ELECTRONICS, PHOTONICS AND MICROSYSTEMS Andrzej DZIEDZIC, Piotr MARKOWSKI Autonomous Power Supplying Systems

Autonomous Power Supplying Systems – course description • Energy sources from circuit theory point of view

• Examples of practical power supply units

• Thermoelectric phenomena, methods of characterization of thermoelectric materials and devices

• Modern thermoelectric materials and devices – fabrication and properties

• Peltier modules

• Application of thermoelectric modules in sensorics (examples)

• Photovoltaic effect, solar cells

• Technological and constructional solutions and exploitation parameters of solar microcells and micromodules

Basic literature (1) • J. Rutkowski, Circuit Theory, Publ. House of Silesian Univ. of Technology,

Gliwice 2006

• J. Osiowski, J. Szabatin, Podstawy teorii obwodów, tom I, WNT, Warszawa, 1998

• CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics, ed. by D.M. Rowe, London, CRC Press 1996

• Thermoelectrics Handbook – Macro to Nano, ed. by D.M. Rowe, Taylor and Francis, 2006

• T.M. Berlicki, Warstwowe czujniki termoelektryczne, Of. Wyd. Pol. Wrocławskiej, 2007

• H.J. Goldsmid, Introduction to Thermoelectricity, Springer, 2009

• Energy Harvesting Technologies, ed. By S. Priya and D.J. Inman, Springer 2009

Basic literature (2) • A. Luque, S. Hegedus, Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering,

John Willey and Sons, 2003

• Papers from the following journals: Sensor Review, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Microsystem Technology, Measurement Science and Technology, Microelectronics Journal, Microelectronics Reliability, Materials Science and Engineering A, Journal of Applied Physics, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Journal of Materials Science, Renewable Energy, Sensor Journal, Journal of Micromech. Microeng. , Review of Scientific Instruments, Thin Solid Films, Physical Review B, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Applied Physics Letters, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Journal of Electronic Materials

Basic literature (3) • Papers from the following conferences: IMAPS US, IMAPS Europe, IMAPS

Poland, Int. Conf. on Thermoelectrics, Eur. Conf. on Thermoelectrics, Smart System Integration, Eur. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conf., World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion

• Web pages – eg. http://pl.wikipedia.org , http://www.epia.org , http://solarwirtschaft.de , http://www.solarworld.de ,

Topic 1. Introduction into autonomous power supplying systems and analysis of energy sources from circuit theory point of view

1. Kinds of autonomous power sources

2. Ideal and real current and voltage sources

3. Equivalence of sources

4. Connections of ideal and real current or voltage sources

5. Dependent (controlled) sources

6. DC analysis – source-load single loop circuits

7. AC steady-state analysis

Microcircuit powering

”Traditional” autonomous power sources

System U [V]

P [μW]

microcontroller MSP 430

2.2 5

microcontroller ATmega88V

1.8 27

microcontroller ATtiny13V

1.8 45

Intelligent sensor node MICA2

2.7 216

stand-by

Different kinds of power sources

Generator Density of output power

Remarks DS [mW/cm2]

DV [mW/cm3]

Galvanic cells (batteries)

0.003 0.8 Working time – about 1000 hours – a few thousand of cycles

Electromagnetic coupling

8 0.8

Distance – a few mm

Fuel cells 5 26 Working time – about 1000 hours

Inertial generators (inductive)

0.8 0.6 For resonance frequency

Inertial generators (piezoelectric)

0.03 0.07

Photovoltaic cells 0.4 10 Strong dependence on irradiance

Thermoelectric microgenerators

0.05 0.2

For ΔT = 10C

Schematic of the architecture required for self-powered wireless sensor network to achieve desired reliability for

long period time

Self-adaptive Intelligent

Energy Harvesting

Management System

Piezoelectric energy

harvesting

Thermoelectric energy

harvesting

Solar energy

harvesting

Micro-battery Energy Storage

Ultracapacitor / Multilayer caps Energy Storage

Circuit theory – current and voltage sources

U U

I

I

A B

D C

Receiver of

electrical

energy

Non- electrical energy

Non- electrical energy

Active part of circuit

Passive part of circuit

Source of

electrical

energy

Active two-terminal elements Ideal voltage source (electromotive force)

U

I

E

E +

U

I

E

+ −

U

I

E

a) Some of graphic symbols b) I-U relationship of ideal voltage source

−

Active two-terminal elements Ideal current source

a) Some of graphic symbols b) I-U relationship of ideal current source

U

I

J

U

I

J

J

I

U

+

− J

U

I J

Active two-terminal elements Practical (real) voltage source (1)

U

I

E

RS(Ri)

I

RS RS(Ri) – source (internal) resistance +

-

Active two-terminal elements Practical (real) voltage source (2)

I-U relationship of practical voltage source (E – open-circuit voltage, IS = E/RS – short-circuit current)

U

I

E

U

I

E

IS

U = E − I·RS

Active two-terminal elements Practical (real) current source (1)

SS R

1G

U J GS(Gi)

GS(Gi) – source (internal) conductance

Active two-terminal elements Practical (real) current source (2)

I-U relationship of practical current source

U

I J

U

I

J·RS

J

UR

1J

UGJI

S

S

Equivalence of sources

E

RS

J GS

SS

SS

GJRJE

GEREJ

SS R

1G

Series connection of ideal voltage sources

n

ne EE

En

E1

Ee

Parallel connection is unachievable

Parallel connection of ideal current sources

J1 Jk Je k

ke JJ

Series connection is unachievable

Series connection of practical (real) voltage sources

n

SnSe

n

ne

RR

EE

E1

RS1

En

RSn

Ee

RSe

Parallel connection of practical (real) current sources

k

ke JJ

k

skse GG

J1 GS1 J1 GSn Je GSe

Parallel connection of practical voltage sources

21

21

Se

S2S1

S12S21

Seee

RR

RRR

RR

RERERJE

E2

RS2

E1

RS1

J1 GS1 J2 GS2 Je GSe Ee

RSe

S2S1S2S1Se

S2

2

S1

121e

R1

R1GGG

RE

RE

JJJ

Series connection of practical current sources

S2S1

S2S1Se

S2S1

S12S21

Se

ee

GG

GGG

GG

GJGJ

R

EJ

S2S1Se

S2

2

S1

1e

RRR

G

J

G

JE

Je GSe

Ee

RSe

E2

RS2

E1

RS1

J1 GS1

J2 GS2

I IS1

IS2

E1 = J1/GS1

E2 = J2/GS2

Parallel connection of practical and ideal voltage sources

0R0

R0R

ER0

0EREE

2

2

Se

1

S2

2S21

e

Ee

RSe E2 RS2 E1

RS1 = 0

Series connection of practical and ideal voltage sources

2

n

SnSe

21

n

ne

RRR

EEEE

E1

E2

R2

Ee

RSe

Series connection of practical and ideal current sources

0GG

GG

R

1G

JGG

GJGJJ

S2S1

S2S1

Se

Se

1

S2S1

S12S21e

J2 GS2

J1

GS1 = 0

Je GSe

Parallel connection of practical and ideal current sources

21

k

ke JJJJ

2

k

skse GGG

J1 J2 G2 Je GSe

Dependent (controlled) elements A controlled elements is described by the following relationships:

I = f(U,X) or U = g(I,X)

Such element is described by a family of I-U characteristics, with X as the second parameter, so-called control variable, which can be temperature (T), lighting flux (Φ), other voltage (UC) or other current (IC)

Control source is a source that provides a current or voltage that is dependent on other current or voltage elsewhere in the circuit

Voltage controlled sources

V

VkUE

a) Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)

Family of I-U relationship characterizing VCVS

control coefficient

U

I

kUC3 UC3

kUC2 UC2

kUC1 UC1

kUC4 UC4

E=kUEUC UC + -

Voltage controlled sources

b) Voltage controlled current source (VCCS)

SV

AkUJ

transconductance [Siemens]

J=kUJUC

UC

Current controlled sources c) Current controlled current source (CCCS)

Family of I-U relationship characterizing CCCS

A

AkIJ

control coefficient

U

I

IC3 IC2

kIC1

IC1 IC4

kIC2 kIC3 kIC4

J=kIJIC IC

Current controlled sources d) Current controlled voltage source (CCVS)

Ωi .e.A

VkIE

transresistance E=kIEUC

+ -

IC

DC analysis – source-load single loop circuits

E

RS RL

I

U

SOURCE LOAD

RL

I

U

SOURCE LOAD

J

GS or RS

AC steady-state analysis

E(jω)

ZS(jω) ZL(jω)

I(jω)

U(jω)

SOURCE LOAD

jωexpZjXR

jωZjImjωZRejωZ

R

XarctgXRZ 22

sinZXcosZR

AC steady-state analysis

jωY

1LjjωZ

jωY

1

Cj

1jωZ

jωY

1RjωZ

Transformation Wye – Delta (Y Δ)

Ra

Ea

Rc Ec

Eb Rb

A

C B

Rab

Eab

Rac

Eac

Ebc Rbc

A

C B cbbc

caac

baab

EEE

EEE

EEE

a

cbcababc

b

cbcabaac

c

cbcabaab

R

RRRRRRR

R

RRRRRRR

R

RRRRRRR