'ra"ti"e#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 16


17/30

:f a Part + de!i"e in %our nei-$borGs $ome is "ausin- $armful

interferen"e to %our amateur station %ou s$ould*

o >or &it$ %our nei-$bor to identif% t$e offendin- de!i"e

o Politel% inform %our nei-$bor about t$e rules t$at require $im to

sto' usin- t$e de!i"e if it "auses interferen"e

o C$e" %our station and mae sure it meets t$e standards of -ood

amateur 'ra"ti"e


Sym"toms o# o-erload and o-erdri-e

A fundamental o!erload, in referen"e to a re"ei!er, is interferen"e "aused

b% !er% stron- si-nals from a nearb% sour"e#

Bistortion :f %ou re"ei!e a re'ort t$at %our si-nal t$rou-$ t$e re'eater is distorted

or &ea, t$e 'roblem ma% be an% of t$e follo&in-*

o ;our transmitter ma% be sli-$tl% off frequen"%

o ;our batteries ma% be runnin- lo&

o ;ou "ould be in a bad lo"ation


9-er and under modulation, RF #eedac, 9## #re/uency sinals :f anot$er o'erator re'orts t$at %our ? si-nal is !er% -arbled and

breas u', RF ener-% ma% be -ettin- into t$e mi"ro'$one "ir"uit and

"ausin- feedba"#

Fadin and noise :f anot$er o'erator tells %ou $e is $earin- a !ariable $i-$('it"$ed &$ine

on t$e si-nals from %our mobile transmitter, t$e 'o&er &irin- for %our

radio "ould be 'i"in- u' noise from t$e !e$i"les ele"tri"al s%stem#

)o''ler s$ift is =T a "ause of radio frequen"% interferen"e#

+rolems .ith diital communications lins

ne of t$e reasons to use di-ital si-nals instead of analo- si-nals to

"ommuni"ate &it$ anot$er station is t$at man% di-ital s%stems "an

automati"all% "orre"t errors "aused b% noise and interferen"e#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 17


18/30

S)%L%*%&T T6 8 Communications modes and methods >= e4am /uestions 8 rou"s?


*odulation modes, descri"tions and and.idth (A*, F*, SS)! P$one transmissions are !oi"e transmissions b% radio#

in-le sideband ?8 is a form of am'litude modulation#

A -ate&a% is a name -i!en to an amateur radio station t$at is used to

"onne"t ot$er amateur stations to t$e :nternet#

in-le sideband ?8 !oi"e modulation is most often used for lon-

distan"e and &ea si-nal "onta"ts on t$e F and .F bands#

Frequen"% @odulation F@8 is most "ommonl% used for F and .F !oi"e

re'eaters#

T$e emission t%'e, C>, $as t$e narro&est band&idt$#

.''er sideband is normall% used for F and .F ? "ommuni"ations#

T$e 'rimar% ad!anta-e of sin-le sideband o!er F@ for !oi"e transmissions

is t$at ? si-nals use mu"$ less band&idt$ t$an F@ si-nals#

T$e a''ro1imate band&idt$ of a sin-le(sideband !oi"e si-nal is bet&een 2

and 3 B#

T$e a''ro1imate band&idt$ of a frequen"%(modulated !oi"e si-nal is bet&een and + B#

T$e normal band&idt$ required for a "on!entional fast(s"an T transmission

usin- "ombined !ideo and audio on t$e 70("entimeter band is about 6 @B#


oice communications, %choLin and @RL+ :nformation is transmitted bet&een stations !ia t$e :nternet usin-

5"$olin#

:nternet Radio /inin- ProHe"t :R/P8

An% li"ensed amateur radio o'erator ma% o'erate on t$e 5"$olin s%stem#

5"$olin and :R/P $a!e in "ommon oi"e o!er :nternet 'roto"ol te"$nolo-%#

oi"e o!er :nternet 'roto"ol is t$e met$od used to transfer data b% :R/P#

:R/P is a met$od of linin- bet&een t&o or more amateur stations usin- t$e

:nternet#

5"$o/in allo&s "om'uter(to(radio linin- for !oi"e transmission#

:f %ou $ear a brief tone and t$en a station from Russia "allin- CQ on a 2(

meter re'eater %ou are listenin- to an :nternet lined )N station#

;ou mi-$t find a list of a"ti!e nodes usin- o:P in a re'eater dire"tor%

or t$e :nternet#

>$en usin- a 'ortable trans"ei!er %ou sele"t a s'e"ifi" :R/P node b% usin-

t$e e%'ad to transmit t$e :R/P node numbers#


&on8-oice communications 8 imae communications, data, C, "acet, +S1,

*orse code techni/ues, D sinals

Pa"et Radio is an e1am'le of a di-ital "ommuni"ations met$od#

Automati" Position Re'ortin- %stem APR8

A -lobal 'ositionin- s%stem re"ei!er is required alon- &it$ %our normal

radio for sendin- automati" lo"ation re'orts#

A standard fast s"an "olor tele!ision si-nal transmission is indi"ated b%

t$e term =TC#

Point(to('oint di-ital messa-e for&ardin- emission mode ma% be used b% a

Te"$ni"ian "lass o'erator in t$e 2+9 ( 220 @B frequen"% ran-e#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 18


19/30

P$ase $ift &$en usin- re'eaters is to

re"o-niBe a re'eater :) sent in @orse "ode#

QR@ is t$e Q si-nal used to indi"ate t$at %ou are re"ei!in- interferen"e

from ot$er stations#

Q; t$e Q si-nal used to indi"ate t$at %ou are "$an-in- frequen"%#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 19


20/30

S)%L%*%&T T< 8 S"ecial o"erations > =2 e4am /uestions > 2 rou"s?

T =1 e4am /uestion?

9"eratin in the #ield A -ood t$in- to $a!e &$en o'eratin- a $and($eld trans"ei!er a&a% from $ome

are one or more full% "$ar-ed s'are batter% 'a"s#

A +00 &att out'ut linear am'lifier &ould 'robabl% not be !er% useful to

in"lude in an emer-en"% res'onse it#

;ou "an mae t$e si-nal from a $and($eld radio stron-er &$en o'eratin- in

t$e field b% usin- an e1ternal antenna instead of t$e rubber(du" antenna#

A "ombination $eadset and mi"ro'$one &ould be a -ood t$in- to $a!e &$en

o'eratin- from a lo"ation t$at in"ludes lots of "ro&d noise#

Radio direction #indin Radio dire"tion findin- is a met$od used to lo"ate sour"es of noise

interferen"e or Hammin-#

A dire"tional antenna &ould be t$e most useful for a $idden transmitter

$unt#

Radio control T$e ma1imum 'o&er allo&ed &$en transmittin- tele"ommand si-nals to radio

"ontrolled models is + &att#

T$e station identifi"ation requirement &$en sendin- "ommands to a radio

"ontrol model usin- amateur frequen"ies is a label indi"atin- t$e

li"ensees "all si-n and address affi1ed to t$e transmitter#

Contests Contestin- is a 'o'ular o'eratin- a"ti!it% t$at in!ol!es "onta"tin- as

man% stations as 'ossible durin- a s'e"ified 'eriod of time#

A -rid lo"ator is a letter(number desi-nator assi-ned to a -eo-ra'$i"

lo"ation#

S"ecial e-ent stations A s'e"ial e!ent station is a tem'orar% station t$at o'erates in

"onHun"tion &it$ an a"ti!it% of s'e"ial si-nifi"an"e#

T 1 e4am /uestion

Satellite o"eration, s"lit #re/uency o"eration, o"eratin "rotocols

T$e "lass of li"ense required to use amateur satellites is an% amateur

&$ose li"ense allo&s t$em to transmit on t$e satellite u'lin frequen"%#

T$e minimum amount of 'o&er needed to "om'lete t$e "onta"t is t$e 'o&er

t$at %ou s$ould use to transmit &$en usin- an amateur satellite#

omet$in- %ou "an do &$en usin- an amateur radio satellite is tal to

amateur radio o'erators in ot$er "ountries#

A satellite bea"on is a si-nal t$at "ontains information about a satellite#

Bo""ler shi#t )o''ler s$ift is a "$an-e in si-nal frequen"% "aused b% motion t$rou-$

s'a"e#

Satellite su ands A satellite sub(band is a 'ortion of a band &$ere satellite o'erations are

'ermitted#

T$e satellite sub(band on 70(C@ is 43 to 43K @B#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 20


21/30

L%9

T$e initials, /5, tell %ou t$at t$e amateur satellite is in a /o& 5art$

rbit /58#

9rit calculation ;ou s$ould use a satellite tra"in- 'ro-ram to determine &$en %ou "an

a""ess an amateur satellite#

A*SAT

A@AT is t$e name of t$e -rou' t$at "oordinates t$e buildin- andor laun"$

of t$e lar-est number of amateur radio satellites#

@SS communications An% amateur &it$ a Te"$ni"ian or $i-$er "lass li"ense ma% mae "onta"t

&it$ an astronaut on t$e :nternational 'a"e tation usin- amateur radio

frequen"ies#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 21


22/30

S)%L%*%&T T' 8 %merency and +ulic Ser-ice Communications= e4am /uestions > rou"s?

T'A > =1 e4am /uestion?

FCC declarations o# an emerency T$e information in"luded in an FCC de"laration of a tem'orar% state of

"ommuni"ation emer-en"% is an% s'e"ial "onditions and rules to be obser!ed

durin- t$e emer-en"%#

:f %ou are in "onta"t &it$ anot$er station and an emer-en"% "all is $eard

%ou s$ould sto' %our "onta"t immediatel% and tae t$e emer-en"% "all#

T$e restri"tions on amateur radio "ommuni"ations after t$e FCC $as

de"lared a "ommuni"ations emer-en"% are t$at %ou must a!oid t$ose

frequen"ies dedi"ated to su''ortin- t$e emer-en"% unless %ou are

'arti"i'atin- in t$e relief effort#

An FCC de"laration of a "ommuni"ations emer-en"% is le-all% required to

restri"t a frequen"% to emer-en"%(onl% "ommuni"ation#

=o station $as e1"lusi!e use of a frequen"% if t$e FCC $as not de"lared a

"ommuni"ation emer-en"%#

:f %ou $ear someone re'ortin- an emer-en"% %ou s$ould assume t$e emer-en"%

is real and a"t a""ordin-l%# T$e a''ro'riate &a% to initiate an emer-en"% "all on amateur radio is b%

sa%in- @a%da%, @a%da%, @a%da% follo&ed b% an% station "ome in 'lease

and identif% %our station#

Penalties for main- a false emer-en"% "all*

o ;ou "ould $a!e %our li"ense re!oed

o ;ou "ould be fined a lar-e sum of mone%

o ;ou "ould be sent to 'rison


5mer-en"% "ommuni"ations $as 'riorit% at all times in t$e Amateur Radio

er!i"e#

se o# non8amateur e/ui"ment and #re/uencies, use o# e/ui"ment y unlicensed"ersons Priorit% must be -i!en at all times and on all frequen"ies to stations

'ro!idin- emer-en"% "ommuni"ations#

>$en s'e"iall% aut$oriBed b% t$e FCC, or in an a"tual emer-en"%, amateur

stations are allo&ed to "ommuni"ate &it$ stations o'eratin- in ot$er radio

ser!i"es#

Tactical call sins ne reason for usin- ta"ti"al "all si-ns su"$ as "ommand 'ost or

&eat$er "enter durin- an emer-en"% is t$at t$e% are more effi"ient and

$el' "oordinate 'ubli"(ser!i"e "ommuni"ations#

T') > =1 e4am /uestion?

+re"aration #or emerency o"erations To be 're'ared for an emer-en"% situation &$ere %our assistan"e mi-$t be

needed, %ou "an*

o C$e" at least t&i"e a %ear to mae sure %ou $a!e all of %our

emer-en"% res'onse equi'ment and no& &$ere it is

o @ae sure %ou $a!e a &a% to run %our equi'ment if t$ere is a 'o&er

failure in %our area

o Parti"i'ate in drills t$at test %our abilit% to set u' and o'erate

in t$e field


Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 22


23/30

T$e follo&in- "ould be used as an alternate sour"e of 'o&er to o'erate

radio equi'ment durin- emer-en"ies*

o T$e batter% in a "ar or tru"

o A bi"%"le -enerator

o A 'ortable solar 'anel


:n a -enuine emer-en"% %ou ma% use an% means at %our dis'osal to "all for

$el' on an% frequen"%#

o T$is ma% in"lude usin- non(amateur frequen"ies or equi'ment to "all

for $el' in a situation in!ol!in- immediate dan-er to life or

'ro'ert%#

o T$is ma% in"lude usin- a modified amateur radio trans"ei!er to

transmit on t$e lo"al fire de'artment frequen"%#

RAC%SAR%S T$e 'rimar% fun"tion of RAC5 in relation to emer-en"% a"ti!ities is RAC5

or-aniBations are restri"ted to ser!in- lo"al, state, and federal

-o!ernment emer-en"% mana-ement a-en"ies#

T$e 'rimar% fun"tion of AR5 in relation to emer-en"% a"ti!ities is AR5

su''orts a-en"ies lie t$e Red Cross, al!ation Arm%, and =ational >eat$er

er!i"e# ;ou must re-ister &it$ t$e res'onsible "i!il defense or-aniBation before

%ou "an 'arti"i'ate in RAC5 a"ti!ities#

;ou must $a!e an amateur radio li"ense before %ou "an Hoin an AR5 -rou'#

Sa#ety o# li#e and "ro"erty ;ou ma% use %our amateur station to transmit a or @A;)A; si-nal

&$en t$ere is immediate t$reat to $uman life or 'ro'ert%#

sin ham radio at ci-ic e-ents

Casual "on!ersation bet&een stations durin- a 'ubli" ser!i"e e!ent s$ould

be a!oided be"ause idle "$atter ma% interfere &it$ im'ortant traffi"#

Com"ensation "rohiited :f a re'orter ass to use %our amateur radio trans"ei!er to mae a ne&s

re'ort %ou s$ould ad!ise t$em t$at t$e FCC 'ro$ibits su"$ use#

T'C =1 e4am /uestion?

&et o"erations, inter#acin .ith "ulic sa#ety o##icials To minimiBe disru'tions to an emer-en"% traffi" net on"e %ou $a!e "$e"ed

in do not transmit on t$e net frequen"% until ased to do so b% t$e net

"ontrol station#

5mer-en"% traffi" $as t$e $i-$est 'riorit%#

Personal information "on"ernin- !i"tims s$ould not be transmitted o!er

amateur radio frequen"ies durin- emer-en"ies#

Res"onsiilities o# the net control station A stron- and "lear si-nal is of 'rimar% im'ortan"e for a net "ontrol

station#

:f someone breas in &it$ emer-en"% traffi" t$e net "ontrol station s$ould

sto' all net a"ti!it% until t$e emer-en"% $as been $andled#

:f a lar-e s"ale emer-en"% $as Hust o""urred and no net "ontrol station is

a!ailable %ou s$ould o'en t$e emer-en"% net immediatel% and as for "$e"(

ins#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 23


24/30

*essae handlin

T$e name of t$e 'erson ori-inatin- t$e messa-e must be in"luded &$en

'assin- emer-en"% messa-es#

ne &a% to redu"e t$e "$an"es of "asual listeners o!er$earin- sensiti!e

emer-en"% traffi" is to 'ass messa-es usin- a non(!oi"e mode su"$ as

'a"et radio or @orse "ode#

T$e 'reamble of a messa-e is t$e information needed to tra" t$e messa-e

as it 'asses t$rou-$ t$e amateur radio traffi" $andlin- s%stem#

T$e term "$e" in referen"e to a messa-e refers to t$e "ount of t$e

number of &ords in t$e messa-e#

T$e re"ommended -uideline for t$e ma1imum number of &ords to be in"luded

in t$e te1t of an emer-en"% messa-e is 2 &ords#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 24


25/30

S)%L%*%&T T: 8 Radio .a-es, "ro"aation, and antennas= e4am /uestions > rou"s?

T:A > =1 e4am /uestion?

Antenna ty"es > -ertical, horiontal A !erti"al antenna is an antenna t$at "onsists of a sin-le element mounted

'er'endi"ular to t$e 5art$s surfa"e#

A $oriBontal antenna is a sim'le di'ole mounted so t$e elements are

'arallel to t$e 5art$s surfa"e#

Conce"t o# ain A beam antenna is an antenna t$at "on"entrates si-nals in one dire"tion#

T$e quad, ;a-i, and dis$ are all t%'es of dire"tional or beam antennas#

T$e ad!anta-e of K &a!elen-t$ o!er +4 &a!elen-t$ !erti"al antennas is

t$eir radiation 'attern "on"entrates ener-% at lo&er an-les#

Common "ortale and moile antennas, losses .ith short antennas

A disad!anta-e of t$e rubber du" antenna su''lied &it$ most $and $eld

radio trans"ei!ers is it does not transmit or re"ei!e as effe"ti!el% as a

full siBed antenna# A -ood reason not to use a rubber du" antenna inside %our "ar is t$at

si-nals "an be +0 to 20 times &eaer t$an &$en %ou are outside of t$e

!e$i"le#

A ma-net mount !erti"al antenna is one t%'e of antenna t$at offers -ood

effi"ien"% &$en o'eratin- mobile and "an be easil% installed or remo!ed#

Relationshi"s et.een antenna lenth and #re/uency T$e '$%si"al siBe of $alf(&a!e di'ole antenna be"omes s$orter as t$e

o'eratin- frequen"% in"reases#

T$e a''ro1imate len-t$, in in"$es, of a quarter(&a!elen-t$ !erti"al

antenna for +46 @B is +9 in"$es# [Remember the relationship between

wavelength and frequency.]

T$e a''ro1imate len-t$, in in"$es, of a 6(meter +2 &a!elen-t$ &ire di'ole

antenna is ++2 in"$es# [Remember the relationship between wavelength and

frequency.]

Bummy loads

T$e 'rimar% 'ur'ose of a dumm% load is it does not radiate interferin-

si-nals &$en main- tests# [Actually, it may radiate but the signal level

radiated is usually well attenuated.]

T:) > =1 e4am /uestion?

+ro"aation F.F si-nals not normall% $eard o!er lon- distan"es due to F and .F

si-nals usuall% not bein- refle"ted b% t$e ionos'$ere#

>$en &e $ear a F si-nal from lon- distan"es a 'ossible "ause is s'oradi"5 refle"tion from a la%er in t$e ionos'$ere#

Fadin, *ulti"ath distortion Pi"et fen"in- is a term "ommonl% used to des"ribe t$e ra'id flutterin-

sound sometimes $eard from mobile stations t$at are mo!in- &$ile

transmittin-#

:f a station re'orts t$at %our si-nals &ere stron- Hust a moment a-o, but

no& t$e% are &ea or distorted, tr% mo!in- a fe& feet, random refle"tions

ma% be "ausin- multi('at$ distortion#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 25


26/30

T$e most liel% "ause of sudden bursts of tones or fra-ments of different

"on!ersations t$at interfere &it$ F or .F si-nals is &$en stron-

si-nals are o!erloadin- t$e re"ei!er and "ausin- undesired si-nals to be

$eard#

Re#lections A &a% to rea"$ a distant re'eater if buildin-s or obstru"tions are

blo"in- t$e dire"t line of si-$t 'at$ is to tr% usin- a dire"tional

antenna to find a 'at$ t$at refle"ts si-nals to t$e re'eater#

Radio horion, Terrain locin T$e radio $oriBon is t$e 'oint &$ere radio si-nals bet&een t&o 'oints are

blo"ed b% t$e "ur!ature of t$e 5art$#

F and .F Radio si-nals usuall% tra!el about a t$ird fart$er t$an t$e

!isual line of si-$t distan"e bet&een 2 stations be"ause t$e 5art$ seems

less "ur!ed to radio &a!es t$an to li-$t#

a-elenth -s "enetration

.F si-nals often &or better inside of buildin-s t$an F si-nals sin"e

t$e s$orter &a!elen-t$ of .F si-nals allo&s t$em to more easil% 'enetrate

urban areas and buildin-s#

Antenna orientation A -ood t$in- to remember &$en usin- %our $and($eld F or .F radio to

rea"$ a distant re'eater is to ee' t$e antenna as "lose to !erti"al as

%ou "an#

:f t$e antennas at o''osite ends of a F or .F line of si-$t radio lin

are not usin- t$e same 'olariBation si-nals "ould be as mu"$ as +00 times

&eaer#

T:C > 1 e4am /uestion

Feedline ty"es

Loses -s #re/uency, matchin and "o.er trans#er Coa1ial "able is used more often t$an an% ot$er feed line for amateur

radio antenna s%stems be"ause it is eas% to use and requires fe& s'e"ial

installation "onsiderations#

:t is im'ortant to $a!e a lo& >R in an antenna s%stem t$at uses "oa1ial

"able feedline to allo& t$e effi"ient transfer of 'o&er and redu"e losses#

T$e "$ara"teristi" im'edan"e of t$e most "ommonl% used "oa1ial "able in

t%'i"al amateur radio installations is 0 $ms#

SR conce"ts :n -eneral terms, standin- &a!e ratio >R8 is a measure of $o& &ell a

load is mat"$ed to a transmitter#

A readin- on a >R meter of + to + +*+8 indi"ates a 'erfe"t im'edan"emat"$ bet&een t$e antenna and t$e feed line#

A loose "onne"tion in %our antenna or feedline mi-$t be indi"ated b%

errati" "$an-es in >R readin-s#

T$e >R !alue, 2 to + 2*+8 is &$ere t$e 'rote"tion "ir"uits in most

solid(state transmitters be-in to redu"e transmitter 'o&er#

T$e 'o&er lost in a feed line is "on!erted into $eat b% losses in t$e line#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 26


27/30

*easurin SR A )ire"tional &attmeter "ould be used to determine if %our feedline and

antenna are 'ro'erl% mat"$ed#

eather "rotection /osses "an in"rease dramati"all% in older "oa1ial "ables t$at are e1'osed

to &eat$er and sunli-$t for se!eral %ears#

T$e outer s$eat$ of most "oa1ial "ables is bla" in "olor be"ause bla"

'ro!ides 'rote"tion a-ainst ultra!iolet dama-e#

Feedline #ailure modes @oisture "ontamination is t$e most "ommon reason for failure of "oa1ial

"ables#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 27


28/30

S)%L%*%&T T0 8 %lectrical and RF Sa#ety > = e4am /uestions > rou"s?


AC "o.er circuits, %lectrical code com"liance A fe& -ood &a%s to -uard a-ainst ele"tri"al s$o" at %our station are*

o .se 3(&ire "ords and 'lu-s for all AC 'o&ered equi'ment

o Conne"t all AC 'o&ered station equi'ment to a "ommon -round

o .se a -round(fault interru'ter at ea"$ ele"tri"al outlet


T$e most im'ortant t$in- to "onsider &$en installin- an emer-en"%

dis"onne"t s&it"$ at %our station is for e!er%one to no& &$ere it is and

$o& to use it#

aardous -oltaes T$e "ommonl% a""e'ted !alue for t$e lo&est !olta-e t$at "an "ause a

dan-erous ele"tri" s$o" is 30 !olts# (Note !ower voltages can be "ust

as dangerous where conditions result in lower levels of resistance and

thus current levels approaching #$$ miliamperes.%

T$e lo&est amount of ele"tri"al "urrent flo&in- t$rou-$ t$e $uman bod%

t$at is liel% to "ause deat$ is +00 milliam'eres# A $aBard mi-$t still e1ist in a 'o&er su''l% &$en it is turned off and

dis"onne"ted# :f %ou arenGt "areful %ou mi-$t re"ei!e an ele"tri" s$o"

from stored "$ar-e in lar-e "a'a"itors#

Fuses and circuit reaers T$e 'ur'ose of a fuse in an ele"tri"al "ir"uit is to interru't 'o&er in

"ase of o!erload#

:f %ou install a 20(am'ere fuse in %our trans"ei!er in t$e 'la"e of a (

am'ere fuse e1"essi!e "urrent "ould "ause a fire# (Note &f it didn't

cause a fire, it still could result in damage to the equipment.%

Groundin round is "onne"ted to t$e -reen &ire in a t$ree(&ire ele"tri"al 'lu-#

Lihtnin "rotection T$e 're"autions t$at s$ould be taen &$en a li-$tnin- storm is e1'e"ted

are*

o )is"onne"t t$e antenna "ables from %our station and mo!e t$em a&a%

from %our radio equi'ment

o .n'lu- all 'o&er "ords from AC outlets

o to' usin- %our radio equi'ment and mo!e to anot$er room until t$e

storm 'asses


Fire 're!ention is t$e most im'ortant reason to $a!e a li-$tnin-

'rote"tion s%stem for %our amateur radio station#

)attery sa#ety ne &a% to re"$ar-e a +2(!olt batter% if t$e "ommer"ial 'o&er is out is to

"onne"t t$e batter% to a "ars batter% and run t$e en-ine#

:f a stora-e batter% is "$ar-ed or dis"$ar-ed too qui"l% it "ould

o!er$eat and -i!e off dan-erous -as or e1'lode#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 28


29/30

T$e $aBards t$at are 'resented b% a "on!entional +2(!olt stora-e batter%

are*

o :t "ontains dan-erous a"id t$at "an s'ill and "ause inHur%

o $ort "ir"uits "an dama-e &irin- and 'ossibl% "ause a fire

o 51'losi!e -as "an "olle"t if not 'ro'erl% !ented



Antenna installation

An im'ortant "onsideration &$en 'uttin- u' an antenna is mae sure 'eo'le

"annot a""identall% "ome into "onta"t &it$ it#

T$e ma1imum allo&ed $ei-$t &it$ re-ard to nearb% air'orts must be

"onsidered &$en ere"tin- an antenna near an air'ort#

To.er sa#ety

;ou s$ould &ear a $ard $at and safet% -lasses if %ou are on t$e -round

$el'in- someone &or on an antenna to&er in order to 'rote"t %our $ead and

e%es in "ase somet$in- a""identall% falls from t$e to&er#

A -ood 're"aution to obser!e before "limbin- an antenna to&er is to 'ut on

%our safet% belt and safet% -lasses# ;ou s$ould do all of t$e follo&in- before %ou "limb a to&er*

o Arran-e for a $el'er or obser!er

o :ns'e"t t$e to&er for dama-e or loose $ard&are

o @ae sure t$ere are no ele"tri"al storms nearb%


u% &ires for an antenna to&er s$ould be installed in a""ordan"e &it$ t$e

to&er manufa"turers instru"tions#

T$e most im'ortant safet% rule to remember &$en usin- a "ran(u' to&er is

a "ran(u' to&er s$ould ne!er be "limbed unless it is in t$e full% lo&ered

'osition#

tainless steel $ard&are is used on man% antennas instead of ot$er metals

be"ause stainless steel 'arts are mu"$ less liel% to "orrode#

A se'arate K foot lon- -round rods for ea"$ to&er le-, bonded to t$e to&er

and ea"$ ot$er is "onsidered to be an adequate -round for a to&er#

9-erhead "o.er lines T$e most im'ortant safet% 're"aution to obser!e &$en 'uttin- u' an antenna

to&er is loo for and sta% "lear of an% o!er$ead ele"tri"al &ires#

A safe distan"e from a 'o&er line to allo& &$en installin- an antenna is

so t$at if t$e antenna falls une1'e"tedl%, no 'art of it "an "ome "loser

t$an +0 feet to t$e 'o&er &ires#


RF haards, RF heatin haards, +ro4imity to antennas, and held sa#ety

F and .F radio si-nals are non(ioniBin- radiation# Radio &a!es "an "ause inHur% to t$e $uman bod% onl% if t$e "ombination of

si-nal stren-t$ and frequen"% "ause e1"essi!e 'o&er to be absorbed# :f a 'erson a""identall% tou"$ed %our antenna &$ile %ou &ere transmittin-

t$e% mi-$t re"ei!e a 'ainful RF burn inHur%#

Re!ision )ate* +2+92006 29


30/30

Radiation e4"osure, e4"osure to others T$e fa"tors t$at affe"t t$e RF e1'osure of 'eo'le near an amateur

transmitter are*

o Frequen"% and 'o&er le!el of t$e RF field

o )istan"e from t$e antenna to a 'erson

o Radiation 'attern of t$e antenna


T$e frequen"% of an RF sour"e must be "onsidered &$en e!aluatin- RF

radiation e1'osure be"ause t$e $uman bod% absorbs more RF ener-% at some

frequen"ies t$an ot$ers#

ome a"tions amateur o'erators mi-$t tae to 're!ent e1'osure to RF

radiation in e1"ess of FCC su''lied limits in"lude*

o Alter antenna 'atterns

o Relo"ate antennas

o C$an-e station 'arameters su"$ as frequen"% or 'o&er


Reconied sa#e "o.er le-els

T$e ma1imum 'o&er le!el t$at an amateur radio station ma% use at

frequen"ies abo!e 30 @B before an RF e1'osure e!aluation is required is

0 &atts P5P at t$e antenna# ;ou "an determine t$at %our station "om'lies &it$ FCC RF e1'osure

re-ulations*

o ?% "al"ulation based on FCC 5T ?ulletin 6

o ?% "al"ulation based on "om'uter modelin-

o ?% measurement of field stren-t$ usin- "alibrated equi'ment

o All of these choices are correct

@illi&atts 'er square "entimeter is t$e unit of measurement used to

measure RF radiation e1'osure#

T$e dut% "%"le is one of t$e fa"tors used to determine safe RF radiation

e1'osure le!els be"ause it taes into a""ount t$e amount of time t$e

transmitter is o'eratin-#

;ou mae sure %our station sta%s in "om'lian"e &it$ RF safet% re-ulations

b% re(e!aluatin- t$e station &$ene!er an item of equi'ment is "$an-ed#

Documents

Element2 Study Guide